Investigation of Gram-Negative Bacterial

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Investigation of Gram-Negative Bacterial Investigation of Gram-negative bacterial surface glycans: characterisation of Moraxella bovis lipooligosaccharide and progress towards developing a Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae/Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine candidate Author Singh, Sanjesh Published 2019 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School School of Medical Science DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/2443 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/388637 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Investigation of Gram-negative bacterial surface glycans: characterisation of Moraxella bovis lipooligosaccharide and progress towards developing a Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae/Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine candidate TITLE PAGE Sanjesh Singh BHSc, MMedRes A Thesis Submitted to the Griffith Graduate Research School for the Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 Menzies Health Institute, School of Medical Science & Institute for Glycomics Griffith University “Failure is the condiment that gives success its flavour” Truman Capote ii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This work has not been previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. Sanjesh Singh December 2018 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been possible without the financial support from the School of Medical Science, Griffith University Postgraduate Research Scholarship and The John Viller’s Trust. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the School of Medical Science and Institute for Glycomics for permitting me to undertake this project and to use their facilities. I am especially grateful and indebted to Associate Professor Jennifer Wilson and Dr Darren Grice, my Co-Principal supervisors, for the opportunity to work in their labs and for supporting me throughout my academic career. I’m thankful for your patience, guidance, providing me with your own areas of expert knowledge and giving me the confidence to work independently on my experiments. I could not have asked for better role models. Additionally, thank you for allowing me to learn and grow under your guidance, especially proof-reading my articles and helping me with my imperfect English. I would also like to thank Dr Ian Peak for his insightful experimental suggestions, practical assistance and reading my drafts. Thank you for your guidance especially in the middle ear vaccine project and helping me interpret data from the animal experiments. I am grateful to all of those with whom I have had the pleasure to work in the chemistry and microbiology laboratories: Rebecca, Milton, Monika, Dylan, Keith, Courtney, Tyler, Evan, Wisam, Deniz, Matt and other co-lab members. I am thankful to the animal house staff, especially Allanah, Carly, Hailey, Karen and Hamish, for all your support and assistance provided for preforming the immunogenicity of vaccines in mice. To my parents, Karan and Jayanti and sibling, Jayeshma, thank you so much for your endless support, patience and always being there when I needed you the most. Your constant love and care has kept me going throughout my PhD. Most importantly, I wish to thank my loving and supportive partner, Victoria, who has been an inspiration, always stood by my side and encouraged me throughout my PhD. You have been my strength. I can’t describe how thankful and grateful I am to have you four in my life. I hope I have made you all proud. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................................................. i STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ......................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... x ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. xi ALL PAPERS INCLUDED ARE CO-AUTHORED .............................................................. xv PUBLICATIONS AND RELEVANT COMMUNICATIONS BY THE CANDIDATE ..... xvii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ xix CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction and Literature Review ....................................................................................... 2 1.1 Gram-Negative Bacteria ................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Gram-Negative Bacterial Mechanisms of Pathogenesis ........................................... 2 1.1.2 Lipopolysaccharide/Lipooligosaccharide .................................................................. 2 1.1.3 Outer Membrane Proteins .......................................................................................... 5 1.1.4 The Innate Immune System ....................................................................................... 6 1.1.4.1 Specific Molecular Interactions Between Lipid A/TLR4/MD2/CD14 Complex elucidated by X-Ray Crystal Structure Analysis ............................................................ 8 1.1.5 The Adaptive Immune System ................................................................................ 10 1.1.6 Antibody Isotypes and Subclasses ........................................................................... 11 1.1.7 Antibody-Mediated Effector Functions ................................................................... 12 1.1.8 Recent concerns with antimicrobial resistance and current glycocongujate vaccine approach to address this concern ...................................................................................... 13 1.2 Moraxella bovis .............................................................................................................. 15 1.2.1 Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) ‘Pinkeye’ ........................................ 15 1.2.2 Clinical Presentation and Progression of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis .. 16 1.2.3 Pathogenicity – Cell Surface Associated Virulence Profile .................................... 17 1.2.3.1 Pili ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.2.3.2 Hemolysin ......................................................................................................... 17 1.2.3.3 Lipooligosaccharide .......................................................................................... 18 v 1.2.3.4 Capsule .............................................................................................................. 19 1.2.4 Vaccine Candidates ................................................................................................. 20 1.2.5 Antibiotics and Developing Resistance ................................................................... 21 1.3 Moraxella catarrhalis .................................................................................................... 22 1.3.1 M. catarrhalis: An Important Pathogen .................................................................. 22 1.3.2 Colonisation ............................................................................................................. 22 1.3.3 Acute Otitis Media................................................................................................... 23 1.3.4 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ................................................................. 25 1.3.5 Pathogenicity – Cell Surface Associated Virulence Profile .................................... 26 1.3.5.1 Lipooligosaccharide .......................................................................................... 27 1.3.5.2 Outer Membrane Proteins ................................................................................. 31 1.3.6 Vaccine Candidates ................................................................................................. 31 1.3.7 Antibiotic Treatment and Developing Resistance ................................................... 34 1.4 Haemophilus influenzae ................................................................................................. 34 1.4.1 Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae ..................................................................... 34 1.4.2 Colonisation ............................................................................................................. 35 1.4.3 Acute Otitis Media................................................................................................... 35 1.4.4 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ................................................................. 35 1.4.5 Pathogenicity – Cell Surface Associated Virulence Profile ...................................
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