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00 Historia Biologica Filmar Bol. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. Sec. Biol., 102 (1-4), 2007, 85-91. ISSN 0366-3272 Estudio de la dieta de las poblaciones intermareales de dos especies de Lepadogaster (Teleostei, Gobiesocidae) en la costa cantábrica, España Diet of intertidal populations of two species of Lepadogaster (Teleostei, Gobiesocidae) from the Cantabrian Coast, Spain Raquel A. Mazé Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Ambientales. Universidad de León, 24071, León, España. [email protected] PALABRAS CLAVE: Solapamiento de dietas, Cambios estacionales y ontogénicos, Lepadogaster lepadogaster, Lepadogaster candolii, Costa cantábrica, España. KEY WORDS: Diet overlap, Ontogenetic and seasonal shifts, Lepadogaster lepadogaster, Lepadogaster candolii, Canta- brian coast, Spain. RESUMEN El objetivo del presente trabajo es el estudio de la dieta, sus cambios estacionales y ontogénicos, de dos poblaciones inter- mareales de Lepadogaster lepadogaster (Bonnaterre, 1788) y L. candolii Risso, 1810, que comparten el mismo hábitat. Los ejemplares de ambas especies fueron capturados en pozas rocosas intermareales de la costa occidental de Asturias. En las dos poblaciones estudiadas se aprecia una estrategia de alimentación generalista, aunque L. lepadogaster muestra una especializa- ción en anfípodos y gasterópodos que constituyen las presas dominantes. Hay un claro solapamiento entre las dietas de las dos especies, si bien L. lepadogaster es estrictamente bentófaga, mientras L. candolii tiene una dieta más diversa. La frecuencia de juveniles de Gnathiidae y de escamas de peces embebidos en mucus en los contenidos estomacales de L. candolii hace pensar que esta especie es un pez limpiador no especializado, extremo este que debe ser confirmado. ABSTRACT The possible differences in the diet of intertidal populations of two species of Lepadogaster that share the same habitat and their ontogenetic and seasonal shifts were study. The specimens of L. lepadogaster (Bonnaterre, 1788) and L. candolii Risso, 1810, were caught on the west coast of Asturias (Cantabrian coast), in rock pools below the mid-tide level. The two stu- died populations show a generalist feeding strategy, though L. lepadogaster shows specialization in amphipods and gastropods which are dominant prey, whilst the other prey items are rare or unimportant. There is a clear overlap in the diet of two species but L. lepadogaster is strictly benthophagous, whereas L. candolii has a more diversified diet. The frequency of Gnathiidae juve- niles in their stomach contents, embedded in mucus, and fish scales would indicate that Lepadogaster candolii is a non-specia- lised cleaner, which remains to be confirmed. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Durante la pasada década se han llevado a cabo estudios sobre la utilización del hábitat por Los chafarrocas (Gobiesocidae) están parte de los Gobiesócidos en el mar Mediterráneo ampliamente distribuidos a lo largo de las costas (PATZNER, 1999a y b; HOFRICHTER & PATZNER, rocosas tropicales y templadas (BRIGGS, 1986); 2000) y en la costa atlántica francesa (HOFRICH- sin embargo el conocimiento de su comporta- TER et al., 2000), y sobre su comportamiento miento y ecología es extremadamente escaso, (GONÇALVES et al., 1996, 1998), pero solo según recogen GONÇALVES et al. (1998). Esto es HOFRICHTER et al. (2000) aportan datos sobre su debido probablemente a que la mayoría de estas ecología alimentaria. especies son crípticas y se encuentran en micro- Existen dos especies de Gobiesocidae, Lepa- hábitats tales como bajo piedras, entre algas, etc.. dogaster lepadogaster (Bonnaterre, 1788) y L. (GONÇALVES et al., 1996), donde son difíciles de candolii Risso, 1810, que son simpátricas en la detectar. Raramente se ha observado como se ali- costa atlántica de la península Ibérica (HENRI- mentan estas especies y el análisis de su dieta QUES, et al.,. 2002) y son comunes en pozas roco- puede ser utilizado para deducir su comporta- sas de la costa cantábrica. miento alimenticio (GIBSON & YOSHIYAMA, El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de las 1999). posibles diferencias entre la dieta de las pobla- Bol. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. Sec. Biol., 102 (1-4), 2007. 86 R. A. MAZÉ ciones de dos especies de Lepadogaster que com- de aparición (%F): proporción de tractos digesti- parten el mismo hábitat, así como sus cambios vos en los que aparece un taxón-presa determina- estacionales y ontogénicos. do, y abundancia relativa (%N): porcentaje de cada taxón-presa sobre el total de presas ingeri- das (HYSLOP, 1980). Teniendo en cuenta la fre- 2. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS cuencia de aparición, las presas se clasifican en preferentes (F ≥ 50%), secundarias (10% ≤ F < El presente estudio se ha llevado a cabo en 50%) y ocasionales (F < 10%), siguiendo la clasi- dos localidades de la costa occidental asturiana, ficación propuesta por HUREAU (1970). en Figueras –margen derecha de la desemboca- Para evaluar las diferencias entre las presas dura del río Eo–, y en Ortiguera –margen izquier- ingeridas y el tamaño del depredador, los peces da de la desembocadura del río Navia– (Fig. 1). fueron agrupados en clases de talla de 5 mm y las Ambas zonas son ambientalmente semejantes y presas en 8 categorías: Copepoda, Gnathiidae, en el intermareal son frecuentes las pozas rocosas otros Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda, Gastropo- (MAZÉ et al., 2006). da, Polychaeta y Otros. Las diferencias significa- Los peces fueron capturados en pozas situa- tivas se ratificaron mediante el calculó del coefi- das en la zona inferior del intermareal, tapizadas ciente de correlación de Spearman entre la de algas rojas y pardas y, concretamente, en la frecuencia de aparición de una presa determinada situada en Figueras, son abundantes los equinoi- y el tamaño del depredador. deos. Los muestreos se realizaron estacionalmen- La dieta de ambas especies se analizó median- te durante las mareas vivas, desde Octubre de te el método gráfico propuesto por AMUNDSEN et 1988 a Julio de 1989. Para la extracción de los al. (1996) –modificación del método gráfico de peces se vaciaron las pozas a medida que lo per- COSTELLO (1990)– y su solapamiento con el cálcu- mitía el descenso de la marea. Los ejemplares lo del índice de Renkonen (KREBS, 1989). capturados fueron identificados, contados y medidos (longitud total), y se examinó el conte- nido de su tracto intestinal. Las presas encontra- 3. RESULTADOS das se identificaron hasta el nivel taxonómico más bajo posible y se contabilizaron. 3.1. Las poblaciones de Lepadogaster spp. en el La actividad alimentaria se representa área de estudio mediante el índice de vacuidad (Iv) –porcentaje de tractos digestivos vacíos–. La importancia Se identificaron dos especies de Lepadogas- relativa de cada presa se expresa como frecuencia ter, L. lepadogaster y L. candolii. Ambas han sido localizadas en las mismas pozas rocosas aunque con diferentes abundancias. Para el pre- sente estudio se han tenido en cuenta solo los ejemplares capturados en aquellas pozas en las que estuvieron presentes a lo largo del periodo de muestreo. De Ortiguera se han estudiado 186 ejemplares pertenecientes la mayoría a L. lepa- dogaster (88%) y de Figueras 26 con abundan- cias muy semejantes para las dos especies, 54% para L. lepadogaster y 46% para L. candolii. La talla media de los ejemplares es similar y sin grandes variaciones a lo largo del año (Tabla I), registrándose una talla mínima de 30 mm para ambas especies y máxima de 78 y 79 para L. lepadogaster y L. candolii, respectivamente. 3.2. Características generales de la dieta El índice de vacuidad fue muy bajo para ambas especies, 3,3%. En el listado del anexo se relacionan todas las presas identificadas y la Tabla II muestra Fig. 1.–Situación de la zona de muestreo. como los principales grupos contribuyen a la –Map showing the location of sampling areas. dieta de las dos especies de Lepadogaster. Los Bol. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. Sec. Biol., 102 (1-4), 2007. DIETA DE DOS ESPECIES DE LEPADOGASTER EN LA COSTA CANTÁBRICA, ESPAÑA 87 anfípodos gammáridos son presa preferencial Tabla II.–Frecuencia de ocurrencia (%F) y abundancia rela- para ambas especies y además con elevada abun- tiva (%N) de las presas identificadas en el tracto digesti- dancia. También son preferenciales los gasteró- vo de Lepadogaster lepadogaster y L.candolii –Frequency of occurrence (%F) and numerical podos para L. lepadogaster y Gnathiidae para L. composition (%N) of prey items found in stomach of L. candolii. Únicamente aparece una presa secunda- lepadogaster and L. candolii ria en la dieta de L. lepadogaster, los poliquetos, mientras que son numerosas en L. candolii: gas- terópodos, copépodos, poliquetos, equinoder- Lepadosgaster lepadogaster L. candolii mos, otros isópodos y ostrácodos, lo cual se Presas %F %N %F %N puede interpretar como una dieta más diversa de Copepoda 4.6 1.4 36.7 6.0 L. candolii. Esto se ratifica mediante el cálculo Ostracoda 4.1 1.5 10.0 1.2 del índice de diversidad de Shannon (L.c.: H ’= Gnathiidae 8.1 2.0 53.3 32.7 1.02 ± 0.44 y L.l.: H’ = 0.68 ± 0.49). Otros Isopoda 9.3 2.5 13.3 3.2 Amphipoda 80.4 48.7 70.0 34.7 Decapoda 5.8 1.5 6.7 0.8 Tabla I.–Número y longitud total en mm (±S.D.) de los indi- Bivalvia 5.8 1.5 — — viduos analizados de cada especie. Gastropoda 51.5 33.9 43.3 11.6 –Number and mean±S.D. of total length (mm) of Polychaeta 11.0 2.9 26.7 3.6 individuals analyzed of each species. Echinodermata 6.9 1.7 20.0 2.4 Otros 4.6 1.1 13.3 1.6 Lepadosgaster lepadogaster L. candolii Indet. 5.8 1.4 13.3 2.4 NLT NLT Primavera 17 55±9 10 52±8 Bajo el nombre “Otros” se engloban varios Verano 9 53±7 5 54±7 Otoño 14 56±1 3 45±1 grupos poco importantes en la dieta de Lepado- Invierno 141 55±1 13 59±1 gaster.
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