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Tese Jaime Neves.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA PORTUGUESA ENTRE PRETO E BRANCO PARA UMA ESTÉTICA MONOCROMÁTICA DO CINEMA DEPOIS DO TECHNICOLOR Tese apresentada à Universidade Católica Portuguesa para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciência e Tecnologia das Artes Por Jaime Sérgio de Oliveira Neves Sob orientação de Professora Doutora Jenny Feray ESCOLA DAS ARTES Dezembro 2015 1 2 AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho de vários anos é dedicado integralmente à Cândida e ao Álvaro, meus pais, pela humildade e perserverança que conseguiram transmitir-me ao longo da vida. Agradeço à Jenny Feray, pela imprescindível orientação desta tese, pela enorme paciência, amizade e pela sua capacidade de me fazer pensar a fundo nas questões que à partida me pareciam muito simples. Obrigado ao Álvaro Barbosa pelo desafio e por acreditar que este trabalho poderia efectivamente concretizar-se. Um agradecimento para o Amílcar Sousa que foi também responsável pelo início de todo um processo que me conduziu até aqui. Os meus agradecimentos à Marta Reis, grande amiga e colega de trabalho. Este trabalho é também dela e para ela. Obrigado à Inês Rebanda Coelho pelas semanas em que se debruçou afincadamente a analisar uma parte importante da história do cinema em prol deste trabalho de investigação. Pelas centenas de horas passadas ao longo dos últimos anos na Biblioteca Municipal Rocha Peixoto, na Póvoa de Varzim, agradeço a disponibilidade e a simpatia de todos quantos lá trabalham. Obrigado à Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola das Artes, nomeadamente e em especial ao Professor Carvalho Guerra que um dia, algures no ano 2003, acreditou e viabilizou um projecto lindo chamado Black & White – Festival Internacional Audiovisual. Obrigado também à Maria Lopes Cardoso e ao Paulo da Rosária que estiveram comigo deste o primeiro minuto nesta belíssima aventura a preto e branco. Julgo que temos motivos para estar orgulhosos! Um agradecimento muito especial aos amigos que durante meses, numa cave improvisada, trabalharam comigo na Invenção do Amor, poema que está na base do trabalho prático desta tese. Obrigado à Benita Azevedo, ao Casimiro Teixeira, à Cláudia Moreira, à Isabel Cruz, ao João Pedro Azul e à Paula Miranda. Foram i momentos que não mais esquecerei. E porque a Invenção do Amor se materializou, abandonou as páginas de um livro e fez-se vida, um agradecimento à Cláudia que tanto tardou a chegar mas um dia efectivamente chegou. Obrigado à companheira, à amiga e à mãe do Pedro, meu filho, que espero possa, caso seja essa a sua vontade, seguir o pai na sua grande paixão pelo cinema. Este trabalho é pois, indiscutivelmente, também para a Cláudia e para o Pedro, com amor. ii RESUMO A 28 de Dezembro de 1896 no "Grand Café" em Paris os Irmãos Lumière apresentam L'Arrivée d'un Train à La Ciotat - a primeira projecção cinematográfica da história. Com a invenção do Cinematógrafo os Irmãos Lumiére apresentaram ao mundo uma nova arte que rapidamente se tornaria uma indústria milionária. Em 1927 a Warner Brothers revoluciona com o filme The Jazz Singer, um musical que pela primeira vez na história do cinema possuía alguns diálogos e cantigas aliados a partes totalmente sem som. Um ano mais tarde, em 1928, a Warner Brothers conclui a revolução sonora com o filme The Lights of New York - o primeiro filme com som totalmente sincronizado. Utilizando a revolucionária e inovadora tecnologia Technicolor, em 1935, o cinema apresenta-se pela primeira vez a cores com Becky Sharp, filme realizado por Rouben Mamoulian. O preto e branco liberta-se então da imposição técnica e passa a assumir um novo estatuto enquanto estética alternativa, distinta e distante da fealdade proporcionada pela cor. Uma opção monocromática que reclama um maior envolvimento do espectador enquanto, ao mesmo tempo, minimiza factores de distração e maximiza momentos de concentração. Uma estética a preto e branco que se funde numa atmosfera muito própria, muitas vezes potenciada através de motivações afectivas e culturais do espectador disponível e menos sensível aos apelos comerciais da indústria, quer cinematográfica quer televisiva, onde a cor impera. Mais de um século de evolução tecnológica têm ditado profundas mutações na arte de fazer cinema. O aparecimento do sonoro e, mais tarde da cor, revolucionaram e provocaram impactos profundos. Se o sonoro permitiu que o espectador passasse a viver num ambiente novo e ambicionado e pôs término a um cinema mudo e porventura pouco sedutor, o aparecimento da cor não provocou ruptura. Com o Technicolor os filmes puderam passar a apresentar cor mas a produção de cinema a preto e branco nunca deixou de existir. Pelo contrário, ao longo da história do cinema vários foram os movimentos que no preto e branco encontraram motivação e sentido. Uma estética com tradição e com futuro, ao mesmo tempo inovadora e portadora de uma modernidade que muitas vezes, para alguns espectadores, assume mesmo características de novidade. iii iv ABSTRACT In December 28th, 1896 the Lumière Brothers presented L'Arrivée d'un Train à La Ciotat at the "Grand Café" in Paris – it was the first cinema projection in history. With the invention of the cinematographer the Lumière brothers showed the world a new art that would quickly become a billion dollar industry. In 1927 Warner Brothers revolutionized the world with the film The Jazz Singer, a musical that for the first time in the history of cinema had some dialogues and songs combined with completely muted fragments. A year later, in 1928, Warner Brothers completes the sound revolution with the film The Lights of New York - the first film with fully synchronized sound. Using the revolutionary and innovative Technicolor technology, a film is presented in 1935 in colour for the first time: Becky Sharp - directed by Rouben Mamoulian. Black and white is freed from its technique imposition and assumes a new status as an alternative aesthetic, distinct and detached from the unpleasantness provided by colours. A monochrome option that calls for greater involvement of the viewer while at the same time lessens distraction factors and expands moments of concentration. A black and white aesthetics that blends a very unique atmosphere, often enhanced by emotional and cultural spectator's motivations; and less concerned with commercial appeal of the film or television industry, where colour reigns. Over a century of technological evolution dictated profound changes in the art of filmmaking. The advent of sound and later of colour was transformative and had profound effects. If sound allowed the spectator to start living in a new and coveted environment and put end to the perhaps unappealing silent film; the introduction of colour did not cause rupture. With Technicolor film could display colour but the production of film in black and white never ceased to exist. On the contrary, throughout the history of cinema several movements found motivation and meaning in black and white - aesthetics with tradition and prospect, both pioneer and modern that can often take on novelty characteristics. v vi INDICE: AGRADECIMENTOS i RESUMO iii ABSTRACT v SUMÁRIO xi ÍNDICE DE QUADROS xvii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS xix Nota de Leitura xxiii INTRODUÇÃO 1 1. O CINEMA NASCEU A PRETO E BRANCO 15 1.1 Dos Irmãos Lumière a Rouben Mamoulian – 40 anos de cinema a 17 preto e branco: a imposição da técnica 1.2 Becky Sharp (1935): com o Technicolor a cor apodera-se do cinema 53 1.3 Neutralização do preto e branco 78 1.3.1 Movimentos e estilos cinematográficos 78 1.3.2 A pressão comercial e os factores económicos 100 1.3.3 A colorização de filmes a preto e branco 108 vii 2. PARA UMA ESTÉTICA MONOCROMÁTICA DO CINEMA 136 2.1 O preto e o branco no inconsciente colectivo 136 2.2 Contextos favoráveis para o incremento da produção a preto e branco 160 2.2.1 O Black & White – Festival Internacional Audiovisual 162 2.2.2 A Filmoteca Vasca e o programa Kimuak 166 2.3 “As cores do preto e branco” 169 2.3.1 O visto e o sugerido. A cor em fora de campo: o fora de 169 campo “concreto” e o fora de campo “imaginário” 2.3.2 Uma apropriação individual da imagem - o espectador 179 construtor (a sensação de cor) 2.4 O preto e branco factor de distanciação e / ou aproximação à 187 realidade 2.5 O hibridismo da cor e do preto e branco 201 3. ENTRE PRETO E BRANCO: O CAMINHO PARA A INVENÇÃO DO 211 AMOR – UM EXERCÍCIO MONOCROMÁTICO 3.1 O processo de construção do documentário O Caminho para a 211 Invenção do Amor – Um Exercício Monocromático 3.2 Uma estética de aproximação e envolvimento do espectador à obra 233 3.3 Uma estética de resistência e liberdade 240 3.4 A importância dos rostos em O Caminho para a Invenção do Amor – 243 Um Exercício Monocromático. Uma abordagem ao “cinema- afecção” de Gilles Deleuze viii 3.5 Uma diferenciadora estética do preto e branco 251 3.5.1 O preto e branco potenciador da atmosfera e da emoção 254 3.5.2 A luz na estética do preto e branco 263 CONCLUSÃO 282 BIBLIOGRAFIA 295 WEBSITES CONSULTADOS 305 ÍNDICE REMISSIVO DE FILMES CITADOS 307 ÍNDICE ONOMÁSTICO 311 ÍNDICE DE NOÇÕES 321 ANEXOS 327 Anexo 1: Vencedores do Óscar para “Melhor Filme” 329 Anexo 2: Resultados de inquérito realizado sobre consumo de cinema e 331 grau de conhecimento e contacto com cinema a preto e branco Anexo 3: Texto A Invenção do Amor de Daniel Filipe 337 Anexo 4: DVD-Vídeo – Trabalho Prático: O Caminho para a Invenção 347 do Amor – Um Exercício Monocromático ix x SUMÁRIO: 1. O CINEMA NASCEU A PRETO E BRANCO 1.1. Dos Irmãos Lumière a Rouben Mamoulian – 40 anos de cinema a preto e branco: a imposição da técnica Nascido no final do século XIX, o cinema apresentou-se a preto e branco para, logo de seguida, muitos interessados no fenómeno das imagens em movimento encetarem um interessante percurso de experiências com vista a dotar o cinema de cores.
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