An Update of the Host Range of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Giuseppe Parrella, Patrick Gognalons, Kahsay Gebre Selassie, C
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An update of the host range of tomato spotted wilt virus Giuseppe Parrella, Patrick Gognalons, Kahsay Gebre Selassie, C. Vovlas, Georges Marchoux To cite this version: Giuseppe Parrella, Patrick Gognalons, Kahsay Gebre Selassie, C. Vovlas, Georges Marchoux. An update of the host range of tomato spotted wilt virus. Journal of Plant Pathology, Springer, 2003, 85 (4), pp.227-264. hal-02682821 HAL Id: hal-02682821 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02682821 Submitted on 1 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike| 4.0 International License Journal of Plant Pathology (2003), 85 (4, Special issue), 227-264 Edizioni ETS Pisa, 2003 227 INVITED REVIEW AN UPDATE OF THE HOST RANGE OF TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS G. Parrella1, P. Gognalons2, K. Gebre-Selassiè2, C. Vovlas3 and G. Marchoux2 1 Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante del CNR, Sezione di Portici, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy 2 Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Pathologie Végétale, BP 94 - 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France 3 Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante e Microbiologia Applicata, Università degli Studi and Istituto di Virologia Vegetale del CNR, Sezione di Bari, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy SUMMARY 5% nucleic acid (RNA), 70% protein, 5% carbohydrate, and 20% lipid. The genome consists of three negative or Among plant viruses, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) ambisense ssRNA species designated as S (2.9 kb), M (4.8 is considered as the most widespread and to have the kb) and L (8.9 kb). The RNAs have partially complemen- largest host-range. This virus is responsible for numerous tary terminal sequences that allow the RNAs to adopt a epidemics in different regions of the world, mainly in hor- pseudocircular or panhandle conformation (Elliott et al., ticultural and floral crops, which are often destructive and 2000). The largest RNA (L RNA) is negative sense and cause heavy economic losses. The highly polyphagous na- monocistronic; the other two RNAs (S and M RNAs) en- ture, the efficiency of virus transmission and the biological code two proteins in an ambisense arrangement. Thus, the activity of its vectors, the rapidity with which new variants viral genome codes for five proteins in total. In particular: arise, and difficulties in the control of the vectors, make (i) RNA polymerase (330-kDa) is encoded by L RNA; (ii) TSWV one of the most feared plant viruses by growers of protein NSM, a 34-kDa protein involved in cell-to-cell agricultural crops. Preventive and integrated cultural prac- movement of the virus, is encoded by virion sense M RNA; tices such as the eradication of weed hosts able to serve as (iii) glycoproteins G1 and G2, that form the projections on virus reservoirs, combined with vector management strate- the virus particle surface and result from processing of a gies, play a crucial role in the control of the virus. Thus, 127-kDa protein, are coded for by the complementary the availability of an up-to-date list of TSWV host plants is sense M RNA; (iv) protein NSS, a 52 kDa protein with un- a potentially useful reference for researchers and farmers. known function, is encoded by the virion sense S RNA; (v) The current list of TSWV hosts consists of 1090 plants protein N, the 29 kDa structural protein that coats the ge- species belonging in 15 families of monocotyledonous nomic RNA fragment giving rise to the nucelocapsids is plants, 69 families of dicotyledonous plants and one family encoded by the complementary sense S RNA (Hull, 2002). of pteridophytes. These are enclosed in a host-derived membrane bilayer, along with an estimated 10-20 copies of the L protein, the Key words: Tomato spotted wilt virus, host range, Thrips putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, encoded by spp., weeds, virus control, virus disease RNA L (Hull, 2002). In nature, TSWV is transmitted by at least eight species of thrips (Mound, 1996; Ullman et al., 1997; Groves et al., INTRODUCTION 2002), in a circulative and propagative manner (Wijkamp et al., 1993; Ullman et al., 1993). Recently, factors involved First described in 1915 in Australia by Brittlebank in the determination of vector competence have been iden- (1919), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is the type tified in Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci (Naga- species of the genus Tospovirus in the family Bunyaviridae, ta et al., 2002). a large family of RNA viruses most of which infect verte- TSWV is readily transmitted mechanically from sap of brate and/or invertebrate hosts. TSWV is one of the most naturally infected plants. Petunia hybrida is one of the destructive plant viruses. It is estimated that worldwide it most useful diagnostic species (Allen and Matteoni, 1991) causes losses, mainly of commercial vegetable crops, of because of the rapidity with which typical brown local le- around one billion dollars annually (Scott, 2000). The eco- sion develop, usually within 2-4 days from inoculation. nomic importance of TSWV, in addition to its biological Manually inoculated Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana gluti- and molecular features, has made it one of the most exten- nosa and Nicotiana benthamiana develop large necrotic lo- sively studied plant viruses. cal lesions followed by systemic mosaic and necrosis, that TSWV virions are 80-120 nm diameter, spherical, en- is sometimes lethal in N. benthamiana. Cucumis sativus also veloped, and studded with surface projections composed is a reliable assay host as it develops chlorotic local lesions of two glycoproteins, G1 and G2. Virion composition is on cotyledons 4-5 days after inoculation. DAS-ELISA using polyclonal antibodies to the whole virion is commonly used for detecting TSWV isolates, Corresponding author: G. Parrella both in plant extracts (Gonzalves and Trujillo, 1986) and Fax: +39.81.7758122 E-mail: [email protected] thrips (Cho et al., 1998; Bandla et al., 1994). Differentia- 228 Host range of TSWV Journal of Plant Pathology (2003), 85 (4, Special issue), 227-264 tion among virus isolates by serological methods is possible TSWV seems to be correlated with the extensive cultiva- using antisera raised to different viral antigens, such as the tion of resistant hybrids, as reported for pepper, but it has N and G structural proteins (de Avila et al., 1990; Law and also been noted that RB isolates tend to survive in weeds Moyer, 1990; Wang and Gonsalves, 1990; Adam et al., (Roggero et al., 2002). The extreme variability of TSWV 1995). TSWV-specific monoclonal antibodies detect differ- isolates, coupled with the possibility of the exchange of ge- ences among virus isolates (Sherwood et al., 1989; netic information through reassortment of genome seg- Huguenot et al., 1990; Adam et al., 1991). ments were suggested as the main causes for the apparent TSWV molecular detection has been developed using readiness of the virus to adapt so as to overcome both nat- cDNA probes (Ronco et al., 1989; Rice et al., 1990) and ri- ural and pathogen-mediated resistances (Qiu et al., 1998; boprobes (Huguenot et al., 1990), both of which have Qiu and Moyer, 1999). proved useful for the sanitary certification of plant material Different preventive strategies are effective in TSWV (Saldarelli et al., 1996). Several PCR-based methods have management. TSWV-infected hosts in vegetable-growing been developed for the specific detection of TSWV. The regions play an important role in the epidemiology of the first PCR-based assay was developed by Mumford et al. disease, thus the elimination of weed hosts is the main (1994). Immunocapture PCR and RT-PCR were developed agronomic practice to control TSWV outbreaks (Mar- by Nolasco et al. (1993) and Weekes et al. (1996), respec- choux et al., 2000). An up-to-date list of TSWV host tively. A reliable and rapid detection of TSWV from a sin- species should help in the identification of putative natural gle infected thrip by RT-PCR has recently been reported virus reservoirs and allow the eradication of potential weed by Mason et al. (2003). A very sensitive protocol for the hosts. Best (1968) provided the first list of TSWV hosts, detection and quantification of TSWV is the real-time RT- comprising 157 dicotyledonous plant species from 29 fami- PCR assay based on TaqManTM chemistry, on both “leaf lies and 6 monocotyledonous plant species from 5 families. soak” and total RNA extracts from infected plants Subsequently, many new hosts have been discovered, so (Roberts et al., 2000). that the list has been growing steadily (Cho et al., 1987; TSWV particles can be readily detected by electron mi- Berling, 1991; Sether and De Angelis, 1991; Peters and croscope observations of leaf dip preparations with or Golbach, 1998). In the last decade, extensive surveys for without gold-immunolabelling (Milne, 1993). Ultrathin new natural and experimental hosts of TSWV have identi- sectioning of infected tissues, although time-consuming, is fied a large number of new susceptible species (Gognalons a reliable technique for virus identification because of the et al., 1996, 1999). characteristic intracellular appearance and localization of In this paper we present an “update” of TSWV-suscep- virions. These accumulate in dilations of the endoplasmic tible plant species, adopting the taxonomic system pro- reticulum and mature by budding of the nucleocapsids posed by Engler and Diels (1936), modified by Bamba- through the endoplasmic reticulun membrane (Martelli cioni (1976), according to the International Code for and Russo, 1984).