B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Electrical & Electronics Measurement Laboratory Manual
DEPT. OF I&E ENGG. DR, M, C. Tripathy CET, BPUT Electrical & Electronics Measurement Laboratory Manual By Dr. Madhab Chandra Tripathy Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTAION AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR-751003 PAGE 1 | EXPT - 1 ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT LAB DEPT. OF I&E ENGG. DR, M, C. Tripathy CET, BPUT List of Experiments PCEE7204 Electrical and Electronics Measurement Lab Select any 8 experiments from the list of 10 experiments 1. Measurement of Low Resistance by Kelvin’s Double Bridge Method. 2. Measurement of Self Inductance and Capacitance using Bridges. 3. Study of Galvanometer and Determination of Sensitivity and Galvanometer Constants. 4. Calibration of Voltmeters and Ammeters using Potentiometers. 5. Testing of Energy meters (Single phase type). 6. Measurement of Iron Loss from B-H Curve by using CRO. 7. Measurement of R, L, and C using Q-meter. 8. Measurement of Power in a single phase circuit by using CTs and PTs. 9. Measurement of Power and Power Factor in a three phase AC circuit by two-wattmeter method. 10. Study of Spectrum Analyzers. PAGE 2 | EXPT - 1 ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT LAB DEPT. OF I&E ENGG. DR, M, C. Tripathy CET, BPUT DO’S AND DON’TS IN THE LAB DO’S:- 1. Students should carry observation notes and records completed in all aspects. 2. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit diagram. 3. Students should be aware of the operation of equipments. 4. Students should take care of the laboratory equipments/ Instruments. 5. After completing the connections, students should get the circuits verified by the Lab Instructor. -
POWER ELECTRONICS TRAINER (Model : XPO-PE) / MICROCONTROLLER BASED PE (Model : XPO-Μc LSPT)
POWER ELECTRONICS TRAINER (Model : XPO-PE) / MICROCONTROLLER BASED PE (Model : XPO-µC LSPT) SALIENT FEATURES u Aesthetically designed injection molded electronic desk. u Master unit carrying useful experiment resources like line Synchronized firing circuits, Power supplies, lamp load, RLC loads, Battery charging supply etc. while the central slot will hold replaceable experiment panels. u Each multi experiment panel is secured in an ABS molded plastic sturdy enclosure, and has colorful screw less overlay showing circuit & Connection through Sturdy 4mm Banana Sockets & Patch Chords. u Set of User Guide provided with each unit. u Order 6 Master units and set of 6 panels (PE 1 x 2 , PE2, PE3, PE6X2nos)+ Power scope, buy more of PE1 and PE6 being major panels. Master Unit Accessories: Built in power supply l 15 pin D connector cable assembly, u DC supply : + 12V, 500mA, l 4mm patchcords : 100mm X 10 Nos & 500mm X 20 Nos. u Unregulated Power supply 17V / 750mA, Optional Power Scope u Regulated 7VDC to 14VDC/3A O/P is provided as 12V Battery charging supply. In absence of battery, same may be used as simulated battery source to run experiments on inverters etc. u Isolated DC supply +12V/ 300mA with isolated common. u On board Inverter transformer of Primary & Secondaries: 12-11-0- 11-12/3A. u On board o/p to Isolated Drive Circuit AC supply u 230V AC line voltage is made available on two banana 4mm Accessory for any Lab CRO for off ground differential measurements sockets as well as 1.5A fuse extender for variac if used. -
A History of Impedance Measurements
A History of Impedance Measurements by Henry P. Hall Preface 2 Scope 2 Acknowledgements 2 Part I. The Early Experimenters 1775-1915 3 1.1 Earliest Measurements, Dc Resistance 3 1.2 Dc to Ac, Capacitance and Inductance Measurements 6 1.3 An Abundance of Bridges 10 References, Part I 14 Part II. The First Commercial Instruments 1900-1945 16 2.1 Comment: Putting it All Together 16 2.2 Early Dc Bridges 16 2.3 Other Early Dc Instruments 20 2.4 Early Ac Bridges 21 2.5 Other Early Ac Instruments 25 References Part II 26 Part III. Electronics Comes of Age 1946-1965 28 3.1 Comment: The Post-War Boom 28 3.2 General Purpose, “RLC” or “Universal” Bridges 28 3.3 Dc Bridges 30 3.4 Precision Ac Bridges: The Transformer Ratio-Arm Bridge 32 3.5 RF Bridges 37 3.6 Special Purpose Bridges 38 3,7 Impedance Meters 39 3.8 Impedance Comparators 40 3.9 Electronics in Instruments 42 References Part III 44 Part IV. The Digital Era 1966-Present 47 4.1 Comment: Measurements in the Digital Age 47 4.2 Digital Dc Meters 47 4.3 Ac Digital Meters 48 4.4 Automatic Ac Bridges 50 4.5 Computer-Bridge Systems 52 4.6 Computers in Meters and Bridges 52 4.7 Computing Impedance Meters 53 4.8 Instruments in Use Today 55 4.9 A Long Way from Ohm 57 References Part IV 59 Appendices: A. A Transformer Equivalent Circuit 60 B. LRC or Universal Bridges 61 C. Microprocessor-Base Impedance Meters 62 A HISTORY OF IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS PART I. -
Universal Motor - Construction, Working and Characteristics
Universal Motor - construction, working and characteristics. A universal motor is a special type of motor which is designed to run on either DC or single phase AC supply. These motors are generally series wound (armature and field winding are in series), and hence produce high starting torque (See characteristics of DC motors here). That is why, universal motors generally comes built into the device they are meant to drive. Most of the universal motors are designed to operate at higher speeds, exceeding 3500 RPM. They run at lower speed on AC supply than they run on DC supply of same voltage, due to the reactance voltage drop which is present in AC and not in DC. There are two basic types of universal motor : (i)compensated type and (ii) uncompensated type. Construction of Universal motor Construction of a universal motor is very similar to the construction of a DC machine. It consists of a stator on which field poles are mounted. Field coils are wound on the field poles. However, the whole magnetic path (stator field circuit and also armature) is laminated. Lamination is necessary to minimize the eddy currents which induce while operating on AC. The rotary armature is of wound type having straight or skewed slots and commutator with brushes resting on it. The commutation on AC is poorer than that for DC. because of the current induced in the armature coils. For that reason brushes used are having high resistance. Working of universal motor A universal motor works on either DC or single phase AC supply. When the universal motor is fed with a DC supply, it works as a DC series motor. -
UNIVERSAL MOTORS Universal Motor
UNIVERSAL MOTORS Universal motor The motors which can be used with a single phase AC source as well as a DC source of supply and voltages are called as Universal Motor. It is also known as Single Phase Series Motor. A universal motor is a commutation type motor. Construction of the universal motor The construction of the universal motor is same as that of the series motor. I n o rd e r t o m i n i m i z e t h e p ro b l e m o f commutation, high resistance brushes with increased brush area are used. To reduce Eddy current losses the stator core and yoke are laminated. The Universal motor is simple and less costly. It is used usually for rating not greater than 7 5 0 W . Characteristic of Universal motor The characteristic of Universal motor is similar to that of the DC series motor. When operating from an AC supply, the series motor develops less torque. By interchanging connections of the fields with respect to the armature, the direction of rotation can be altered. Universal motor T h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e developed torque will re m a i n p o s i t i v e , a n d direction of the rotation will be as it was before. The nature of the torque will be pulsating, and the frequency will be twice that of line frequency as shown in the waveform. Universal motor Thus, a Universal motor can work on both AC and DC. -
Design and Simulation of Leakage Current in Smart Power Module (Spm) Motor Drive Application
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UTHM Institutional Repository DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF LEAKAGE CURRENT IN SMART POWER MODULE (SPM) MOTOR DRIVE APPLICATION SYAHFITRI BIN SAIDIN A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Electrical Engineering Faculty Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia DECEMBER 2013 vi CONTENTS TITLE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT v CONTENTS vi LIST OF FIGURES x LIST OF TABLES xiv LIST OF SYMBOL AND ABBREAVIATION xv LIST OF APPENDIXES xvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Background of Electric Motor 1 1.2 Universal Motor 3 1.2.1 Properties of Universal Motor 4 1.2.2 Applications of Universal Motor 6 1.3 DC Motor 7 1.3.1 Brush DC Motor 8 1.3.2 Brushless DC Motor 9 1.3.3 Permanent Magnet Stators 9 1.4 Smart Power Module (SPM) 10 1.5 Problem Statement 12 vii 1.6 Objectives and Scopes 1.6.1 Objective 13 1.6.2 Scope of Work 14 1.6.3 Thesis Overview 14 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 What Is Leakage Current? 16 2.2.1 Why Is It Important? 17 2.2.2 What Causes Leakage Current? 17 2.2.3 What Is A Safe Level 18 2.3 Direct Current Motor (Dc Motor) 19 2.3.1 Principle Of Dc Motor 19 2.3.2 Detailed Description Of A Dc Motor 21 2.3.3 Working Or Operating Principle Of Dc Motor 23 2.3.4 Construction Of Dc Motor 28 2.3.5 Permanent Magnet Stators 29 2.3.6 Electrical Connections Between The Stator And Rotor 30 2.4 Electricity Consumption By Electrical Motor Systems 31 2.5 Motor Efficiency 33 2.6 Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) 35 2.6.1 Brushless Vs. -
Electrical Measurements
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF EEE Name of the Subject : Electrical Measurements JNTU CODE : 56009 Programme : UG / PG Branch: Electrical & Electronics Engineering Version No : Year: III Updated on :27/12/2014 Semester: II No. of pages : Classification status (Unrestricted / Restricted ) Distribution List : Prepared by : 1) Name : K.Mahender 1) Name : 2) Sign : 2) Sign : 3) Design : Associate Professor 3) Design : 4) Date : 27/12/2014 4) Date : Verified by : 1) Name : * For Q.C Only. 2) Sign : 1) Name : 3) Design : 2) Sign : 4) Date : 3) Design : 4) Date : Approved by : (HOD ) 1) Name : Dr. S.Radhika 2) Sign : 3) Date : SYLLABUS JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD III Year B.Tech EEE II-Semester T P C 4+1 *0 4 Unit -I Classification of measuring instruments-deflecting, controlling and damping systems, ammeters and voltmeters, PMMC,MI and MC instruments, Expression for the deflecting torque and control torque. Expression for the deflecting torque and control torque, Errors and compensation and extension of range using shunts and series resistance, Electrostatic voltmeters-electrometer type and attracted disc type. Extension of range of electrostatic voltmeters Unit-II Introduction to CT & PT- Design considerations, Ratio and phase angle errors, Types of P.F meters-dynamometer and moving iron type, I ph and 3 ph meters, Frequency meters- resonance type and Weston type, Synchroscopes Unit-III Single phase dynamometer wattmeter-LPF & UPF, Double element and three element dynamometer wattmeter, Expression for deflecting and controlling torques and extension of range of wattmeter using instrument transformers, Measurement of active in balanced systems, Measurement of reactive powers in unbalanced systems. -
Brush DC Motor Runs Along Dan Jones, Incremotion Associates
TECHNICAL Brush DC Motor Runs Along Dan Jones, Incremotion Associates Everything started in 1800 when Volta developed the first DC battery. Fara- day used the DC battery to develop the first electric motor. It used brushes to transfer the battery voltage and cur- rent to the rotating disk rotor. This was in mid-1831. Thus was born the brush DC motor. Construction The slotted brush DC motor of today comes in two basic configurations: the wound field DC motor and the perma- nent magnet DC motor. The key parts of a DC motor include the armature (the rotating part), the field (either a cop- per winding or permanent magnet), and a mechanical commutation sys- tem consisting of a slotted commutator, mechanical brushes with copper wires connecting to outside terminals. The commutator is connected to various windings in a sequential pattern. The two brushes ride on the commutator to connect to the battery or outside power source via the terminals as shown in Figure 1. These brush DC motor types are called slotted or iron core types. Motor Operation The DC motor is the simplest motor type. Raise the input voltage and the motor speeds up. Lower the voltage and it reduces speed. Increase the mo- tor’s shaft load and shaft torque and armature current go up while the speed goes down. The permanent magnet DC motor is the most popular type, replac- ing the three wound field DC motors in many applications. Today the most Figure 1 Permanent magnet DC motor structure. popular wound field DC motor has an- other name—the universal motor—a separate motor type because it can be driven by AC and DC input power. -
AN422 Improved Universal Motor Drive
® APPLICATION NOTE Improved Universal Motor Drive JM. BOURGEOIS, JM. CHARRETON, P. RAULT INTRODUCTION Universal motors are mostly operated in AC current mode and are controlled by means of TRIACS. This widespread solution leads to a cheap electronic controller board but has some drawbacks. In particular the high peak to peak current gives poor motor efficiency and the consequential high brush temperature leads to limited motor lifetime. When operating in DC mode, significant improvements are obtained. The RMS and peak to peak current of the motor are smaller, reducing Iron losses and brush temperature. Operating in DC mode enables shrinking of the motor size, and increasing the motor lifetime. Furthermore, magnetic constriction of motor core and torque ripple decrease; the 100Hz noise is further reduced. This technical note presents three solutions for motor operation in AC and DC mode, based on phase control. Motor current and motor efficiency are compared in AC and DC mode. Component selection is proposed for each case, enabling the design of a cost effective solution. AN422 / 02,94 IMPROVED UNIVERSAL MOTOR DRIVE 1 CIRCUIT TOPOLOGIES Three different topologies for control of universal motors are shown in figures 1a, 1b, 1c: - a conventional AC drive using a TRIAC - a DC drive using a TRIAC and a rectifier bridge - a DC drive using an IGBT and a rectifier bridge Each is controlled with a low cost microcontroller, ST6. The difference between the control software concerns the output signal of the microcontroller, which is either adapted to TRIACs or to IGBTs. A and B topologies are operated with a "SNUBBERLESS" TRIAC. -
Principles of Electrical Measurement
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT Sensors Series Senior Series Editor: B E Jones Series Co-Editor: W B Spillman, Jr Novel Sensors and Sensing R G Jackson Hall Effect Devices, Second Edition R S Popovi´c Sensors and their Applications XII Edited by S J Prosser and E Lewis Sensors and their Applications XI Edited by K T V Grattan and S H Khan Thin Film Magnetoresistive Sensors S Tumanski Electronic Noses and Olfaction 2000 Edited by J W Gardner and K C Persaud Sensors and their Applications X Edited by N M White and A T Augousti Sensor Materials P T Moseley and J Crocker Biosensors: Microelectrochemical Devices M Lambrecht and W Sansen Current Advances in Sensors Edited by B E Jones Series in Sensors PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT S Tumanski Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw, Poland New York London IP832_Discl.fm Page 1 Wednesday, November 23, 2005 1:02 PM Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-7503-1038-3 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-7503-1038-3 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005054928 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. -
Multiple Choice Practice Questions for ONLINE/OMR AITT-2020 2 Year
Multiple Choice Practice Questions for ONLINE/OMR AITT-2020 nd 2 Year Electrician Trade Theory DC machine (Generator & Motor) 1 What is the name of the part marked as ‘X’ in DC generator given below? A - Armature core B -Brush C- Commutator raiser D -Commutator segment 2 What is the name of D.C generator given below? A- Differential long shunt compound B- Differential short shunt compound C -Cumulative long shunt compound D -Cumulative short shunt compound 3 Which rule is used to find the direction of induced emf in D.C generator? A- Cork screw rule B -Right hand palm rule C -Fleming’s left-hand rule D -Fleming’s right hand rule 4 Which formula is used to calculate the generated emf in D.C generator? A –ZNPa/60ɸ B -ɸZna/60P C - ɸZnp/60a D - ɸZnp/60 5 What is the formula to calculate back emf of a D.C motor? A -Eb = V/Ia Ra B- Eb = V x Ia Ra C -Eb = V – Ia Ra D -Eb = V + Ia Ra 6 What is the name of the part marked ‘X’ in DC generator given below? A -Pole tip B -Pole coil C -Pole core D -Pole shoe 7 What is the name of the D.C generator given below? A -Shunt generator B -Series generator C- Compound generator D -Separately excited generator 8 Which energy is converted into electrical energy by generator? A -Heat B- Kinetic C -Chemical D -Mechanical 9 What is the name of D.C generator field given below? A -Short shunt compound generator B -Long shunt compound generator C -Differential compound generator D -Cumulative compound generator 10 What is the principle of D.C generator? A -Cork screw rule B -Fleming’s left-hand rule C -Fleming’s -
Electric Motor
ELECTRIC MOTOR Electric motors of various sizes. An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. Device references The reverse task, that of converting mechanical motion into electrical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. In many cases the two devices differ only in their application and minor construction details, and some applications use a single device to fill both roles. For example, traction motorsused on locomotives often perform both tasks if the locomotive is equipped with dynamic brakes. Principle of operation Rotating magnetic field as a sum of magnetic vectors from 3 phase coils. Most electric motors work by electromagnetism, but motors based on other electromechanical phenomena, such as electrostatic forces and the piezoelectric effect, also exist. The fundamental principle upon which electromagnetic motors are based is that there is a mechanical force on any wire when it is conducting electricity while contained within a magnetic field. The force is described by the Lorentz force law and is perpendicular to both the wire and the magnetic field. Most magnetic motors are rotary, but linear types also exist. In a rotary motor, the rotating part (usually on the inside) is called the rotor, and the stationary part is called the stator. The rotor rotates because the wires and magnetic field are arranged so that a torque is developed about the rotor's axis. The motor containselectromagnets that are wound on a frame. Though this frame is often called the armature, that term is often erroneously applied. Correctly, the armature is that part of the motor across which the input voltage is supplied.