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Pennatulacea Annotated Bibliography and Indexes of the Sea Pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the World 1469-1999 130701 Gary C

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Pennatulacea Annotated Bibliography and Indexes of the Sea Pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the World 1469-1999 130701 Gary C PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 51, No. 2, pp. 19-103, 1 fig., 14 plates. July 20, 1999 Index Pennatulacea Annotated Bibliography and Indexes of the Sea Pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the World 1469-1999 130701 Gary C. Williams Department o f Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy o f Sciences Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 A reasonably comprehensive bibliography of the living and fossil pennatulacean Octo­ corallia is presented, with the goal of including all published accounts regarding the biology of the sea pens. This compilation of approximately 1000 citations represents 530 years of published research. Complete unabbreviated citations for periodicals are used throughout. Many of the citations are annotated with descriptive notes. Taxonomic, geographic, and field-of-study indexes to the literature are included, as well as a synopsis of historical periods in the study of the Pennatulacea. T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................ 22 Historical Account............................................................................................................................................ 23 Pre-Linnean Period (1469—1757)-. ......................................................................................................... 23 The Linnean Period ( 1758—18 5 8 )............................................................................................................ 25 The Darwinian Period ( 1859—1899)................ 25 The Early Twentieth Century (1900—1949)......................................................................................... 25 The Late Twentieth Century (1950-1999)........................................................................................... 29 Synonyms and misspelled generic names of Pennatulacea.................................................................... 29 Taxonomic Index.............................................................................................................................................. 33 Geographic Index .............................................................................................................................................. 47 Africa - southern ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Africa — western .......................................................................................................................................... 47 Arctic O cean ................................................................................................................................................. 47 Australia —southern ................................................................................................................................... 47 Australia — w estern..................................................................................................................................... 47 Indo-Pacific (including the Red S ea) ..................................................................................................... 47 J a p a n ............................................................................................................................................................... 48 New Zealand ................................................................................................................................................. 48 North America —Pacific............................................................................................................................ 48 North Atlantic and Mediterranean (Europe and eastern North America) ................................... 48 Pacific Ocean — northern............................................................................................................................ 48 South America (Atlantic) ......................................................................................................................... 48 South America (Pacific)............................................................................................................................ 48 19 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 51, No. 2 PLATE 1 Umbellula antarctica After Kükenthal & Broch, 1911 WILLIAMS: INDEX PENNATULACEA 21 Southern Oceans (Antarctica and the subantarctic)........................................................................... 49 Western Tropical Atlantic and Caribbean ........................................................................................... 49 W orldwide ................................................................................................................................................... 49 Subject Index ..................................................................................................................................................... 49 Behavior ........................................................................................................................................................ 49 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................. 49 Biography (Regarding Authors of Pennatulacean Research).......................................................... 49 Bioluminescence.......................................................................................................................................... 49 Corals (Pre-Linnean General Natural History) .................................................................................. 50 Ecology and Biotic Interactions.............................................................................................................. 50 General Natural History and General Biology.................................................................................... 51 H istolo gy........................................................................................................................................................ 51 History of Science (Regarding Coelenterates and/or Sea Pens) ................................................... 51 Molecular Biology and Genetics ........................................................................................................... 51 Morphology and Ultrastructure .............................................................................................................. 51 Natural Products Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Toxicology........................................................ 51 Paleontology (Mesozoic and Cenozoic Fossil T a x a )......................................................................... 52 Paleontology (Vendían Frondlike Fossil T axa).................................................................................. 52 Photography (Color Photographs of Living Sea Pens).................................................................... 52 Phylogeny, Cladistics, Evolution, and Biogeography...................................................................... 52 Physiology and Cell Biology .................................................................................................................. 52 Polymorphism, Phenotypic Variability, and Biodiversity............................................................... 53 Quoted Passages.......................................................................................................................................... 53 Reproductive and Developmental Biology......................................................................................... 53 Taxonomy, Distributional and Bathymetric Records......................................................................... 53 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................ 54 INTRODUCTION The pennatulaceans, commonly known as sea pens and sea pansies, are a highly specialized and distinct group of sessile benthic coelenterates. They are distributed throughout the world’s oceans from the polar seas to the tropics, and at all depths from the intertidal (certain virgulariids) to over 6200 meters (Umbellulidae, PI. 1 ). Morphologically, sea pens are highly diverse and exhibit morpho­ logical changes as evolutionary events within different lineages. Examples are bilateral symmetry, concentration and localization of feeding polyps, the development of lateral processes as polyp leaves or ridges, and the reduction in the number and size of sclerites. As octocorallian coelenterates, pennatulaceans are characterized by having eight pinnate tentacles surrounding the mouth of each polyp, and eight mesenteries. Unlike other octocorals, however, mature colonies develop from a single large polyp (the oozooid) that produces secondary zooids by lateral budding of its body wall. Also unique to the Pennatulacea, is the unbranched muscular peduncle, which anchors the animal by peristaltic contractions into soft substrata such as sand, mud, or abyssal ooze. The secondary polyps (larger autozooids for feeding and reproduction, and smaller siphonozooids for internal
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