TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY discovered in the 1960s by researchers that w that researchers by 1960s the in discovered sizeand (Young, 2006). been even has interactionsorganismsmicrobialgreatly.employedstranger by these itThe differ and to is no world Predator interaction. of one explore to qui were one if horizon penicillin, the around aminoglycoside, (Zaman the infections bacterial towards ameliorate to employed commonly resistance all are which antibiotics of classes tetracycline and sulfonamide demonstrated as future have the in systems healthcare cripple even may and waning of sign no shows predicament healthcare increased from ranging areas multiple on society the affects impact negative the as matter pressing β towards resistance the revealed which sediments permafrost Beringian old worsening problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). good All decades. seven past thisthe andtothings comeansaying app end,could over aspects of myriad a in greatly benefit to mankind allowed (Wong activity antimicrobial possess to noted been al 350 to back dating Nubia Sudanese ancient from skeletons human in tetracycline first the be not would exp humanswere whichin instance this Interestingly, 2010). (Aminov, respectively (Salvarsan) and arsphenamine penicillin developing in work their for Ehrlich Paul and Fleming Alexander with significance INTRODUCTION Review Article © Received KEYWORDS: clinical settings. in benefit of degree highest the offer would safe that method(s) usage the their evaluates which which discourse a in providing to accounts addition provides review the vein, same the In agent. aetiologic the as bacteria have that conditions pathogemedical multiple in predators bacterial of upon potential therapeutic the describe predate to capacity the demonstrate they as hope of glimmer a offer 1960s the in discoveredwere that Predatorybacteriaresistance(AMR).antimicrobial of spread ABSTRACT of Antibiotic Resistance Predator Transactions on Science and Technology Vol. 7, No. 1, Transactions on Science and Technology and on Science Transactions ., 1980; Nelson 1980; ., AMR is a rather archaic problem as evidenced by the analysis of ancient DNA from 30,000 year 30,000 from DNA ancient of analysis the by evidenced as problem archaic rather a is AMR ind of portionsignificant a ‘antibiotic’, word the hears one as soon As The discovery of predatory bacteria was a fortuitous one as the initial member, initial the as one fortuitous a was bacteria predatory of discovery The 3 March 2020 3 March

Antimicrobials that previo that Antimicrobials

ot u utl lvtd obdt ad otlt (Friedman mortality and morbidity elevated until up costs AntimicrobialResistance (AMR), BALO,

Revised postulated that bacterial predation is one of the forces that influences bacterial shape bacterial influences that forces the of one is predation bacterial that postulated et al et

1 April 2020 1 April y Bacteria: A Key Possible for t

- ., 2010). Similarly, herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TC medicine Chinese traditional in used herbs Similarly, 2010). ., - lactam, glycopeptide and tetracycline antibiotics (Dcosta antibioticstetracycline and glycopeptide lactam, ry eainhp ae rsn eeyhr ad h peaoy techniques predatory the and everywhere present are relationships prey

Accepted Accepted t al et Rames 2 April 2020 April 2 usly brought the medical sciences to a new strata are in grave danger due to the to due danger grave in are strata new a to sciences medical the brought usly 8 2017) .

, -

2020. 17 osed to antibiotics, as researchers have identified the presencetheof identifiedantibiotics,researchers as haveto osed

, Online Online 2020

Transactio .

20

n h mdt f hs lbl rss a oeta slto is solution potential a crisis, global this of midst the In

April 2020 April ns on ns on Science and Technology. Bdellovibrio ere hunting for bacteriophages in soil samples (Stolp samples soil in bacteriophages for hunting ere MDLD MDLD Lorong5092, Jaya 13, Taman Jaya,Aman 91100, Lahad Datu, Sabah,

i Gram nic ly to antibioticsto asthewellthely in near futureto due

h fnaetl as f aue prey nature, of laws fundamental the al et , Micavi -

eaie atra Te urn rve atmt to attempts review current The bacteria. negative presence of an array of genes that encode that genes of array an of presence , 00. h dsoey f niitc has antibiotics of discovery The 2010). ., brio, y f atra peaos r sbtnitd in substantiated are predators bacterial of ty

7 (1), Predatory bacteria. E 8 -

Mail: -

17

[email protected] ividuals would associate its associate ividualswould t al et et al Avinash Rames Avinash , 2016). .,

- 550 AD (Bassett AD 550 ., 2011). AMR is a is AMR 2011). ., he Lock Bdellovibrio ; M) have also have M) Tel: +60

h AMR The - predator 16 nolone, MALAYSIA - 6569869 was et . .

TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY D0 hd h hget estlt a i ws aal o peig pn or f h sx pathogens six the of four upon preying of capable be would was which evaluated it as versatility highest the had HD100 a on and capacity aerobic predation their both for upon predation as BALOs multiple evaluated which investigation periodontitis, an Indeed, observed. been has against pathogens anaerobic armamentarium the to addition an only that illustrates research previous Interestingly, Gram with ameliora against activity excellent pathogens which cause the lion’s share of nosocomial infections (Navidinia, 2016). demonstrated predators bacterial pneumoniae studies, the of of(Shanks efficacylevels well as pathogens of strains MDR upon prey to predators bacterial of capability (Kadouri ( 13 bacteriovorus pneumoniae) (K. pneumoniae of strains MDR that reported (Dharani variants two the between predation in alteration no predatio towards the harbouring pathogens multiple of susceptibility the compared they where study their in avenue this illustrated ( resistant drug POTENTIAL MEDICAL AREAS OF APPLICATION in ailments for options treatment as usage their for potentialaddition the todis context, the this describe Within to settings. healthcare attempts in review bacteria predatory obligate of use the pertaining al et (Dwidar antibiotics‛ ‚living as them exploiting in placed being interest particular a described for these organisms. and Wang 1982; and predator. epibiotic bacteriovorus) (B. bacteriovorus the to belongs Bdellovibrionaceae Bacteriovoracaceae, δ the in BALOs the while α (Rote the under classified be can these and multiple then, Since 1963). Starr, and cademic community became interested in identifying their potential value in clinical settings with settings clinical in value potential their identifying in interested became community cademic There exists a considerable body of literature pertaining the use of bacterial predators for for predators bacterial of use the pertaining literature of body considerable a exists There which in ailments treat to be would bacteria predatory of application healthcare key The The discovery of A. baumannii A.

, 06. oee, hr i a erh n literatu in dearth a is there However, 2016). ., Micavibrio aeruginosavorus (M. aeruginosavorus) Bdellovibrio m

et al et ting periodontitis and this could potentially be due to the fact that the disease is associated is disease the that fact the to due be potentially could this and periodontitis ting et al et - and ., 2014). The BALOs in the α the in BALOs The 2014). ., et alet eaie raim ta fr plmcoil ifls Brzw n Dreu 2011). Darveau, and (Berezow biofilms polymicrobial form that organisms negative 109J and 109J , 03. hs fnig ae n ie ihrprs rm te gop ta mnin the mention that groups other from reports with line in are findings These 2013). ., cussing administration methods for optimal their therapeutic effect. Bdellovibrionaceae mcr Pseudomonas aer 2011).onlycontexttheofthisIn., to review, regard

ol b dsusd oig owr a mdcl plctos ae ny been only have applications medical as forward moving discussed be would MDR and n by n The genus The -

Bdellovibrio 1

E. B. bacteriovorus gene that encodes resistance to colistin and their and colistin to resistance encodes that gene B. bacteriovorus )

coli raim ae h aetiologic the are organisms et alet

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.actinomycetemcomitans), Eikene - were not assessed for susceptibility to predation by predation to susceptibility for assessed not were rtoatra ls ae rm he dsic fmle wih ol be would which families distinct three from are class ., 2013;Sun ., and Rames Acinetobacterbaumanniibaumannii), (A. a eilsi peao and predator periplasmic a , Micavibrio

and otherand members in resulted birth the ofanew research area as the uginosa (P. aeruginosa)

aiy n cnit o to ebr wih ol be would which members two of consists and family ,

Pseudomonas

2020.

ae o prootts ahgn rvae that revealed pathogens periodontitis of panel and HD100 and to a lesser degreeby lesser a to andHD100 and

Bdellovibrio Transactions on Science and Technology. ISSN ISSN 2289

Peridibacteriaceae also has two members, two has also et al - M. aeruginosavorus, - proteobacteria class are members of the of members are class proteobacteria rtoatra n δ and proteobacteria ., 2017;., Willis - 8786. p. ee ihy ucpil t peain by predation to susceptible highly were spp. http://tost.unise.org/ and like organisms (BALOs) have been identified been have (BALOs) organisms like and

which are both epibiotic predators (Lambinapredators epibioticboth are which e s hr hs o be a hruh discussion thorough a been not has there as re B. bacteriovor B. , that are all members of the ‚ESKAPE‛the membersof all classarethat , of

gns Daai n co and Dharani agents. (Rotem et al

in which they identified that there wasthere that identified they which in dloiro xvrs B exovorus) (B. exovorus Bdellovibrio ., 2016). It is worth noting thatIt notingis worth 2016). ., in most et al et

7 Micavibrio admirantus (M. admirantus) - (1), 8 rtoatra lse respectively classes proteobacteria et al et us ., 2018). Similarly, another group another Similarly, 2018). .,

members of the genusmembersofthe

-

Escherichia coli (E. coli),KlebsiellaEscherichia (E. coli exhibits significant potential as potential significant exhibits 17 ., 2014). The genus The 2014). ., M. aeruginosavorus

mcr - 1 negative counterparts negative

M. aeruginosavorus M.

, albeit at varying at albeit ,

. amni, K. baumannii, A. et al - Micavibrio okr lucidly workers . bacteriovorus B. ., 2012; Gupta 2012; ., strainARL Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio Micavibrio

genus multi et al an , lla B. 9 ) - .,

TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Another (Russo inoculation of h 24 within 86% of median a by lung the in (CFUs) units forming of administration as (Russo of agent upon predation demonstrate predators bacterial (Dharani efficacy of levels lower at albeit 13 al a and 100 HD 2018). Sharma, and Sattar 2019; (Rames, a have do that cases in are identified,bacteria agent causative However 2019). (Rames, cases most in discovered not are for suggest2018), that direct topical application on wounds isadirectio non al et aureus host a from supernatant (Im energetically predators the benefited hydrolyse to Bd2692) and (Bd2269 that revealed study previous Grampreyagainst onlypredators bacterialcanpreviouslybelieved that been aureus) (S. aureus E.coli, baumannii, A. as such producers biofilm notorious are that pathogens of range a against effective be to identified and Pantanella possible. against y protection hitherto, attempted been not no has biofilms offer biofilms that 2005). illustrates O’Toole, and research (Kadouri predation prior as context this within usage demonstrateimmensbacteriaPredatory 2012). Wolcott,and (Attinger system immune the of evasion and antimicrobials to resistance tissue, surrounding to adherence its to due difficult Wolcott and (Attinger otherwisesuggests (Schoeffield con (Rotem lifestyle aerobic their agents periodontitis anti as predators bacterial of usage The facultative are organisms the of portion large a Patini2011; Kadouri, and against present only are predation of accounts as narrower is spectrum predation the but option treatment a as explored been also has sp predation Porphyromonas gingivalis gingivalis)(P. the increased and 2019), Essche (Van corrodens),Fusobacteriumnucleatum)nucleatum (F.(E. corrodens s ., 2018; Kadouri 2018; ., A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae Despite the extensive array of diagnostic tools available, it is a paradox that the aetiologic agents aetiologic the that paradox a is it available, tools diagnostic of array extensive the Despite T iin yt h sria o halotolerant of survival the yet ditions - ., 2014). The w The 2014). ., e rvlne f ifls n ct ad hoi wud i aot % n >0 respectively >90% and 6% about is wounds chronic and acute in biofilms of prevalence he toxicand nature secretedproteases their against cells human (Gupta M. aeruginosavorus M. biofilms and attenuated virulence without affecting the viability of the pathogen (Monnappa pathogen the of viability the affecting without virulence attenuated and biofilms n vivo in . bacteriovorus B. et al et B. bacteriovorus et al et ., 2018), ., ., 2011). Prior research corroborates these findings (Loozen findings these corroborates research Prior 2011). ., . The activity demonstrated against the biofilms of biofilms the against demonstrated activity The . td dmntae getr hn 3.0 than greater demonstrated study et al et ide spectrum of activity demonstrated by bacterial predators coupled with their with coupled predators bacterial by demonstrated activity of spectrum ide

Enterobacter B. bacteriovorus B. ., 2013). Similar results have been reported for reported been have results Similar 2013). ., 21) Boim ipd wud eln svrl ad drsig t proves it addressing and severely healing wound impede Biofilms 2012). , B. bacteriovorusB. et al strain ARL strain - et alet needn mtn of mutant independent D 0 (Im 100 HD ., 2019, 2015). The activity against activity The 2015). 2019, ., 109J are able to prey upon common causative agents of pneumoniasuchof agents causative common upon prey to able are 109J Rames ., 2019). The oral cavity is a well aerated environment yet fascinatinglyyet aeratedenvironment well a is cavity oral The 2019). ., and . bacteriovorus B. t al et et al , spp.,

2020. - P. aeruginosa 13 (Dashiff 13 ., 1996). , 04, itts ht hy ol nt e be o uvv the survive to able be not would they that dictates 2014), ., A. actinomycetemcomitans, E. corrodens E. actinomycetemcomitans, A. 109J in mice challenged with challenged mice in 109J

. aureus S. Transactions on Science and Technology. was also documented(Loozen also was

109J (Dashiff 109J ISSN ISSN 2289 the most common culprit and they pose the problem of AMRof problem the pose they and culpritcommon most the . nuoie Proteus pneumoniae, K.

In vivo In t al et crm of ectrum In vitro In

t al et et their spectrum of activity suggests that this could be could this that suggests activity of spectrum their et Bdellovibrio - , 08 Kadouri 2018; ., 8786. D 0 ws be o ert to ifrn proteases different two secrete to able was 100 HD et et al et , 2018). ., ifls hc i tr rlae aio cd that acids amino released turn in which biofilms regardless of their drug resistance status (Dharanistatus resistance drug their of regardless

or obligate anaerobes (Faran Ali and Tanwir, 2012). Tanwir, and Ali (Faran anaerobes obligate or sg o peaos s oia apiain t clear to applications topical as predators of usage al http://tost.unise.org/ experimentation has revealed that revealed has experimentation , 08 Kadouri 2018; ., esna ets Y pestis) (Y. pestis Yersinia ., 2011; Kadouri 2011; ., . bacteriovorus B. et al et . bacteriovorus B.

P el i aoi cniin o nn days nine for conditions anoxic in cells AP ., 2011; Kadouri 2011; ., smlr idn ws eotd s culture as reported was finding similar A log in vivoin 10

Y. pestis and and spp.,

7 t al et eutos n oy ubr of numbers copy in reductions (1), 8 Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia)Prevotellaintermedia(P.

- n worthn exploring. Y. pestis pestis Y.

is a grey area as of now because now of as area grey a is , 03 Monnappa 2013; ., D0 efciey dispersed effectively HD100 P. aeruginosa P. 17 et al et et al et S. aureus S. et al

M. aeruginosavorusM.

has also been observed been also has D 0 a peain upon predation as 100 HD , 07 21) Interestingly, 2013). 2007, ., ., 2007, 2013), have all been all have 2013), 2007, ., et al et ., 2015). ., et al and and

CO92 decreased colony decreased CO92 hc i te aetiologic the is which ., 2013; Sun 2013; ., .,2016; Pantanella - et al et negative ornegative is interesting as it has it as interesting is P. intermedia P.

B. bacteriovorus ., 2015; Patini 2015; ., and B. bacteriovorus B.

e potential forpotential e Staphylococcus strain ARL strain t al et et et et al et ganisms.A al (Dashiff ., 2017), ., ., 2019). ., , 2014; .,

in v in et al et et al 109J

ivo K. K. S. et 10 ., ., -

TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY eerh rus s ciiy gis ohr atonetnl ahgn fo te eu of genus the from pathogens gastrointestinal other against activity as groups research (S. typhimurium Salmonella dysenteriae) pylori), (H. pylori Helicobacter bacteriovorus genus (Chiriac the from hailing organisms common most surface. bacte that given further researched be should studies avenue this ofthat proffered is lack it However, pathogens. ocular the on capability predation their by evaluating evidenced as option, treatment a as predators bacterial exploring in placed (Romanowski further Shanks M. aeruginosavorus corneal with humankeratocytes stromal human challenging and cells Indeed, (HCLE) assurance. provides surface corneal the on (Boileau (Boileau agent by caused (Garcia viability pathogen’s the an using affect Experimentation not does metalloprotease the that identified (Garcia marcescens pot could inability (Dashiff pathogen said the susceupon prey to capacity the the possess evaluate not did aeruginosavorus authors The respectively. isolates bacteriovorus ba of isolates keratitis kill to Pseudomonas Gram by particularly Mujaini are rapidly cleared from mammalia aside as experimental results suggest that predators do inducenot asustained immune response and cast be can safetypertaining fears and agentsantibacterial effective be couldpredators bacterial that (Shatzkes experiment another from findings with well (Shatzkes viability in decrease a or response immune sustained a in of administration intranasal that illustrated bacteriovorus investigation prior A intranasally. administered when even mammalianhosts to pathogenic not predators are bacterial suggestthat studies Previous epibioti upon preyed was latter the while periplasmically upon preyed was former the whereby strategy foraging dual a demonstrated predator the interestingly, and patients bacteriovorus (Shatzkes pneumoniae cteriovorus Ten to twenty percent twenty to Ten (Al blindness irreversible for causes common most the of one is keratitis bacterial Globally,

et et al et al et al t al et t al et

t al et but results illustrate that the metalloprotease does not affect predation by predation affect not does metalloprotease the that illustrate results but

Moraxella bovis (M. bovis ., 2013). ., 2018). The mechanism by which protection is conferredremaprotectionwhich is The mechanism2018). by ., in and

., 2016). The literature pertaining the safety of bacterial predators as a as predators bacterial of safety thepertaining Theliterature 2016). ., 109J, 109J and and 109J (Al D0 poe t b te otefcie s 0% f sltswr ssetbe while susceptible were isolates of 100% as effective most the be to proved HD100 on prey to able was HD100 , 07. atra peaos lutae oeta fr sg wti ti aeu as avenue this within usage for potential illustrate predators Bacterial 2017). ., D0 hs en dniid o ry upon prey to identified been has HD100 infection, bacterial to individuals predisposes lens contact of usage The 2009). .,

83.3% of 83.3% , 06. atra peaos lo rvd hp fr ytc irss C) patients. (CF) fibrosis cystic for hope provide also predators Bacterial 2016). ., in the previous study as existing literature demonstrates that the predator does not not does predator the that demonstrates literature existing as study previous the in t al et - iro hlre V cholerae) (V. cholerae Vibrio Mujaini B. bacteriov

strain ARL In vivoIn nily e srbd o h Pt (erlsn mtlortae ertd by secreted metalloprotease (serralysin) PrtS the to ascribed be entially ., 2011), while an an while 2011), ., - M. aeruginosavorusM. et al et eaie raim fo te genus the from organisms negative B. bacteriovorusB. et alet of acute gastroenteritis cases have bacteria as the aetiologic agent with the with agent aetiologic the as bacteria have cases gastroenteritis acute of ., 2016). An overview of literature suggests that not much effor much not that suggests literature of overview An 2016). ., P. aeruginosa P. safety assessments in rabbits substantiate assessmentssafety ofstatussafe rabbits the in predators even in vitro in orus Rames ., 2009). A prior investigation probed the efficacy of bacterial predatorsbacterial of efficacy the probed investigation prior A 2009). ., -

13 revealed t 13 revealed bovis) , HD100

2020. oe o ifciu bvn krtcnuciii (B) a disease a (IBK), keratoconjunctivitis bovine infectious of model n n hosts. demonstrated

Transactions on Science and Technology. ISSN ISSN 2289 109J and and n vivo in

and strain ARL strain P. aeruginosa P.

- hat cell viability was unaffectedcellviability was hat (Romanowski treated rats and 66.6% of 66.6% and rats treated (S. marcescens) (S. marcescensSerratia Mreoa 21) Te aa s orbrtd y other by corroborated is data The 2010). (Markelova, M. aeruginosavorus - 8786.

il rdtr apa t b hrls t te corneal the to harmless be to appear predators rial td fr h sm ptoe sgetd otherwise suggested pathogen same the for study http://tost.unise.org/

- B. bacteriovorus B. B. bacteriovorus B. 13, aplbce, amnla Shigella Salmonella, Campylobacter, et alet

and were able to prey upon 70% and 86% of the of 86% and 70% upon prey to able were ., 2016). Collectively, th Collectively, 2016). ., aplbce jjn (. eui, . coli, E. jejuni), (C. jejuni Campylobacter S. aureus S. of

typhimurium), (S. (S. dysenteriae Shigella typhimurium),

et al et 7 ampiu, oael, Serratia Moraxella, , (1), 8 strain ARL strain tblt of ptibility

., 2011; Kadouri 2011; .,

- 109J, 0J s n fetv antibacterial effective an is 109J

17

isolated from the sputa of CF CF of sputa the from isolated M. aeruginosavorus M. et al et

B. bacteriovorus B. ins unclear but it hasunclearbut been ins ., 2015). The results align results The 2015). ., - 13 to mice did not result not did mice to 13 cally (Iebba cally (Shanks

. marcescens S. ntibacterial agentsntibacterial e literature shows literature e - ibl epithelial limbal et al et B. bacteriovorus et al et ., 2007). This 2007). ., and and

t al et - HD100 and HD100 et al et treated rats treated et al t has been has t ., 2013) ., Salmonella , 2018). ., Yersinia 2014). ., ., 2016; to

and . B. B. . M. B. B. B. B. S. 11 -

TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 4 b dcesn ter ubr t blw eetbe ees <0 CFU/mL (<10 levels detectable below to numbers their decreasing by h 14 of usage combined th postulated this hypothetical structure. well enigma an is cells prey into entry gain and attach Avidan 2010; Koval & permanent by employed is pili IV that type the that states imply not does this Nevertheless, literaturesomewhatbut conflicting, arepossible.Reports not bacteriapredatoryis against resistance 2001). (Hoffman transfer gene horizontal or 2004). perm as Jurkevitch,antibiotics, and (Shemesh susceptibility restored to due not was re authors resistancethis that noted be should it However,findings. similar the yielded which prey, and predators study, same the In 2004). Jurkevitch, and demo that cells prey in increase an to led pathogen), cocultivating that highlighted investigation prior a Indeed, wipeout. complete preventing thus predators by posed challenge the stabilizingadditional mechanisms of (Tahara predatorpersistenttheory per as Lotka the bygoverned are BALOs) prey The observed. been has predators bacterial by pathogens of elimination complete no and reported was reduction pathogen only that be would this Gram for panacea a be could they that assume to convenient bring is it employed, would that administration of manner the benef discern maximal to made are efforts that imperative is it ADMINISTERING studies further yet avenue, the promising but a populations is bacterial gastroenteritis pertaining cecal bacterial ameliorating in in changes bacteria some induce did conseq predators the However, vivo on is there hitherto Indeed, limited. al et (Atterbury conditions and regiments dosing the optimize to needed is work further that suggesting bacteriovorus vein, same the In 2020). Ahlawat, viable both in pathogen to due of strains multiple infections because carcinogen address to used be potentially could (Dashiff efficacy pertaining reports conflicting of activity The documented.been has Cook and (Fratamico potentialbacterialthat vanguardskeysGrantedthe predators to be against bacteria, hold AMR in Considering the variation of the of variation the Considering , 01. h sft dt prann ue f atra peaos o gsritsia alet is ailments gastrointestinal for predators bacterial of use pertaining data safety The 2011). ., . Therefore, itis impossible not that in any given population prey mutants may evolve toobviate ugs ta bceil rdtr d nt as ngtv rmfctos (Atterbury ramifications negative cause not do predators bacterial that suggest uences of these changes are unclear. Cumulatively, studies suggest that employing predatoryemploying that suggest Cumulatively,studiesunclear. are changes these of uences in vivoin D0 i cik rvae ta ol a oet euto b 10 log 1.0 by reduction modest a only that revealed chicks in HD100 t obntra teaywud e h iel ore f cin A td rpre that reported study A action. of course ideal the be would therapy combinatorial at erroneous t Tkn it acut h mra o aeus n hc bceil rdtr cn be can predators bacterial which in avenues of myriad the account into Taking it.

mtto ad nta ws peoyi patc epne s rdtr removal predator as response plastic phenotypic a was instead and mutation a

safety and efficacy are warranted. B. bacteriovorus an PREDATORS: MONOTHERAPY OR COMBINATORIAL THERAPY? e, 1996), e, ent resistance towards them are generally acquired via mutationa via acquired generally are them towards resistance ent etal . Despite prior research showing very promising resu promising very showing research prior Despite . and viable but nonculturable (VBNC) states (Markelova, 2010; Parikh and Parikh 2010; (Markelova, states (VBNC) nonculturable but viable and

. 2017; Duncan 2017; . Rames

Shigella - . bacteriovorus B. , prey systems should demonstrate cy demonstrateshould systems prey

2020. in vivo in HD100 and phage onphage and HD100 - Vol in vivo in ly one study evaluating this aspect and the results obtained results the and aspect this evaluating study one ly

Transactions on Science and Technology. (Gillis and Nakamura, 1970), Nakamura, and (Gillis B. bacteriovorus ISSN ISSN 2289 terra prey terra - Bdellovibrio predator relationship of relationship predator evaluation of evaluation

et al et Bd activity of bacterial predators for different ailments, it is it ailments, different for predators bacterial of activity - ellovibrio et al 8786. . 2019). However, the exact structure to which the pili the which to structure exact the However, 2019). . - t al et ., 2018), hence suggesting that prey would suggesting prey hence that 2018), ., , not just for just not , http://tost.unise.org/ predator oscillation (Varon and Zeigler, 1978), and1978),Zeigler,andoscillation predator(Varon and said the against capacity predation demonstrate , 01 Mark 2011; ., on

to irreversibly attach to prey cells (Mahmoud cells prey to attach irreversibly to (Shemesh predator the to resistance nstrated Salmonellaenterica) enterica (S. rii carotovora Erwinia E. coli C. jejuni

eioatr yoi H pylori), (H. pylori Helicobacter - hs eosrts n datg over advantage an demonstrates This tepe te netgto wt other with investigation the attempted

Bdellovibrio

S17 7 (1), 8 is an area of ambiguity as thereare as ambiguity of area an is B. bacteriovorus B. -

lv, 00. atra predators Bacterial 2010). elova, 1 caused eradication of preyoferadication causedafter 1 - and

17

c lic oscillations in the absence the in oscillations lic Yersinia (

but for all other B other all for but s. c ssp. - negative infections but infections negative (Hobley ) lts, it is worth noting worth is it lts,

(and possibly other possibly (and Dashiff arotovora 10

curd hence occurred clearance by clearance t al et et al et

et alet l resistance l gop 1 group a

ALOs as ALOs plant (a adapt to , 2011). ., , 2020). .,

., 2011), ., B. in in 12

TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY erga bceil rdtr t se out seek reprogrammed to predators bacterial reprogram al (Schoeffield conditions anoxic in thrive possibly and survive that BALOs of isolation the instance, spe for suited be to areas particular in BALOs isolating by spectrumpossible be narrow could agents Obtaining spectrum. predation wider a with predators yield may BALOs novel parti a on passage as possible is agents spectrum broad obtaining predators bacterial of context(Melander the conditions In 2018). specific in only possible be would usability their as lower is upon potential effects collateral decreased have and organisms target (Melandermicrobiome mu on act can they as rewarding economically more be would agents spectrum broad point, reference a antibioticsusingas By economics.andhealthcare between interplay an affectedby is it as determine l a with agent an would or better be agent should be with the co al (Afinogenova cell daughter single a only of formation the to leads which fission binary via divide (Rotem progeny multiple of release the by followed is which prey Indeed, with comparison in likely not possible for 2018). Robo & (Heta disturbances haematological nervous gastrointestinal, and as such effects side undesirable cause may that antibiotics unlike theycomeyet the withbenefit of having not (Zamanantibiotics with analogous pathogensis clear completely to unable are predators degree manageable a to which levels pathogen decreased bacteria predatory the that proposed authors of variant AMR an clear to leukocytes vivo in bacteria appears tobe a promising avenue. (Pasternak pumps efflux for resist to predatorsof ability the Given encode mostly that genes resistance antibiotic of array an have predators periplasmic and epibiotic both that revealed also predators multiple of analysis of invasion or attachment (Im respectively treatments individual than higher was and violacein whichwith viability, pathogen in reduction 99.999% a Gram caused on act and Gram violacein would on of treatment act former would the latter the where the be while violacein would organisms infections and polymicrobial predators in of usage coadministration promises that combination another Similarly, , 96, ol pri uae gis aarbc ahgn. iial, t a b psil to possible be may it Similarly, pathogens. anaerobic against usage permit could 1996), ., Lambina 1987; ., ae o te bv pit, n wud tml uo te usin ‚ol a ra spectrum broad a ‚Would question, the upon stumble would one points, above the on Based scenarios.An specific in attractive avenue an alsobe couldpredators bacterial with Monotherapy

ltiple organisms but come at the cost of increased selection for resistance and alterations of the of alterations and resistance for selection increased of cost the at come but organisms ltiple ee then were xeiet n erfs rvae that revealed zebrafish in experiment Bdellovibrio E. coli

et al et lae b te etbae nae mue system. immune innate vertebrate the by cleared

cular B. et al et spp., undergo replication via filamentousspp.,the undergofragmentation replicationvia in B. bacteriovorus B. - , 2017). ., b that specifically targets M. aerugin administration ofanother agent. acteriovorus et al , 1982 ., ahgn nrae te ry ag (Boileau range prey the increases pathogen ., 2018). Narrow spectrum agents do not promote cross spectrumpromotedo Narrow .,2018). not agents . coli E. . bacteriovorus B. Rames . u t ti, t s eomne ta te sg of usage the that recommended is it this, to Due ). B. osavorus b ,

2020.

acteriovorus HD100 that caused pathogen viability reduction by 41% and 81% and 41% by reduction viability pathogen caused that HD100 a osre post observed was . This could potentially be ascribed to the predator’s life cycle. life predator’s the to ascribed be potentially could This .

Transactions on Science and Technology. antibiotics, dual therapy employing antibiotics and predatoryand antibioticstherapyemploying dual antibiotics, ISSN ISSN 2289 . Across the board, predator the appeared to be less effective hgla lxei S flexneri) (S. flexneri Shigella

i mited spectrum suffice?‛ spectrum mited D0 o a outr of coculture a on HD100 negative - P. aeruginosa 8786. 0 i rssat oad pen towards resistant is 109

pcfc ahgn a tee a be a eot of report a been has there as pathogens specific . bac B. ept te oeta fr oohrp, t s most is it monotherapy, for potential the Despite http://tost.unise.org/ - positi teriovorus side effects(none ha

- ramn (ao ad Shil and (Varon treatment e raim. t a ietfe ta dual that identified was It organisms. ve (Hwang

7 okd n adm ih eukaryotic with tandem in worked h mcoim yt hi economic their yet microbiome the (1), 8 et al

et al -

17 9T (Willis M90T h osrain ht bacterial that observation The

., 2014), while 2014), ., The answer to this is hard to hard is this to answer The ., 2014). et al et S. aureus aureus S. ve beenrecordedve hitherto) , 01, n ioain of isolation and 2011), ., icilli

a n vrain in variation no as n and

- periplasmof their resistance non in 16) Genomic 1968). , t al et cific niches. For niches. cific Micavibrio Micavibrio . pneumoniae K. , 06. The 2016). ., t al et et al - repeated negative , 2014). ., . 2017),.

et al et spp., spp., et et 13 ., -

TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY [12] [11] [10] [9] [8] [7] [6] [5] [4] [3] [2] [1] REFERENCES of usage pertaining data warranted. safety vein, same the bacteria In predatory assessed. be should organisms intracellular against Gram against effective be only would predators bacterial that yet therapy, ancillary preferred the be would therapy combinatorial such, As occur. may resistance phenotypic plastic of development as action of course of activityimpressive potent a offer CONCLUSION

vivo in predators bacterial and addressed be to needs that issue an is AMR of crisis global current The

Chiriac, P. Chiriac, 1017 b infectious induced of Efficacy 2016 K.D. Clinkenbeard, & J.D. Taylor, M., Gilmour, M.A., Breshears, R., Mani, M.J., Boileau, Canadian Journ of killing 109J 2011 J.J. Iandolo, & K.D. Clinkenbeard, M.J., Boileau, 55(1), 36 2011 R.P. Darveau, & A.B. Berezow, labeled human bone from ancient Sudanese Nubia (A.D.350) 1980 A.R. Villanueva, & D.L. Martin, G.J., Armelagos, M.S., Keith, E.J., Bassett, Necessary for Predation Obligatein Bacterial Predators 2017 Avidan, Wound Care 2012 R. Wolcott, & C. Attinger, 77(16), 5794 well A.K., Fenton, T.R., 2011 Lerner, R.E. Sockett, M.J., & P. Capeness,Barrow, C., Lambert, R., Till, L., Hobley, R.J., Atterbury, future 2010 R.I. Aminov, Medical Journal Clinico epidemiology, on Al Nauchnye doklady vysshei shkoly. Biologicheskie nauki 2 a in interactions Markel V, A. Afinogenova, Molecular Oral Microbiology 2011 D.E. Kadouri, & A. Dashiff, Current health sciences journal 2017 V. - . aureus S. Mujaini, A., Al A., Mujaini, - fiay Dsie h efcc o peaos monothera predators, of efficacy the Despite efficacy. – . being and being

1028. . dniiain n Caatrzto o Differentially of Characterization and Identification Frontiers in Microbiology . ial path forward. The present findings illustrate that predatory bacteria demonstrate bacteria predatory that illustrate findings present The forward. path ial – O., Petrenko, M., Becker, R., Beck, S., Linscheid, M., Pietrokovski, S. & Jurkevitch, E. Jurkevitch, & S. Pietrokovski, M., Linscheid, S., Beck, R., Becker, M., Petrenko, O., 47. ct Bceil atoneii a a Healthcare a as Gastroenteritis Bacterial Acute

-

C., Duceac, L. Duceac,C., Bdellovibrio bacteriovorusBdellovibrio , 1(3), 127 –

ugss tews. hrfr, fiay n te Gram other on efficacy Therefore, otherwise. suggests 5803. in vitroin al of Veterinary Research , 9(2), 184 n vivo in Moraxella bovis Moraxella

Salmonella monotherapy could be suitable in specific conditions. Existing literature states literature Existing conditions.specific in suitable be could monotherapy

. - Kharusi, A brief history of the antibiotic era: Lessons era: antibiotic the of history brief A - – opnn bceil ytm of system bacterial component against multiple pathogens but these results are not necessarily indicative not are resultsmultipletheseagainstpathogensbut vn keratoconjunctivitis ovine

132. s iie i sm aes hne eerh o drs tee as is gaps these address to research hence areas, some in limited is Rames – - 195. D., Manole, A., Poroch, V., Delcea, F., Stafie, L., Manole, M. & Cârlig, & M. Manole, L., Stafie,F., Delcea, Poroch,V., A., Manole, D.,

colonization of young chicks young of colonization - method , 26(1), 19 ahgnss danss n treatment and diagnosis Pathogenesis, ,

ova, N.I. & Lambina, V.A.1987 Lambina, & N.I. ova,

2020. N., Thakral, A. & Wali, U.K. Wali, & A. Thakral, N., , 43(3), 275

, 1,134. . n n n ir mdl f netos oie keratoconjunctivitis bovine infectious of model vitro in an in

. Transactions on Science and Technology. Clinically Addressing Biofilm in ChronicWounds in BiofilmAddressingClinically . Effects of orally administered orally of Effects ISSN ISSN 2289 Predation of oral pathogens by pathogens oral of Predation

of use as bacterial predators appear predators bacterial as use of

109J for the treatment of dairy calves with experimentally with calves dairy of treatment the for 109J – , 75(4), 285 34. .

– irba sit n p and shift Microbial - 281.

8786. http://tost.unise.org/

. – 291. mrcn ora o Vtrnr Research Veterinary of Journal American , 1987(6), 101

.

. . Assessment of Assessment iairo admirandus Micavibrio

Scientific Reports Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology

7

- (1), 8 2009 - eaieognss e te activity the yet organisms negative soitd I Associated . y os o apa t b te best the be to appear not does py -

euae Tp Ib ii Genes Pilin IVb Type Regulated Analysis of the interpopulational the of Analysis .

- eriodontitis

Science 17 – .

Bdellovibrio bacteriovBdellovibrio 10

learned and challenges for the for challenges and learned Bacterial keratitis: Perspective keratitis: Bacterial Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 4.

.

, 209(4464), 1532 - utn aos University Qaboos Sultan posi

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Bdellovibrio to function better as an as better function to fcin n Pediatrics. in nfection ,

7(1), 7(1), 1 .

ie raim and organisms tive eidnooy 2000 Periodontology -- shrci coli Escherichia – . 12. Tetracycline .

Advances in orus – 1534.

77(9), , on the on 109J

14 - , . . . , .

TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY [30] [29] [28] [27] [26] [25] [24] [23] [22] [21] [20] [19] [18] [17] [16] [15] [14] [13]

ecoi L, rnasn, . Qatuc, . Shpa S 2014 S. Schippa, & attacks S. directly Quattrucci, M., Trancassini, L., Nencioni, Passariell F., Mura, F., Pantanella, M., Artini, L., Selan, De, V. R. Biase, M., Pompili, C., Ambrosi, A., Virga, L., Ciotoli, A., Gagliardi, F., Santangelo, V., Totino, V., Iebba, 2014 M.W. Chang, mic & C.L. Poh, C.L., Ho, E., Koh, M.H., Tan, I.Y., Hwang, for Practicingthe Veterinarian 2001 S.B. Hoffman, Prey in Situations Where Single Predation Cannot 2020 R.E. Sockett, & U. M.J., Capeness, A., Stroud, R.J., S., Gray, Atterbury, D.S., Milner, R., Till, J.K., Summers, L., Hobley, Periodontal Treatments 2018 I. Robo, & S. Heta, lines 2016 D.E. Kadouri, & M. Tran, C., Tang, S., Gupta, 1970 Infection and immunity M. Nakamura, & J.R. Gillis, 2018 D.E. Micavibrio aeruginosavorus Kadouri, & protects R.M.Q. Shanks, metalloproteases P.H., Callagh Thibodeau, S., Gupta, J.M., M., Franks, Tran, M., Elsayed, A., Pericleous, C.J., Garcia, Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2016 Y. Carmeli, & E. Temkin, N.D., Friedman, surfaces and O157:H7 1996 P.H. Cooke, & P.M. Fratamico, Biology and Craniofacial Research 2012 F. Tanwir, & S.M. Ali, Faran 52 2011 Quir Van, M. Essche, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 2012 R.J. Mitchell, & A.K. Monnappa, M., Dwidar, bacterial predator 2019 A. Camilli, & D.E. Kadouri, R.M.Q., Shanks, D.W., Lazinski, A.K., Tai, E.A., Corn, M.A., Maglasang, R.K., Gillette, M.C., Duncan, resistant pathogens topredatory bacteria 2018 D.E.Kadouri, &Y. Doi,R.M.Q.,Shanks, D.H., Kim,S., Dharani, 2011 G.D. Wright, & H.N. resistance is ancient Poinar, G.B., Golding, R., Debruyne, F., Calmels, G., C., Schwarz, W.W.L., Sung, M., Morar, L., Kalan, C.E., King, V.M., Dcosta, Microbiology predatorybacteria the Kad & M. Libera, R.A., Junka, A., Dashiff, and Violaceinand toKill Polymicrobial Pathogenic Communities C H., Im, Frontiers in Microbiology – 61. robes tobe pathogen . . PLoS ONE Killing of anaerobic pathogens by predatory bacteria predatory by pathogens anaerobic of Killing

.

Leidenroth, A., Lambert, C., Connerton, I., Twycross, J., Baker, M., Tyson, J., Kreft, J. Kreft, J., Tyson, M., Baker, J., Twycross, I., Connerton, C., Lambert, A.,Leidenroth, J hoi, S.Y., Son, S. & Mitchell, R.J. 2017 R.J. Mitchell, & S. Son, S.Y., hoi, ournal of Food Safety , 110(2), 431 Salmonella , 11(8) suooa aeruginosa Pseudomonas B . dellovibrio bacteriovorus . Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic of Mechanisms Nature ynen, M., Sliepen, I., Loozen, G., Boon, N., Eldere, J. Van & Teughels, W. Teughels, & Van J. Eldere, N., Boon, G., Loozen, I., Sliepen, M., ynen, , 2(3), 340 , e01

Micavibrio aeruginosavorus . Rames , 5(JUN), 280. . . . – Dual Predation by Bacteriophage and Bacteriophage by Predation Dual - Medical Sciences BMB Reports 444. The Side Effects of the Most Commonly Used Group of Antibiotics in Antibiotics of Group Used Commonly Most the of Effects Side The

Seeking killers . pce ad plcto fr eoa o pe fo sanes steel stainless from prey of removal for application and species 61242 Scientific Reports , 477(7365), 457 ,

, 23(5), 464 erta marcescens Serratia 2020.

, 16(2), 161 , 2(3), 181 –

Transactions on Science and Technology. 34 . , 22(5), 416

ISSN ISSN 2289 1. . .

rl irba hbtt dnmc entity dynamic a habitat microbial Oral , 45(2), 71 dloiro bacteriovorus Bdellovibrio . – 472. - . – slto of Isolation , 6(1), 6. 8786. – . ACS Synthetic Biology 173.

187. Research Microbiology in . – . and and , 8(1) – mBio ouri, D.E. 2011 D.E. ouri,

461. High http://tost.unise.org/ 422.

. , 14025

78. , 10(3)

tpyoocs aureus Staphylococcus

. rm rdto b te rdtr bacteria predatory the by predation from Combined Application of Bacterial Predation Bacterial of Application Combined and and - throughput analysis of gene gene of analysis throughput . The negative impact of antibiotic resistance antibiotic of impact negative The .

Journal Bacterioof . The dual probiotic and antibiotic nature of nature antibiotic and probiotic dual The Effect of predatory bacteria on human cell human on bacteria predatory of Effect Bdellovibrios Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus , e01040 .

. 7 (1), 8 . Compendium on Continuing Education . Predation of human pathogens by pathogens human of Predation . Molecular Oral Microbiology Oral Molecular

- - Scientific Reports , 3(4), 228

19 17 Bdellovibrio aaiim in Parasitism

. , 169(1), 52

ht ry on prey that logy . . Susceptibility of colist Susceptibilityof dloiro bacteriovorus Bdellovibrio ytc irss isolates fibrosis cystic – , 202(6) 237. n JD, tla N.A., Stella, J.D., an,

Can Eradicate Can . o, C., Nicoletti, M., Nicoletti, C., o, – Froese, D., Zazula, D., Froese,

. 55. erlsn family Serralysin .

, 7(1), 1 Reprogramming Journal of Applied Shigella . , e00629

function in the in function

shrci coli Escherichia Jo ra o Oral of urnal . Antibiotic –

10. - Species. 19 , 26(1), ,

E. coli .

in 15 - - . .

TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY [49] [48] [47] [46] [45] [44] [43] [42] [41] [40] [39] [38] [37] [36] [35] [34] [33] [32] [31]

Rotem, O., Pasternak, Z. & Jurkevitch, E. 2014 E. Jurkevitch, & Z. Pasternak, O., Rotem, 2016 R.M.Q. Shanks, & D.E. nontoxic tothe rabbit ocular Kadouri, S., Dharani, S., Gupta, J.L., Funderburgh,M.L.,Funderburgh, K.A., Yates, Brothers,K.M., N.A., Stella, E.G., Romanowski, 86 pneumonia of agent atypical 2019 A. Rames, in pe of capability predation 2019 P. Gallenzi, & G. Quaranta, G., Isola, S., Marchetti, P., Cattani, R., Patini, periplasmic bacterial predators Gophn S., Pietrokovski, Lurie O., Rotem, R., Chanyi, Y., Shani, M., Njagi, Z., Pasternak, Parikh, N.S. & Ahlawat, R. 202 gram 2018 S. Schippa, & C. Passariello, Bonfiglio,B., Trancassini,Neroni,Totino,M.,Dini,V.,G., L., F., V.,Iebba, Mura, F., Pantanella, Sudanesefrom Nubia 350 population ancient an of remains skeletal the in tetracycline of characterization spectroscopic 2010 G.J. Armelagos, & J. Hochberg, A., Dinardo, M.L., Nelson, infections 2016 M. Navidinia, Scientific Reports inhibits 2014R.J.Mitchell, & J.H. Hur, J.K., Seo, M.,Dwidar, Monnappa,A.K., MedChemComm 2018 C. Melander, & V. D. Zurawski, R.J., Melander, International Journal o 2010 N.Y. Markelova, predator bacterium Mahmoud, K.K & M. Quirynen, E., Anaerobe Herrero, Rodrigues V., Slomka, M., 2015 W. Teughels, Pauwels, N., Boon, G., Loozen, 1982 Roma V., Afinogenova,A. V.A., Lambina, against Multidrug R.M.Q. Shanks, K., To, D.E., Kadouri, 2007 G.A. Micavibrio aeruginosavorus O’Toole, & N.C. Venzon, D., Kadouri, Applied and 2005 G.A. O’Toole, & D. Kadouri, ISME Journal from energetically benefits bacteria, negative 2018 R.J. Mitchell, & M. Dwidar, H., Im, Heidelberg. and Deltaproteobacteria Prokaryotes: The – v 100. itro . - Micavibrio admirandus positiv

Study , 35, 45 S . ahlccu aureus taphylococcus Journal paramedicalof

Environmental Microbiology

, 12(8), 2090 e . Materials S – , 9(1), 12 . Koval,& S.F. 2010 taphylococcus aureus , 4(1), 1 . 53. n pae n h dtcin ehd of methods detection the on update An - . Resistant Gram

Effect of Effect . Bdellovibrio f f Hygiene and Environmental Health h ciia iprac o eegn EKP ptoes n nosocomial in pathogens ESKAPE emerging of importance clinical The – , 12(12) Rames – . 8. , . Jreic, . 2014 E. Jurkevitch, & U. a, – 21. . 2095. -

rdcos bacteria, Predacious 550 CE riodontopathogens bacteria by bacteria riodontopathogens Applied and Environmental Microbiology

,

gen. et

2020. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus surface .

, 2008 0.

. . Asia Pacific Journal of Molecula of Journal Pacific Asia ifl frain n ivso it hmn pteil cells epithelial human into invasion and formation biofilm

sciences Microbiology Transactions on Science and Technology. ISME ISME Journal Helicobacter ISSN ISSN 2289 . .

- American Journ . sp. nov. . Negative Pathogens . Susceptibility of biofilms to biofilms of Susceptibility Characterization type of IV pili thein life cycle ofthe . . New New Microbiologica

eaiu of Behaviour Scientific Reports , 71(7), 4044 , 7(3), 43

- 8786. Di Y 2013 Y. Doi, & . Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus ǐ

Mikrobiologiya Penabad, S., Konovalova, S.M. & Pushkareva, A.P.Pushkareva, & S.M. Konovalova, S., Penabad, http://tost.unise.org/ , 156(4), 1040 p , 8(3), 625 Staphylococcus aureus ylori – . 57. The genus Bdellovibrio and Like Organisms Like and Bdellovibrio genus The al ofal Physical Anthropology Bdellovibrio – . B 4051. StatPearls Publishing.

.

elvbi bacteriovorus dellovibrio . HD100 on multispecies oral communities oralmultispecies on HD100 , 6 unrblt o ptoei boim to biofilms pathogenic of Vulnerability n n ot A aayi o eiitc vs epibiotic of analysis An out: and In . – , 41(2), 145 , 213(6), 428 . , 30987 635. Narrow

.

PLoS ONE – , 51(1), 114

rdtr Bcei: Ptnil Ally Potential A Bacteria: Predatory 7 1051. (1), 8 Bdellovibrio p. 3 pp. ,

aahayi acanthamoebae Parachlamydia

r Biology and Biotechnology and Biology r - . ih oeta fr biocontrol for potential with 17

- Bdellovibriobacteriovorus

spectrum antibacterial agents antibacterial spectrum - , 73(2), 605 –

. Weinberger, M.N., Koval, S., Koval, M.N., Weinberger, HD100, a HD100, 152.

– , 8(5 – Brief communication: Mass communication: Brief biofilms without predation without biofilms 431. – 7 Springer 17, 117. . .

b ), ), Bdellovibrio b acteriovorus

rdtr bcei are bacteria Predatory e63397

, 143(1), 151

– n h peec of presence the in predator of Gram of predator 614. . . -

elg Berlin Verlag Evaluation of Evaluation HD100. An HD100. acteriovorus – 154.

27(3), , attack

an ,

16 - ......

TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY [67] [66] [65] [64] [63] [62] [61] [60] [59] [58] [57] [56] [55] [54] [53] [52] [51] [50]

on, .. 2006 K.D. Young, studypilot aga herbs medicine Chinese 2010 of R. activity Antimicrobial Kao, & C.J. Seneviratne, M.K.Z., Yuen, L., Samaranayake, U., Hägg, R.W.K., Wong, Trea 2016 R.E. Sockett, Mazon C., Moore, A.R., Willis, p 2011 M. Wu, & D.E. Kadouri, Z., Wang, and Environmental Microbiology 1978 B.P. Zeigler, & M. Varon, Bacteriolog of invasion and attachment of studies 1968 M. Shil, & M. Varon, 2018 J. Yoshimura, Reports & T. Lotka Nagatani, modified A., a of Shimizu, stability K.I., Asymptotic Tainaka, T., Togashi, T., Okabe, G., T Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 2017 T. Zhou, & bacteriovorus J. Cao, H., Chen, Y., Hou, J., Ye, Y., Sun, bacteriolyticand microorganism 1963 M.P. Starr, & H. Stolp, likeand organisms in bacterial prey 2004 E. Jurkevitch, & Y. Shemesh, 2016 D.E. Kadouri, pneumoniae & N.D. Connell, J., Rinaggio, Gupta S., Shukla, M., Zuena, C., Tang, E., Singleton, K., Shatzkes, 12899 bacteriovorus Bdellovibrio & N.D. Connell, Kado L., Tsenova, S., Mukherjee, G.C., Ramirez, C., Tang, R., Chae, K., Shatzkes, Pathogens Associated with Ocular Infections 2013 D.E. Kadouri, D. Godboley, N.A., Stella, K.M., Brothers, E.G., Romanowski, V.R., Davra, R.M.Q., Shanks, Ecology phase attack and intraperiplasmic of survival Tu H.N., Williams, A.J., Schoeffield, S.B.A.Sattar, Sharma,& S. 2018 Microorganisms & D.E. 2019 Kadouri, A., Pericleous, S., Gupta, T., Kim, I., Kolesnikova, R., Russo, 912. Bacteria Predatory by Predation to Agents Select of Susceptibility Chae, R., Russo, on Antibiotic Resistance: Bells Alarm are Ringing Zaman, S.Bi Reviews redator: ahara, T., Gavina, M.K.A., Kawano, T., Tubay, J.M., Rabajante, Ito,J.F., H., Morita, S.,Ichinose,

t . r, .. 2015 D.E. uri, . Susceptibility of virulent of Susceptibility Shigella

, 8(1), 1 , 32(1), 35 , 70(3), 660 Micavibrio aeruginosavorus y .

, 95(3), 744 burden in rat lungs International Journal of and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

n, n, Hussain, Nye,M.A., R., Mehta, V., Mamun, K.T. & Hossain, N. 2017

Infection in Zebrafish Larvae n multidrug on – , 7(1) 7. –

46. . Mkeje S, igeo, . Oc, . Kdui D & onl, . 2015 N. Connell, & D. Kadouri, J., Occi, E., Singleton, S., Mukherjee, R., – . . 703. h Slcie au o Bceil Shape Bacterial of Value Selective The . , 2 netos f rdtr Bcei Wr Aogie ot mue el to Cells Immune Host Alongside Work Bacteria Predatory of Injections .

n y t a il Uig rdtr Bcei t Cnrl Gram Control to Bacteria Predatory Using Kill: a to Eye An – . xmnn te aey f eprtr ad nrvnu iouain of inoculation intravenous and respiratory of safety the Examining

753.

Rames

and and .

, Interaction of Interaction -

. 2020. eitn ciia ptoes n ter orsodn biofilms corresponding their and pathogens clinical resistant Micavibrio aeruginosavorus Micavibrio Bdellovibrio bacteriovorusBdellovibrio , 36(1), 11 . . - Y . Bacterial predatorBacterial

Moya, M., Krokowski, S., Lambert, C., Till, R., Mostowy, S. & S. Mostowy, R., Till, C., Lambert, S., Krokowski, M., Moya, mBio

Transactions on Science and Technology. . Pneumonia, Bacterial ersinia pestis ISSN ISSN 2289 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . , 70(5), 485

. ARL lsi peoyi rssac t peain by predation to resistance phenotypic Plastic , 7(6) Environmental Microbiology n, .. Fllr WA 1996 W.A. Falkler, & B.F. rng, - Escherichia – 8786. - . 17. 13 , e01847 Genomic insights into an obligate epibiotic bacterial epibiotic obligate an into insights Genomic Bdellovibrio bacteriovorusBdellovibrio - . otra oe wt smal with model Volterra . Current Biology http://tost.unise.org/

. BMC Genomics bacteria to predator bacteria in the lungs of mice of lungs the in bacteria predator to bacteria – PLoS ONE 489. B . - - 16 Cureus dellovibrios prey interaction at low prey density prey low at interaction prey

. .

. StatPearls Publishing. gen. et sp. n., a predatory, ectoparasitic, predatory, a n., sp. et gen. inst common bacteria in oral biofilm. A biofilm. oral in bacteria common inst B by B rdtr bcei attenuate bacteria Predatory in a mouse model mouse a in

, 8(6) , 9(6), e1403

7 , 29(1 (1), 8 , 26(24), 3343 . , 12(1), 453.

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Bdellovibrio . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Molecular and Microbiology

, e66723

rdto fiay of efficacy Predation - ih eue oxygen reduced with

17 ), 217 ), , 39(6), 599 , 6(1), 12

and host bacteria. I. Kinetic I. bacteria. host and , S., Dharani, S., Onyile, O., Onyile, S., Dharani, S., , . – . Microorganisms .

248.

immigrations l

. – – 3351. cmaio o the of comparison A 18.

. 605.

Scientific Reports Scientific

onl, N.D. Connell, .

, 3(4), 903 3(4), , Bdellovibrio A ReviewA Bdellovibrio . . . - Journal of Journal Negative Microbial Klebsiella Scientific . Applied , 5 , & 17 – . . . , . .