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Serranidae: Epinephelinae! En El Parque Marino Nacional

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Serranidae: Epinephelinae! En El Parque Marino Nacional ObservacionesPreliminares sobre la Pesquerfa de Meros Serranidae:Epinephelinae! en el ParqueMarino Nacional "Arrecife Alacranes", Yucattin, Mexico TERESA COLAS-MARRUFO, ARMIN TUZ SULUB Y THIERRY BRULE C1ÃVZSTAV 1PN Unidad Mdrida Antig«a Carreteraa Progresokm.6, A.P. 73 Cordemex, C.P. 97310, Merida I'«catdn, Mexico. RESUMEN En el sur del Golfo deMexico, el Arrecife Alacranesconstituye la formaci6n arrecifitlred importantede la plataformacontinental de la Peninsulade Yucathn. Debido a sugran potencialcientifico y econ6rnico,cate arrecik fite declaradopor el Gobiernomexicano corno Parque Marino Nacionalen junio de '1994.Cada ailo, dejuho a febrero,cuatro cooperativaspesqueras explotan en estaiLrea la langosta y el mero. En el presenteestudio se anaHz6las capturasrealizadas entre enerode 1997 y febrero del 2000 por los barcos pesquerosde la cooperativa SCPP "Pescadoresde Sisal." Diez cspeciesde meros:Epinephel«sg«ttat«s, E. itajara, F, morio, K striat«s, Myeteropercabonaci, M interstitialis, M. microlepis,M. phenax,M. tigris y M. venenosason explotadospor cata pesqueria.M bonaci constituyoel serrhnidomiLs abundante en pesovivo! en las capturas,seguido por E, morio y E. g«ttat«s.El anidisisde las g6nadasde los especimenescapturados entre noviembrede 1999y febrerodel 2000, permitio determinarque individuos machosy hembrasde M bonaci, F. g«ttat«s,M. venenosay M tigris estaban sexuahnenteactivos duranteeste periodo. Los resultadosde cate estudio hacen suponerque el Amcik Alacranespuede constituir un irea de reproducci6npara variascspecies de merosconsideradas de mayorimportancia comercial en el Golfo de Mexico. PALABRAS CLAVES: Arrecife alacranes,meros, pesqueria PreliminaryObservations on the GrouperFishery Serranidae:Epinephelinae! in NacionalMarine Park "Alacranes Reef", Yucatan, Mexico ABSTRACT AlacranesReef is the most important coraline formation on the Yucatan continentalshelf, in the southernGulf of Mexico, Due to its high scientificand economic potential, the mexican governement declared it a Nacional Marine Park in June 1994. Every year &om July to February,four fishing cooperativesare aHowedto exploit spinylobsters and serranid fishes in the area. The presentstudy irs-ludesthe analysisof the catchesprovided by the cooperativeSCPP "Pescadores de Sisal", betweenJanuary 1997 and February2000. The target speciesof this 53 Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute»Q+ 43< fishery are 10 groupers:Epinephelus guttatus, E. itajara, E. morio, E. striatus, Mycteropercabonaci, M. interstitialis, M microlepis,M. phenas,M. tigris y M venenosa.Mbonaei wasthe mostimportant by weight! in the catches,followed by E. morio andE. guttatus.The analysisof gonads&om specimenscaught between November1999 and February 2000 showed that maleand female individuals of M. bonaci,E. guttatus,M venenosay M tigris weresexually active during this period. The resultsof this studysuggest that AlacranesReef may representa reproductive areafor variousgrouper species which areofconsidemble commercial ~ in the Gulf of Mexico. KEY WORDS:Alacranes Reef, Fishery, Groupers JKIRoDUccl6N Por su extensi6n,el Arrecife Alacranesconstituye la huh importantede las formacionescoralinas presentes en la partenoroeste de laplataforma continental de la P~a de Yucathn Banco de Campeche!. Este complejo arreci&1 se caracterizatambibn por presentaruna elevadabiodiversidad en algas y pastos marinos,moluscos, cruslkceos, corales, reptiles, peces, aves y mamiferosmarinos Kornickeret al. 1959,Kornicker y Boyd1962, Gardu5o 1988, Canela-Rojo 1992, Aldana-Aranda1993, Carricart-Gavinet y Horta-Puga 1993, Martinez-Guzmhn y H~ez-Aguilera 1993,Huerta-Muzquizet al. 1994!.Debido a sugran potencial cientifico,econ6mico y cultural,este sistern arrecifal 6nico fue decretadoArea NaturalProtegida con el carficterde Parque Marino Nacional PMN! el 6 dejunio de 1994.En el ParqueMarmo Nacional ~e Alacranes PMNAA! unicamente se~mizan las actividadesrelacionadas con la preservaci6nde losecosistemas acudticosy suselemeutos; la investigad6n,recrami6n y educaci6neco16gica, y el aprovechamientoderecursos naturales, Se permite la pesca deportiva y comercial delas cspecies icticas, malaco16gicasy carcino16gicas, enlas Areas, bpocasycon los limited',artes, equipos y m6todosque se establezcan enel progmnade manejo de estazona DiarioOficial de la Federa66n1994!. CuatmSociedades Cooperativas de Producci6nPesquera SCPP! del puertode Progresogozan de pennie para capturarlas langostas Panulirus argus y P. guttatus.!y lospeces de escamas Senanidae,Lutjanidae, Gerridae, Sphyraenidae, Labridae! en este PMN: SCPP "Pescadoresde Sisal","Pescadores del Golfo de Mexico", "AlacranReef" y "Pescadoresde la Jurisdicci6nMaritima de las Costasdel Estado de Yucatt'm" Canela-Rojo1992, Aldana-Aranda y Dominguez-Tec1994, Ardisson y Durm- NtLjera1997!. Actnalmente, estas cooperativas desempe5au susactividades enel ~e 6nicamentedurante la temporadaautorizada para la capturade la langosta la cualinicia el 1 dejulio y terminael 29 de febrerode cadaaho SEMARNAP 2000a!. El Arrecife Alactanesparece constituir una importantezona para la reproducci6n,refugio y alimentaci6nde diversas cspecies marinas, muchas de elias degnm valor econbmico para la regi6ncorno lo sonel caracolrosado Strombus Page 432 Col@a-Marrufo,T. et al. GCFI:53 2002 gigas!, el pulpo Octopus spp.!, la langosta, el mero Epinephelus spp., Myctempexcaspp.! y el tibux6n Carcharhinus spp.!. Estudios preliminares permitieronidentificar en esta zona a 142cspecies de peces tele6steos agrxxpadas en 82 gbnemsy 41 fiunHias. Una de las SunHiasmejor representadaen cuantoa diversidadespecifica corresponde a Iade los smhmdoscon al menos12 cspecies que pertenecena los g6nems: Cephalopholis, Epinephelus, Mycteroperca, Hypoplectrusy Serranus Hildebrand et al. 1964,Gardufio 1988!. Los secures pesquerosdel PMNAA han sido apmvechadosdesde el siglo XIX. Duranteel ultimo tercio del siglo pasado,la presi6nde pescasobxe el caracol,la langosta,el meroy eltibur6n, se ha incrementadoa gradotal quese estima que algunas de estas pesquerfasya muestransintomas de sobxeexplotaci6n Axdisson y Dunin-Ndjera 1997!. Desafoxtunadamente, no existed estadisticas oficiales sobxe el sector productivoque ejercela pescaen el axxecifeni tampocosobxe las caracteristicas cuali y cuantitativadesus capturas cuesta zona Aldana-ArandayDomfnguez-Tec 1994!. Hoy en dia, los sexx4nidosconstituyen todavfa uno de los recursosmarinos rmis hnportantesdel ~, tanto desde el punto de vista ecol6gico corno econ6mico. En efecto, esterecurso esta repxesentadopor unasde las mayoxes cspeciesdepxexixxdoras del ecosistema arrecifixi, las cualesconstituyen, d~s de la langosta,el segundoproducto de xxuisalto valor comexual que se pescaen Alacranes.En el marcode la actualizaci6ndel programade manejodel PMNAA, elaboradoentre 1995y 1997 Axdissony Durga-Nhjexa1997!, el pxesenteestudio tienecomoprop6sitopmporcionar informaci6n preliminar sobre Iaexplotaci6npor pesca de los sexdmidos en esta Sea. MATEIu V. Y MTODOS Area de Estudio El PMNAAestalocalizado en laparte central del Bancode Campeche 2'21'- 22' 35' N y 89' 37' - 89'49' 0!, a 132 km al norte del puerto de Pxogxesoen el estab de Yucatba Figura 1!. Es un complejoaxxecifal emergente de forma oval quecubxe una Sea total de 293 km', con una longitud y anchuramhximas de 26.5 km y 14.8 km. Es el unico de todos los axxecifesde la plataformacontinental de Yucathn que presenta una laguna ~ Kornicker et al. 1959, Kornicker y Boyd 1962,De la Cruz-Agoemet al. 1993,Bello-Pineda 1998!. Tres zonaspuedeu ser distinguidas en cata formaci6n coxxxiina:la zona de barlovento al noreste, con una ~ anecifixl sxnnicixcularde unos34 km de largo quealcanza el nivel del mar; la zona de sotavnrto al suroeste,totalmente submergida entre 1 m y 10 m de profundidad;la zonade laguna central con 23 mde pxofundidadmaxima, numerosos bajosarrecifales y axenales,pequehos atolones e islas.Las cinco islas del arrecife ubicadasen la lagunacentral cerca de la orilla internade la zonade sotavento,son en dixecci6n norte-sur: Isla Desterrada, Isla Mumtos o Desertora, Isla P&ez, Isla Pharos e IslaChica o Blanca Figura 2!. Estasislas estrinconstituidas de arenay gxavanoconsolidadas y presentanuna vegetaci6n de tipo dunacostera formada por 53~ Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Page 433 plantaspioneras Kornicker etal. 195,Komickery Boyd 1962, Flores-Guido 1983, 1992!. El clima en esta brea es de tipo seco-ciDido,con Huvias esca' y temperaturamedia anual de 26.7'C rangoentre 1PC y 4'!, Las corrientes marinasse dirigen al oestey losvientos dominantes, mks intensos entre octubre y marzo,pmvienen del este y norestea loscuales se suman los efectosde tormentas tropicales,huracanes y nortes Logan et al., 1969!. Figure1. Ubicacihngeogr4fica del ParqueMarino Nacional Arrecife AIacranes en Ia ataforma continental de la Peninsula de Yucattin Banco de Cam e . AnSisis de Desembarqnes en el Puerto Lapmducci6n pesquera de meros del Arrecife Al scranch,expresada enpeso desembarcado organismos evi~rados!, fue aeslizadatomando en cuentala informaci6ndisponible contenida en los registrosde captura measure de la SCPP "P~res de Sisal" para el periodo enemde 1997- febrerode 2000.Las otras sociedadesno tenianla costumbrede Ilevarun registmde susvolumenes de produccionpesquera o exprem4n el deseode no colaborarcon el estudio propuesto.Adeem, en noviembre de 1999los autores analizar6n directrrmente un descsnbarquede la SCPP"Pescadores de Sisal" con el afka de identificar personalmentea las cspeciesexplotadas, estimm el numerode individuos desembarcadopor cada
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