“Phytochemical Screenings and Pharmacological Activities of Two Medicinal Plants (Alchemilla Arvensis and Taraxacum Syriacum )”
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An-Najah National University Faculty of Graduated Studies “Phytochemical Screenings and Pharmacological Activities of two Medicinal Plants (Alchemilla arvensis and Taraxacum syriacum )” By Hazar Mousa Ali Supervisor Dr. Raed Alkowni Co-supervisor Dr. Nidal Jaradat This Thesis is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Life Sciences (Biology), Faculty of Graduate studies, An- Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. 2018 II Phytochemical Screenings and Pharmacological Activities of two Medicinal Plants (Alchemilla arvensis and Taraxacum syriacum) By Hazar Mousa Ali This thesis was defended successfully on 11/3/2018 and approved by Defense Committee Members Signature - Dr. Raed Alkowni / Supervisor ……………………. - Dr. Nidal Jaradat / Co-Supervisor …………………… - Dr. Amjad Abu Salha / External Examiner .…………………... - Dr. Saad Al_lahham / Internal Examiner ..………………….. III Dedication I dedicate my thesis to my God that help me to complete my research, and giving me a chance to prove and improve myself. I would like to dedicate my thesis to my wonderful husband Engineer Nihad Hindia who support me in my studies and had given me the dreams to look forward, thank you very much. To my kids Hala, Batool, Jana, and Osama, they have made me more stronger, better and more fulfilled than I could have ever imagined, I love them to the moon and back. IV Acknowledgements First of all, praise is to Allah for blessings and guidance in fulfilling this thesis. I would like to acknowledge and thank my supervisors Dr. Raed Alkowni and Dr. Nidal Jaradat, who have assisted and supported me in my study. Special thanks to Dr. Motasem Almasri from Faculty of scienc, and Fatima Husain, Linda Esa and Mohammad Araar from Pharmacy department. Thanks for technicians in Department of Biology at An- Najah National University. I humbly extend my thanks to my parents, husband, and kids, whom have supported and assisted me throughout my studies. V اﻹقرار أنا الموقع أدناه و مقدم الرسالة التي تحمل العنوان: Phytochemical Screenings and Pharmacological Activities of two Medicinal Plants (Alchemilla arvensis and Taraxacum syriacum) اقر بان ما شملت عليه هذه الرسالة إنما هو نتاج جهدي الخاص و باستثناء ما تم اﻹشارة إليه حيثما ورد, وان هذه الرسالة ككل, وأي جزء منها لم يقدم من قبل لنيل أي درجة أو لقب علمي لدى أي مؤسسة تعليمية أو بحثية أخرى. Declaration The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the researcher’s own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other degree or qualification. اسم الطالبة: :Student’s name التوقيع: :Signature التاريخ: :Date VI List of contents Dedication ................................................................................................... III Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... IV Declaration ................................................................................................... V List of contents ............................................................................................ VI List of Tables ............................................................................................ VIII List of Figures ............................................................................................. IX List of Abbreviations .................................................................................... X Abstract ....................................................................................................... XI Chapter one ................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 2 1.2 Background .......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Problem statement ................................................................................ 5 1.4 Aims and objectives of the study ......................................................... 8 Chapter Two .................................................................................................. 9 Methodology ................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Materials and methods ....................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Chemicals and reagents ............................................................... 10 2.1.2 Equipments: ................................................................................. 12 2.2 Plant collection ................................................................................... 14 2.3 Extraction methods ............................................................................ 15 2.4 Phytochemical screening tests ........................................................... 16 2.5 Determination of total phenols and flavonoids .................................. 17 2.6 Antioxidant methods .......................................................................... 18 2.6.1 Plant extract preparation (crude extract)...................................... 18 2.6.2 Antioxidant test ............................................................................ 19 2.7 Antilipase methods ............................................................................. 19 2.7.1 Lipase stock solution ................................................................... 19 2.7.2 Lipase substrate stock solution .................................................... 20 2.7.3 Lipase activity .............................................................................. 20 2.8 Antimicrobial assays .......................................................................... 21 VII 2.8.1 Antibacterial test .......................................................................... 21 2.8.2 Antifungal test .............................................................................. 26 Chapter Three .............................................................................................. 29 Results ......................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Results ................................................................................................ 30 3.1.1 Phytochemical screening tests ..................................................... 30 3.1.2Total phenols and flavonoids results: ........................................... 33 3.1.3Antioxidant results ........................................................................ 34 3.1.4. Antilipase tests ............................................................................ 36 3.1.5 Antimicrobial tests: ...................................................................... 39 3.1.5.1 Antibacterial tests ..................................................................... 39 3.1.5.2 Antifungal test: ......................................................................... 44 Chapter four ................................................................................................. 49 Discussion ................................................................................................... 49 4.1 Discussion .......................................................................................... 50 4.1.1Flavonoids: .................................................................................... 50 4.1.2 Phenols ......................................................................................... 51 4.1.3 Antioxidant effect: ....................................................................... 52 4.1.4Antilipase effect ............................................................................ 54 4.1.5 Antimicrobial resistance .............................................................. 55 Chapter five ................................................................................................. 57 Conclusion and Future Work ...................................................................... 57 Conclusions and future work ................................................................... 58 References ................................................................................................... 60 ب ........................................................................................................... الملخص VIII List of Tables Table 1: Chemicals and reagents used ........................................................ 10 Table 2: Equipments used ........................................................................... 13 Table 3: The percentage yields from plants using different extraction solvents ........................................................................................................ 17 Table 4:Concentration of antibiotics in respective solvents that were tested ..................................................................................................................... 24 Table 5: Concentrations of antifungal drugs tested and suitable solvents .. 28 Table 6:Phytochemical screening test results for Taraxacum syriacum .... 30 Table 7:Phytochemical screening test results for A.arvensis ...................... 32 Table 8:Total phenol content results ........................................................... 33 Table 9: Total flavonoid content results ..................................................... 34 Table 10: IC50values