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A New Reading of the Animal Apocalypse of 1Enoch With a New Translation and Commentary Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha Series Editors Henk Jan de Jonge, Jean-Claude Haelewyck Johannes Magliano-Tromp, Pierluigi Piovanelli VOLUME 24 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/svtp A New Reading of the Animal Apocalypse of 1Enoch “All Nations Shall be Blessed” With a New Translation and Commentary By Daniel C. Olson LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Olson, Daniel C. (Daniel Carl), 1955- A New Reading of the Animal Apocalypse of 1 Enoch : "All Nations Shall be Blessed" / With a New Translation and Commentary By Daniel C. Olson. pages cm. – (Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha ; Volume 24) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24530-3 (hardback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-24778-9 (e-book) 1. Ethiopic book of Enoch LXXXV-XC–Criticism, interpretation, etc. 2. Apocalyptic literature–History and criticism. 3. Animals–Symbolic aspects. 4. Animals–Religious aspects–Judaism. 5. Bible. O.T.–History of Biblical events. 6. Jews–History–To 70 A.D. I. Ethiopic book of Enoch LXXXV-XC. English. Olson. 2013. II. Title. BS1830.E7O47 2013 229'.913–dc23 2012049301 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0169-8125 ISBN 978-90-04-24530-3 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-24778-9 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgements . ix List of Abbreviations. xi Introduction . 1 1 The Animal Apocalypse as Allegory . 2 2 Unresolved Questions about the Animal Apocalypse ........... 3 3 History and Theology in the Animal Apocalypse: Recent Scholarship. 5 4 The Present Study . 13 5 Thesis . 14 PART ONE THE ANIMAL APOCALYPSE AND THE OFFSPRING OF ABRAHAM I Looking at the Future: The Scope and the Focus of the Allegory . 19 1 Is the Scope of the Allegory Particular or Universal? . 19 2 The Focus of the Allegory: Eschatological Transformation . 22 a The nagar of 1En 90:38 . 22 b Who Is the White Bull? . 26 3 The Enoch Tradition and the Abrahamic Covenant . 31 4 Jacob and the Enochic Tradition . 37 a Jacob, Enoch, and the “Book of the Watchers” (1En 1–36) . 37 b Jacob, Enoch, and the “Astronomy Book” (1En 72–82) . 42 c Jacob, Enoch, and the “Admonitions of Enoch” (1En 91–105) . 44 d Jacob, Enoch, and the “Parables of Enoch” (1En 37–71) . 45 e Preliminary Conclusions, with a Caution . 50 5 Jacob, Enoch, and the Animal Apocalypse ...................... 52 II Looking at the Past: The Uses of History in the Allegory . 57 1 Is There “History” between the Two Jacobs? . 57 2 Qualifying for the Blessing . 61 3 “Open Eyes”: Seeing the Glory of God . 66 4 Enoch and Jacob: Seers of the Glory. 72 vi contents 5 Color and Location . 76 a Black versus White . 76 b Straying versus Staying-Returning . 78 6 The Three Dynamics . 81 7 Conclusions . 83 III Looking at the Present: The Allegory in Its Own Historical Context ........................................................... 85 1 Why Support the Revolt? . 87 2 Suiting the Allegory to Service as Propaganda . 90 a The Sin of Fratricide . 90 b The Strengths and Limitations of Leadership . 91 c The Diplomatic Touch. 92 3 Establishing a Two-Fold Authority . 97 a The Authority of Enoch . 97 b The Authority of Scripture and History. 98 4 Predicting the End . 107 5 The Evidence of the Book of Jubilees ............................108 6 Conclusions . 110 PART TWO THE ANIMAL APOCALYPSE (1EN 85:2–90:42) TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY IV The Text of the Animal Apocalypse ................................115 V Identifications of the Wild Animals in the Animal Apocalypse . 121 1 The Animals in 1En 89:10–11: Species . 121 2 The Animals in 1En 89:10–11: Ethnic/Political Identity . 129 a “The Beasts of the Field” . 130 b “The Birds of the Sky”. 136 VI Genesis through Kings (1Enoch 85:2–89:58) Translation and Commentary . 145 85:2–10: The First Generations of Humanity . 145 86:1–87:1: The Fall of the Watchers and the Birth of the Giants. 150 87:2–89:1: The Seven Archangels and the First Judgment . 155 89:2–9: The Flood . 159 89:10–14: Noah to Joseph . 163 contents vii 89:15–27: Moses and the Exodus . 168 89:28–40: From the Exodus to the Settlement in the Land . 173 89:41–50: From the Judges to Solomon . 177 89:51–58: The Period of the Divided Kingdom. 183 VII Exile to the Eschaton (1Enoch 89:59–90:42) Translation and Commentary . 189 89:59–64: The Seventy Shepherds . 189 89:65–72a: The First Period: The Babylonian Era . 192 89:72b–90:1: The Second Period: The Persian Era . 195 90:2–5: The Third Period: The Macedonian-Ptolemaic Era . 201 90:6–12: The Fourth Period: The Seleucid Era . 208 90:13–19: The Final War . 215 90:20–27: The Last Judgment. 221 90:28–36: The New Jerusalem . 225 90:37–39: The New Humanity . 228 90:40–42: Epilogue . 230 PART THREE THE ANIMAL APOCALYPSE AND THE ONGOING CONVERSATION VIII The Animal Apocalypse in Dialogue . 235 1 Looking at the Past: The “Wisdom” Approach to History . 235 2 Looking at the Present: The Jewish-Hellenistic Encounter and the Maccabean Revolt . 238 3 Looking to the Future: The Eschatology of the Animal Apocalypse and the Apostle Paul . 242 4 Conclusions . 243 Appendix: Allusions to the Animal Apocalypse in the Epistle of Barnabas and the Coptic Apocalypse of Elijah. 245 1 The Epistle of Barnabas .........................................245 2 The Coptic Apocalypse of Elijah ................................252 3 Conclusions . 256 Bibliography . 257 Index of Modern Authors . 275 Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Writings . 278 Subject Index . 291 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank the members of my dissertation committee, LeAnn Snow Flesher, Erich Gruen, Loren Stuckenbruck, and especially my committee coordinator John C. Endres, S.J., for their invaluable advice and encourage- ment. I owe a debt of gratitude to Patrick Tiller for his fine work, with which I am in dialogue throughout this book, and to Abuna Melchesedek, who taught me much about Ethiopic. Most of all I thank my wife Laurie for her constant love and support. Soli Deo gloria. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations of journal titles and of series are not included as these are fully expanded in the bibliographic listing of the works cited. Abbreviations of ancient documents follow the standard conventions as set forth in The SBL Handbook of Style (ed. Patrick H. Alexander et al.; Peabody, MA.: Hen- drickson, 1999). ABD The Anchor Bible Dictionary (ed. Freedman) ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (ed. Pritchard) APAT Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments (ed. Kautzsch) APOT The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament (ed. Charles) BDB Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (ed. Brown, Driver and Briggs) BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (ed. Elliger and Rudolph) COS The Context of Scripture (ed. Hallo) CTA Corpus des.
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