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A Chloroplast DNA Phylogeny of Solanum

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SystematicBotany (2004),29(1): pp. 177– 187 q Copyright 2004by the AmericanSociety of PlantTaxonomists AChloroplast DNAPhylogeny of Solanum Section Lasiocarpa LYNN BOHS DepartmentofBiology ,University ofUtah, Salt Lake City,Utah 84112 ([email protected]) CommunicatingEditor: J amesF .Smith ABSTRACT. Solanum section Lasiocarpa includes about adozen species witha center ofdiversity in the New Worldtropics. Solanum lasiocarpum and S. repandum (sometimesconsidered tobe conspecic as S. ferox)have an OldW orlddistribution in Asia and the Pacic Islands.Several species inthis section produce edible fruits,and two, the lulo ornaranjilla ( S.quitoense ) and the cocona ( S.sessiliorum )are cultivated commercially.Phylogene tic relationships in Solanum section Lasiocarpa were investigated usingsequence data fromthe chloroplast trnT-trnL spacer, the trnL-trnF spacer, and the trnL gene, including the trnL intron.Sampling included 24 accessions fromsection Lasiocarpa and 14 accesssionsofother Solanum species as outgroups.Allspecies considered tobelong to section Lasiocarpa bypreviou sauthorsw ere examined withthe exception of the recentlydescribed S. atheniae.Solanumrobustum and S. stagnale,sometimesconsidered to belongto section Lasiocarpa, are excluded fromthe group on the basis ofthe trn data. The remainingspecies inthe section forma monophyletic group,with threew ell-supportedclades withinit: S. hirtum, S.pectinatum -sessiliorum -stramonifolium ,and the remainderof the species inthe section. Sequencesof S.lasiocarpum and S. repandum are extremelysimilar, and these twoAsian taxa cluster withthe New World S. candidum and S.pseudolulo on the trn trees. Solanum section Lasiocarpa (Dunal)D’ Arcy compris- group ofthe genus Solanum,usually recognized as So- es approximately adozen species ofperennial shrubs lanum subgenus Leptostemonum .Previous authors such or small trees with acenter ofdistribution in north- asDunal (1852),Seithe (1962),Danert (1970),D’ Arcy western SouthAmerica. Morphologicalcharacters that (1972),and Whalen (1984)have regarded subgenus dene the section include difoliate sympodial units, Leptostemonum asa naturalgroup based on the shared large repand leaves, unbranchedinorescences ,stel- presence in most species ofspines, stellate hairs, and latecorollas, an dfruits covered with stellate hairs with tapered anthers. Molecularph ylogeneticstudies based reduced lateral rays (Whalen et al.1981). The section on chloroplast DNArestriction sites (Olmstead and wasmonograph ed byWhalen et al.(1981), who rec- Palmer, 1997)and nuclear and chloroplast sequence ognized 13species. Eleven are native tothe northern data(Bohs and Olmstead 1997,1999, 2001; Bohs, in Andes ofV enezuela,Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, and press) indicate that Solanum species thatbear spines as three haveranges thatextend into Central America ( S. well asstellate hairs comprise amonophyletic group, candidum, S. hirtum)or northeastern SouthAm erica termed the Leptostemonum clade byBohs (in press). through the Guianasinto northern Brazil ( S.stramoni- Solanum wendlandii ,arepresentative of Solanum section folium).Several species in the section produceedible Aculeigerum Seithe,fallsoutside the cladecom prised of fruits and two, S.quitoense (the luloor naranjilla) and the other spiny Solanum taxa(Bohs and Olmstead 1997, S.sessiliorum (the cocona)are economicallyimportant 1999,2001; Bohs, in press). Solanum section Aculeigerum fruitcrops in Latin America (Heiser 1969,1985a). So- includes six species thatbear spines butlack stellate lanum quitoense has been introduced toPanama, Costa hairs. In this paper, Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum Rica,and Guatemalaand is now naturalized in Central is used in the traditional sense torefer toall taxa of America. Solanum lasiocarpum and S. repandum are the genus thatbear spines. The term Leptostemonum found in Asia and the Pacic Islands. Although treated clade is used in accordancewith Bohs (in press) to asseparate taxa by Whalen et al.(1981), H eiser (1996) refer tothe monophyletic group ofspin y Solanum taxa considered them conspecic under the name S. ferox. exclusive of Solanum section Aculeigerum . Dunal (1852),M orton (1976),and Hunziker (2001) Molecularstudies based on chloroplast DNArestric- included the SouthAm erican S. robustum in section La- tion sites and chloroplast ndhF sequence datausing a siocarpa,butWhalen et al.(1981) exclude dit from the broadrange ofsampling from Solanum indicate that section due todifferences in branching pattern, leaf section Lasiocarpa may bea relativelybasallineage shape,and fruittrichom es. Subsequent toWhalen et within the Leptostemonum clade and thatit may be al.’s (1981)treatment, S. stagnale wasremoved from the sister to Solanum section Acanthophora Dunal (Olmstead section and placedin the S.polytrichum group within and Palmer 1997;Bohs, in press). Whereas these broad Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Dunal)Bitter scalestudies sampled only one totw ospecies from the (Whalen 1984;Child 1998;N ee 1999).Symon (1985) section, species-level relationships in section Lasiocarpa described S. atheniae from NewGuineaand postulated have been the subjectof n umerous investigations using thatit belonged tosection Lasiocarpa. morphologicaldata, crossing studies, isozyme electro- Solanum section Lasiocarpa belongs tothe spinysub- phoresis, karyotype analyses, and cpDNArestriction 177 178 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [Volume 29 TABLE 1. Sources of Solanum DNAaccessions used inthis study. Seeds, leaves, orD NAextracts provided by 1 L. Bohs, University ofUtah, Salt Lake City,UT. 2 R. G.Olmstead,U niversityof W ashington, Seattle,WA. 3 A. Bruneau, McGill University,Montreal, Canada. 4 C. B. Heiser, Jr., Indiana University,Bloomington,IN. 5 J.Miller, Amherst College ,Amherst,MA. a Forfurther collection and voucher data see Appendix inWhalen et al. (1981). BIRMsamples bear the seed accession numberof the Universityof Birmingham Solanacea e collection. Nijmegenaccession numbersrefer to the Solanaceaecollection atthe Universityof Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Solanum section Lasiocarpa:S. candidum Lindl.3—Stoutamires.n. (IND) from Heiser S249a,Mexico: Veracruz (AY266250). S. candidum Lindl.1—Bohs 2898 (UT),Costa Rica: La Cangreja (AY266237). S. felinum Whalen4—Benitez de Rojas 8915 (IND), Venezuela: Colonia Tovar (AY266252). S. hirtum Vahl3—Whalen 730 (QCA),Ecuador (AY266254). S. hirtum Vahl3—Jones s.n. (IND) from Heiser S404a,Costa Rica: Guanacaste (AY266253). S. hyporhodium A.Braun &Bouche´3—Whalen 717 (BH), Vene- zuela: Sucre (AY266238). S. hyporhodium A.Braun &Bouche´4—Carreno Espinosa 8214 (IND),V enezuela: Sucre (AY266255). S. lasiocarpum Dunal4—Ansyar 9605 (IND),Indonesia: Pandang (AY266256). S. pectinatum Dunal4—Peeke 8512 (IND), Ec- uador: Limoncocha (AY266227). S. pectinatum Dunal1—Bohs 2899 (UT),Bolivia: Santa Cruz (AY266230). S. pseudolulo Hei- ser3—Plowman etal. 4276 (GH)a,Colombia: Meta, Sierrade la Macarena (AY266258). S. pseudolulo Heiser5—BohsDNA ex- tract 995, Nijmegen#824750021 (AY266242). S. quitoense Lam.1—Bohs 2873 (UT),Costa Rica (AY266228). S. quitoense Lam.4—Heiser s.n. BohsDNA extract 996, Ecuador: Quitomarket (A Y266243). S. repandum G. Forst.3—Heiser 8215 (IND), Fiji(A Y266229). S. repandum G. Forst.4—Ashley 8627 (IND),Solomon Islands: Malaita (AY266234). S. sessiliorum Dunal3— Dickson 458 (BH) from Whalen 859 (HUT),Peru (AY266261). S. sessiliorum Dunal var. sessiliorum 4—Heiser 8255 (IND), Ecuador: Yanzatza (AY266260). S. stramonifolium Jacq. var. inerme (Dunal) Whalen 4—Pickersgill 154 (IND),Peru: Iquitos (AY266244). S. stramonifolium Jacq. var. inerme (Dunal) Whalen 3—Whalen &Salick 860 (BH),Peru: Pasco, Iscozacin (AY266263). S. vestissimum Dunal3—Dickson 456 (BH) from Plowman 13431 (F),V enezuela (AY266264). S. vestissimum Dun- al4—Movilla s.n. (IND) from Heiser S432a,Colombia: Santa Marta (AY266247). Outgroups: S. abutiloides (Griseb.)Bitter & Lillo 2—RGO S-73 (WTU),BIRM S.0655 (AY266236). S. acerifolium Dunal1—Bohs 2714 (UT),Costa Rica (AY266249). S. capsicoides All.1—Bohs 2451 (UT),Peru (AY266251). S. dulcamara L.2—no voucher, USA(A Y266231). S. jamaicense Mill.2—RGO S-85 (WTU),BIRM S.1209 (AY266239). S. luteoalbum Pers.1—Bohs 2337 (UT), BIRMS.0042 (AY266257). S. mammosum L.2—RGO S-89 (WTU),BIRM S.0983 (AY266232). S. melongena L.2—RGO S-91 (WTU),BIRM S.0657 (AY266240). S. palinacanthum Dunal1—Bohs 3151 (UT),Bolivia (AY266233). S. pseudocapsicum L.2— no voucher, BIRMS.0870 (AY266241). S. robustum Wendl.4—Bohs 3084 (UT),Argentina: Corrientes,Pericho ´n(AY266259). S. sisymbriifolium Lam.1—Bohs 2533 (UT),Argentina (A Y266235). S. stagnale Moric.4—Carvalho 3213 (IND),Brazil: Bahia, Val- enc¸a(AY266262). S. tenuispinum Rusby1—Bohs 2475 (UT),Bolivia (AY266245). S. torvum Sw.1—RGO S-101 (WTU), BIRM S.0839 (AY266246). S. wendlandii Hook. f.1—no voucher, BIRMS.0488 (AY266248). site data(H eiser 1972,1985b, 1987, 1989; Whalen et al. MATERIALSAND METHODS 1981;Whalen and Caruso1983; Bernarde llo et al.1994; Allspecies placed insection Lasiocarpa byWhalen et al. (1981) Bruneau et al.1995). Many ofthese studies were aimed were sampled, including S. stagnale and S. robustum. Solanuma th- atexamining the evolutionary history ofthe Asian dis- eniae isknown only from the type (Symon1985) and no material juncts and the origin and evolution of S.quitoense . De- was available forsampling. Inmost cases, twoaccessions were spite the accumulationof an impressiveamountof sampled fromeach species ofsection Lasiocarpa.Outgroup taxa data,a consensus has not been reached regarding the included ten species from
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    Advance Publication by J-STAGE Plant BiotechnologyPlant 36,Biotechnology 1–7 (2019) http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.0317a Original Paper Micropropagation of Solanum quitoense var. quitoense by apical bud, petiole and hypocotyl culture Bernardo Gutiérrez1, María Mercedes Cobo1, Miguel Orellana1, Joely Vega1, Venancio Arahana1, Viviana Jaramillo1,2, María de Lourdes Torres1,* 1 Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Cumbayá-Ecuador; 2 Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands * E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +593-2-297-1746 Fax: +593-2-2890-070 Received November 21, 2018; accepted March 17, 2019 (Edited by Y. Hoshino) Abstract The development of in vitro propagation methods can improve the current commercial use and conservation of plants like naranjilla (Solanum quitoense), a distinctive Andean crop and key emerging agricultural product. In the present study, we report in vitro culture protocols for naranjilla apical buds, hypocotyls and petioles. In apical bud culture, MS medium supplemented with 0.10 mg l−1 1-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA) produced longer plantlets with greater number of leaves. Hypocotyl culture yielded higher number of shoots when using older explants in MS medium supplemented with different combinations of NAA, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and gibberellic acid (GA3). Petiole culture produced a significantly higher number of shoots per explant, with more abundant and bigger leaves, when using MS medium −1 −1 −1 supplemented with 0.02 mg l NAA, 4.50 mg l BAP and 1.00 mg l GA3.
  • Solanum Torvum Turkey Berry Solanaceae

    Solanum Torvum Turkey Berry Solanaceae

    Solanum torvum Turkey berry Solanaceae Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i April, 2003 OVERVIEW Solanum torvum is a pantropical weed that invades disturbed areas and forms large thorny impenetrable thickets. On Maui, S. torvum is established in lowland pastures and agricultural fields on both East and West Maui. At this time, it is probably not feasible to eradicate on an island wide level. It seems to be spreading on Maui via contaminated equipment and soil. It also appears to be sparingly cultivated. Public education is needed so that people do not cultivate or spread noxious weeds unknowingly. It could be controlled if found at an early stage in new areas where it is not wanted. TAXONOMY Family: Solanaceae (Nightshade family) (Wagner et al. 1999). Latin name: Solanum torvum Sw. (Wagner et al. 1999). Synonyms: Solanum ficifolium Ortega (PLANTS 2003), Solanum ferrugineum Jacq. (Langeland and Burks 1998). Common names: Turkey berry, devil's-fig, prickly Solanum (GRIN 2003, PIER 2003, PLANTS 2003). Taxonomic notes: The genus Solanum is large and complex, made up of about 1,700 species worldwide (Wagner et al. 1999). Nomenclature: The genus name Solanum is probably derived from the Latin name of a plant that was used medicinally for treatment of epilepsy (Wagner et al. 1999). Related species in Hawai'i: Solanum is represented in Hawai'i by several endemic species, including Solanum nelsonii, Solanum incompletum, and Solanum sandwicense. There are also several other weedy naturalized species, such as S. linnaeanum, S. robustum, S.
  • Department of Food and Agriculture

    Department of Food and Agriculture

    DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE PROPOSED CHANGES IN THE REGULATIONS Title 3, California Code of Regulations Section 3591.26, Subsections (a), (b) and (c) Malaysian Fruit Fly Eradication Area INITIAL STATEMENT OF REASONS/ POLICY STATEMENT OVERVIEW Description of Public Problem, Administration Requirement, or Other Condition or Circumstance the Regulation is Intended to Address This regulation is intended to address the obligation of the Department of Food and Agriculture (Department) to protect the agricultural industry from the movement and spread of injurious plant pests within California. Specific Purpose and Factual Basis The specific purpose of Section 3591.26 is to provide authority to the Department to perform eradication activities against Malaysian fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons. The factual basis for the determination by the Department that the adoption of this regulation is necessary is as follows: If the fly were allowed to spread and become established in host fruit production areas, California's agricultural industry would suffer losses due to decreased production of marketable fruit, increased pesticide use, and loss of markets if other states or countries enacted quarantines against California products. This in turn would negatively impact the State’s economic recovery which in turn would impact the general welfare of the State. The entire County of Los Angeles is being proposed as eradication area because the utilization of these political boundaries will avoid frequent amendments to the regulation if the Malaysian fruit fly is detected elsewhere within this county, and there are no associated impacts with the regulation if no flies are found. The detection of two Malaysian fruit flies is the trigger for eradication delimitation trapping to confirm either there are no other flies present and no further actions are necessary, or treatment activities begin upon the detection of more flies.