Social Inclusion Open Access Journal | ISSN: 2183-2803 Volume 2, Issue 3 (2014) Special Issue Policing Ethnicity: Between the Rhetoric of Inclusion and the Practices and Policies of Exclusion Editors Abby Peterson and Malin Åkerström Social Inclusion, 2014, Volume 2, Issue 3 Special Issue: Policing Ethnicity: Between the Rhetoric of Inclusion and the Practices and Policies of Exclusion Published by Cogitatio Press Rua Fialho de Almeida 14, 2º Esq., 1070-129 Lisbon Portugal Guest Editors Professor Abby Peterson, Department of Sociology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Professor Malin Åkerström, Department of Sociology, University of Lund, Sweden Managing Editor Mr. António Vieira, Cogitatio Press, Portugal Available online at: www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion This issue is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY). Articles may be reproduced provided that credit is given to the original and Social Inclusion is acknowledged as the original venue of publication. Table of Contents Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue “Policing Ethnicity: Between the Rhetoric of Inclusion and the Policies and Practices of Exclusion” Abby Peterson and Malin Åkerström 1-4 Article Policing Norwegian Welfare: Disciplining and Differentiating within the Bottom Rungs Erika K. Gubrium and Ariana Guilherme Fernandes 5-17 Article Does Antwerp Belong to Everyone? Unveiling the Conditional Limits to Inclusive Urban Citizenship Nicolas Van Puymbroeck, Paul Blondeel and Robin Vandevoordt 18-28 Article Outsiders Within: Framing and Regulation of Headscarves in France, Germany and The Netherlands Doutje Lettinga and Sawitri Saharso 29-39 Article Bouncers, Policing and the (In)visibility of Ethnicity in Nightlife Security Governance Thomas Friis Søgaard 40-51 Review Racial Profiling as Collective Definition Trevor G. Gardner 52-59 Article Meanings and Motives before Measures: The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of Diversity within the Mossos d’Esquadra and the Politie Utrecht Anne R. van Ewijk 60-74 Article Diversity Policing–Policing Diversity: Performing Ethnicity in Police and Private-Security Work in Sweden Cecilia Hansen Löfstrand and Sara Uhnoo 75-87 Article Safety Work with an Ethnic Slant David Wästerfors and Veronika Burcar 88-101 Article Complaints as Opportunity for Change in Encounters between Youths and Police Officers Tove Pettersson 102-112 Article Policing the Borders of the 'Centaur State': Deportation, Detention, and Neoliberal Transformation Processes—The Case of Austria Kenneth Horvath 113-123 Article Aboriginal Agency and Marginalisation in Australian Society Terry Moore 124-135 Social Inclusion (ISSN: 2183-2803) 2014, Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 1-4 Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue “Policing Ethnicity: Between the Rhetoric of Inclusion and the Policies and Practices of Exclusion” Abby Peterson 1,* and Malin Åkerström 2 1 Department of Sociology and Work Science, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +46-31-7864793 2 Department of Sociology, University of Lund, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; E-Mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author Submitted: 6 July 2014 | Published: 17 September 2014 Issue This editorial is part of the special issue “Policing Ethnicity: Between the Rhetoric of Inclusion and the Practices and Pol- icies of Exclusion”, edited by Professor Abby Peterson (University of Gothenburg, Sweden) and Professor Malin Åker- ström (University of Lund, Sweden). © 2014 by the authors; licensee Cogitatio (Lisbon, Portugal). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu- tion 4.0 International License (CC BY). On the one hand European countries talk the humani- this type of social control, policing by the state has tarian and cosmopolitan politics of inclusion of ethnic been joined by a multitude of policing providers locally, minorities with a battery of integration policies, on the nationally and transnationally. During the last thirty other hand these same societies practice the policies years we have experienced a dramatic transformation and practices of exclusion. In this special issue we ad- in policing resulting in what Loader (2000) and Jones dress this disjuncture and what we refer to as the Eu- and Newburn (2006) have called “plural policing”, or ropean moral dilemma, in much the same way that what Crawford (1997), among others, has called the Gunnar Myrdahl, in his influential study from 1944—The “extended police family”, or what Bayley and Shearing American Dilemma—pointed out that the oppression (2001) have called “multilateralization”. We are now of Black people living in the US was at odds with the confronted with the recognized reality of a wide diver- country’s moral grounds, its founding creed that all sity of agencies and agents, both networked and frag- men are created equal and are endowed “with certain mented that together are responsible for the delivery unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty of policing and security services and technologies. ‘Po- and the pursuit of Happiness” (Declaration of Inde- licing’ is now both authorized (by economic interests, pendence). This special issue does not only include arti- both legal and illegal; residential communities; cultural cles from European contexts, however the majority are communities; individuals; and governments); and de- analyses of European ethnic minority policies and prac- livered by diverse networks of commercial bodies, vol- tices. Nonetheless, all of the articles address in differ- untary and community groups, individual citizens, na- ent ways how the rhetoric of inclusion is all too often tional and local governmental regulatory agencies, as at odds with the practices and policies of exclusion and well as the public police. This network of policing agen- control. In focus is what we call the policing of ethnici- cies and agents extends beyond the direct provision ty, that is, the governance of inclusion and exclusion and supervision of policing by the state, to include po- along ethnic lines. licing forms secured through government; to the rapid Policing in its broadest sense will be defined as all expansion of the private security industry providing po- of those activities involved in the provision of security licing beyond government; to transnational policing ar- and/or the maintenance of the social-economic order. rangements unfolding above government; to citizen in- While public police authorities and other state institu- itiatives in policing activities and corporate forms of tions with constabulary powers remain the focal for self-regulation below government. The special issue in- Social Inclusion, 2014, Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 1-4 1 cludes articles, which address the plethora of policing from countries other than from Europe, North America instances. How is ethnicity impacting the new multiple or Australia, they have found that the so-called activa- modes of policing and what are their consequences for tion programmes they have analysed are designed to the everyday lives of ethnic minorities today? steer women into the labour market and away from Policing ethnicity within the nation-state is engaged the home. While these authors focus the ‘deserving citi- with securing the borders of segregated urban (and zen’ where the assessment of deservingness is strongly even rural) landscapes. Within the nation-state there is based on work ability, Nicolas Van Puymbroeck, Paul a high degree of ethnic coding of spatial borders be- Blondeel and Robin Vandevoordt focus the ‘good citi- tween urban areas perceived as more or less secure zen’. They interrogate the tension between the city of and those areas, the socio-economic marginalized Antwerp’s ostensibly universal rhetoric of inclusion with housing estates with a high ethnic minority density of- its slogan ‘Antwerp belongs to everyone’ and its exclu- ten (often but not always, see Wästerfors and Burcar, sionary policies targeting ethnic minorities whose behav- this issue) surrounding urban centres, where the threat iour fails to comply with the municipality’s conception of of crime and the prospect of meeting violence is per- what the ‘normal’ conduct of its inhabitants ought to ceived as high. The movements of ethnic minorities be—the ethnicized standard of the ‘good citizen’. within these ‘high risk’ areas, as well as the movements The theme of the ‘good citizen’ also rears its head of ethnic minorities beyond these internal borders, are in European debates on Muslim women bearing veils. policed by a plethora of agencies and agents involved Analysing parliamentary debates over the headscarf in in the provision of security and/or the maintenance of France, Germany and the Netherlands Doutje Lettinga the ethnicized social-economic order—of controlling a and Sawitri Saharso found that historically entrenched ‘suspect population’. citizenship models did indeed help to frame how each The articles in this special issue interrogate in dif- of the countries perceived the social inclusion of Islam- ferent ways policing as the patterns of social control, or ic women, which has led to different regulations for governance of inclusion and exclusion, along the dy- bearing the headscarf. However, they point out that namic and interrelated dimensions of ethnicity, class these models are not static and should rather be regard- and gender. Questions posed are: How is the provision ed as schemas that help frame the discursive battles of (physical) security by the new multiple modes of po-