Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park

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Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

2013 © 2013 Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General Directorate for Protection of Natural Assets (GDPNA) Mustafa Kemal Mah. Eskişehir Devlet Yolu (Dumlupınar Bulvarı) 9. km (Tepe prime Yanı) Çankaya/ANKARA Tel: +90 312 222 12 34 Fax: +90 312 222 26 61 http://www.csb.gov.tr/gm/tabiat United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Birlik Mahallesi 415. Cadde No. 11 06610 Çankaya/Ankara Tel: +90 312 454 1100 Fax: +90 312 496 1463 http://www.tr.undp.org Empowered Lives. Resilient Nations. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-proﬁ t purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. GDPNA or UNDP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale of for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without permission in writing from GDPNA or UNDP.

For bibliographic purposes this text may be referred as: Yokeş, M.B., Demir, V., 2013. Ayvalık Adaları Tabiat Parkı Denizel Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Çalışması – Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park. PIMS 3697: Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey. Technical Report Series 20: 104 pp.

This publication is prepared within the framework of large scale “Strengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey Project” which is funded by the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and executed by the General Directorate for Protection of Natural Assets of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in partnership with the General Directorate of Fisheries & Aquaculture of the Turkish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock and the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) of the Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. Technical Report Series: 20

Report by: Mehmet Baki Yokeş, Volkan Demir

RESEARCH TEAM WWF-Turkey Project Liasion Ofﬁ cer Nilay AKÇA Project’s Research Team Coordinator Assist. Prof.Dr. Mehmet Baki YOKEŞ (Haliç University) Research Team: Prof.Dr. Murat Bilecenoğlu, Prof.Dr. Melih Ertan Çınar, Assist. Prof.Dr. Emine Şükran Okudan, Assist. Prof.Dr. Volkan Demir, Evrim Kalkan, S. Ünsal Karhan, Dr. Ertan Dağlı, Alper Evcen, Cemil Zekioğlu, Yaprak Arda, Ertuğrul Koç, M. Zeynep Akpolat Yokeş GIS maps: Volkan Demir Control Unit: Atasay Tanrısever, Güner Ergün, Esra Kartal, Harun Güçlüsoy Cover and Layout Design: Evren Çağlayan Cover Photos: Fishes, Yaprak Arda; Limpet, S. Ünsal Karhan; Ayvalık Islands, GDPNA Archive Photos: 1,4, Ünsal Karhan; 2,6,7, Yaprak Arda; 3, Alper Evcen; 5, Baki Yokeş

This document should not be considered as an ofﬁ cial Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, GEF and United Nations document.

ii Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park Foreword

urkey is a country surrounded by the sea on and harbors; establishes procedures and principles T three sides. Turkey’s nature and climatic con- for use of protection and use of such areas; carries ditions adorn it with a signifi cant biodiversity in its out other integral coastal management activities and coastal areas. However, there are also problems that strives to minimize risks that threaten such assets. touch these regions and that become more imminent everyday. Urbanization, industrialization, tourism, Protection of marine and coastal resources being other residential areas and activities alike that leads a global priority, Marine Protected Areas are fast to irregular and unplanned development that have developing and expanding as a concept. Turkey severe impacts on coastal and marine areas. is no exception to this rule where considerable awareness raising efforts are being carried out. Developments, especially in the economy also in- crease marine transportation and dependency on Through the large scale GEF Project entitled the use of marine and coastal areas for develop- ‘Strengthening Turkey’s Marine and Coastal Pro- ment, housing, commerce, recreational activities tected Areas’ covering the term between 2009-2013 and basic needs. Furthermore, the pressure of fast and with the UNDP as the implementing partner, urbanization and settlement activities on coastal the General Directorate has taken a very fi rst step areas leads to many problems including loss of for devising a long term solution for the protection dunes, salt beds and marshes; marine and coastal of marine biodiversity in Turkish coastal waters; pollution, deterioration and loss of coastal ecosys- for the restructuring of marine and coastal protect- tems. Biodiversity and fertility of coastal and ma- ed areas database and to guarantee effectiveness rine areas are faced with this increasing pressure, and sustainability of ecological service functions. leading to damages that cannot be undone. A series of technical reports that are prepared as a These coastal and marine areas are one of the part of the project on economic analysis, socio-econ- most precious assets we have and we must pro- omy of fi sheries in coastal areas, together with other tect them. In order to alleviate these pressures and efforts on the identifi cation of marine sensitive areas, overcome these challenges, relevant structures and integration of economic principles to planning pro- infrastructures for effective implementation and cesses, ensuring fi nancial sustainability, mitigation surveillance to ensure that these areas are sustain- of pollutants from marine vessels and determina- ably managed, preserved and protected without tion of alternative livelihood resources are expected being deteriorated and with a balanced approach to yield the following project outcomes: between use and protection. In this regard, all related agencies and institutions have to go under a - Responsible institutions have the capacities capacity building process to meet the demands of and internal structure needed for prioritizing the required structures and infrastructures; coop- the establishment of new MCPAs and for more eration and coordination between all parties have effectively managing existing MCPAs. to be improved and an effective and effi ciently op- - MCPA fi nancial planning and management erating work program and a model for fi nancial systems are facilitating effective business plan- resources have to be developed. ning, adequate levels of revenue generation and cost-effective management. In its responsibility area covering a coastline that - Inter-agency coordination mechanisms in place extends over some 8,592 km, General Directorate to regulate and manage economic activities for Protection of Natural Assets carries out research within multiple use areas of the MCPAs. activities for the protection and study of threatened and endangered species and habitats that are Documents covering the three main outcomes of duly specifi ed in the national legislation as well as the Project so far mentioned are submitted to your in international conventions that Turkey is a party; perusal. carries out research activities on the biodiversity of marine and coastal environments; determines the Osman İYİMAYA marine surface vessel capacity of important bays General Director

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey iii Table of Contents

1. Introduction ...... 1 2. Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park ...... 2 2.1. Natural Characteristics ...... 2 2.2. Historical Background ...... 2 2.3. Physical Characteristics and Climate ...... 4 2.4. Population and Economy ...... 4 2.4.1. Agriculture...... 4 2.4.2. Tourism ...... 5 2.4.3. Fishery ...... 5 3. Materials and Methods ...... 6 3.1. Project Area ...... 6 3.2. Marine Biodiversity Assessment ...... 7 3.2.1. Coastal Investigation and Scuba Diving ...... 7 3.2.2. Grab and Dredge Sampling...... 9 3.2.3. Analysis of the Biological Material...... 9 3.3. Physical measurements...... 10 3.3.1. Sea Water Temperature, Salinity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen and Secchi Disc Measurements . 10 3.3.2. Surface Water Current Measurement ...... 11 3.4. Fishery Questionnaire ...... 11 4. Marine Biodiversity of the Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park ...... 12 4.1. Identiﬁ ed species ...... 12 4.1.1. Overall Findings...... 12 4.1.2. Macroscopic Algae ...... 14 4.1.3. Phanerogams...... 15 4.1.4. Macroscopic Animal Species ...... 16 4.1.5. Protected Species ...... 17 4.1.6. Important Coral Species Observed in the Nature Park ...... 23 4.1.7. Alien Species Observed in the Nature Park ...... 25 5. Sea Water Quality ...... 27 5.1. Physical Parameters of the Sea Water ...... 27 5.1.1. Temperature and Salinity ...... 27 5.1.2. Dissolved Oxygen and pH Levels ...... 27 5.1.3. Secchi Disc Measurements ...... 28 5.2. Current Measurements ...... 28 5.3. Marine and Coastal Pollution ...... 29 6. Fisheries Activity...... 30 6.1. Fishery Questionnaire ...... 30

iv Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 7. Conclusion and Suggestions ...... 33 7.1. Overall Evaluation ...... 33 7.2. Marine Biodiversity...... 33 7.2.1. Underwater Prairies...... 33 7.2.2. Protected Species ...... 34 7.2.3. Commercial Species ...... 34 7.2.4. Coral Fields ...... 35 7.2.5. Alien Species...... 35 7.3. Physical Parameters That Determine Water Quality ...... 35 7.4. Fishery Problems ...... 36 7.5. The Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park from an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Perspective . 36 7.6. Recommendations ...... 37 7.7. Monitoring ...... 37 8. References ...... 39 APPENDIX 1. Fishery Questionnaire...... 43 APPENDIX 2. Marine species recorded during skin diving surveys...... 44 APPENDIX 3. Marine species recorded during scuba diving surveys...... 63 APPENDIX 4. Marine species obtained by grab and dredge samplings...... 83

List of Figures

Figure 1. Ayvalık Adaları and boundaries of the Nature Park ...... 3 Figure 2. Boundaries of the Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park published in Ofﬁ cial Gazette ...... 6 Figure 3. Bathymetric structure of the Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park region...... 7 Figure 4. Skin diving stations ...... 7 Figure 5. Scuba diving stations ...... 8 Figure 6. Grab and dredge sampling stations ...... 8 Figure 7. Physical parameters measurement stations ...... 11 Figure 8. Water current measurement stations...... 11 Figure 9. Systematic groups observed in the study area...... 12 Figure 10. Qualitative dominance of the systematic groups...... 12 Figure 11. Total number of species recorded in the skin diving stations...... 13 Figure 12. Total number of species recorded in the scuba diving stations ...... 13 Figure 13. Abundancies of the species which were observed by skin diving in the Nature Park . . . . 13 Figure 14. Abundancies of the species which were observed by scuba diving in the Nature Park . . . 13 Figure 15. Total number of species recorded in the grab and dredge stations ...... 14 Figure 16. Distribution and coverage pattern of Caulerpa racemosa in the Nature Park ...... 15 Figure 17. Stations in which Posidonia oceanica was observed ...... 16 Figure 18. Stations in which Cymodocea nodosa was observed ...... 16

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey v Figure 19. Stations in which Halophila stipulacea was observed ...... 16 Figure 20. Number of protected species observed in scuba diving stations ...... 17 Figure 21. Number of protected species observed in skin diving stations ...... 17 Figure 22. Distribution and abundance pattern of Aplysina aerophoba in the study area ...... 18 Figure 23. Distribution of Aplysina caverniola...... 18 Figure 24. Distribution of Axinella cannabina ...... 19 Figure 25. Distribution of Axinella polypoides ...... 19 Figure 26. Distribution of Spongia (Spongia ) offi cinalis in the study area ...... 20 Figure 27. Distribution of Tethya auratium in the Nature Park ...... 20 Figure 28 Distribution of Tethya citrinain the Nature Park ...... 20 Figure 29. The only station where Palinurus elephas was observed ...... 21 Figure 30. Stations where Pinna nobilis was observed ...... 21 Figure 31. Distribution pattern of Paracentrotus lividus in the Nature Park ...... 22 Figure 32. Distribution pattern of Centrostephanus longispinus in scuba diving stations ...... 22 Figure 33. Records of Hippocampus guttulatus individuals in the Nature Park...... 23 Figure 34. Scuba diving stations where Pagrus pagrus was observed...... 23 Figure 35. Stations where Eunicella cavolini was found ...... 24 Figure 36. Eunicella singularis colonies recorded in the Nature Park ...... 24 Figure 37. Paramuricea clavata colonies recorded during the fi eld research ...... 25 Figure 38. Distribution of Cladocora caespitosa colonies in the Nature Park ...... 26 Figure 39. Fishing gears used by the fi shermen who participated in fi sheries inquiry ...... 31 Figure 40. Locations of the fi shing zones stated by the fi shermen who participated in fi sheries inquiry . .31 Figure 41. Seasonal distribution of the targeted species indicated by the fi shermen who participated in fi sheries inquiry ...... 31

List of Tables

Table 1. Characteristics of the grab and dredge stations ...... 8 Table 2. Number of stations and the cover percentage of the algae species ...... 15 Table 3. Values of the physical parameters in sea water ...... 28 Table 4. Stations where surface currents are measured and the observed values ...... 29 Table 5. Parameters which should be monitored in future monitoring programs ...... 38

vi Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park List of Photos

Photo 1. Historical ruins around Ayvalık (Photo: Yaprak Arda) ...... 2 Photo 2. A gulet anchored in Ayvalık harbor (Photo: Alper Evcen) ...... 4 Photo 3. A diving center operating in the Nature Park (Photo: Yaprak Arda) ...... 5 Photo 4. Each day, salema and gray mullets are becoming less and less frequent on the ﬁ shermen’s stands (Photo: Yaprak Arda) ...... 5 Photo 5. Fishermen cleaning their nets (Photo: Yaprak Arda) ...... 5 Photo 6. Skin diving survey (Photo: Baki Yokeş) ...... 7 Photo 7. Scuba diving survey (Photo: Alper Evcen- Melih Ertan Çınar) ...... 8 Photo 8. Investigation of the sediment samples (Photo: Baki Yokeş)...... 9 Photo 9. Crab species from the Nature Park (Photo: Ünsal Karhan) ...... 9 Photo 10. Species identiﬁ cation (Photo: Ünsal Karhan) ...... 9 Photo 11. Laboratory work (Photo: Baki Yokeş) ...... 10 Photo 12. Some of the species found in the Nature Park. From top; Hornera frondiculata (Bryozoa), Parazoanthus axinellae (Cnidaria), Eunice torquata (Polychaeta), Neverita josephina (Mollusca) (Photo: Baki Yokeş-Melih Ertan Çınar-Ünsal Karhan) ...... 16 Photo 13. Aplysina aerophoba sponge colony (Photo: Baki Yokeş)...... 17 Photo 14. Aplysina cavernicola colony recorded in the Station 28 (Photo: Baki Yokeş) ...... 18 Photo 15. Axinella species observed in the Nature Park. Top left, Axinella cannabina; top right, Axinella polypoides; bottom, Axinella damicornis (Photo: Baki Yokeş-Melih Ertan Çınar) . . . . . 19 Photo 16. Spongia (Spongia) communis colonies recorded in Station 7 (Photo: Melih Ertan Çınar) . . . . . 19 Photo 17. Tethya species recorded in the Nature Park. Top, Tethya aurantium; bottom, Tethya citrina (Photo: Baki Yokeş )...... 20 Photo 18. One of the Palinurus elephas individuals observed during the study (Photo: Melih Ertan Çınar ) ...... 21 Photo 19. Pinna nobilis population on sandy bottom (Photo: Baki Yokeş) ...... 21 Photo 20. Paracentrotus lividius individuals (Photo: Baki Yokeş) ...... 22 Photo 21. Centrostephanus longispinus individual recorded in scuba Station 20 (Photo: Melih Ertan Çınar) ...... 22 Photo 22. Hippocampus guttulatus individual from Station 5 (Photo: Baki Yokeş) ...... 22 Photo 23. A juvenile Pagrus pagrus individual (Photo: Hasan Yokeş) ...... 23 Photo 24. Eunicella cavolini colonies recorded in the Nature Park (Photo: Ünsal Karhan) ...... 24 Photo 25. Eunicella singularis colony (Photo: Baki Yokeş) ...... 24 Photo 26. Numerous Paramuricea clavata colonies recorded in Station 28 (Photo: Melih Ertan Çınar) . . . 25 Photo 27. A Cladocora caespitosa colony found in Station 20 (Photo: Melih Ertan Çınar) ...... 25 Photo 28. Fishermen are selling their daily catch (Photo: Yaprak Arda) ...... 30 Photo 29. A daily tour boat operating in the Nature Park (Photo: Yaprak Arda) ...... 34 Photo 30. Mullus surmuletus is rarely observed in the Nature Park (Photo: Melih Ertan Çınar) ...... 35 Photo 31. Paramuricea clavata colonies are found outside the boundries of the Nature Park (Photo: Melih Ertan Çınar) ...... 35

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey vii viii Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park ituated within the borders of Ayvalık County (Ba- S lıkesir), the Ayvalık Adaları were declared “The Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park” by a cabinet decision (Decision No. 95/6717) that appeared in the Ofﬁ cial Gazette No. 22265, 21 April, 1995. The total area of the park is 17,950 hectares; 1,930 hectares is forest, 1,179 Introduction hectares is public land, 872 hectares is privately ow- ned, and 13,969 hectares is water (Forestry and Water Affairs, 3rd Regional Directorate, 2012).

Twenty of the 22 islands around Ayvalık are located within the park. Thanks to its coastal structure and beautiful nature sites, it has developed into an important tourism hub in recent years. Some of the daily boat trips that depart from Ayvalık harbor can hold between 200 and 300 people. There are about 30 dive sites in the area suitable to all levels of divers. Some of them boast coral beds that make them peerless dive sites along Turkey’s coastline. In the summer, divers from Istanbul, Canakkale, Balikesir, Bursa and Izmir ﬂ ock to the region.

There are over 200 commercial fi shermen in the area that engage in traditional fi shing along the coast. Forbidden fi shing methods are frequently used in the area, even diving centers employing scuba gear to catch fi sh illegally, and the physical landscape of the region makes it diffi cult to monitor illegal activities, all of which create formidable fi shing pressures on the marine ecosystem. In- come generated from fi shing activities contributes about 0.5 percent to the regional economy, which suggests that fi shing may no longer be a viable occupation in the area.

Infrastructure problems resulting from rapidly developing tourism have been accompanied by pollution (Aykır, 2004). Urban sanitation systems fl ow into the Ayvalık harbor, creating a sight unbefi tting a tourism resort. The road that joins Ayvalık and Alibey Island is a causeway, and has a negative impact on water circulation in Ayvalık Bay, causing polluted water to fl ow out beyond the bay. Given this information, it is clear that long-term scientifi c and conservation efforts should be urgently initiated in order to rehabilitate the marine ecosystem that faces intense human pressures despite its “Nature Park” status, before the point of no return. 1

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 1 2.1 Natural Characteristics

The Nature Park is named after Ayvalık, a coastal town in the province of Balıkesir. It is located in the north of the Aegean Region, at the southern end of Edremit Bay. There is Gomeç County in the north; Ayvalık Adaları Bergama, Izmir to the east; and Dikili County in the south. Ayvalık is 150 km from Izmir and 130 km Nature Park from Balıkesir (Akgun and Turk, 2010).

Circumscribed by low-lying hills, Ayvalık is a town of islands. Alibey (Cunda) Island is the largest among over 20 islands and rocky outcrop- pings. Surrounded by Dolap Island, Alibey Island and Hakkıbey Peninsula, Ayvalık is a protected inlet harbor (Figure 1).

2.2. Historical Background

Situated in a region that boasts numerous advan- tages, Ayvalık is a long-standing Aegean town that has been a focal point throughout the ages, and witnessed both prosperous and tumultuous times from its founding to the present. In ancient times, the town was located in the Mysia region of Asia Minor and called Kydonia (Sevin, 2001). The Ayvalık Adaları were known as “Hekatonnesos” (the islands of Hekatos), derived from merging Nesos, the then name of Alibey Island, and Heka- tos (Apollo), the main deity of the ancient town. On Nesos, in addition to the ancient settlement with the same name, there were the towns of Chalkis, Pordoselene, and Kydonia. While writers of the ancient era have passed down plenty of information on Chalkis and Pordoselene, only Pliny ever mentioned Kydonia (Uguroglu, A., 1984).

2 Photo 1. Historical ruins around Ayvalık.

2 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park In the area thought to have been Kydonia (north of witness to the Hellene, Roman, and Byzantine the Altınova pier), Hellenistic era pottery sherds eras. While the ancient cities of Chalkis and Pord- were found. The earliest ceramic potsherd sam- eselene, noted throughout history, disappeared in ples are dated to as early as the Roman period. The time, Kydonia (Ayvalık) and Nesos (Alibey) have fact that pieces of Greek ceramics and sculpture both survived to the present day (Ayvalık District were also discovered indicates that the area was Governorate).

Figure 1. Ayvalık Adaları and the boundaries of the Nature Park.

The region was within the borders of the Kara- made notable contributions to the local econo- siogullari Principality prior to the Ottoman era my. Ayvalık thrived, became an important hub (Stewig, 1970), and become Ottoman land be- of its time, and its population grew. Many stud- tween 1430 and 1440. Never referred to as Ayvalık ies note that the level of development Ayvalık until the 18th century, the region was recorded as reached during this period was in fact depend- a district of Karasi County according to the 1887 ent on the privileges bestowed via an imperial Karasi annals (Oden, 1999). edict Iconomos the priest was able to secure from the Sublime Porte, the central offi ce of the Otto- The town of Ayvalık experienced signifi cant eco- man government. However, no such document nomic growth during the latter half of the 18th and that mentions these privileges was found in the fi rst years of the 19th centuries. While olive and archives (Arikan, 1988). While Turks formed the olive oil production continued to be a priority in- majority of Ayvalık’s population in the 18th cen- dustry, production of soap, grapes, wine, salt and tury, this changed later when Greek immigrants the leather trade boosted the town’s economy and came to the region. Numerous uprisings and po- level of prosperity, and all kinds of marine goods litical problems erupted soon after and slowed the

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 3 town’s economic development, but as a result of winds fl ow from the northeast. Analyses of wind advances in global trade throughout the 19th cen- data from the Ayvalık Meteorology Station illus- tury, Ayvalık became an important port town. trate that the region possesses a major potential to produce wind energy (Koc, 1998). There is also a Invaded by the Greeks following WWI, Ayvalık sea-breeze (zephyr) that forms from temperature put up a strong resistance; the resistance in fact differences between land and sea. All its climactic played an effective role in the National Struggle, characteristics are rather advantageous for social and the fi rst shot of the War of Independence was and economic activities to fl ourish. fi red at Ayvalık. When the National Struggle tri- umphed, Ayvalık was freed from enemy occupation on 15 September 1922, and became a county 2.4. Population and Economy attached to the province of Balikesir on October th 21st, 1923 (Sofuoglu, 1994). In its golden age, the 19 century, increased commercial activities resulted in population growth and according to Cuinet’s 1894 work, the town 2.3. Physical Characteristics and Climate had 21,486 Rum and 180 Turk residents. Accord- ing to the fi rst census taken in 1927 in the newly With its islands, villages and bays, Ayvalık is a formed Republic, the total population was 16,873. town that covers 87.5 square kilometers. It is Population fi gures had dropped after WWI, but fl anked on the west by the Aegean, and surround- climbed to 35,986 by 2009. Population density in ed by 100-to-200-meter high hills on the east. The Ayvalık is 412 people per square kilometer. The town is caught in the middle of these hills and the town witnesses heavy population mobility, and sea, and over time grew northward and toward regional population mobility increases as a result the slopes of the hills. According to geological maps, there is a land area in and around Ayvalık of seasonal workers and those seeking employ- that is comprised of volcanic, lacustrine, and fl u- ment in the tourism industry. Presently, 24.3 per- vial sediments (Akyurek, 1989). Apart from some cent of the town’s active population is engaged in small streams, there are no rivers in its vicinity. trade. Ayvalık not only provides supplies to the The most important waterway is Kocaaga Stream, residents of Lesbos, but also sees increased tour- in the south. It forms a coastal plain, and fl ows ism activities during the summer, both of which into the sea along the Sarimsakli beach. One of the contribute to its economy. most important beaches along the northern Aege- an, Sarimsakli beach is a vital tourism area.

Based on assent from the National Defense, Public Works and Settlement, Culture, Tourism, and Envi- ronment Ministries, and in response to a proposal by the Ministry of Forestry, the area was declared a Nature Park on 30 March 1995 by a cabinet decision in accordance with Article 3 of the National Parks Law No. 2873, which was published in the Ofﬁ cial Gazette, Issue No. 22265. The Ayvalık Adaları Na- ture Park covers an area of 17,950 hectares declared a conservation area based on both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and consists of 23 islands large and small (Gürkan, 2005).

The region has a Mediterranean climate, and average annual temperature is 16.6°C. Average winter temperature is 8.4°C and above 20°C in the summer. High summer temperatures lead to signiﬁ cant increases in coastal tourism. Average annual rain- fall is 639.7 millimeters (DMI, 2005), and prevailing Photo 2. A gulet anchored in Ayvalık harbor.

4 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 2.4.1 Agriculture 2.4.3. Fishery

Trade in Ayvalık has always focused on agriculture, Despite being a coastal settlement, fi shing activities in the past and present. Olive and olive oil produc- have not developed much in Ayvalık. Olive and tion has been ongoing in the region for eight millen- olive oil production and intense tourism activities nia (Andjelkovic et al, 2009). Turkey is the world’s may have been infl uential to this end. In addition sixth largest olive oil producer, producing an aver- to the 85 tons of fi sh were caught from the sea in age of 145,000 tons per year between 2004 and 2008. 2009, mussels and octopus are also among impor- Some 75 to 80 percent of Turkey’s olive oil produc- tant seafood products. There are 340 registered fi sh- tion takes place in the Aegean region (Diraman et ing boats engaged in commercial fi shing. There is a al, 2009). Because it is an important hub in terms of fi shing cooperative on Alibey Island, and a fi shing- olives and olive oil, it has commercial relationships related association in downtown Ayvalık. The re- with every region in Turkey. In addition to olives, gion also has four seafood processing facilities (Ko- cotton, pine nuts, and tangerines are grown and cadagli, 2011). Illegal fi shing and improper spear early season vegetable farming is also developing. fi shing have recently created pressures on marine species. Scoop-net fi shing boats and trawlers from 2.4.2.Tourism the Black Sea also come to catch fi sh in the area, which increases hunting pressures in the region. Ayvalık’s proximity to large cities, morphological structure, historical background and temperate climate makes it one of Turkey’s important tourism centers. With a marina that hosts some 3,000 yachts during the high season between May and Septem- ber, sea water temperatures conducive to diving and marine tourism, and secluded bays, it attracts many domestic and foreign tourists. The region was declared an Urban Protected Area on 11 September 1976 by the High Council to Conserve Cultural and Natural Heritage, which has served to protect ancient sites. As of 2007, 32,160 domestic and 56,281 foreign tourists have visited the area (Kocadagli, 2011). Tourists are drawn to the historical churches and mosques, ancient structures, and beaches in Photo 4. Each day, salema and gray mullets are becoming less frequent on the fishermen’s stands. the region. The area possesses resources that can be transformed into alternative tourism outlets. It is thought that this will help spread tourism activities throughout the year and contribute to the economy.

Photo 3. A diving center operating in the Nature Park. Photo 5. Fishermen cleaning their nets.

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 5 3.1. Project Area

The Ayvalık Adaları were declared a nature park by a cabinet decision dated 21 April 1995 that appeared in the Ofﬁ cial Gazette No. 22265; while coordinates of the borders of the nature park were Materials and not speciﬁ ed in the decree, a supplementary map depicting the borders of the map was provided as Methods an illustration (Figure 2). Park borders are compati- ble with neither the bathymetric nor the coastal formation of the area. Apparently, only forms above the surface were taken into consideration when the borders were being decided. Consequently, it seems as though this map was drawn by hand, with the intention of ensuring the borders of the Nature Park included the islands in the area.

Figure 2. Boundaries of the Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park published in Official Gazette.

The bathymetric formation of the area shows that in the areas east and west of Alibey Island, water depth is mostly less than 20 meters (Figure 3 3). At between 20 and 50 meters depth, there are

6 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park numerous banks with water depth less than 20 meters above them. Within the nature park, there are 20 islands and 10 rocky islets of varying sizes. Apart from the bays to the east and west of Alibey Island, and the coast of the salt lake to the south of the Nature Park, there are no sandy beaches along the coastline. Although the coastline along most of the region is covered with pebbles and rocks, this usually continues until a depth of 5 to 6 meters into the sea, and is replaced by Posidonia oceanica prairies at greater depths.

Photo 6. Skin diving survey.

To ascertain the biodiversity of the 5-to-50-meter depth zone, scuba dives were undertaken at 28 stations that were suitable for scuba diving and representative of the area (Figure 5, Picture 7). Scuba dives took place along a line perpendicu- lar to the shoreline, and were limited to a minimum depth of 5 meters, and a maximum depth of 50 meters. However, at none of the stations was there a seabed and habitat structure or life forms Figure 3. Bathymetric structure of the Ayvalık Adaları that required diving to below 45 meters. During Nature Park region (depths in meter, red line shows the the dives, surveyors recorded species easily iden- boundry of the Nature Park). tiﬁ ed visually and number of observed individuals on Plexiglas slates they carried with them. The Since the prevalent winds in the region ﬂ ow from coverage rate of algae and phanerogam species on the north and the northwest, the eastern side of the seabed were also ascertained. To determine Alibey Island offers protection to boats. Yet, be- the presence of hidden benthic creatures, the un- cause it is quite a distance from Ayvalık harbor, dersides of suitable rocks and stones were turned it is not an area frequently used by boats that take over and examined, and algae, sediment, and rock visitors on daily tours. Daily tour boats mainly samples were collected. anchor along the shores of the Maden, Kara, Yel- lice and Pinar Islands.

3.2. Marine Biodiversity Assessment 3.2.1. Coastal Investigation and Scuba Diving To ascertain the marine biodiversity of the Nature Park, both free and scuba diving activities were undertaken in the region. Mainland areas and island coastlines within park borders were divided into 44 sections, and fully surveyed by free dives between 0 and 5 meters depth (Figure 4). In areas that grew deep with a slight slope and the 5-meter depth limit was reached far offshore, the coastline was surveyed up to 30 meters off the shoreline (Photo 6). Figure 4. Skin diving stations.

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 7 Figure 5. Scuba diving stations. Figure 6. Grab and dredge sampling stations.

Table 1. Characteristics of the grab and dredge stations. Station Coordinates Depth (m) Benthic structure

dg1 39°19.957’N 42 Sandy mud 26°34.824’E

dg2 39°21.397’N 43 Mudy sand 26°35.268’E

dg3 39°22.616’N 14 Posidonia 26°36.516’E oceanica

dg4 39°20.755’N 3 Posidonia 26°36.292’E oceanica

dg5 39°17.857’N 26 Sandy mud 26°36.478’E

dg6 39°19.051’N 13 Posidonia 26°37.248’E oceanica + Mudy sand

dg7 39°22.450’N 5 Posidonia 26°38.667’E oceanica

dg8 39°21.814’N 22 Sand + 26°39.477’E Caulerpa racemosa

dg9 39°20.754’N 17 Sandy mud 26°40.378’E

Photo 7. Scuba diving survey. dg10 39°18.974’N 10 Coralligenous + 26°40.647’E Sand Since determining areas where coral communi- dg11 39°17.965’N 4 Sandy mud ties were most dense in the region, and establish- 26°38.450’E ing species diversity and habitat structures were dg12 among the objectives of the project, signiﬁ cant 39°18.162’N 34 Sandy mud 26°33.709’E dive sites and underwater bank outside the borders of the Nature Park were also included in the study (Figure 5, Stations A19, A20, A28).

8 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 3.2.2. Grab and Dredge Sampling

In addition to the dives, the study included dredge and grab sampling at 12 stations believed to represent the region to ascertain biodiversity (Figure 6). Standard dredging equipment meas- uring 20 by 70 centimeters was used for dredge sampling. The dredge was dropped to the seabed, and pulled with a 7-meter, 11hp diesel motorboat until full. For grab sampling, standard Van Veen Grab equipment with a 0.1 square meter area was used. The dredge and grab equipment was pulled up with a pulley system on the boat and physical strength, and brought onto the boat. Because the sampled seabed was soft, the dredge ﬁ lled up Photo 8. Investigation of the sediment samples. quickly, and so continued dredge samples were not obtained over a single line. Dredging stations and grab stations may be assessed in terms of their vicinity to one another. Obtained sediment samples were washed with pressurized water over a 0.5 millimeter sieve, and materials that remained on the sieve were ﬁ xed in a 70 percent alcohol, 4 percent formaldehyde solution to study in the lab.

3.2.3. Analysis of the Biological Material

Benthic materials collected during the dives were examined on board visually or via stereomicroscope, and divided into systematic groups (Pho- Photo 9. Crab species from the Nature Park. tos 8-10). Algae and phanerogram samples were washed on a 0.5 millimeter sieve, and materials that remained on the sieve were sorted under a stereomicroscope. Some of the algae samples were fi xed in a 96 percent ethanol or 4 percent formaldehyde solution to be studied later. Sponge and tunicate samples were cut open with a utility knife, and species living in these organisms were collected. Gathered rock samples were broken apart with hammers to ascertain the organisms that lived within them. Living organisms in the collected sediment samples were sorted via stereomicroscope, and dead valves were fi xed in a 4 percent formaldehyde solution to be studied and ascertained later. Species identifi ed on the boat were returned to sea alive as much as possible.

Photo 10. Species identification.

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 9 Total number of individuals observed and identi- A total of 671 marine species was identifi ed by the fi ed per species either on dives or through micro- study (ANNEX 1). Samples with important body scope study, their population density per square parts that were missing or damaged for the pur- meter, and coverage values in the survey area poses of taxonomy, and certain species with prob- were calculated, and range maps were generated lematic taxonomic status were listed at the genus for protected species, foreign species, and species level. In identifying the species, referred sources that formed habitats. Marine categorization data included Fauvel (1923, 1927), Bellan (1964), Tor- was collected during the fi eldwork in accordance tonese (1965), Tebble (1966), Day (1967), Zariquiey with the Standard Data Format developed within Alvarez (1968), Ergen (1976), Parenzan (1976), the context of the Protocol Concerning Specially Fauchald (1977), Bianchi (1981), Bellan-Santini et Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the al (1982, 1989, 1993, 1998), Riedl (1983), Aartsen Mediterranean, an annex of the Barcelona Con- et al (1984), Whitehead et al (1984-1986), Maci- vention. Ranges of the identifi ed species were olek (1985), Gaillard (1987), Thompson (1988), Gi- shown on detailed maps suited to the ArcGIS 9.0 anuzzi-Savelli et al (1994, 1997, 1999, 2003), Cutler software. (1994), Barbara and Crémades (1996), Cachia et al (1996), Hardy and Guiri (2003), Hofrichter (2003), Wirtz and Debelius (2003), as well as numerous monographs and articles that covered family and genus revisions. The WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species) databank was used in listing val- id species names (Appeltans et al 2013.

3.3. Physical Measurements 3.3.1. Sea Water Temperature, Salinity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen and Secchi Disc Measurements

To establish the physical features and water quality in the study area, surface-level temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen levels were measured at 26 stations representative of the various environmental conditions in the region with a WTW Multi 340i/Set, on 11-12 October 2012 (Fig- ure 7). In addition, visibility depth was assessed by standard Secchi-Disk measures. As the sewage system empties directly into Ayvalık Bay without any treatment, the bay is threatened by sig- niﬁ cant levels of pollution. The harbor is part of Photo 11. Laboratory work. the Nature Park, linked to Dolap Sound between Lale (Dolap) Island and Alibey Island to the north, Soyer’s (1970) Frequency Index was used to ascer- and Dalyan Sound to the west. To gauge how the tain the frequency of the collected species at each probable pollution in the harbor impacts the park, of the stations. The index is expressed by the for- samples were taken from three stations within the mula F= m/M x 100, where “m” is the number harbor (O20-O22). of stations a species is found at, and “M” is total number of stations; the species was considered “Constant” in the region if F was calculated to be >49, “Common” if 25≤F≤49, and “Rare” if F<25.

10 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 3.4. Fishery Questionnaire

To understand the current status of fi shing activities in the marine area, conversations were held with offi cials and fi shermen from the Ayvalık As- sociation of Marine Laborers and Sea Products, and the Ayvalık Limited Liability Sea Products Cooperative; information was gathered on the number of cooperative member and non-member fi shermen, number of boats, catch equipment, fi shing areas, targeted species, fi shing seasons, fi shing industry problems, and suggested solutions, if any. Thirty-one of the fi shermen responded to the questionnaire distributed to gather information, Figure 7. Physical parameters measurement stations. and valuable information was collected.

3.3.2. Surface Water Current Measurements

Twenty stations representative of the region were selected, and the direction and speed of surface currents were measured with Sontek 10MHz ADV. Stations were selected on the basis of offshore coastal areas that would be more affected by human impact, and open water areas to be used as controls (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Water current measurement stations.

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 11 4.1. Identified Species 4.1.1. Overall Findings

The observations and analyses conducted in rela- Marine Biodiversity tion to this project resulted in the identiﬁ cation of a total of 671 species belonging to 18 taxonomic of the Ayvalık groups. Of the identiﬁ ed taxonomic groups, Poly- chaeta had the largest number of members (198 Adaları Nature Park species), followed by Mollusca (169 species), Pi- sces (76 species), and Crustacea (69 species) (Fig- ure 9). According to qualitative dominance values, Polychaeta was the most dominant group in the region (29.6%), followed by Mollusca (25.2%), Pisces (11.3%), and Crustacea (10.3%) (Figure 19).

Figure 9. Systematic groups observed in the study area.

Figure 10. Qualitative dominance of the systematic groups.

A total of 37 phytobenthic species were identifi ed in the region. While three of them (Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa and Halophila stipulacea) were fl owering plants, the rest were algae. Among the identifi ed species, Plathyelminthes, Oligochaeta, and Nematoda were the groups that were repre- sented by only one species. The two cyanobacteria 4 species observed in the study area were included

12 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park Figure 11. Total number of species recorded in the skin diving stations.

Figure 12. Total number of species recorded in the scuba diving stations.

Figure 13. Abundancies of the species which were Figure 14. Abundancies of the species which were observed by skin diving in the Nature Park. observed by scuba diving in the Nature Park.

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 13 Figure 15. Total number of species recorded in the grab and dredge stations. in the species list due to their ability to form mac- species). The average of the frequency of species roscopic colonies and contribute to the vegeta- identifi ed via scuba diving by stations was calcu- tion through photosynthesis. As Foraminifera, a lated to be 7719 species per station. None of the single-cell animal, includes microscopic species, species were focused in any particular area of the it was not included within this study. Since Am- Nature Park (Figure 14). phistegina lobifera Larsen, a foreign species original- ly from the Red Sea—its test is only 2 millimeters A total of 333 species were identifi ed in the sedi- in diameter and visible to the naked eye among ment samples taken from the grab and dredge the sediment—was observed in a signifi cant por- stations. The richest stations were stations 6 (132 tion of the examined sediment samples, it was in- species), 2 (116 species), and 8 (101 species), while cluded in the species list. In addition, although a stations 11 (32 species), 4 (45 species), and 12 (47 large number of various Foraminifer species were species) had the least number of species (Figure observed in sediment samples, their species were 15). Species average per station was 7531 spe- not identifi ed. cies. There were 148 species obtained through this project that were documented only at one station. Distribution of the number of species obtained Only one sample was found of 106 of these species. through free and scuba dives according to station is presented in Figures 11 and 12. At free dive sta- 4.1.2. Macroscopic Algae tions, 388 species were obtained. When compared according to number of species, the most number Algae identifi ed in this study were in according of species was found at stations 34 (162 species), with Aegean fl ora (Aysel et al, 2005). Amphiroa 32 (113 species), and 1 (111 species), and the least rigida, identifi ed at 40 of the 44 free dive sites is the number at stations 21 (37 species), 33 (40 species), most frequently observed macroscopic algae spe- and 36 (41 species) (Figure 11). The average of the cies between depths of 0-5 meters. Cystoseira crinita frequency of identifi ed species by stations was (38 stations), Stypocaulon scoparium (38 stations), calculated to be 7525 species per station. None of Corallina elongata (36 stations), Padina pavonina (26 the species were focused in any particular area of stations) and Caulerpa racemosa (26 stations) were the Nature Park (Figure 13). other widely prevalent species (Chart 2). Algae species least observed in the study were Pedobesia sim- The total number of species obtained through plex, Pseudochlorodesmis furcellata and Valonia macro- scuba dives is 402. The highest number of species physa, all documented at only one station each. were documented at stations 3 (127 species), 10 (110 species), and 2 (107 species). The least num- Caulerpa racemosa was the most dense algae spe- ber of species (47) was observed at station 14. This cies at the studied stations (Figure 16). At the sta- is followed by stations 1 (55 species) and 26 (57 tions it was observed, its average coverage was

14 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 20 percent between depths of 0-5 meters. How- ever, the coverage of this species varied greatly Table 2. Number of stations and the cover percentage between stations (0.1% to 60%). The second most of the algae species. prevalent species was Cystoseira crinite, which had Species Number Cover (%) of a coverage rate of 14 percent at the stations it was Min. Max. Mean observed. While it had a 50 percent coverage rate stations at stations where it was most dense, this ﬁ gure Acetabularia 16 - - - dropped to as low as 1 percent at stations it was acetabulum seen rarely. Amphiroa rigida 40 0,01 0,10 0,01

Anadyomene stellata 3---

Caulerpa racemosa 26 1,00 60,00 19,60

Codium bursa 8---

Corallina elongata 36 0,01 0,01 0,01

Cystoseira crinita 38 1,00 50,00 13,86

Cystoseira compressa 6 0,01 0,01 0,01

Dasycladus cf. 11 - - - vermicularis

Dictyopteris 5 0,01 0,01 0,01 polypodioides

Dictyota cf. dichotoma 14 0,01 0,02 0,01

Figure 16. Distribution and coverage pattern of Caulerpa Flabellia petiolata 11 - - - racemosa in the Nature Park. Halimeda tuna 5 0,01 35,00 13,34

Herposiphonia 2 0,01 0,01 0,01 4.1.3. Phanerogams secunda Three species of phanerogams were encountered Hydrolithon farinosum 16 0,01 0,01 0,01 during sampling work for the project. Posidonia Jania rubens 24 0,10 0,10 0,10 oceanic, observed at 21 of the 44 free dive stations, formed prairies with a coverage rate of up to 60 Laurencia obtusa 13 0,10 0,10 0,10 percent in both the 0-5 meter and the 5-50 meter Liagora viscida 7 1,00 2,00 1,29 zones (Figure 17-19). Cymodocea nodossa, observed Lithophyllum sp. 17 - - - at 14 stations, is usually found at shallower depths than Posidonia oceanic. Yet, at some stations its cov- Melobesia 8 0,01 0,01 0,01 membranacea erage rate reached 90 percent. Padina pavonica 26 1,00 30,00 4,32 A foreign species of Indo-Paciﬁ c origin, Halophila Peyssonnelia 2 0,01 0,01 0,01 stipulacea was not prevalent within the borders of squamaria the nature park. At the stations it was observed, Pedobesia simplex 1--- the coverage rate of this species was between 1-2 percent. Pseudochlorodesmis 1--- furcellata

It may be said that the phanerogam species with- Sphacelaria cirrosa 2 0,01 0,01 0,01 in the park form dense and healthy prairies. Al- Stypocaulon scoparium 38 1,00 8,00 1,29 though the area is often used for tourism and ﬁ shing purposes, no signiﬁ cant human pressures Valonia utricularis 18 - - - were observed on the sea prairies along the coast- Valonia macrophysa 1--- line.

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 15 4.1.4. Macroscopic Animal Species

According to frequency index values, 37 species were constant (F≥50), 47 species were common and 265 species were rare at depths between 0-5 meters within the studied area. Of the constant species, Bittium latreillii, Bittium reticulatum, Chthamalus depressus, Chthamalus montagui, and Chthamalus stellatus had the highest frequency index value (%100) and were observed at all the stations in the 0-5-meter zone. A total of 77 species were observed at only one free dive station.

Figure 17. Stations in which Posidonia oceanica was observed.

Figure 18. Stations in which Cymodocea nodosa was observed.

Figure 19. Stations in which Halophila stipulacea was observed Photo 12. Some of the species found in the Nature Park. From top; Hornera frondiculata (Bryozoa), Parazoanthus axinellae (Cnidaria), Eunice torquata (Polychaeta), Neverita josephina (Mollusca).

16 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 4.1.5. Protected Species

Of species with protection status according to the Bern Convention, Barcelona Convention, and IUCN criteria, Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa, Aplysina aerophoba, Aplysina cavernicola, Axinel- la cannabina, Axinella polypoides, Spongia (Spongia) ofﬁ cinalis Tethya aurantium, Tethya citrina, Balano- phyllia europaea, Palinurus elephas, Pinna nobilis, Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus, Paracentrotus lividus, Centrostephanus longispinus, Hippocampus guttulatus and Pagrus pagrus were identiﬁ ed during the study.

An analysis of the distribution of protected spe- Figure 21. Number of protected species observed in skin cies by studied stations revealed that at least one diving stations. species was documented at each of the dive sta- Aplysina spp. (Yellow tube sponges) tions included in the project (Figures 20 and 21). Posidonia oceanic was the most prevalent among Aplysina aerophoba is found in the Mediterranean phanerogams, and Aplysina aerophoba was the and Northeast Atlantic, and is a sponge frequently most prevalent animal species. seen Turkey’s Aegean and Mediterranean coastline, especially in shallow areas along the Aegean (Photo 13). In the Nature Park, it was documented at 27 of the 44 free dive stations (frequency index=61), and 22 of the 28 scuba dive stations (frequency index=78.5); it is a constant species found on the rocky seabed between 1-30 meters (Figure 22). According to the Barcelona Convention, it is a species that needs to be given protection status.

Figure 20. Number of protected species observed in scuba diving stations.

Photo 13. Aplysina aerophoba sponge colony.

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 17 Figure 22. Distribution and abundance pattern of Aplysina Figure 23. Distribution of Aplysina caverniola. aerophoba in the study area. Axinella spp. Aplysina cavernicola is very similar to Aplysina aerophoba, and endemic to the Mediterranean. How- Three species of the Axinella genus were found in ever, it differs from Aplysina aerophoba in that it the study area: Axinella cannabina, Axinella poly- is found in depths more than 10 meters, on the poides and Axinella damicornis (Photo 15). Among entrances and ceilings of caves and coves (Photo the three, Axinella cannabina and Axinella polypoides 14). Its range includes the Aegean and Mediterra- are listed in the Barcelona Convention. Both spe- nean coastline, but is more prevalent in the North cies are frequently observed along Turkey’s Ae- Aegean. Numerous colonies of this species were gean and Mediterranean coastline, below depths documented at stations 19 and 28, situated out- of 15 meters. During scuba dives undertaken in side the borders of the Nature Park (Figure 23). the study, Axinella cannabina was seen at 18 of the The species is listed in the Bern and Barcelona 28 stations (frequency index=64.3), while Axinella Conventions. polypoides was found at only 9 stations (frequency index=32.1) (Figures 24 and 25).

Spongia (spongia) officinalis (Bath sponge)

Spongia (Spongia) ofﬁ cinalis, a sponge species with economic value, is found along the Galician coast of Spain in addition to the Mediterranean. It is included in the Bern Convention. According to statements that regulate sea products, collecting them is completely banned. Ten colonies of the species was documented at scuba diving station 7, within the borders of the Nature Park (Photo 16). In addition, it was also observed at scuba dive stations 19 and 28, outside the borders of the park Photo 14. Aplysina cavernicola colony recorded in the (Figure 26). Station 28.

18 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park Figure 25. Distribution of Axinella polypoides.

Photo 15. Axinella species observed in the Nature Park. Top left, Axinella cannabina; top right, Axinella polypoides; bottom, Axinella damicornis.

Photo 16. Spongia (Spongia) communis colonies recorded in Station 7. Figure 24. Distribution of Axinella cannabina.

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 19 Figure 26. Distribution of Spongia (Spongia) officinalis in Figure 27. Distribution of Tethya auratium in the Nature the study area. Park.

Tethya spp.

Among the Tethya species that are found along Turkey’s Marmara, Aegean, and Mediterranean coastline, Tethya aurantium and Tethya citrina are protected species according to the Barcelona Con- vention (Photo 17). Tethya aurantium was observed at three free dive and two scuba dive stations within the borders of the Nature Park (Figure 27). Tethya citrina was documented at only two of the free dive stations (Figure 28).

Figure 28. Distribution of Tethya citrina in the Nature Park.

Palinurus elephas (Spiny lobster)

Palinurus elephas has high economic value, and observed along Turkey’s Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, on walls that have numerous coves. Due to extreme hunting pressures (especially resulting from illegal hunting with scuba gear), it has now vanished from many areas. The species is protected according to the Bern and Barcelona Con- ventions, and hunting it is forbidden in Turkey in accordance with the Decree on Commercial Hunt- ing and Fishing of Sea Products, with the exception of its hunting season between 15 April and 15 June. Two individuals were observed during scuba dives undertaken for the study, at station 14 Photo 17. Tethya species recorded in the Nature Park. (Photo 18, Figure 29). Top, Tethya aurantium; bottom, Tethya citrina.

20 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park Photo 18. One of the Palinurus elephas individuals observed during the study. Photo 19. Pinna nobilis population on sandy bottom.

Figure 29. The only station where Palinurus elephas was observed. Figure 30. Stations where Pinna nobilis was observed.

Pinna nobilis (Pen shell) Paracentrotus lividus (Sea urchin)

Its hunting completely banned in Turkey’s territo- Listed in the Bern and Barcelona Conventions, rial waters, the species is endemic to the Mediter- this sea urchin species is distributed along the ranean. It is found rarely in the Marmara Sea, but Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic shoreline. It often on the sandy seabed along the Aegean and has been documented along all of Turkey’s coasts, Mediterranean (Photo 19). The fact that pen shells except for the Black Sea (Photo 20). The species are collected for ornamental purposes and dam- usually prefers depths up to 10 meters with plenty aged by boat anchors places signifi cant pressures of seaweeds, and is much more prevalent between on clusters found in sheltered areas. Samples were depths of 0-3 meters. During the study, it was documented at 15 scuba dive sites (frequency in- identifi ed at 36 of the studied free dive stations dex=53.5) and 15 free dive stations (frequency in- (frequency index=81.8) and 21 scuba dive stations dex=34) (Figure 30). It may be said that the species (frequency index=75). While it does not have sig- is common in the Nature Park between depths of nifi cant commercial potential in Turkey, amateur 0-5 meters, and a constant between depths of 5-45 collection is observed due to its typical taste. It meters. may be considered a constant species within the borders of the Nature Park (Figure 31).

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 21 Photo 21. Centrostephanus longispinus individual Photo 20. Paracentrotus lividius individuals. recorded in scuba Station 20.

Figure 31. Distribution pattern of Paracentrotus lividus in Figure 32. Distribution pattern of Centrostephanus the Nature Park longispinus in scuba diving stations

Centrostephanus longispinus (Long spined sea urchin) and ﬁ shing of sea products. Two adult individuals The species is widely distributed along the Medi- were observed at only one of the free dive sites (sta- terranean and Atlantic coastline. It is considered tion 5) within the context of the study (Photo 22). threatened by the Bern and Barcelona Conventions. Since it usually prefers Cymodocea nodosa prairies In Turkey, it is found along the Aegean and Medi- found in sheltered areas, its distribution in the Na- terranean coastline, in coves and caves of rocky ture Park is limited (Figure 33). areas usually deeper than 5 meters (Photo 21). It is a species difﬁ cult to reach, is not consumed as food but collected for ornamental purposes. It is observed much less frequently compared to other sea urchin species. The species was documented at six scuba diving stations (frequency index=21.4) within the borders of the Nature Park (Figure 32).

Hippocampus guttulatus (Long snouted seahorse)

Long-snouted Seahorse is widely distributed along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. Its population is under threat due to individuals being dried for ornamental purposes. It is a protected species according to the Bern and Barcelona Conventions. However, there are no speciﬁ c limitations regarding the species in decrees that regulate the hunting Photo 22. Hippocampus guttulatus individual from Station 5.

22 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park Pagrus pagrus (Porgy)

The species is found widely in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and has high economic value. Since it can reach 90 centimeters in length, it is a favorite target for both commercial and amateur ﬁ shermen. In Turkey, it is found in the Marmara, Agean, and Mediterranean Seas, at depths up to 250 meters. Its fry prefer shallow and sheltered habitats, where the seabed is a mixture of prairies and sand.

Figure 34. Scuba diving stations where Pagrus pagrus was observed.

4.1.6. Important Coral Species Observed in the Nature Park

Coral reefs were the most important habitats studied within the context of the project. Observed especially in the Northern Aegean along Turkey’s coasts, coral communities form rich ecosystems in terms of biodiversity. During scuba dives conducted for the study, three species of fan corals Figure 33. Records of Hippocampus guttulatus individuals (Gorgonacea, Anthozoa) were identiﬁ ed: Eunicella in the Nature Park. cavolini, Eunicella singularis and Paramuricea clava- Although not listed in the Bern and Barcelona Con- ta. In addition, another coral species that could be ventions, it is an endangered species according to important for the Mediterranean ecosystem is the IUCN criteria (Photo 23). However, there are no colonizing stony coral Cladocora caespitosa. While limitations regarding the species in decrees that these species have not been included among spe- regulate the hunting and ﬁ shing of sea products. cies to be protected in the Bern and Barcelona The species was not observed at the stations with- Conventions, they are rare structures in the East- in the Nature Park. Two individuals documented ern Mediterranean basin and habitats that need to during the study were observed at two scuba dive be protected. stations outside the park’s borders (Figure 34). Eunicella cavolini (Yellow sea fan)

The species is endemic to the Mediterranean. It is found in rocky areas below depths of 20 meters in the Marmara and Aegean Seas.Colonies are usually orange and occasionally white, can reach up to 50 centimeters, are spread out on a single plane, similar to a fan (Photo 24). On seaﬂ oors with a steady current, populations may be crowded enough to form facies. The species was documented at ﬁ ve scuba dive stations included in the study. At stations 19 and 28, outside the borders of the Nature Park, especially large populations were found (Figure 35). Photo 23. A juvenile Pagrus pagrus individual.

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 23 Photo 24. Eunicella cavolini colonies recorded in the Photo 25. Eunicella singularis colony. Nature Park.

Figure 36. Eunicella singularis colonies recorded in the Figure 35. Stations where Eunicella cavolini was found. Nature Park.

Eunicella singularis (White sea fan) Paramuricea clavata (Red sea fan)

The species is commonly distributed along the The species is widely distributed along the Medi- Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. In Turkey, it terranean and Atlantic coastline. It is found in is found only along the Northern Aegean shore, rocky areas below depths of 30 meters in the Mar- on rocky areas deeper than 5 meters. Its white or mara and Northern Aegean. Colonies may reach cream branches can reach as high as 80 centim- heights of 1 meter; secondary branches spread out eters, and are spread out like tree branches and over a single plane are frequent (Photo 26). Colo- not a fan, as is the Eunicella cavolini. Its branches nies are purplish dark red in color; the tips of the are thin and long, with secondary branches being branches may occasionally be yellow. Because it rare (Photo 25). It may form crowded populations cannot live in waters warmer than 23ºC, it is not where currents are steady. It was documented at found along Turkey’s Mediterranean coast. It can four stations in the study area (Figure 36). form very crowded populations on rocky areas and banks that enjoy steady currents. The species was not observed within the borders of the Na- ture Park on any of the scuba dives carried out for the study. However, very crowded populations were identiﬁ ed at stations 19 and 28, outside the park’s borders, on rocky areas deeper than 30 meters (Figure 37).

24 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park Cladocora caespitosa (Stony coral)

This species of stony coral forms compound colonies. It is the only stony coral species that can live in shallow rocky bottoms with plenty of sun- light in the Mediterranean (Photo 27). Colonies can reach 50 centimeters in diameter, and their branches are important habitats for numerous life forms. The species is collected for decorative purposes. Polyps live a symbiotic life with the single cell algae they contain within them. The species was documented at eight free dive and seven scuba dive sites within the study area (Figure 38).

Photo 27. A Cladocora caespitosa colony found in Station 20.

4.1.7. Alien Species Observed in the Nature Park

While foreign species of Indo-Pacifi c origin are found in large populations along Turkey’s Medi- terranean coasts, surface water temperatures drop below 15ºC in the Northern Aegean, which pre- vents the formation of constant populations. Yet a few number of foreign species have adapted to cold water conditions and spread to the Aegean’s northern shores, even to the Marmara Sea. During the study at the Nature Park, fi ve foreign species Photo 26. Numerous Paramuricea clavata colonies recorded in Station 28. were identifi ed: one algae (Caulerpa racemosa), one phanerogam (Halophila stipulacea), one foraminifer (Amphistegina lobifera), and two polychaetes (Ceratonereis mirabilis and Pista unibranchiata). The most common among them was Caulerpa racemosa, observed at 26 free dive and 26 scuba dive stations. The species was found to have spread over all types of seafl oor, with a coverage rate of up to 60 percent (on average, 20%). In the study area, it was distributed between 1-45 meters of depth. The second most frequently documented species was Amphistegina lobifera, a foraminifer species widely distributed in the Eastern Mediterranean and spread all the way to the Marmara Sea (Meric et al, 2005; Meric et al, 2010). Documented at 30 free dive and 12 scuba dive stations, this species Figure 37. Paramuricea clavata colonies recorded during the field research. may be common in the Nature Park, but its populations are formed of very few individuals. The Halophila stipulacea of Indo-Pacifi c origin, widely distributed in the Eastern and Central Mediter- ranean, was not found to be signifi cantly prevalent in the study area. At four free dive and two

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 25 scuba dive stations, there were clusters with a low level of coverage (~1%). While not prevalent, one instance of Ceratonereis mirabilis was found in dredge sample 10, and two Pista unibranchiata individuals each were found in grab sample 6 and dredge number 8.

Figure 38. Distribution of Cladocora caespitosa colonies in the Nature Park.

26 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 5.1. Physical Parameters of the Sea Water

5.1.1. Temperature and Salinity

The northeastern extension of the Mediterranean, the Aegean features typical characteristics of the Mediterranean climate, with average monthly Sea Water Quality temperatures of 5°C in the winter and 27°C in the summer. Water circulation is controlled by prevalent winds and versatile thermohaline circulation. Surface water temperatures and salinity ﬂ uctuate spatially and seasonally; temperatures were found to range between 8°C and 26°C, while salinity ranged from 31.0 psu and 39.0 psu. Surface salinity, measured at 38.8 psu according to data from the ﬁ xed measurement buoy located at Lesbos Is- land, right across from Ayvalık, is above averages for the Northern Aegean (Nittis and Perivoliotis, 2002). While temperatures can vary greatly during the summer months, fall and winter temperatures are more stable (Poulos et al, 1997).

As a result of physical measurements taken in the study (Table 3), lowest temperature was found to be 21.3ºC (station O23), and highest temperature was measured at 23.5ºC (station O25) (22.30.38ºC). Obtained temperature range was within the expected range for Ayvalık. While temperature differences among stations were not readily apparent, cooler waters from lower lay- ers may have mixed with surface waters due to current ﬂ ows. Similar differences were observed among salinity values at different stations. Low- est salinity value was measured at 36.6 psu (station O23), and highest at 38.1 psu (station O20) (average 36.90.42 psu). Salinity values of stations within Ayvalık harbor (O19-O22) were higher compared to stations outside the harbor, suggest- ing that this may be due to evaporation in the harbor, which is a very enclosed setting.

5.1.2. Dissolved Oxygen and pH Levels The Mediterranean water column is dynamic by nature, and vertical mixing is the norm; as a result, even the deepest part of the water column is oxygenated, all the way to the seaﬂ oor (at 70-80% saturation levels and between 5.6 and 6.4 mg/L = 175-200 μM). Oxygen concentration in the surface waters ranges from 6.4 and 8.8 mg/L=200-275 μM. Maximum oxygen density observed beneath the surface is a result of photosynthetic produc- 5 tion (Yilmaz 2002).

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 27 Table 3. Values of the physical parameters in sea While average surface oxygen values for the Ae- water (Sta: station, T: temperature, Sal: salinity, O: gean are reported to be 5.9 ml/l on average (Pavli- dissolved oxygen, S: secchi disk depth). dou and Kontoyiannis 2011), gas solubility drops Sta. Coordinates T Sal. pH O *S toward the end of summer due to increased sea- (ºC) (‰) (mg/L) (m) water temperatures and average dissolved oxy- O1 39°17.685’N 21.8 37.2 8.36 4.82 22 gen values do not surpass 5.1 ml/l (Friligos and 26°36.561’E O2 39°17.889’N 22.3 36.9 8.38 5.58 23 Krasakopoulou, 2001). The jagged shoreline, and 26°34.209’E impacts of the sounds and freshwater inputs all O3 39°19.099’N 22.2 36.9 8.35 5.52 31 generate differences in values in terms of location 26°31.202’E and season. O4 39°20.087’N 22.0 36.7 8.39 5.59 28 26°31.716’E In previous studies conducted near the region, pH O5 39°21.640’N 22.4 36.8 8.35 5.30 32.5 averages were found to be between 7.92 and 8.24 for 26°30.912’E surface waters (Basaran et al, 2006). The present study, O6 39°20.700’N 22.2 36.7 8.47 5.28 +17 undertaken within the borders of the Nature Park, found 26°35.051’E O7 39°21.779’N 22.3 36.7 8.34 5.10 33 pH levels to be between 8.3 and 8.5 (Chart 3). This pH 26°33.867’E range is normal for seawater, and differences among O8 39°22.307’N 22.2 36.9 8.36 5.29 27 stations were negligible. The reason that the obtained 26°34.476’E pH values were higher than those measured by Basaran O9 39°23.759’N 22.2 36.7 8.33 5.26 30.5 et al (2006) may be due to the higher concentration of 26°34.741’E dissolved CO -2 (carbonate) ions in the water related to O10 39°23.819’N 22.0 36.7 8.38 5.36 27.5 3 26°37.627’E the geological composition of the region. O11 39°23.759’N 22.3 36.6 8.29 5.56 29.5 26°40.908’E 5.1.3. Secchi Disk Measurements O12 39°22.115’N 22.5 36.7 8.36 5.62 +14.5 26°39.505’E In an earlier study conducted near the Nature O13 39°24.145’N 22.5 36.7 8.35 5.55 17.5 Park, Secchi depth averages were found to range 26°43.549’E O14 39°24.144’N 22.2 36.7 8.36 5.63 27.5 between 17.80 and 20.22 meters (Basaran et al, 26°43.548’E 2006). In the present study, conducted within the O15 39°19.372’N 22.0 36.8 8.38 5.49 26.0 Nature Park, maximum visibility was 33 meters 26°36.078’E (station O7) and minimum visibility was 2.5 me- O16 39°22.421’N 22.1 36.9 8.36 4.83 ++3 26°37.771’E ters (station O20) (Table 3). A comparison of the O17 39°22.059’N 22.3 36.8 8.37 5.39 ++3.4 stations inside and outside Ayvalık harbor re- 26°36.810’E vealed signiﬁ cant differences. Visibility was ex- O18 39°20.000’N 22.5 36.8 8.43 4.67 ++8 tremely reduced at all stations within the harbor. 26°36.863’E Moreover, visibility at the stations east of Alibey O19 39°17.897’N 22.6 37.8 8.39 5.22 2.75 26°38.786’E Island was less than those on the western side of O20 39°17.107’N 22.5 38.1 8.26 5.13 2.5 the island. In addition, the fact that visibility in- 26°39.872’E creased among the western stations the further O21 39°19.008’N 22.5 37.9 8.29 4.38 ++4.2 away from the shore indicates that visibility with- 26°41.437’E O22 39°19.726’N 22.7 37.6 8.39 4.98 ++6.3 in the borders of the Nature Park is adversely af- 26°41.326’E fected by the coastal settlement. O23 39°25.535’N 21.3 36.6 8.39 5.58 25 26°43.886’E O24 39°21.411’N 22.2 36.7 8.39 5.05 +25 5.2. Current Measurements 26°35.702’E O25 39°19.913’N 23.5 36.7 8.27 5.68 26 Surface current measurements taken at 20 stations 26°34.132’E representative of regional characteristics are pre- O26 39°19.324’N 22.2 36.9 8.36 4.78 ++4.5 26°38.265’E sented in Tabele 4. Studies carried out in Edremit Bay revealed that surface currents varied accord- * In stations where maximum depth is less than the Secchi depth, ing to season, but ﬂ owed in a 134º-150º (northwest Secchi depth is given as (+), if maximum depth is much smaller than the Secchi depth, Secchi depth is given as (++). to southeast) direction for the majority of the year

28 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park (Turkish Naval Forces, Offi ce of Navigation, Hy- A human-based factor that is perhaps more im- drography and Oceanography, 1983). Based on portant than physical pollution of the seafl oor, is the data obtained in this study, it may be said that the damage boat anchors cause to Posidonia oce- the stations far from the shoreline and on the bor- anica prairies. Especially in bays where daily trip ders of the Nature Park are affected by the general boats and yachts frequently drop anchor, there current of Edremit Bay. However, due to coastal are anchor and chain marks on the Posidonia oce- formations and the impact of the islands on sea- anica clusters. fl oor topography, the direction and strength of the surface current was observed to change as it Table 4. Stations where surface currents are neared the shoreline and the islands. In addition, measured and the observed values since prevalent winds in the Northern Aegean Station Coordinates Current Direction fl ow from the North and the Northeast, and grow velocity (Knot) (degree) stronger especially in the afternoons (between 7 A1 39°25.535’N 0.22 175 and 27 knots), they may also affect surface wa- 26°43.886’E ters. Although Ayvalık harbor is a rather enclosed A2 39°21.578’N 0.18 182 26°41.327’E area, surface water currents were ascertained at A3 39°21.908’N 0.16 101 each of the stations within it. The currents at these 26°38.612’E stations are infl uenced by the winds, rather than A4 39°22.450’N 0.17 93 the general current of Edremit Bay. 26°38.667’E A5 39°23.434 ‘N 0.08 54 26°37.720’E 5.3. Marne and Coastal Polluton A6 39°23.472’ N 0.44 218 26°36.157’E During the scuba and free dives conducted in the A7 39°23.563’N 0.20 167 context of this project, serious seafl oor pollution 26°34.257’E was observed only at the stations within Ayvalık A8 39°22.931’N 0.29 309 harbor. There were various glass bottles and alumi- 26°36.632’E num cans at the stations, as well as human wastes A9 39°21.626’N 0.19 139 such as car tires, plastic bags, pieces of clothing. 26°37.131’E However, they were not concentrated enough to A10 39°21.298’N 0.20 171 cause environmental pollution. The amount of 26°36.110’E wastes observed along the shoreline was much A11 39°20.594’N 0.31 179 26°34.949’E greater. These wastes included materials carried A12 39°21.751’N 0.68 181 by the sea to the shore by winds, and land-based 26°30.735’E materials found especially in bays used for their A13 39°20.127’ N 0.24 5 beaches. Because Ayvalık harbor is a closed har- 26°34.058’E bor, and because both downtown Ayvalık, and A14 39°18.970’N 0.25 7 the settlement on Alibey Island are right by the 26°31.020’E harbor, all the wastes disposed of in the harbor A15 39°20.000’N 0.28 148 remain there. The seafl oor and shoreline within 26°36.863’E the harbor had a greater amount of human-based A16 39°17.564’N 0.19 179 26°35.394’E wastes compared to outside the harbor. A17 39°16.229’N 0.09 12 26°37.161’E Sewage in Ayvalık is emptied directly into the har- A18 39°17.290’N 0.16 6 bor, without undergoing any previous treatment. 26°37.094’E Consequently, the marine environment within the A19 39°18.662’N 0.17 9 harbor creates not only visual pollution, but also a 26°37.397’E risk to human health. A20 39°17.664’N 0.06 142 26°38.446’E

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 29 6.1. Fishery Questionnaire

The Ayvalık Limited Liability Sea Products Coop- erative has 126 fi shermen members. In addition, the Ayvalık Association of Sea Laborers and Sea Products, situated in downtown Ayvalık has 49 active members. Information gathered from con- Fisheries Activity versations with cooperative and association offi - cials and the fi shermen revealed that the fi shermen’s shelter was a signifi cant problem. It was said that fi nding suffi cient space was a diffi culty, but that this could be overcome by rearranging the harbor. The majority agreed that if the break- water was covered with concrete boats could be tied to it, and the problem of a shelter could be resolved by building a boatyard. Some fi shermen said it would be more benefi cial to have a fl oating jetty instead.

Photo 28. Fishermen are selling their daily catch.

Thirty-one fi shermen responded to the questionnaire. All the fi shermen who fi lled out the questionnaire but one (a trawler) said they were engaged in coastal fi shing. The fi shermen had spent 10 to 55 years in their occupation (28±12 years on average). Only one fi sherman said he had two boats; all other respondents reported they had only one boat. With the exception of the trawler, boat sizes used for coastal fi shing ranged from 5.5 to 20 meters (7.7±2.6 meters on average), with motor power that ranged from 6 to 140 hp (26.7±33.4 on average). The majority used cast nets to catch fi sh (Figure 39). Income generated from fi shing ranged between 500 and 3.000 Turkish Lira (1.274±686 Turkish Lira on average). Eleven of the 31 respondents said they had an additional job; most frequently given response was being a captain. 6

30 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park Figure 39. Fishing gears used by the fishermen who participated in fisheries inquiry.

Figure 40. Locations of the fishing zones stated by the The fi shermen also reported that coastal fi shermen fishermen who participated in fisheries inquiry. from places such as Burhaniye, Foca, and Dikili, and scoop net boats and trawlers from the Black Sea also came to fi sh in the Nature Park, and that similarly, Ayvalık fi shermen traveled to nearby Targeted species varied by season. Most frequent- places to fi sh. However, when asked to show their ly caught species were bogue (Boops boops) that fi shing areas on a map, all respondents pointed was available almost all year round, red mullet- to areas within the borders of the Nature Park. mullet (Mullus spp.), grey mullet (Mugil spp., Liza According to questionnaire results, islands to the spp.), saddled sea bream (Oblada melanura), octo- west of the Nature Park were used for fi shing pus (Octopus vulgaris), and squid (Loligo vulgaris). more often (Figure 40). The area around Kucuk Bonito (Sarda sarda) was the species caught the Maden Island was the most area most frequently most during the fall (Figure 41). marked by respondents (23 people).

Figure 41. Seasonal distribution of the targeted species indicated by the fishermen who participated in fisheries inquiry.

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 31 General complaints reported by the fi shermen years. They generated myriad different ideas to who answered the questionnaires were related to improve coastal fi shing in the area, such as ban- scoop net, trawler, and light fi shing. A signifi cant ning scoop net and trawler fi shing in the region; number of respondents noted that the harbor and restricting amateur fi shing and net lengths; in- shelter was lacking in capacity, and that the co- creasing number of controls; placing shipwrecks operative was inadequate. Some claimed that tour in fi sh breeding areas; expanding forbidden boats and divers frightened the fi sh. It was also zones; enabling fi shing within the harbor; inclu- said that divers caught fi sh illegally, and controls sion in decision-making processes related to fi sh- were inadequate. ing; making it possible for coastal fi shermen to purchase cheaper diesel; and developing support All the respondents agreed that fi shing in the re- projects for fi shermen similar to those developed gion would become worse in the upcoming fi ve for farmers.

32 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 7.1. Overall Evaluation

The ﬁ eldwork proceeded with no negative expe- riences. Relevant locals, especially ofﬁ cials from the Coast Guard, Port Administration, Ayvalık Association of Marine Laborers and Sea Products, Conclusion and and Ayvalık Limited Liability Water Products Co- operative all facilitated the process and helped by Suggestions providing great support to the study.

7.2. Marine Biodiversity

Because coral communities rich in terms of biodiversity were distant to the shoreline, and important bays used for ﬁ shing, tourism, and recreational activities did not overlap much, 28 scuba, 12 dredge, and 12 grab stations were established to ensure regional representation. The 0-to-5-meter depth zone along the shoreline of the entire Nature Park was divided into 44 sections, and completely surveyed through free dives. A total of 671 macroscopic species was obtained through the present study. However, this number is far below the number of species thought to exist in the area. Considering that there are localities with extremely varied seabed forms below depths of 20 meters, and that there are signiﬁ cant temperature differences between summers and winters, more extensive and long-running biodiversity studies that include different seasons are necessary in the region. To identify elusive types of algae, long- term scuba dives must be undertaken during different seasons. To highlight the ecological impor- tance of bays covered with Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa underwater prairies, not only macroscopic species, but planktonic life forms must also be researched. In an extensive study that includes these elements, it would be possible to identify between 1,500 and 2,000 marine species within the borders of the Nature Park.

7.2.1 Underwater Prairies

Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa are the dominant plant species in the sublittoral zone of the Mediterranean. Posidonia oceanica is a slow- growth underwater prairie species with the highest productivity (Duarte, 1991; Pergent et al, 1994). It is estimated to cover an area between 2.5- 7 5 million hectares throughout the Mediterranean

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 33 basin, between depths of 0-40 meters (Pergent et southern end of the Nature Park, while protected al, 1995). However, this plant species grows very species observed on scuba dives were mainly seen slowly and lives for about 30 years, and is rap- at stations in its northern end. This indicates that idly decreasing due to human activities such as the entire Nature Park offers vital habitats to pro- trawling, dropping anchor, environmental pollu- tected species. Consequently, the enable population, and shoreline modifi cations (Ardizzone and tions of the protected species to expand, measures Pelusi, 1984; Marba et al, 1996). Because underwa- need to be taken throughout the area. ter prairies are highly sensitive to human-caused damage, they are globally considered a suitable 7.2.3. Commercial Species biological indicator of the quality of marine environments (Dennison et al, 1993; Short and Wyllie- Discussions with fi shermen, diving centers, and Echeverria, 1996). In the last two decades, under- boat and restaurant owners suggest that illegal water prairies have been shrinking worldwide fi shing, especially spear gun fi shing with scuba due to changing environmental conditions (Thay- gear is widespread in the region. Although scuba er et al, 1975; Cambridge and McComb, 1984). and free dives were carried out at 28 stations and While they are a vital food source for herbivorous 44 sections respectively, and a depth zone of 0-45 creatures, prairies that grow in sheltered locations meters were surveyed in closed bay and open wa- such as bays and lagoons are also signifi cant for ter environments, only one juvenile Epinephelus numerous species as breeding areas and nurser- costae was observed at a single station (station 12, ies. As a result, underwater prairies that grow in a free dive station) from the grouper-rock grouper secluded areas are much richer in species biodi- species (Epinephelinae), and only a small number versity compared to communities in open water of adults were seen from targeted species such as areas (Heck and Thoman, 1984). Consequently, to members of the Sparidae family, red mullets, mul- ensure a healthy ecosystem, the impact of boat an- lets, grey mullets, and octopi; this points to the chors and chains on prairies must be eliminated. hunting pressures on these species. To improve Buoy systems must be established in bays within the populations of economically valuable species the Nature Park where daily boats drop anchor, that live within the Nature Park, areas where hunt- and dropping anchor in these areas must be com- ing and fi shing are completely forbidden must pletely prohibited. be established. Juvenile and adult individuals of fi sh species such as members of the Sparidae family and Epinephelinae subfamily live in different areas. Individuals were observed to change area and depth as they grew in size (Yokes, 2006). In addition, during mating season, adult individuals congregate at certain breeding sites (Zabala, 1997; Marino et al, 2001). Consequently, ecologically important areas for such species can only be identifi ed through long-term and seasonal studies.

Photo 29. A daily tour boat operating in the Nature Park.

7.2.2. Protected Species

During analyses carried out as part of the project, 16 species that should be protected in accordance with the Bern and Barcelona Conventions and IUCN criteria were found to be living within the borders Photo 30. Mullus surmuletus is rarely observed in the of the Nature Park. Protected species ascertained Nature Park. on free dives were mostly found at stations in the

34 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 7.2.4 Coral Fields populations in the area. The most dominant among them is the algae named Caulerpa racemosa, called Compared to its eastern expanse, the western part the “Terrorist Seaweed” by the public. This spe- of the Mediterranean is considered to be richer in cies can form a dense mat on all types of ground nutrition sources, and thus richer in biodiversity. surfaces between depths of 0-60 meters, and its in- The Northern Aegean in a vital area in the Eastern vasion is considered a threat to ecosystems due to Mediterranean basin, and its waters are relatively its toxic emissions (UNEP, 1999). Unfortunately, cooler. As a result, numerous species not found in it is impossible to destroy invasive algae species the Eastern Mediterranean basin may form large such as Cauerpa racemosa once they have entered populations in the Northern Aegean. Fan corals and settled into an ecosystem. However, having are one of the best examples of such species. Eu- a strong local ecosystem slows down the expan- nicella cavolini, Eunicella singularis and Paramuricea sion of such species. The only way to deal with clavata are species that can form very crowded this invasion is to create a healthier ecosystem populations in the Northern Aegean under depths by minimizing human pressures on it. Necessary of 15 meters, and also create ecosystems connect- measures must also be taken to protect local algae ed to the habitat they form. These coral species and phanerogam species in the Nature Park. were not observed at the stations within the borders of the Nature Park. Yet, the most crowded populations were found outside the Nature Park, 7.3. Physical Values that Determine Water on banks at depths below 20 meters. These areas Quality comprise the most important dive sites in Ayvalık, and are without equal throughout Turkey. As a At 14 stations within the Nature Park, tempera- result, it is crucial that they be protected. The fi rst ture, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and Secchi- thing that needs to be done is to extend the bor- disk depth were measured. However, keeping in ders of the Nature Park to include these areas mind that these physical parameters may vary greatly according to season, it seems necessary to repeat such studies during different seasons. Dur- ing the fi eldwork, current fl ow was observed to change direction and force between the surface and depths of 2-3 meters, and currents in a given spot changed force and direction over the course of a single day; both matters support this call for future studies. According to the obtained data, oxygen and pH levels within the borders of the Nature Park were within the normal range. How- ever, oxygen levels at the stations within Ayvalık harbor were lower than those outside it, and Sec- chi-disk depth dropped from 30 plus meters to 2.5 meters, both indicating potential pollution in the area. In addition to the sewage that is pumped Photo 31. Paramuricea clavata colonies are found outside into the harbor, docked boats also empty their the boundries of the Nature Park. bilge and waste water into the harbor. Although there are no signifi cant fresh water inputs in the 7.2.5. Alien Species region, notable levels of nutrients and contaminants are believed to mix into coastal waters from Water temperatures in the Northern Aegean drop domestic wastes from settled areas and wastewa- to below 15oC in winters, making it inhospitable ter from boats. As a result, in addition to parame- for foreign species of Indo-Pacifi c origin that have ters such as oxygen, temperature, salinity, and pH invaded Turkey’s Mediterranean shores. None- levels, measurement of nutrients, human-caused theless, a few number of species have adapted to contaminants and coliform bacteria should also be the cold winter conditions, and formed constant conducted seasonally

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 35 7.4. Fishery Problems development of natural, cultural, and economic resources along coastal areas (Bahadır, 2012). During discussions with fi shermen and through the questionnaire, the most important require- As is the case in many countries across the world, ment was found to be a shelter and a boatyard. numerous problems also arise in Turkey follow- There are confl icts between the fi shermen in ing coastal area use, and the natural structure of downtown Ayvalık and those on Alibey Island our shoreline is rapidly deteriorating. The added concerning the shelter; cooperative non-members disharmony and disagreements among lawmak- are not permitted to use the shelter on the island. ers, law enforcers and the public, only exacerbate

these problems. Thus, the fact that Ayvalık—the Considering that the Nature Park is being used as 207th most crowded settlement unit in Turkey a fi shing area by fi shermen not from Ayvalık, and (TUIK, 2009)—has a long shoreline that is now be- illegal commercial and amateur fi shing is a large- ing used by various industries due primarily to its scale operation, it is clear that the region’s fi shing natural beauty and formation, as well as its cul- potential is rapidly decreasing. All involved were tural and historical values, brings with numerous in agreement that stricter controls were necessary environmental problems. The Ayvalık Adaları both at sea, and on land. However, only a small Nature Park covers an area of 17,950 hectares de- number of the economically valuable fi sh spe- clared a conservation area based on both marine cies were observed during the study, and fi sh fry and terrestrial ecosystems. The area is comprised were especially rare, indicating that populations of 23 islands large and small. It boasts an up- of these species have already been badly harmed. per Mediterranean climate, icy in the winter and Consequently, no-fi shing areas must be estab- semi-arid in the summer (Akova, 2011). There are lished within the Nature Park. not many species found on the islands in the area. In terms of ecology, it is the marine ecosystem that 7.5. The Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park from constitutes to most crucial part of the nature park. Income sources of the local population are tour- an Integrated Coastal Zone Management ism, fi shing, and agriculture. These activities gen- Perspective erate certain problems: Throughout history, humankind has always be- • Marine Pollution: Human-caused wastes are lieved that coastal areas would be more conducive rapidly increasing in the region, especially in to meeting its economic and social needs; today, the inner bay where the settled area is located. urbanization and economic activities have placed Pollution is rising, especially since tourism ac- intense pressure on these coastal areas. Present- tivities and the boat tourism explode during ly, although only 20 percent of land areas on the summers, and uncontrolled discharges are in- planet are coastal zones, 50 percent of the global creasing the rate of pollution in the area. population lives within a 200-kilometer coastline (UN 2002). The intense pressure on coastal areas • Pollution of Water Sources: Small and medium has made it necessary for environmental problems scale industrial facilities in the region empty to be considered global issues, and to address their wastes into local rivers, which was seen coasts as a specifi c area of study. As a measure to damage water sources and diminish water against these problems, principles of an Integrat- quality. ed Coastal Zone Management were delineated • Draining Wetlands: Careless and illegal con- at the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and struction of summer houses in the region. Development, marking an important step toward Draining wetlands that are vital to the area resolving coastal management issues (Gorer and was observed to harm the ecosystem. Duru, 2001). Integrated Coastal Zone Manage- ment (ICZM) is a process that aims to achieve an • Fishing: Illegal hunting with spear guns—ei- integrated approach to all relevant decision and ther with scuba gear or free diving—and trawl- permit mechanisms related to the protection and ing create intense pressure on marine species.

36 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park • Unplanned Development: The region’s in- 7.6 Recommendations creased popularity as a tourism center was observed to boost rapid and unplanned develop- Assessing all project outcomes as a whole, one ment, leading to the rise of concrete structures cannot help but suggest that the tasks listed below along the coastline. The coastline in the region are undertaken as soon as possible: has natural value, and the rapid development • Borders of the Nature Park must be reorga- process is threatening to the ecological pro- nized, coordinates must be provided and the cess. coral communities that presently remain out- Endowed with natural and historical assets, the side the Nature Park must be included in it. Ayvalık Island Nature Park is an area that is ex- • More extensive and long-running biodiversity periencing increased coastal problems, and thus studies and oceanographic analyses must be needs to be managed with an appropriate man- carried out within the borders of the Nature agement plan (Gurkan, 2005). Park.

To ensure the integrated management and sus- • A management plan that aims to protect the tainable development of the region, there is a natural marine formations in the Nature Park need to place emphasis on mechanisms that will must be developed and human activities must coordinate the below activities: be organized in line with this plan. • A “Monitoring Project” should be developed - Integrating programs related to industries that to observe biodiversity and the status of coast- impact coastal zones, such as tourism, fi shing, al fi shing activities in the Nature Park. industry, agriculture, and urbanization. • A buoy system should be established in bays - Carrying out environmental impact assess- that are frequently use by day trip boats. ments for regional land and water use plans and settlement policies, and sustainable coastal and marine management plans and pro- 7.7. Monitoring grams, and monitoring their results; in this context, restricting human intervention in the To monitor the status of the biota within the area and transforming it into a complete con- borders of the Nature Park, certain species and servation area. oceanographic data need to be monitored regularly. To this end, monitoring projects must be estab- - Building and improving the necessary infra- lished in the near future both within the Nature structural and treatment facilities in settlement Park, and along its outer borders. Moreover, to be areas to protect the environment; periodically able to observe its social impact, information on monitoring factors that cause environmental fi shing activities must also be updated regularly problems; rehabilitating damaged natural ar- (Chart 5). eas (Gunes et al, 1998).

Overall, inadequate monitoring and a lack of awareness seem to be underlying the ecological problems that afﬂ ict the region. It is therefore crucial to not overlook efforts to raise awareness among the public and establish an effective monitoring network, in addition to managing biological, cultural, and geomorphologic assets, which are usually in the forefront in planning processes (Akyarli et al, 2002).

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 37 Table 5. Parameters which should be monitored in future monitoring programs (stations are; S: skin dive; A: scuba dive, O; oceanographic measurement stations).

WHAT TO MONITOR METHOD OF WHERE WHEN INDICATOR OF MONITORING (station)

Posidonia oceanica patches Shoot length and S9, S13, S14, May and Anthropegenic disturbance coverage S30, S35, S36 September

Caulerpa racemosa coverage Biomass per m2 S9, S13, S14, July or August Its pressure on the native S30, S35, S36, ekosistem A2 density of gorgonians Colony density and A2, A19, A21, July or August Health of the gorgonian height A28 colonies

Detecting economically Counting of individuals en az 20 July or August Situation of the populaton important Sparidae, during skin and scuba istasyonda Epinephelinae and Mullidae dives species

Dissolved oxygen, nutrients Standard equipment O1-O26 October Anthropegenic eutrophication and secchi distance

PAH in sediment Chemical methods O1-O26 October Anthropegenic chemical pollution

Meiobenthic species in the Grab sampling O1-O26 July or August Quality of the habitat sediment

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42 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park APPENDIX 1. FISHERY QUESTIONAIRE

FISHERY QUESTIONAIRE (AYVALIK REGION) Date:

1. How long have you been working in ﬁ shery sector?

2. How many boats do you have?

3. What is the size and the power of your boat?

4. Which ﬁ shing methods do you use? □ line □ long line □ trammel net □ gil net □ trap other: 5. How many days do you ﬁ sh in a year?

6. What are the abundant ﬁ sh species you catch seasonally?

Winter: Spring: Summer: Autumn:

7. Do you have any occupation other than ﬁ shing?

8. What is the average monthly income you get from ﬁ shing (in TL)?

9. Is there any sector in your region which you have conﬂ ict of interest?

10. What is the major problem of the ﬁ sheries sector in your region?

11. What do you suggest about the conditions of the local fi shery in the next fi ve years? □ will get worse □ will get better □ will not change 12. Do you have any suggestions to solve fi sheries problems?

13. Do you have any other comment on ﬁ shery and ﬁ shery problems?

14. Please mark your most favorite ﬁ shing grounds on the map below.

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 43 %1 %0.01 %0.01 %0.01 %0.01 %0,01 1 %0,01%0,01 %0.01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 10 6 (Station S1-S22)

%0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 23162 312 %1 %0,0110 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 10 8 10 ++ ++ 27 019572 10 52471 1001692517129 5313323111 25 453351830352438191310 S1 S2++++++ S3 S4 S5 S6 +++++++++++ S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 (Zanardini) Børgesen 1926 (A.P.De Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux 1809 Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux (A.P.De %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 (Scopoli) Krasser, 1898 (Scopoli) Krasser, 20 (Esper) J.V. Lamouroux, 1812 (Esper) J.V. %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 (Linnaeus) P.C.Silva, 1952 (Linnaeus) P.C.Silva, 15 (C.Agardh) Ambronn 1880 (S.G. Gmelin) Decaisne, 1842 (Linnaeus) Kützing 1843 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %5 %8 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin 1975 %0,01 (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, Larsen 3 8 2 12 1 1 4 Nardo, 1847 2 7 (J.V.Lamouroux) D.Penrose & Y.M.Chamberlain 1993 & Y.M.Chamberlain D.Penrose (J.V.Lamouroux) (Wulfen) C.Agardh 1823 Gomont (Ucria) Ascherson, 1869 %30 %15 %15 %40 %10 %20 %90 %1 %20 Kützing 1843 (Forsskål) Ascherson, 1867 (Forsskål) (Roth) C.Agardh 1824 Nardo, 1833 6 1 (Linnaeus) Delile, 1813 %40 %10 %50 %5 %40 %50 %20 %50 %5 %10 %3 %5 %30 %30 (Forsskål) J.Agardh, 1873 J.Agardh, (Forsskål) %40 %60 %60 %10 %10 %15 %20 %15 %15 %20 %0,1 (Meneghini ex Kützing) M.J.Wynne & Leliaert 2001 (Meneghini ex Kützing) M.J.Wynne J.Ellis & Solander 1786J.Ellis %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 Schmidt, 1862 19 8 1 40 5 27 8 14 3 54 30 10 13 8 21 18 6 (Turra) Nizamuddin, 1987 (Turra) (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux 1813 (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Duby 1830 %20 %50 %10 %10 %50 %1 %0,1 %3 %20 %20 %2 %5 %10 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %10 %50 %1 (Roth) C.Agardh, 1823 %0,1 17 32 4 16 20 8 (Linnaeus) Thivy, 1960 (Linnaeus) Thivy, %1 %0,1 %5 %15 %5 %3 %3 %2 %2 4% %3 %1 Schmidt, 1862 (Poir) Berkeley ex Bornet & Flahault 1886 (Poir) J.V.Lamouroux 1816 J.V.Lamouroux %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,1 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01

vermicularis (Forsskål) C. Agardh, 1822 (Forsskål) (Olivi) C.Agardh, 1817 2 1 (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, (J.Ellis (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816(Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, %0,1 %0,2 %0,2 %0,1 %0,1 %0,2 %0,1 %0,2 sp. 1 2 1 5 %0.01 %0.01 %0.01 %0.01 dichotoma cf. cf. cf. cf. Jania rubens Laurencia obtusa Liagora viscida Lithophyllum Melobesia membranacea Padina pavonica Peyssonnelia squamaria Pedobesia simplex Sphacelaria cirrosa Stypocaulon scoparium utricularis Valonia macrophysa Valonia PLANTAE Cymodocea nodosa Halophila stipulacea Pseudochlorodesmis furcellata PORIFERA Acanthella acuta Aplysina aerophoba Chondrilla nucula Chondrosia reniformis Posidonia oceanica FORAMINIFERA Amphistegina lobifera Flabellia petiolata Halimeda tuna Herposiphonia secunda ALGAE Acetabularia acetabulum CYANOBACTERIA Rivularia bullata Symploca hydnoides APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Hydrolithon farinosum Dictyota Amphiroa rigida Anadyomene stellata Caulerpa racemosa Codium bursa Corallina elongata Dasycladus Dictyopteris polypodioides Cystoseira crinita Cystoseira compressa

44 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 5 5 4 10 1 3 1 12 15 11 1 21 2 314232 (Station S1-S22)

100 1 45 8 1225 8 100 5 14 31 1 22 11 11015 350 1 1 4 2 3 1 3 100 3 15 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 (Duncan, 1878) Stokes & Broderip, 1828 20 7

(Topsent, 1893) (Topsent, (Poiret, 1789) (Poiret, inornata smithii (Spallanzani, 1784) 3 1 ) ) fulva Schmidt, 186 ) (Risso, 1826) (Delle Chiaje, 1825) 100 2 15 40 (Delle Chiaje, 1841) 1 Schmidt, 1868 1 (Linnaeus, 1767) (Schmidt, 1862) (Couch, 1838) ficiformis (Schmidt, 1862) 30 1 1 (Bowerbank, 1866) 30 2 1 (Rapp, 1829) 2 6 1 (Topsent, 1925) (Topsent, ) (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, (Schmidt, 1864) (Gravenhorst, 1831) (Schmidt, 1862) (Dalyell, 1848) (Bowerbank, 1866) 1 2 2 (Forskål, 1775) (Forskål, 4 30 7 50 30 1 3 12 24 43 35 100 2 3 1 25 Schmidt, 1862 (Schmidt, 1862) 1 6 2 5 2 10 (Montagu, 1818) (Schmidt, 1862) (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 2 10 2 5 Caryophyllia Caryophyllia (Schmidt, 1862) 4 1 1 2 1 1 Sarà & Melone, 1965 Grant, 1826 2 4 3 11 1 3 1 7 1 1 ( ( sp. Halichoclona sp. Petrosia sp. ( ( sp. sp. Sycon Sycon raphanus Ircinia variabilis Ircinia Petrosia Clathrina clathrus Haliclona Oscarella lobularis Sarcotragus spinosulus Sarcotragus Spirastrella cunctatrix gelatinosa Terpios aurantium Tethya citrina Tethya Caryophyllia Dysidea fragilis Dysidea avara Diplastrella bistellata Clathrina Cliona celata Crambe crambe Cliona viridis PLATYHELMINTES (sp.) Turbellaria OLIGOCHAETA Oligochaeta (sp.) Phorbas tenacior CNIDARIA Actinia equina Aiptasia diaphana Aiptasia mutabilis Anemonia viridis Balanophyllia europaea Ciocalypta APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Phorbas fictitius Calliactis parasitica Caryophyllia Cerianthus membranaceus Cladocora caespitosa Condylactis aurantiaca Olindias phosphorica Sagartia elegans

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 45 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4131226 (Station S1-S22)

1 3 2 3 11 14 1 1 1 1 1 50 1 11 1 4 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 (Eisig, 1870) (Stephen, 1942) (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Claparède, 1868 (Quatrefages, 1865) 1 1 1 1 1 (Grube, 1840) (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, 3 1 1 2 (Dalyell, 1853) (Montagu, 1808) 1 (Grube, 1855) (Montagu, 1818) (Montagu, 1808) 1 1 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1767) (Grube, 1855) 1 (Risso, 1826) Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834 1 1 (Grube, 1840) 1 2 1 (Grube, 1860) (Montagu, 1804) (Grube, 1860) (Örsted, 1843) (Montagu, 1808) (Grube, 1855) 1 1 1 1 1 1 (Grube, 1840) (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834) 1 Zibrowius, 1971 Quatrefages, 1866 1 1 2 1 1 10 (Risso, 1826) 1 1 1 1 4 3 (Müller, 1774) (Müller, Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 1 1 1 1 Rolando, 1821 Blake, Grassle & Eckelbarger, 2009 Blake, Grassle & Eckelbarger, 5 Malmgren, 1867 sp. sp. Malmgren, 1866 1 1 1 (Quatrefages, 1865) Ehlers, 1868 sp. sp. ruber cf. cf. Nereis zonata Lumbrineris latreillii ninetta Lysidice Mysta picta Nereis rava Myxicola infundibulum Naineris laevigata Nematonereis unicornis Euclymene lumbricoides POLYCHAETA Acrocirrus frontifilis Eupolymnia Harmothoe areolata Harmothoe imbricata Eulalia clavigera Capitella teleta Ceratonereis (Composetia) hircinicola Chrysopetalum debile Cirriformia tentaculata Dodecaceria Dorvillea rubrovittata Eumida sanguinea Eunice torquata Eupolymnia nebulosa Hermodice carunculata Lepidonotus clava Harmothoe Hydroides nigra Lagis koreni Palola siciliensis Odontosyllis ctenostoma Amphitrite rubra Amphitrite variabilis SIPUNCULA Phascolosoma stephensoni NEMERTEA Lineus APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Notospermus geniculatus Bonellia viridis Perinereis cultrifera Amphitritides Bispira volutacornis Branchiomma bombyx

46 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 1 1 1 5 1 1 62 31 1 (Station S1-S22)

1322853 1 1 30 5 13 214131 1 1 1 1 1111 1 3311245 4211 51 215 81622746 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 Leuckart, 1828 (Linnaeus, 1767) 1 2 3 2 2 (G. B. Sowerby II, 1834) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Quatrefages, 1865) Quatrefages, 1865 1 (Grube, 1862) 20 (Linnaeus, 1767) (Dujardin, 1839) 1 1 1 (Dautzenberg, 1891) (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 1 3 1 3 1 (Fabricius, 1780) (Fabricius, Linnaeus, 1767 11 7 6 1 3 6 22 2 14 20 10 8 15 1 6 2 1 26 Langerhans, 1880 50 3 7 1 11 50 1 13 (Gmelin, 1791) 11 5 3 1 20 10 100 5 1 1 2 1 4 1 (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834) 1 (Risso 1818) (Ehlers, 1864) (Grube, 180) Audouin & M. Edwards, 183 (Jeffreys, 1856) 1 2 1 (Philippi, 1836 ) 1 1 2 3 2 4 Risso, 1826 1 3 1 2 5 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 5 Savigny, 1822 Savigny, (Nardo, 1847) (Montagu, 1803) 5 2 4 9 2 (Scacchi, 1835) 1 Johnston, 1839 (Linnaeus, 1758) sp. Grube, 1860 Krohn, 1852 (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 100 120 230 200 180 150 110 100 189 213 171 193 167 121 196 182 176 53 159 103 230 140 Grube, 180 1 1 Ehlers, 186 Quatrefages, 1865 Linnaeus, 1758 sp. sp. sp. Serpula vermicularis Serpula Protula Sabella spallanzanii Sabella pavonina Serpula concharum Sigalion mathildae Syllis prolifera Ascobulla fragilis Barbatia barbata Syllis amica Spirorbis Subadyte pellucida Syllis gracilis Syllis krohni Arca noae Thelepus cincinnatus Antalis inaequicostata Antalis dentalis Anodontia fragilis Trypanosyllis zebra Trypanosyllis striaticeps Vermiliopsis MOLLUSCA 1802) Wood, Abra alba (W. Abra longicallus Acanthocardia tuberculata Alvania geryonia Alvania mamillata 1 1 3 1 1 Acanthochitona crinita Acanthochitona fascicularis Acanthocardia paucicostata Protula tubularia Syllis variegata Petaloproctus terricola Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) granulatum Phascolosoma APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Berthella aurantiaca Pholoe inornata Platynereis dumerilii Bittium latreillii Polyophthalmus pictus Pomatoceros lamarckii Pomatoceros triqueter

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 47 13 12 51213 1 3211 1 1 6114 313104 21 1 6144132 25 (Station S1-S22)

3 12 1213 2 41 6114481 3411 621310414 11 2 1131 1 2 11 1 3121 1 81 2 243125 1139 112621411751 3311612542 420253381211166 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 Spengler, 1797 Spengler, 10 3 3 5 10 20 10 14 8 3 5 7 20 (Poli, 1791)(Poli, 2 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) 5 1 1 1 (Lamarck, 1819) 2 (Cantraine, 1835) (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854) (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 2 3 1 3 (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 5 11 2 1 18 7 4 3 (Montagu, 1803) 1 1 1 2 1 (Poli, 1795) (Poli, 3 2 2 1 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivona, 1832) 1 2 1 (Philippi, 1843) (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, (Linnaeus, 1758) 7 7 20 5 9 14 7 3 2 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Bruguière, 1792 (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 6 1 18 1 6 12 8 2 17 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 1 1 2 (Da Costa, 1778) 250 150 200 110 120 220 100 90 150 186 79 180 220 148 210 140 120 42 133 70 86 90 Linnaeus, 1758 1 2 2 1 5 1 (Montagu, 1803) 1 (Donovan, 1804) (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 5 10 8 2 9 11 1 14 2 8 5 Gmelin, 1791 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Kanmacher, 1798) (Kanmacher, 1 4 2 4 1 1 (Gmelin, 1791) (Lamarck, 1818) 1 1 1 2 1 (Brusina, 1869) 1 2 (Montagu, 1803) 5 1 3 1 3 1 5 8 2 3 (Defrance, 1820) 1 (Linneaus, 1767) 2 1 1 4 1 3 (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 1 6 5 1 3 6 4 (Gmelin, 1791) 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 (Linnaeus, 1767) 3 1 1 1 (Gmelin, 1791) (Turton, 1822) (Turton, 3 Lucinoma borealis Mangelia sp. Mangelia attenuata Melarhaphe neritoides Manzonia crassa Melanella stalioi Mimachlamys varia Flexopecten hyalinus Loripes lucinalis Lucinella divaricata Lepidopleurus cajetanus Limaria hians Jujubinus striatus Hexaplex trunculus Hiatella arctica Jujubinus exasperatus Chiton (Rhyssoplax) olivaceus Gibbula albida Gibbula fanulum Glans trapezia Gouldia minima Haminoea hydatis Granulina marginata Haliotis tuberculata Gibbula adansonii Gari costulata Gibbomodiola adriatica Modiolus barbatus Calyptraea chinensis Chauvetia brunnea Chama gryphoides Calliostoma laugieri Callista chione Bittium submamillatum Cerithium vulgatum Columbella rustica Bittium reticulatum Bolinus brandaris APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Conus ventricosus Diodora italica Diplodonta rotundata Enginella leucozona Mitromorpha olivoidea

48 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 112 42 2 1 13 1 1 1 32 2 41 4 (Station S1-S22)

1 1 210 3 24141 11 12 2 1 1 1 13124193 5 3 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 131215 3 52123415104221503634332410241010

(Gmelin, 1791) 1 1 1 (Poli, 1791) (Poli, 1 3 (Lamarck, 1819) 1 4 3 1 7 11 4 1 3 Bergh, 1880 5 1 Lamarck, 1819 400 Linnaeus, 1758 5 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gmelin, 1791) 4 (Strøm, 1768) (Lamarck, 1822) 3 (Linnaeus, 1767) (Alder, 1844) (Alder, 4 8 1 5 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lamarck, 1822) 2 1 6 2 8 1 1 3 3 (Risso, 1826) (Martyn, 1786) 1 (Lamarck, 1822) 4 6 2 1 5 (Born, 1778) 70 60 70 100 15 20 8 22 35 20 50 50 120 30 30 23 60 40 (Monterosato, 1878) Risso, 1826 1 1 2 3 1 Philippi, 1836 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 (Linnaeus, 1758) Blainville, 1827 Desmarest, 1814 (Bruguière, 1792) 1 1 2 Pulteney, 1799 Pulteney, (Michaud, 1832) Eichwald, 1830 1 2 Jeffreys, 1848 1 Cuvier, 1797 Cuvier, (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) 1 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 1 (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824) (Von 1 3 1 7 1 3 2 1 Linnaeus, 1758 (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824) (Von 2 2 8 (Montagu, 1803) 2 2 8 1 4 1 6 2 Desmarest, 1814 1 1 2 2 2 lactea

(Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, Linnaeus, 1758 50 1 9 Linnaeus, 1758 1 3 5 7 2 3 5 3 1 1 (Poli, 1795) (Poli, 5 elegans sp. cf. Pusillina philippi Retusa truncatula Rissoa monodonta Rissoa splendida Retusa minutissima Pseudochama gryphina Pisinna glabrata Pusillina inconspicua Pusillina lineolata Monophorus perversus APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Musculus costulatus Myrtea spinifera Nassarius incrassatus Nassarius pygmaeus Naticarius hebraeus Mytilus galloprovincialis Spondylus gaederopus Striarca lactea Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791Patella Pecten jacobaeus 50 30 32 18 41 27 20 3 13 40 Rissoa ventricosa Odostomia acuta Papillicardium papillosum Patella caerulea Peltodoris atromaculata Rissoa variabilis Phorcus turbinatus Phorcus articulatus Ostrea edulis Pinna nobilis Pitar rudis Gari depressa Parvicardium exiguum Rissoa violacea Sepiola Rocellaria dubia Sepia Naticarius stercusmuscarum Neverita josephinia Ocinebrina aciculata Octopus vulgaris Serpulorbis arenarius Solen marginatus

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 49 4 11 2 41 11 14 3 12 8 9 62 (Station S1-S22)

1 11 1 1 200 22 84 9101 121311 2 1 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 31530 35112 54213101417 23111523402 (Nardo, 1847) (Fabricius, 1787) (Fabricius, 2 2 1 1 2 2 (Risso, 1827) 2 30 (Risso, 1816) (Poli, 1791) (Poli, >1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000 (Rafinesque, 1814) (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 15 5 20 20 6 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 25 Southward, 1976 >1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000 Forest, in Drach & Forest, 1953 in Drach & Forest, Forest, Risso, 1827 4 3 8 2 1 3 1 1 2 5 2 2 (Poli, 1795) (Poli, >1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000 Leach, 1814 2 2 Leach 5 8 2 3 24 3 32 15 (Bruguière, 1792) 1 1 1 1 d’Udekem d’Acoz, 1993 (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 1 (Roux, 1829) 1 3 8 (Leach, 1813) 4 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) Nardo, 1847 2 Rathke, 1837 2 6 2 3 (Linnaeus, 1767) (Linnaeus, 1767) 70 100 (Risso, 1816) (Linnaeus, 1761) 10 1 3 1 2 (Forskål, 1775) (Forskål, 1 2 1 1 2 1 (Philippi, 1836) Linnaeus, 1758 (Petagna, 1792) (Petagna, (Mühlfeld, 1824) Lamarck, 1818 1 2 (Leach, 1817) (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 1 3 4 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 10 6 8 1 1 2 (Michaud, 1829) (Risso, 1816) 1 2 sp. sp. sp. sp. Tricolia pullus Tricolia speciosa Tricolia tenuis Tricolia Cardites antiquatus Vermetus Venus verrucosa Venus Volvulella acuminata Volvulella 1844) turgidula (Forbes, Weinkauffia CRUSTACEA Athanas nitescens Balanus Brachynotus sexdentatus Calcinus tubularis Carcinus aestuarii Chthamalus depressus 1 1 1 2 3 6 Chthamalus montagui Chthamalus stellatus Chthamalus Diogenes pugilator Eriphia verrucosa Eualus cranchii Timoclea ovata Thyasira biplicata Tellina pulchella Tellina Moerella donacina APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Synalpheus gambarelloides Porcellana platycheles Pisidia longicornis Palaemon sp. Pachygrapsus marmoratus Pagurus anachoretus Pagurus Palaemon elegans Pilumnus hirtellus Pisidia bluteli Pisidia longimana Upogebia pusilla Pilumnus villosissimus Xantho granulicarpus Hippolyte sapphica Hippolyte cf. inermis Hippolyte cf. Galathea squamifera Gnathophyllum elegans

50 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 2 11 1 2 8 2 4211 50 3171105 (Station S1-S22)

2 10 11 824 41 11021 11 3 2 25 1 3 1 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 Delle Chiaje, 1823 4 5 1 5 (Blainville, 1825) (Retzius, 1783) Gmelin, 1791 1 7 3 3 20 3 6 2 7 20 Delle Chiaje, 1824 3 20 5 1 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lamarck, 1816) 1 1 10 1 2 Risso, 1810 10 150 (Lamarck, 1816) (Bruzelius, 1805) (Giard, 1872) (O.F. Müller, 1776) Müller, (O.F. (Johnston, 1847) 2 1 3 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 (Risso, 1810) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lamarck, 1816) 1 (Lamarck, 1816) 8 20 20 25 100 50 15 2 12 6 9 60 14 11 9 2 4 (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (Ellis & Solander, 3 2 1 (Linnaeus, 1767) 1 (Cuvier, 1815) (Cuvier, (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 1 (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 4 6 5 2 7 8 Forbes, 1843 Forbes, (Abildgaard, in O.F. Müller, 1789) Müller, (Abildgaard, in O.F. 2 7 2 10 20 12 2 4 3 15 10 (Pennant, 1777)(Pennant, 2 4 7 (Linnaeus, 1758) Müller, 1776 Müller, Müller, 1776 Müller, 1 (Olivi, 1792) 1 2 2 1 13 3 4 6 (Linnaeus, 1761) A. Milne-Edwards, 1867 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) 8 100 70 7 50 20 45 12 24 17 20 100 18 7 16 2 100 sp. (Linnaeus, 1758) 10 7 19 26 3 70 9 31 44 28 53 33 24 69 2 8 sp. sp. Paracentrotus lividus Psammechinus microtuberculatus Sphaerechinus granularis CHORDATA Ascidia aspersa Ascidia mentula Ascidia Botryllus schlosseri Marthasterias glacialis Ophioderma longicauda Ophiopsila aranea Ophiomyxa pentagona Ophiothrix fragilis Botryllus Didemnum Diplosoma spongiforme Halocynthia papillosa Belone belone Boops boops Chromis chromis Phallusia mammillata PISCES Apogon (Apogon) imberbis Atherina (Hepsetia) boyeri Clinitrachus argentatus Holothuria (Roweothuria) poli Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa Echinocyamus pusillus Xantho poressa Xantho pilipes APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ BRYOZOA Margaretta cereoides Reptadeonella violacea ECHINODERMATA Arbacia lixula Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus Asterina gibbosa Coscinasterias tenuispina Dicentrarchus labrax Dentex (Dentex) dentex Diplodus annularis Coris julis

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 51 1 4 1 1 3852 111 112 2573 1217149 9348751 17 1 (Station S1-S22)

11143 11 1 121 1 13 1 2 2 1 2121 21 7135115231221171911235 1120 50 3 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 Jordan, 1890 (Bonnaterre, 1788) 30 20 100 10 2 1 50 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 (Pallas, 1814)(Pallas, 1 1 3 1 (Bonnaterre, 1788) doderleini (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 8 8 2 5 (Brünnich, 1768) 5 10 6 Cuvier, 1829Cuvier, 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) ) Valenciennes, 1833 Valenciennes, (Valenciennes, 1836) (Valenciennes, (Linnaeus, 1758) Risso, 1810 Miller, 1982Miller, 3 1 4 2 8 12 10 4 (Steindachner, 1878) (Steindachner, (Vinciguerra, 1880) 3 Gmelin, 1789 Linnaeus, 1758 3 4 1 5 2 1 Valenciennes, 1837Valenciennes, 18 8 2 8 14 9 1 16 30 2 6 16 (Walbaum, 1792) (Walbaum, Linnaeus, 1758 1 (Cocco, 1833) 2 Steindachner, 1870Steindachner, 4 9 11 1 2 12 2 6 40 Linnaeus, 1758 (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 15 25 30 6 2 10 6 4 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 5 1 2 10 12 23 15 10 (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 7 1 1 4 30 16 7 9 14 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 12 20 2 7 (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 2 2 1 3 (Linnaeus, 1758) 10 (Risso, 1810) Vinciguerra, 1883 2 22 10 2 1 Linnaeus, 1758 2 Risso, 1810 3 4 7 1 12 6 2 8 7 Pallas, 1814 Pallas, Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, 1758 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Sarato, 1889 10 12 5 20 5 1 1 1 1 Crenilabrus Linnaeus, 1758 6 4 3 ( (Linnaeus, 1758) 15 35 6 8 7 33 6 21 3 4 30 (Linnaeus, 1758) sp. Gobius vittatus Hippocampus guttulatus Liza Scorpaena maderensis Pomatoschistus bathi Sarpa salpa Gobius niger Sparus aurata Gobius geniporus Lipophrys pavo Gobius cruentatus Gobius fallax Labrus viridis Lepadogaster candolii Lepadogaster lepadogaster Lipophrys canevae Scorpaena porcus Scorpaena scrofa Sparisoma (Euscarus) cretense Serranus cabrilla Serranus scriba Solea solea Mugil cephalus Labrus merula Lithognathus mormyrus Mullus surmuletus Gobius auratus Gobius bucchichi Gobius cobitis Parablennius sanguinolentus Parablennius tentacularis Paralipophrys trigloides Epinephelus costae Oblada melanura Parablennius rouxi Parablennius gattorugine Diplodus sargus Diplodus vulgaris Diplodus puntazzo APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Symphodus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) cinereus Spondyliosoma cantharus Spicara maena

52 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 25 3 %0,01 (Station S1-S22) (Station S23-S44).

32113 3 2 111 1 1 %0.01 %0.02 %0.01 %0.02 %0.01 %0.02 %0.01 %0.01 %0.02 + ++ ++++ %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25+++++++++++++ S26 S27 ++++++++ S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43 S44 (Risso, 1810) (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 3 (Bloch, 1791) 2 10 5 1 2 1 10 (Risso, 1810) 1 2 1 2 1 4 (Linnaeus, 1758) 8 5 3 1 1 14 3 (A.P.De Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux 1809 Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux (A.P.De %0,01 (Scopoli) Krasser, 1898 (Scopoli) Krasser, 5 15 10 %1 15 2 8 17 6 (Esper) J.V. Lamouroux, 1812 (Esper) J.V. %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 (Risso, 1810) (Linnaeus) P.C.Silva, 1952 (Linnaeus) P.C.Silva, 15 20 3 40 16 29 10 30 100 150 20 3 11 20 (C.Agardh) Ambronn 1880 %0,01 (S.G. Gmelin) Decaisne, 1842 Guichenot, 1850 (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin 1975 %0,01 (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, %0,01 %0,02 %0,01 %0,01 %0,02 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,02 Linnaeus, 1758 (Wulfen) C.Agardh 1823 2 1 1 (J.V.Lamouroux) D.Penrose & Y.M.Chamberlain 1993 & Y.M.Chamberlain D.Penrose (J.V.Lamouroux) Gomont Risso, 1827 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Forsskål) J.Agardh, 1873 J.Agardh, (Forsskål) %1 %25 %15 %10 %20 %20 %30 %30 %30 %20 %20 %1 %1 %1 %1 Cadenat & Blache, 1970 3 2 2 14 3 20 6 18 5 1 4 J.Ellis & Solander 1786J.Ellis %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 (Turra) Nizamuddin, 1987(Turra) 5 10 4 20 3 6 25 (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux 1813(Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux %0.01 %0.01 %0.01 %0.01 %0.01 %0.01 %0.01 %0.01 %0.01 Duby 1830 %50 %30 %40 %10 %5 %5 %2 %50 %5 %2 %1 %1 %5 %10 %10 %5 %15 (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 9 2 7 3 10 (Linnaeus) Thivy, 1960 (Linnaeus) Thivy, %5 %3 %5 %2 %1 %30 %2 %1 %5 %3 %1 %2 %2 %2 Linnaeus, 1758 J.V.Lamouroux 1816J.V.Lamouroux %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 (Poir) Berkeley ex Bornet & Flahault 1886 (Poir) Linnaeus, 1758

vermicularis (Forsskål) C. Agardh, 1822 (Forsskål) %1 %1 %1 %2 %2 %1 (Olivi) C.Agardh, 1817 2 1 5 1 4 3 (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, (J.Ellis %0.01 %5 35 (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816(Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, %0,2 %0,1 %0,2 %0,2 %0,2 %0,1 %0,2 %0,1 %0,1 %0,1 %0,1 %0,2 %0,1 %0,1 %0,2 %0,2 sp. dichotoma cf. cf. cf. cf. Flabellia petiolata Halimeda tuna Herposiphonia secunda Syngnathus abaster Syngnathus acus Dictyopteris polypodioides Dictyota Trachinus draco Trachinus Thalassoma pavo delaisi Tripterygion melanurus Tripterygion tripteronotus Tripterygion Trisopterus minutus Trisopterus Uranoscopus scaber Jania rubens Laurencia obtusa Liagora viscida Lithophyllum Melobesia membranacea Padina pavonica Peyssonnelia squamaria Symphodus (Crenilabrus) melanocercus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) mediterraneus Symphodus (Symphodus) rostratus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) tinca CYANOBACTERIA Rivularia bullata Symploca hydnoides APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Symphodus (Crenilabrus) roissali Statons→ of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Hydrolithon farinosum ALGAE Acetabularia acetabulum Amphiroa rigida Anadyomene stellata Caulerpa racemosa Codium bursa Corallina elongata Cystoseira crinita Cystoseira compressa Dasycladus

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 53 2 12 (Station S23-S44).

1 1 2 11 40 1 1 1 3 8 12 31 12 3 6131 2 14205128 1 24 17610 308 7 178553152472 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43 S44

(Zanardini) Børgesen 1926 (Topsent, 1893) (Topsent, 2 1 (Poiret, 1789) (Poiret, fulva (Linnaeus) Kützing 1843 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 Schmidt, 186 10 5 2 4 1 2 ) Larsen 7 6 2 1 6 2 17 23 1 3 2 6 11 19 4 Nardo, 1847 10 25 5 7 6 2 12 27 2 5 3 Schmidt, 1868 (Ucria) Ascherson, 1869 %20 %20 %20 70% %20 Kützing 1843 8 (Schmidt, 1862) (Forsskål) Ascherson, 1867 (Forsskål) %1 %1 %2 (Roth) C.Agardh 1824 %0,01 %0,01 Nardo, 1833 2 20 100 13 40 16 10 7 2 3 (Linnaeus) Delile, 1813 %50 %60 %40 %30 %20 %15 %2 (Meneghini ex Kützing) M.J.Wynne & Leliaert 2001 (Meneghini ex Kützing) M.J.Wynne ficiformis (Schmidt, 1862) Schmidt, 1862 45 100 100 22 12 18 33 25 6 20 15 21 15 5 24 17 6 (Bowerbank, 1866) 11 4 14 1 (Rapp, 1829) (Topsent, 1925) (Topsent, 4 8 ) (Roth) C.Agardh, 1823 (Pallas, 1766)(Pallas, 5 1 (Schmidt, 1864) (Schmidt, 1862) (Bowerbank, 1866) 1 1 4 3 1 4 1 3 8 2 15 Schmidt, 1862 Schmidt, 1862 (Schmidt, 1862) 10 7 4 3 30 8 (Montagu, 1818) 2 2 3 1 4 8 6 (Schmidt, 1862) (Linnaeus, 1758) 10 70 5 (Schmidt, 1862) Sarà & Melone, 1965 Grant, 1826 1 2 2 1 5 3 sp. Halichoclona sp. Petrosia sp. 1 ( ( sp. sp. Pseudochlorodesmis furcellata Sphacelaria cirrosa Stypocaulon scoparium utricularis Valonia Pedobesia simplex APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ citrina Tethya CNIDARIA Actinia equina Aiptasia diaphana Dysidea avara Sycon raphanus Sycon gelatinosa Terpios aurantium Tethya Ircinia variabilis Ircinia Petrosia Spirastrella cunctatrix Diplastrella bistellata Dysidea fragilis Haliclona Oscarella lobularis Phorbas fictitius Phorbas tenacior Sarcotragus spinosulus Sarcotragus Clathrina Cliona celata Crambe crambe Cliona viridis Acanthella acuta Aplysina aerophoba Chondrilla nucula Chondrosia reniformis Ciocalypta Clathrina clathrus Posidonia oceanica FORAMINIFERA Amphistegina lobifera Valonia macrophysa Valonia PLANTAE Cymodocea nodosa Halophila stipulacea PORIFERA

54 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 9 (Station S23-S44).

1 11 1 3 232 2014 2 1 1 3 1 21 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43 S44 (Eisig, 1870) (Duncan, 1878) 8 Stokes & Broderip, 1828 22 25 30 3 (Stephen, 1942) 3 1 smithii inornata (Spallanzani, 1784) 1 1 3 ) ) (Delle Chiaje, 1828) 2 (Quatrefages, 1865) (Risso, 1826) 100 5 7 2 16 9 18 2 11 3 7 14 2 19 (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, (Delle Chiaje, 1825) 5 5 2 (Dalyell, 1853) 1 (Grube, 1855) 1 (Montagu, 1818) (Delle Chiaje, 1841) (Linnaeus, 1767) 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 (Montagu, 1808) (Linnaeus, 1767) 6 (Grube, 1855) (Risso, 1826) (Grube, 1860) 1 (Montagu, 1804) (Couch, 1838) (Grube, 1860) (Örsted, 1843) (Gravenhorst, 1831) 5 10 3 1 (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834) (Dalyell, 1848) (Forskål, 1775) (Forskål, 30 100 100 200 10 17 80 40 Quatrefages, 1866 7 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 (Risso, 1826) 1 (Müller, 1774) (Müller, Rolando, 1821 Blake, Grassle & Eckelbarger, 2009 Blake, Grassle & Eckelbarger, sp. Caryophyllia Caryophyllia sp. ( ( (sp.) sp. sp. (sp.) ruber cf. cf. NEMERTEA Lineus Capitella teleta Ceratonereis (Composetia) hircinicola Euclymene lumbricoides Harmothoe areolata Harmothoe imbricata Harmothoe PLATYHELMINTES Turbellaria OLIGOCHAETA Oligochaeta Notospermus geniculatus Amphitrite variabilis Olindias phosphorica Sagartia elegans SIPUNCULA Phascolosoma stephensoni POLYCHAETA Acrocirrus frontifilis Amphitrite rubra Chrysopetalum debile Cirriformia tentaculata Dodecaceria Eunice torquata Eupolymnia nebulosa Eupolymnia Dorvillea rubrovittata Eulalia clavigera Eumida sanguinea Cladocora caespitosa Condylactis aurantiaca Cerianthus membranaceus Hermodice carunculata Caryophyllia Amphitritides Branchiomma bombyx Bonellia viridis Bispira volutacornis Calliactis parasitica Caryophyllia Aiptasia mutabilis Anemonia viridis Balanophyllia europaea APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 55 1224 (Station S23-S44).

1 1 1 3 14 10 7 19 2 1 1430815 1 1 1216112 11 12 13 20 10 100 5 20 8 15 5 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43 S44 Leuckart, 1828 10 Claparède, 1868 1 (Grube, 1840) (Quatrefages, 1865) 1 Quatrefages, 1865 (Montagu, 1808) (Grube, 1862) (Linnaeus, 1767) (Dujardin, 1839) 1 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 2 (Fabricius, 1780) (Fabricius, Linnaeus, 1767 1 5 3 25 3 1 4 Langerhans, 1880 (Gmelin, 1791) (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834) Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834 (Grube, 1840) 1 (Ehlers, 1864) 1 (Grube, 180) 1 Audouin & M. Edwards, 183 (Montagu, 1808) (Grube, 1855) (Grube, 1840) Savigny, 1822 Savigny, 4 1 1 Zibrowius, 1971 (Montagu, 1803) (Scacchi, 1835) Johnston, 1839 Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 1 Grube, 1860 sp. 4 Krohn, 1852 Malmgren, 1867 1 Grube, 180 1 Malmgren, 1866 Ehlers, 186 Quatrefages, 1865 (Quatrefages, 1865) 1 Ehlers, 1868 1 sp. (W. Wood, 1802) Wood, (W. sp. sp. Syllis amica Syllis krohni Sigalion mathildae Spirorbis Subadyte pellucida Syllis gracilis Syllis prolifera Syllis variegata Thelepus cincinnatus zebra Trypanosyllis striaticeps Vermiliopsis MOLLUSCA Abra alba Abra longicallus Acanthochitona crinita Serpula vermicularis Sabella spallanzanii Sabella pavonina Serpula concharum Serpula Protula Protula tubularia Platynereis dumerilii Pomatoceros lamarckii Pomatoceros triqueter Pholoe inornata Polyophthalmus pictus Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) granulatum Phascolosoma Perinereis cultrifera Petaloproctus terricola Palola siciliensis Nereis rava Nereis zonata Odontosyllis ctenostoma Mysta picta Myxicola infundibulum Lysidice ninetta Lysidice Naineris laevigata Nematonereis unicornis Lepidonotus clava Lumbrineris latreillii Hydroides nigra Lagis koreni APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→

56 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 44315 (Station S23-S44).

841 22 3112 6 21 1 1 21 21 1 112 12 32 12 3 2182 2833 11 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43 S44 Spengler, 1797 Spengler, 3 1 15 28 25 4 5 10 1 15 (Linnaeus, 1767) 2 3 1 (G. B. Sowerby II, 1834) (Linnaeus, 1758) 5 (Poli, 1791) (Poli, (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 3 3 1 2 16 (Pennant, 1777)(Pennant, 2 1 1 3 2 1 24 (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854) (de Rayneval & Ponzi, (Dautzenberg, 1891) (Montagu, 1803) 3 1 (Poli, 1795) (Poli, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivona, 1832) 3 2 13 (Philippi, 1843) (Risso 1818) (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 2 1 4 8 17 (Linnaeus, 1758) 5 Linnaeus, 1758 10 Bruguière, 1792 19 2 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) 11 9 3 3 2 1 1 3 5 (Da Costa, 1778) 88 124 77 51 44 100 90 62 131 161 180 220 148 150 132 79 180 120 122 118 134 210 Linnaeus, 1758 4 4 7 1 2 (Donovan, 1804) (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 11 7 2 5 3 18 12 Gmelin, 1791 5 1 1 4 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Jeffreys, 1856) (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 2 3 (Philippi, 1836 ) 1 1 Risso, 1826 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gmelin, 1791) (Nardo, 1847) 5 2 1 1 4 1 2 (Montagu, 1803) 1 2 1 1 3 (Defrance, 1820) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linneaus, 1767) (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 3 12 30 2 (Gmelin, 1791) (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 118 166 205 63 58 183 147 189 221 158 193 167 121 180 97 189 213 171 154 157 177 196 (Linnaeus, 1767) 2 3 6 3 1 (Gmelin, 1791) 1 2 1 1 30 (Turton, 1822) (Turton, Linnaeus, 1758 40 24 17 33 5 12 7 3 2 1 Antalis inaequicostata Arca noae Hiatella arctica Jujubinus exasperatus Jujubinus striatus Lepidopleurus cajetanus Anodontia fragilis Acanthocardia paucicostata Alvania mamillata Acanthochitona fascicularis Acanthocardia tuberculata Alvania geryonia APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Limaria hians Flexopecten hyalinus Antalis dentalis Ascobulla fragilis Barbatia barbata Hexaplex trunculus Gibbula adansonii Berthella aurantiaca Gari costulata Gibbula albida Bittium latreillii Bittium reticulatum Bolinus brandaris Callista chione Calliostoma laugieri Calyptraea chinensis Bittium submamillatum Cerithium vulgatum Gibbula fanulum Haminoea hydatis Glans trapezia Granulina marginata Haliotis tuberculata Gouldia minima Chiton (Rhyssoplax) olivaceus Columbella rustica Conus ventricosus Diodora italica Diplodonta rotundata Enginella leucozona Chauvetia brunnea Chama gryphoides

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 57 (Station S23-S44).

34 9 62 1 83 11 12 1 11 11 11 7 14 5 1 13 21 2 11 3 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43 S44 (Gmelin, 1791) (Poli, 1791) (Poli, 4 1 3 (Lamarck, 1819) 5 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 4 1 2 Bergh, 1880 Lamarck, 1819 3 7 (Lamarck, 1819) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cantraine, 1835) Gmelin, 1791 14 7 100 47 8 14 9 50 5 19 2 15 1 3 1 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 (Gmelin, 1791) (Strøm, 1768) (Lamarck, 1822) (Alder, 1844) (Alder, (Lamarck, 1822) 2 5 2 (Risso, 1826) 1 (Martyn, 1786) 1 (Monterosato, 1878) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lamarck, 1822) Risso, 1826 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Montagu, 1803) (Born, 1778) 20 15 150 90 6 14 28 46 108 28 120 165 74 88 37 42 56 33 61 19 32 Philippi, 1836 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bruguière, 1792) (Michaud, 1832) Jeffreys, 1848 Cuvier, 1797 Cuvier, 1 1 1 1 (Kanmacher, 1798) (Kanmacher, (Lamarck, 1818) (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) (Brusina, 1869) Linnaeus, 1758 8 54 25 500 98 5 22 8 24 11 46 50 32 28 10 5 7 1 8 21 4 9 (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824) (Von (Montagu, 1803) 1 1 3 1 2 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, Linnaeus, 1758 50 2 Linnaeus, 1758 3 8 50 30 100 (Poli, 1795) (Poli, Pusillina philippi Retusa truncatula Rissoa monodonta Retusa minutissima Pusillina lineolata Pseudochama gryphina Pisinna glabrata Pusillina inconspicua Patella caerulea Parvicardium exiguum Patella ulyssiponensis Modiolus barbatus Ocinebrina aciculata Octopus vulgaris Odostomia acuta Phorcus articulatus Ostrea edulis Papillicardium papillosum Pecten jacobaeus Peltodoris atromaculata Phorcus turbinatus Pinna nobilis Pitar rudis Gari depressa Monophorus perversus Nassarius incrassatus Mytilus galloprovincialis Musculus costulatus Myrtea spinifera Melarhaphe neritoides Naticarius stercusmuscarum Mangelia sp. Manzonia crassa Melanella stalioi Mimachlamys varia Mitromorpha olivoidea Gibbomodiola adriatica Nassarius pygmaeus Naticarius hebraeus Neverita josephinia Loripes lucinalis Lucinella divaricata Lucinoma borealis Mangelia attenuata APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→

58 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 1 (Station S23-S44).

6 21 63 12 12 11 3 1 618315 3 11 21 30 48 16 58 55 3612 14 8 5 513 10 3 24 3 2 200 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43 S44

(Fabricius, 1787) (Fabricius, (Risso, 1827) (Risso, 1816) 1 (Poli, 1791) (Poli, >1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000 Linnaeus, 1758 Southward, 1976 >1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000 (Forbes, 1844) (Forbes, (Linnaeus, 1767) 2 Risso, 1827 3 1 4 4 2 5 14 8 34 20 17 5 1 1 2 (Poli, 1795) (Poli, >1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000>1000 Leach, 1814 10 Leach (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bruguière, 1792) d’Udekem d’Acoz, 1993 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Roux, 1829) (Leach, 1813) (Linnaeus, 1758) Nardo, 1847 Rathke, 1837 1 2 (Linnaeus, 1767) Blainville, 1827 Desmarest, 1814 (Forskål, 1775) (Forskål, (Philippi, 1836) Pulteney, 1799 Pulteney, Eichwald, 1830 2 1 5 2 13 38 16 7 Linnaeus, 1758 (Mühlfeld, 1824) (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824) (Von 2 12 3 44 2 3 Lamarck, 1818 1 3 4 (Leach, 1817) Desmarest, 1814 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, lactea

(Linnaeus, 1758) (Michaud, 1829) sp. 100 100 sp. elegans sp. sp. sp. cf. Balanus Rissoa violacea Rocellaria dubia Sepia Brachynotus sexdentatus Calcinus tubularis Carcinus aestuarii Chthamalus depressus Chthamalus montagui Chthamalus stellatus Chthamalus Diogenes pugilator Eriphia verrucosa Rissoa splendida Rissoa variabilis Rissoa ventricosa APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ inermis Hippolyte cf. Vermetus acuminata Volvulella Weinkauffia turgidula CRUSTACEA Athanas nitescens Eualus cranchii Galathea squamifera Gnathophyllum elegans Hippolyte sapphica Palaemon elegans Pachygrapsus marmoratus Pagurus anachoretus Pagurus Sepiola Serpulorbis arenarius Solen marginatus Spondylus gaederopus Striarca lactea Cardites antiquatus verrucosa Venus Tellina pulchella Tellina Thyasira biplicata Timoclea ovata pullus Tricolia Tricolia speciosa Tricolia tenuis Tricolia Moerella donacina

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 59 1 1 3132810 1 (Station S23-S44).

1 31 11 11221 111 1 21 31 62 51 31 23 4 11311 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43 S44 Delle Chiaje, 1823 (Blainville, 1825) 1 3 (Retzius, 1783) Gmelin, 1791 10 1 3 1 1 4 1 Delle Chiaje, 1824 5 4 2 3 1 1 5 1 1 2 (Nardo, 1847) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lamarck, 1816) 1 2 1 (Lamarck, 1816) (Bruzelius, 1805) 20 7 1 (Giard, 1872) (O.F. Müller, 1776) Müller, (O.F. (Johnston, 1847) 3 5 13 19 15 4 6 18 22 35 27 33 41 (Rafinesque, 1814) 3 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 50 45 75 21 30 35 6 6 2 1 4 (Lamarck, 1816) Forest, in Drach & Forest, 1953 in Drach & Forest, Forest, (Lamarck, 1816) 30 2 80 80 23 36 15 40 9 20 300 33 15 2 20 32 21 29 8 (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (Ellis & Solander, 2 45 36 40 21 9 3 (Linnaeus, 1767) 3 (Cuvier, 1815) (Cuvier, (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, (Linnaeus, 1767) Forbes, 1843 Forbes, 1 (Risso, 1816) 22 28 13 30 12 24 21 36 43 40 27 68 1 23 2 5 29 17 (Linnaeus, 1761) 2 1 (Abildgaard, in O.F. Müller, 1789) Müller, (Abildgaard, in O.F. 7 10 10 20 18 10 7 7 2 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, (Petagna, 1792) (Petagna, 20 Müller, 1776 Müller, Müller, 1776 Müller, (Olivi, 1792) 7 1 5 15 2 A. Milne-Edwards, 1867 (Linnaeus, 1758) 15 100 50 160 40 56 73 88 224 120 69 25 50 7 15 13 18 26 19 8 15 11 (Risso, 1816) sp. 1 1 sp. sp. Botryllus schlosseri Botryllus Ascidia CHORDATA Ascidia aspersa Ascidia mentula PISCES Apogon (Apogon) imberbis Psammechinus microtuberculatus Sphaerechinus granularis Paracentrotus lividus Ophiopsila aranea Ophiomyxa pentagona Ophiothrix fragilis Didemnum Diplosoma spongiforme Halocynthia papillosa Phallusia mammillata Xantho poressa BRYOZOA Margaretta cereoides Reptadeonella violacea Xantho granulicarpus Xantho pilipes Asterina gibbosa Synalpheus gambarelloides Upogebia pusilla ECHINODERMATA Arbacia lixula Porcellana platycheles Palaemon sp. Pilumnus hirtellus Pisidia bluteli Pisidia longimana Pisidia longicornis Marthasterias glacialis Ophioderma longicauda Pilumnus villosissimus APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa Coscinasterias tenuispina Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus Echinocyamus pusillus Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali Holothuria (Roweothuria) poli

60 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 70 1 21 22416 3 9 54 120 521762516178 (Station S23-S44).

1 1 111 17 5 28 13 1 22 82522574 239 3 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43 S44 (Pallas, 1814)(Pallas, 1 1 (Bonnaterre, 1788) Risso, 1810 50 100 100 200 300 500 (Brünnich, 1768) 2 1 1 Cuvier, 1829 Cuvier, (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 2 1 Valenciennes, 1833Valenciennes, 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (Valenciennes, 1836) (Valenciennes, 2 1 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Risso, 1810) Risso, 1810 1 1 1 1 1 Miller, 1982Miller, 9 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Steindachner, 1878) (Steindachner, (Vinciguerra, 1880) Gmelin, 1789 Linnaeus, 1758 2 2 10 1 1 8 14 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) 5 2 5 64 48 21 3 7 (Walbaum, 1792) (Walbaum, 2 1 1 1 5 2 3 Valenciennes, 1837Valenciennes, 25 4 8 13 27 9 35 9 2 11 4 4 2 Linnaeus, 1758 1 (Cocco, 1833) 1 2 1 1 1 1 Steindachner, 1870Steindachner, 28 50 1 3 6 1 36 3 7 3 Linnaeus, 1758 (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 30 10 20 60 30 1 10 2 7 55 5 25 6 5 11 6 23 13 6 18 (Linnaeus, 1758) 8 10 1 1 35 (Linnaeus, 1758) 7 6 13 (Linnaeus, 1758) 5 1 4 (Linnaeus, 1758) 7 5 22 4 17 4 6 8 10 15 6 14 25 (Risso, 1810) Vinciguerra, 1883 15 15 1 5 3 2 Linnaeus, 1758 Risso, 1810 5 20 1 10 (Linnaeus, 1761) 1 3 Pallas, 1814 Pallas, Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, 1758 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) Sarato, 1889 10 7 13 7 40 Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus, 1758) 10 26 38 24 3 5 10 35 8 19 (Linnaeus, 1758) 30 3 15 25 15 8 22 14 18 35 20 31 11 sp. 15 1 Serranus cabrilla Lipophrys canevae Atherina (Hepsetia) boyeri APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Belone belone Boops boops Statons→ Scorpaena porcus Scorpaena maderensis Lipophrys pavo Parablennius rouxi Parablennius tentacularis Pomatoschistus bathi Sarpa salpa Lithognathus mormyrus Oblada melanura Parablennius gattorugine Parablennius sanguinolentus Mullus surmuletus Paralipophrys trigloides Labrus viridis Lepadogaster candolii Lepadogaster lepadogaster Chromis chromis Gobius vittatus Hippocampus guttulatus Liza Mugil cephalus Labrus merula Scorpaena scrofa Dentex (Dentex) dentex Dicentrarchus labrax Gobius auratus Diplodus annularis Diplodus puntazzo Diplodus sargus Diplodus vulgaris Epinephelus costae Gobius cruentatus Gobius cobitis Gobius bucchichi Clinitrachus argentatus Coris julis Gobius niger Gobius geniporus Gobius fallax

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 61 2 (Station S23-S44).

12213411 2 1 1 11 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43 S44 (Risso, 1810) 2 3 5 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 4 Jordan, 1890 2 1 (Bonnaterre, 1788) 30 1 40 15 20 6 (Bloch, 1791) 1 20 15 1 1 1 (Risso, 1810) 3 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) 10 1 1 1 2 3 1 6 2 3 1 1 1 3 2 doderleini (Linnaeus, 1758) 15 33 1 (Risso, 1810) 5 ) Guichenot, 1850 2 Linnaeus, 1758 Risso, 1827 (Linnaeus, 1758) Cadenat & Blache, 1970 10 30 1 65 3 2 3 8 1 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 30 40 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 (Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758 Crenilabrus ( (Linnaeus, 1758) Thalassoma pavo Symphodus (Crenilabrus) roissali Symphodus (Symphodus) rostratus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) tinca Syngnathus abaster Syngnathus acus draco Trachinus melanurus Tripterygion tripteronotus Tripterygion Tripterygion delaisi Tripterygion Trisopterus minutus Trisopterus Uranoscopus scaber Solea solea Serranus scriba Symphodus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) melanocercus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) mediterraneus APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 2. Marine Species Recorded By Skin Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Symphodus (Crenilabrus) cinereus Statons→ Spicara maena Spondyliosoma cantharus Sparisoma (Euscarus) cretense Sparus aurata

62 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park %0,01 %0,1 %0,01 %1 %1 %1 1 (Station A1-A14) %5 %5 %1 %1 %1

1 1 %0,01 %1 %0,01 %1 1 140 7 30 18 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 (Magnus) Woelkerling, 1973 (Magnus) Woelkerling, (Esper) J.V. Lamouroux, 1812 (Esper) J.V. (Linnaeus) P.C.Silva, 1952 (Linnaeus) P.C.Silva, 2 5 %0,1 4 1 4 1 %0,1 10 (C.Agardh) Ambronn 1880 %0,01 (Scopoli) Krasser, 1898 (Scopoli) Krasser, (S.G. Gmelin) Decaisne, 1842 (Linnaeus) Kützing 1843 1 (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin 1975 (J.V.Lamouroux) D.Penrose & Y.M.Chamberlain 1993 & Y.M.Chamberlain D.Penrose (J.V.Lamouroux) %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 Larsen 2 1 1 5 1 1 3 2 (Harvey) Kylin 1924 (Harvey) Kylin (Wulfen) C.Agardh 1823 (Dillwyn) J.Agardh 1883(Dillwyn) J.Agardh 1 (Ucria) Ascherson, 1869 Kützing 1843 1 (Vacelet, 1959) (Vacelet, (Forsskål) Ascherson, 1867 (Forsskål) Schmidt, 1862 (Roth) C.Agardh 1824 Nardo, 1833 5 20 3 10 7 20 35 14 50 (Linnaeus) Delile, 1813 %60 %30 %15 %40 %30 %40 %40 %40 %20 %5 %40 %30 %40 (Forsskål) J.Agardh, 1873 J.Agardh, (Forsskål) %35 %60 %50 %10 %20 %50 %50 %0,1 %15 %15 %2 %5 %10 %2 (Esper, 1794) (Esper, 5 2 1 3 6 (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, %0,01 %0,01 0,03% (Esper, 1794) (Esper, 13 30 2 20 30 3 65 (Turra) Nizamuddin, 1987(Turra) 6 %0,1 %2 %0,1 %0,1 (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux 1813(Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux %0,01 Duby 1830 %0,1 %10 %5 %0,1 %0,1 %0,2 %0,2 %5 %5 %1 %0,1 %0,1 (Roth) C.Agardh, 1823 8 3 5 1 (Linnaeus) Thivy, 1960 (Linnaeus) Thivy, %1 %10 %0,1 %5 %5 %2 %0,1 %2 %10 %2 %1 %1 (Nardo) P.C.Silva in W.Greuter 2000 in W.Greuter (Nardo) P.C.Silva (Risso, 1826) Schmidt, 1862 1 3 3 (Schmidt, 1864) 9 50 4 40 1 sp. (Olivi) C.Agardh, 1817 1 5 2 2 5 2 25 1 10 4 (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, (J.Ellis %10 %0,01 %0,01 %5 %3 %1 sp. (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816(Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, %0,05 %0,5 sp. Anadyomene stellata Caulerpa racemosa Codium bursa Colaconema membranaceum Cystoseira compressa Cystoseira crinita Dasycladus vermicularis Dictyotadichotoma Erythrotrichia carnea Flabellia petiolata Halimeda tuna Herposiphonia secunda Hydrolithon farinosum Jania rubens Laurencia obtusa Lithophyllum Lithothamnion Melobesia membranacea APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ ALGAE Acetabularia acetabulum Acrosorium ciliolatum Padina pavonica Peyssonnelia Peyssonnelia squamaria Sphacelaria cirrosa macrophysa Valonia utricularis Valonia Zanardinia typus PLANTAE Cymodocea nodosa Stypocaulon scoparium Halophila stipulacea Posidonia oceanica PORIFERA Acanthella acuta Agelas oroides Aplysina aerophoba Aplysina cavernicola Axinella cannabina Axinella damicornis Axinella polypoides Calyx nicaeensis FORAMINIFERA Amphistegina lobifera

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 63 15 31 1 (Station A1-A14)

10 2 10 1 10 3111 1 1 8 3 17224 14 2 30 91 7 1 210 1 31 3205 1 10 7 1 10 1 10 1 1105 5 7 5 13 4 15 7 10 7 4 8 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 (Duncan, 1878) 1 11 Stokes & Broderip, 1828 15 30 10 10 5 4 3

(Topsent, 1893) (Topsent, Linnaeus, 1759 (Poiret, 1789) (Poiret, 13 40 10 2 50 1 2 10 1 3 inornata smithii (Spallanzani, 1784) 1 1 1 1 ) ) fulva Schmidt, 186 ) (Risso, 1826) 6 21 25 50 20 12 1 (Bowerbank, 1874) 1 2 Nardo, 1847 25 20 10 10 100 80 100 3 2 17 Schmidt, 1868 1 2 20 20 10 20 35 10 20 5 20 (Linnaeus, 1767) 1 3 1 (Schmidt, 1862) Muricy, Boury-Esnault, Bézac & Vacelet, 1996 Bézac & Vacelet, Boury-Esnault, Muricy, (Couch, 1838) officinalis ficiformis (Schmidt, 1862) Schmidt, 1862 4 6 3 7 8 100 200 500 6 3 (Bowerbank, 1866) ) (Rapp, 1829) 4 5 (Topsent, 1925) (Topsent, ) (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, (Schmidt, 1864) (Gravenhorst, 1831) 2 2 2 4 2 Carter, 1880 Carter, (Schmidt, 1862) (Bowerbank, 1866) 1 3 2 3 6 25 1 1 (Forskål, 1775) (Forskål, 1 5 2 100 20 Schmidt, 1862 (Schmidt, 1862) (Montagu, 1818) (Schmidt, 1862) 5 1 12 1 50 (Linnaeus, 1758) Caryophyllia Caryophyllia (Schmidt, 1862) Grant, 1826 sp. ( sp. ( sp. sp. Halichoclona sp. Spongia Petrosia ( sp. ( ( sp. sp. Dotona pulchella Clathrina clathrus Anemonia viridis Balanophyllia europaea Calliactis parasitica Ircinia variabilis Hemimycale columella Haliclona Ircinia Oscarella imperialis Oscarella lobularis Phorbas Spirastrella cunctatrix Spongia Dysidea avara Dysidea fragilis Sarcotragus spinosulus Sarcotragus APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Chondrilla nucula Chondrosia reniformis Ciocalypta Cliona celata Cliona viridis Crambe crambe Diplastrella bistellata Caryophyllia Cladocora caespitosa Eudendrium Caryophyllia Cerianthus membranaceus Caryophyllia Sycon raphanus Sycon gelatinosa Terpios aurantium Tethya Petrosia Phorbas fictitius Phorbas tenacior CNIDARIA Actinia equina Aglaophenia Aiptasia diaphana Aiptasia mutabilis

64 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 8 1 1 11 1 1 2 (Station A1-A14)

30 1 1 11 1 1 100 1 11121 12 11 2 11 111 21 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 (Eisig, 1870) 2 1 (Grube, 1840) (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897) 3 (Stephen, 1942) (Renier, 1804) (Renier, Örsted, 1845 1 (Leydig, 1851) (Delle Chiaje, 1828) (Dalyell, 1853) Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897 (Schmidt, 1862) 6 3 3 12 (Grube, 1855) (Montagu, 1818) 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 6 13 10 8 1 (Delle Chiaje, 1841) (Risso, 1826) (Grube, 1855) (Risso, 1826) (Esper, 1791)(Esper, 20 (Grube, 1860) (Montagu, 1804) (Grube, 1855) (Örsted, 1843) (Koch, 1887)(Koch, 25 a Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 1 (Southern, 1914) Quatrefages, 1866 1 1 7 4 6 2 1 1 2 1 3 (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833) (Risso, 1826) Rolando, 1821 (Delle Chiaje, 1828) sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ sp. Telmatactis NEMERTEA Lineus sp. Micrura aurantiaca Statons→ Eunicella singularis Eunicella cavolini Leptopsammia pruvoti Olindias phosphorica Paramuricea clavata Parazoanthus axinellae Phyllangia americana mouchezii Notospermus geniculatus Amphitrite variabilis POLYCHAETA Amphitrite rubra SIPUNCULA Aspidosiphon sp. Phascolosoma stephensoni Caulleriella alata Ceratonereis (Composetia) costae Ceratonereis (Composetia) hircinicola Chaetopterus variopedatus Dorvillea rubrovittata Chone Chrysopetalum debile Dodecaceria Amphiglena mediterranea Arabella Bispira volutacornis Branchiomma bombyx Bonellia viridis Eulalia clavigera Eumida sanguinea Eunice torquata Eunice vittata Eunice Eusyllis Euphrosine folios Eupolymnia nebulosa Exogone (Exogone) naidina Flabelligera affinis Sars, 1829 Filograna Harmothoe areolata

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 65 2 1 1 11 (Station A1-A14) 12

2 1 1 2 10 2111 1 1121 221 1 21 11 11 212 11 11 111 11 21 1 11 1 115 1 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 (Stephen, 1942) 1 (Philippi, 1844) (Grube, 1840) (Baird, 1865) (Quatrefages, 1866) 1 1 (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, 2 (Montagu, 1808) (Linnaeus, 1767) M. Sars, 1851 (Dujardin, 1839) 1 1 (Saint-Joseph, 1888) (Saint-Joseph, (Montagu, 1818) 1 1 Claparède, 1868 Oersted, 183 Linnaeus, 1767 7 2 3 4 10 12 50 10 20 18 11 Langerhans, 1880 (Ehlers, 1864) (Gmelin, 1791) 1 2 5 1 1 1 4 (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834) 2 1 3 1 (Grube, 1840) (Ehlers, 1864) Audouin & M. Edwards, 183 (Delle Chiaje, 1827) (Montagu, 1808) Grube, 1840 (Grube, 1840) Savigny, 1822 Savigny, (Montagu, 1803) 2 13 5 10 4 8 2 100 4 10 9 6 Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 Marion & Bobretzky, Verrill, 1900 Verrill, Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 2 1 1 Moore, 1908 (Fabricius, 1780) (Fabricius, Malmgren, 1867 Grube, 180 Grube, 1863 (Müller, 1776) (Müller, (Campoy, 1982) (Campoy, Ehlers, 1868 sp. sp. sp. APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Harmothoe spinifera Syllis garciai Syllis gracilis Hermodice carunculata Eupolymnia nebulosa Glycera tesselata Harmothoe Syllis hyalina Lysidice ninetta Lysidice Marphysa fallax Lepidonotus clava Myrianida Myxicola infundibulum Myxicola sp. Neanthes caudata Nematonereis unicornis Nereis rava Nereis zonata Nereiphylla rubiginosa Notomastus latericeus Palola siciliensis Perinereis cultrifera Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) stephensoni Phyllodoce mucosa Pholoe minuta Sabella spallanzanii Proceraea aurantiaca Protula tubularia Sabella pavonina Pomatoceros triqueter Pontogenia chrysocoma Polyophthalmus pictus Pista cristata Platynereis dumerilii Syllis alternata Serpula concharum Sigalion mathildae Spirobranchus lamarcki Spirobranchus polytrema Subadyte pellucida Syllis corallicola Serpula Serpula vermicularis

66 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 (Station A1-A14) 1

1 11 11 2 2 1111 111 1 21 10 2 1 10 1 2 1 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 Spengler, 1797 Spengler, 4 10 4 2 5 5 3 10 1 3 (Gmelin, 1788) (Lamarck, 1819) (Grube, 1862) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dautzenberg, 1891) (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, (Poli, 1795) (Poli, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Philippi, 1843) 2 1 (Risso 1818) (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 2 2 Linnaeus, 1758 Bruguière, 1792 2 1 2 1 4 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Da Costa, 1778) 9 10 3 1 13 31 16 (Donovan, 1804) (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, Gmelin, 1791 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 (Philippi, 1836 ) 1 Risso, 1826 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gmelin, 1791) (Donovan, 1804) (Alder & Hancock, 1845) (Defrance, 1820) (Linnaeus, 1758) Grube, 1860 (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 1 (Gmelin, 1791) 1 5 2 Krohn, 1852 (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 2 5 1 5 18 27 (Michaud, 1832) 1 3 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, (Turton, 1822) (Turton, (Philippi, 1844) Linnaeus, 1758 3 11 6 10 5 6 5 (W. Wood, 1802) Wood, (W. APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Gibbula adansonii Syllis prolifera Gibbula albida Syllis variegata (sp.) Terebellidae infundibulum Vermiliopsis striaticeps Vermiliopsis MOLLUSCA Abra alba Acanthochitona crinita Acanthochitona fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) Alvania lactea Alvania mamillata Anodontia fragilis Antalis dentalis Aporrhais pespelecani Arca noae Barbatia barbata Conus ventricosus Diodora italica Antalis inaequicostata Enginella leucozona Euspira intricata Flabellina affinis Chama gryphoides Chauvetia brunnea Chiton (Rhyssoplax) olivaceus Gari depressa Berthella aurantiaca Caloria elegans Calyptraea chinensis Cardites antiquatus Cerithium vulgatum Columbella rustica Gari costulata Gibbomodiola adriatica Bittium latreillii Bittium reticulatum Bolinus brandaris Calliostoma laugieri Callista chione Flexopecten hyalinus rudis Fusinus

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 67 3 32 32 2 11 1 (Station A1-A14) 31 1 13 1

165 1 11 3 1 23 83 1 11 3 11 2 35 25 1 3 3 1 10 3 1 20 1 23 1 311 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 (Gmelin, 1791) 1 (Poli, 1791) (Poli, (Poli, 1791) (Poli, (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 1 2 5 2 1 (Lamarck, 1819) Bergh, 1880 8 100 12 1 1 3 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cantraine, 1835) 1 1 (Pennant, 1777)(Pennant, 1 Gmelin, 1791 (Gmelin, 1791) (Strøm, 1768) (Lamarck, 1822) 1 1 (Philippi, 1844) (Lamarck, 1822) (Risso, 1826) (Bivona, 1832) 4 6 1 (Martyn, 1786) 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 3 3 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 (Born, 1778) 5 2 13 6 17 10 1 1 3 4 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758 4 1 1 2 2 1 5 1 (Montagu, 1803) (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Michaud, 1832) Jeffreys, 1848 Cuvier, 1797 Cuvier, (Kanmacher, 1798) (Kanmacher, 2 (Gmelin, 1791) (Lamarck, 1818) Linnaeus, 1758 (Montagu, 1803) (Linnaeus, 1767) (Linnaeus, 1767) (Linnaeus, 1767) (Gmelin, 1791) Aradas, 1847 Linnaeus, 1758 sp. Pusillina lineolata APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Platydoris argo Gibbula fanulum Pseudochama gryphina Gibbula Glans trapezia Gouldia minima Granulina marginata Haminoea hydatis Hexaplex trunculus Hiatella rugosa Jujubinus exasperatus Haliotis tuberculata Jujubinus striatus Lepidopleurus cajetanus Limaria hians Loripes lucinalis Lucinella divaricata Mangelia attenuata Manzonia crassa Mimachlamys varia Mitromorpha olivoidea Modiolula phaseolina Modiolus barbatus Moerella donacina Monophorus perversus Musculus costulatus Nassarius incrassatus Papillicardium papillosum Odostomia acuta Naticarius stercusmuscarum Nassarius pygmaeus Naticarius hebraeus Ocinebrina aciculata Octopus vulgaris Parvicardium exiguum Patella caerulea Patella ulyssiponensis Pecten jacobaeus Peltodoris atromaculata Pinna nobilis Phorcus turbinatus Phyllidia flava

68 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 1 2 1 3 1 22 11 12 337 2 5 1 1 1 (Station A1-A14)

11 1 21 211 >1000 73 26 30 14 12 1 11 2 1 122 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14

(Fabricius, 1787) (Fabricius, (Poli, 1791) (Poli, >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 Linnaeus, 1758 Southward, 1976 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 (van Beneden, 1861) (Linnaeus, 1767) 1 (Forbes, 1844) (Forbes, Risso, 1827 2 2 3 5 1 6 (Poli, 1795) (Poli, >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 Leach, 1814 Leach 19 10 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bruguière, 1792) Risso, 1826 d’Udekem d’Acoz, 1993 2 Philippi, 1836 2 (Linnaeus, 1767) (Montagu, 1804) Guérin, 1832 Desmarest, 1814 1 (Gmelin, 1791) (Forskål, 1775) (Forskål, (Bruguière, 1792) Pulteney, 1799 Pulteney, Eichwald, 1830 Linnaeus, 1758 (Mühlfeld, 1824) 2 2 3 1 Monterosato, 1877 Linnaeus, 1758 (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) 2 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824) (Von 1 2 2 4 Lamarck, 1818 (Leach, 1817) (Donovan, 1804) Desmarest, 1814 lactea (Heller, 1866) (Heller,

(Linnaeus, 1758) 3 1 4 4 sp. sp. Mysis Pachygrapsus marmoratus APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Hippolyte sapphica Hyale schmidti Pusillina philippi Retusa truncatula Rissoa monodonta Pussilina inconspicua Rissoa splendida Pagurus anachoretus Rissoa ventricosa Rissoa variabilis Rissoa violacea Rocellaria dubia Sepia officinalis Serpulorbis arenarius Solen marginatus Spondylus gaederopus Striarca lactea Tarantinaea lignarius Tarantinaea Tricolia pullus Tricolia speciosa Tricolia acuta Turbonilla Tellina pulchella Tellina Turritella communis Turritella Turritella turbona Turritella perversa Tylodina Venus verrucosa Venus Volvulella acuminata Volvulella Weinkauffia turgidula CRUSTACEA Alpheus dentipes Calcinus tubularis Chthamalus depressus Eualus cranchii Chthamalus montagui Chthamalus stellatus Chthamalus Eriphia verrucosa Hippolyte cf. inermis Hippolyte cf. Galathea squamifera Gastrosaccus sanctus Gnathia maxillaris

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 69 2 1 2 2 1 1 (Station A1-A14)

15 25 25 1 1 1511 11 112 3 2 2 2 1 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 Delle Chiaje, 1823 (Blainville, 1825) 1 1 (Retzius, 1783) 1 2 5 3 1 5 1 3 10 1 Gmelin, 1791 1 1 10 1 2 18 5 3 6 Delle Chiaje, 1824 (Philippi, 1845) (Lamarck, 1816) 5 1 4 3 2 40 2 10 10 1 (Lamarck, 1816) 2 2 1 4 1 (Bruzelius, 1805) 10 30 4 5 1 (O.F. Müller, 1776) Müller, (O.F. 3 (Johnston, 1847) 8 50 6 1 19 (Bate, 1858) (Rafinesque, 1814) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lamarck, 1816) 1 7 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, (Lamarck, 1816) (Bruguière, 1789) (Lamarck, 1816) 20 10 20 20 15 2 14 10 2 5 (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (Ellis & Solander, 9 5 6 4 1 13 6 Lamouroux, 1821 Risso, 1827 Rathke, 1837 (King, 1846) (Fabricius, 1787) (Fabricius, (Risso, 1816) (Linnaeus, 1761) (Abildgaard, in O.F. Müller, 1789) Müller, (Abildgaard, in O.F. 2 20 100 5 100 20 1 10 2 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, (Waters, 1894) (Waters, 1 1 (Leske, 1778) 1 4 2 (Olivi, 1792) A. Milne-Edwards, 1867 (Linnaeus, 1758) 7 100 5 4 200 45 30 50 45 34 (Risso, 1816) sp. sp. longimana

Xantho pilipes BRYOZOA Beania sp. Cryptosula APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Pagurus Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali Hornera frondiculata Margaretta cereoides Reptadeonella violacea Holothuria (Roweothuria) poli Asterina gibbosa Sertella aporosa Sertella beaniana ECHINODERMATA Antedon mediterranea Arbacia lixula Xantho poressa Pilumnus hirtellus Stenopus spinosus Palinurus elephas Perforatus perforatus Palaemon elegans Psammechinus microtuberculatus Sphaerechinus granularis CHORDATA Paracentrotus lividus Ophioderma longicauda Ophiomyxa pentagona Ophiothrix fragilis Brissus unicolor Centrostephanus longispinus Coscinasterias tenuispina Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa Marthasterias glacialis Echinocyamus pusillus Pilumnus villosissimus Pisidia bluteli Pisidia Pontocrates arenarius Porcellana platycheles

70 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 1 67 1 1 3 11 1 1 1 (Station A1-A14) 32 37

12 1 192512 5 4 13 20 5 2 5 1 >1000 200 200 23 100 35 50 5 3 37 31 1 300 50 25 50 50 20 5 50 70 3 20 11 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 (Linnaeus, 1758) Risso, 1810 (Brünnich, 1768) 4 3 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 1 2 1 (Giard, 1872) (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 1 (Valenciennes, 1836) (Valenciennes, Ramos-Espla, 1991 Risso, 1810 (Linnaeus, 1767) 4 1 6 5 3 (Cuvier, 1815) (Cuvier, (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cocco, 1833) Gmelin, 1789 Linnaeus, 1758 2 1 1 2 1 Valenciennes, 1837Valenciennes, 4 3 2 6 5 14 17 4 (Walbaum, 1792) (Walbaum, Steindachner, 1870Steindachner, 5 4 3 5 10 8 (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 3 65 150 50 100 20 2 15 12 6 25 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 4 100 29 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 5 20 5 5 5 5 5 2 4 Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus, 1758) Vinciguerra, 1883 1 10 4 1 Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus, 1758) Risso, 1810 1 1 50 2 40 4 1 2 1 Pallas, 1814 Pallas, Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus, 1758) Sarato, 1889 Linnaeus, 1758 1 5 s sp. sp. (Linnaeus, 1758) 17 75 2 50 15 3 13 65 70 10 21 14 sp. sp. SCES İ Lepadogaster candolii Gobius cruentatus Gobius fallax Gobius geniporus Gobius niger Mullus surmuletus Myliobatis aquila Oblada melanura Muraena helena Dentex (Dentex) dentex Gobius cobitis Labrus viridis Coris julis Diplodus annularis Diplodus sargus Diplodus vulgaris Gobius auratus Gobius bucchichi Gobius vittatus Liza Mugil cephalus Labrus merula Labrus mixtus Diplodus puntazzo Boops boops Chromis chromis APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Pagrus pagrus Parablennius gattorugine Didemnum Aplidium tabarquensis Ascidia Botryllus schlosseri Diplosoma spongiforme Parablennius rouxii Conger conger Halocynthia papillosa Microcosmu Phallusia mammillata Atherina (Hepsetia) boyeri Apogon (Apogon) imberbis P Parablennius tentacularis Paralipophrys trigloides

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 71 2 1 (Station A1-A14) (Station A15-A28)

1 2 24 42 1 215 2301 5 20 2 1 8 65 100 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 (Risso, 1810) (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 1 1 1 3 1 (Bonnaterre, 1788) 1 22 2 2 5 2 2 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Magnus) Woelkerling, 1973 Woelkerling, (Magnus) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Kolombatovic, 1891) (Kolombatovic, (Lowe, 1839) (Risso, 1810) 1 (Linnaeus) P.C.Silva, 1952 (Linnaeus) P.C.Silva, 5 13 %0,1 %0,1 1 3 %5 (Scopoli) Krasser, 1898 Krasser, (Scopoli) 2 2 Valenciennes, 1833 Valenciennes, Guichenot, 1850 (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin 1975Nizamuddin & Gerloff (Esper) %20 (Harvey) Kylin 1924 Kylin (Harvey) Miller, 1982 Miller, Linnaeus, 1758 (Wulfen) C.Agardh 1823C.Agardh (Wulfen) (Dillwyn) J.Agardh 1883 J.Agardh (Dillwyn) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Forsskål) J.Agardh, 1873 J.Agardh, (Forsskål) %20 %20 %30 %35 %1 %8 %25 %20 %25 %20 %30 %1 Cadenat & Blache, 1970 3 1 2 12 6 20 3 (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux, 1809 J.V.Lamouroux, (Hudson) Linnaeus, 1758 Duby 1830Duby %1 %0,2 %10 %0,1 %0,1 %0,1 %0,2 Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 5 7 2 3 10 8 3 1 2 6 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 17 3 7 4 19 5 2 1 5 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) 5 100 2 150 8 (Olivi) C.Agardh, 1817 1 2 8 3 20 1 20 1 3 Linnaeus, 1758 (Risso, 1810) (Bloch, 1793) (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 8 8 20 30 10 3 (Linnaeus, 1758) APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Scorpaena maderensis Pomatoschistus bathi Salaria pavo Sarda sarda Sarpa salpa Scorpaena porcus Scorpaena scrofa ALGAE Acetabularia acetabulum Acrosorium ciliolatum Anadyomene stellata Caulerpa racemosa Codium bursa Colaconema membranaceum Cystoseira compressa Cystoseira crinita Dasycladus vermicularis Serranus cabrilla Serranus hepatus Serranus scriba Dictyotadichotoma Erythrotrichia carnea Solea solea Sparus aurata Uranoscopus scaber Symphodus (Crenilabrus) roissali (Risso, 1810) Spondyliosoma cantharus Spicara maena Symphodus (Crenilabrus) cinereus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) melanocercus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) mediterraneus Symphodus (Symphodus) rostratus (Bloch, 1791) Symphodus (Crenilabrus) tinca tripteronotus Tripterygion Trisopterus minutus Trisopterus Thorogobius ephippiatus Thalassoma pavo Thorogobius macrolepis delaisi Tripterygion melanurus Tripterygion

72 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park (Station A15-A28)

4%11013127 483124 4%11013127

A15 A16 A17 A18 A19%0,1 A20 %1 %0,1 A21 %0,1 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28

(Esper) J.V. Lamouroux, 1812Lamouroux, J.V. (Esper) (C.Agardh) Ambronn 1880Ambronn (C.Agardh) (S.G. Gmelin) Decaisne, 1842 %1 %1 %5 %0,01 %0,01 %1 (Linnaeus) Kützing 1843Kützing (Linnaeus) 3 (J.V.Lamouroux) D.Penrose & Y.M.Chamberlain 1993 & Y.M.Chamberlain D.Penrose (J.V.Lamouroux) %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 %0,01 Larsen 2 1 3 2 Nardo, 1847 25 30 18 30 100 15 3 6 11 4 100 (Ucria) Ascherson, 1869 Ascherson, (Ucria) %5 Kützing 1843Kützing 1 (Schmidt, 1862)(Schmidt, 8 (Vacelet, 1959) (Vacelet, 60 50 (Forsskål) Ascherson, 1867Ascherson, (Forsskål) %1 Schmidt, 1862 Schmidt, 10 70 2 70 5 (Roth) C.Agardh 1824C.Agardh (Roth) 2 Nardo, 1833 12 8 25 30 25 100 40 50 3 5 11 15 15 (Linnaeus) Delile, 1813 %30 %30 %60 %50 %10 %15 %20 %40 %30 %30 %20 %40 (Esper, 1794) (Esper, 1 6 (Esper, 1794) (Esper, 2 7 24 30 18 50 2 3 5 1 40 Schmidt, 1862Schmidt, 100 3 7 3 8 12 (Turra) Nizamuddin, 1987Nizamuddin, (Turra) %1 %1 %1 %1 %1 %0,1 %0,1 %0,1 %2 (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux 1813 J.V.Lamouroux (Hudson) (Roth) C.Agardh, 1823C.Agardh, (Roth) (Schmidt, 1864) (Schmidt, 10 3 (Linnaeus) Thivy, 1960 (Linnaeus) Thivy, %0,1 %0,1 %0,1 %0,1 %0,1 %0,1 %0,1 %0,1 %0,1 (Nardo) P.C.Silva in W.Greuter 2000 W.Greuter in P.C.Silva (Nardo) 2 Carter, 1880 Carter, (Schmidt, 1862) (Risso, 1826) (Risso, 1 1 Schmidt, 1862Schmidt, 3 5 4 (Montagu, 1818) (Montagu, (Schmidt, 1864) (Schmidt, 30 40 35 100 5 10 2 100 15 sp. (Schmidt, 1862)(Schmidt, 3 35 1 1 15 2 1 28 (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux, (J.Ellis %1 %1 %5 %1 %20 %2 %5 %1 %1 %15 sp. (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 J.V.Lamouroux, (Linnaeus) (Schmidt, 1862)(Schmidt, 3 10 1 sp. Grant, 1826 Grant, 10 10 sp. Dysidea avara Dysidea fragilis Dotona pulchella Diplastrella bistellata Clathrina clathrus Cliona celata Crambe crambe Cliona viridis APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Posidonia oceanica Cymodocea nodosa Flabellia petiolata Halimeda tuna Herposiphonia secunda Hydrolithon farinosum Jania rubens Laurencia obtusa Lithophyllum Lithothamnion Melobesia membranacea Padina pavonica Peyssonnelia Peyssonnelia squamaria Sphacelaria cirrosa macrophysa Valonia utricularis Valonia Zanardinia typus PLANTAE Halophila stipulacea FORAMINIFERA Amphistegina lobifera PORIFERA Acanthella acuta Agelas oroides Aplysina aerophoba Aplysina cavernicola Axinella cannabina Axinella damicornis Axinella polypoides Calyx nicaeensis Chondrilla nucula Chondrosia reniformis Ciocalypta Stypocaulon scoparium

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 73 (Station A15-A28)

1 1 50 1 50 1 2 2 710 1 5 710

3 24 2 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 1 1 1 1 (Duncan, 1878) (Duncan, 1 5 40 Stokes & Broderip, 1828 28 28 1 3 40 30 11 (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897)(Lacaze-Duthiers, (Topsent, 1893) (Topsent, 1 Linnaeus, 1759Linnaeus, 1 2 (Poiret, 1789) (Poiret, 11 20 30 50 14 40 1 4 3 30 inornata smithii (Spallanzani, 1784)(Spallanzani, 1 1 1 1 1 ) ) fulva Schmidt, 186Schmidt, 1 ) (Risso, 1826) (Risso, 48 80 100 100 100 3 5 (Bowerbank, 1874)(Bowerbank, Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897Lacaze-Duthiers, (Schmidt, 1862)(Schmidt, 100 1 80 1 100 (Delle Chiaje, 1841)Chiaje, (Delle 1 2 Schmidt, 1868 Schmidt, 20 18 50 50 20 30 7 (Linnaeus, 1767)(Linnaeus, 100 30 1 2 (Risso, 1826) (Risso, 50 70 Muricy, Boury-Esnault, Bézac & Vacelet, 1996 Vacelet, & Bézac 1 Boury-Esnault, Muricy, (Esper, 1791) (Esper, 4 3 (Couch, 1838) (Couch, officinalis ficiformis (Schmidt, 1862) (Schmidt, 1 3 10 1 (Rapp, 1829)(Rapp, 4 11 8 (Bowerbank, 1866)(Bowerbank, 1 4 20 4 10 10 (Koch, 1887) (Koch, 30 1 1 40 ) (Topsent, 1925) (Topsent, 5 10 40 5 5 12 ) (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, 2 (Gravenhorst, 1831)(Gravenhorst, (Bowerbank, 1866)(Bowerbank, 3 5 2 2 5 (Forskål, 1775) (Forskål, 17 Schmidt, 1862 Schmidt, 5 (Schmidt, 1862) (Schmidt, 3 30 1 30 5 40 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, Caryophyllia Caryophyllia ( ( sp. sp. sp. Halichoclona Spongia Petrosia ( sp. ( ( sp. sp. Olindias phosphorica Paramuricea clavata Eunicella singularis Leptopsammia pruvoti Eunicella cavolini Cerianthus membranaceus Cladocora caespitosa Eudendrium Terpios gelatinosa Terpios aurantium Tethya Aglaophenia sp. Aiptasia diaphana Anemonia viridis Balanophyllia europaea CNIDARIA Actinia equina Aiptasia mutabilis Calliactis parasitica Caryophyllia Caryophyllia Caryophyllia Spirastrella cunctatrix Spongia Sycon raphanus Sycon Sarcotragus spinosulus Sarcotragus Petrosia Oscarella imperialis Oscarella lobularis Phorbas fictitius Phorbas tenacior Phorbas Ircinia variabilis Ircinia APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Hemimycale columella Statons→ Haliclona Parazoanthus axinellae Phyllangia americana mouchezii sp. Telmatactis

74 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park (Station A15-A28)

2 2 1 1 1

1 3 1 1 A15 A16 3 3 A17 A18 A19 1 2 A20 A21 A22 A23 1 1 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 (Eisig, 1870)(Eisig, 1 1 (Grube, 1840)(Grube, 1 1 1 (Stephen, 1942)(Stephen, 1 1 1 3 1 (Renier, 1804) (Renier, Örsted, 1845Örsted, (Leydig, 1851)(Leydig, 1 1 (Delle Chiaje, 1828)Chiaje, (Delle (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, 1 1 1 3 (Dalyell, 1853)(Dalyell, (Grube, 1855)(Grube, 1 1 1 2 1 1 (Montagu, 1818) 2 6 3 1 5 7 11 1 1 3 (Montagu, 1818) (Montagu, 4 (Grube, 1855)(Grube, 1 2 (Ehlers, 1864) (Ehlers, 1 1 (Risso, 1826)(Risso, (Grube, 1860)(Grube, 2 (Montagu, 1804) (Montagu, (Örsted, 1843)(Örsted, 1 Sars, 1829Sars, (Grube, 1855)(Grube, (Montagu, 1808)(Montagu, Grube, 1840Grube, 1 1 1 a Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833Milne-Edwards, & Audouin a (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)Edwards, Milne & (Audouin (Southern, 1914)(Southern, 1 1 Quatrefages, 1866Quatrefages, 1 1 1 1 2 1 Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 1875 Bobretzky, & Marion 1 (Risso, 1826) (Risso, 2 2 Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833Milne-Edwards, & Audouin 1 1 1 Rolando, 1821 Rolando, (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Chiaje, (Delle 1 1 1 1 sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. Hermodice carunculata Eupolymnia nebulosa Glycera tesselata Lepidonotus clava ninetta Lysidice Marphysa fallax Harmothoe areolata Harmothoe spinifera Harmothoe Euphrosine folios Eupolymnia nebulosa Exogone (Exogone) naidina Flabelligera affinis Filograna Eusyllis Eumida sanguinea Chrysopetalum debile Dodecaceria sp. Dorvillea rubrovittata Eulalia clavigera Eunice torquata Eunice vittata Eunice APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ POLYCHAETA Statons→ NEMERTEA Lineus sp. Micrura aurantiaca Notospermus geniculatus Aspidosiphon sp. Phascolosoma stephensoni Amphitrite rubra Arabella Bispira volutacornis Branchiomma bombyx Bonellia viridis Caulleriella alata Amphitrite variabilis Ceratonereis (Composetia) costae SIPUNCULA Amphiglena mediterranea Ceratonereis (Composetia) hircinicola Chaetopterus variopedatus Chone

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 75 (Station A15-A28)

1 1 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 (Stephen, 1942)(Stephen, (Gmelin, 1788) 1788) (Gmelin, 1 1 1 (Philippi, 1844) 1844) (Philippi, (Grube, 1840)(Grube, (Baird, 1865) (Baird, (Quatrefages, 1866)(Quatrefages, (Montagu, 1808)(Montagu, (Grube, 1862)(Grube, (Linnaeus, 1767) 1767) (Linnaeus, 1 1 1 1 1 M. Sars, 1851 1851 Sars, M. 1 (Dujardin, 1839)(Dujardin, 1 1 (Saint-Joseph, 1888) (Saint-Joseph, 1 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 1 Claparède, 1868 1868 Claparède, 1 1 Linnaeus, 1767 10 20 14 20 11 21 6 1 30 11 15 19 26 Oersted, 183 183 Oersted, 1 1 1 Langerhans, 1880Langerhans, 12 1 (Gmelin, 1791)(Gmelin, 1 1 1 (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834) 1 1 1 (Grube, 1840)(Grube, (Ehlers, 1864) 1864) (Ehlers, 1 1 3 Audouin & M. Edwards, 183 183 Edwards, M. & 1Audouin 1 (Delle Chiaje, 1827)Chiaje, (Delle (Grube, 1840) 1840) (Grube, 1 Savigny, 1822 Savigny, (Montagu, 1803) 2 3 1 5 1 1 11 15 50 12 18 21 3 Verrill, 1900 Verrill, Moore, 1908 1908 Moore, 1 1 1 Grube, 1860Grube, 1 Krohn, 1852Krohn, 1 1 1 1 1 (Fabricius, 1780) (Fabricius, Malmgren, 1867 Malmgren, 1 1 1 1 1 1 Grube, 180 180 Grube, Grube, 1863Grube, 1 1 (Müller, 1776) (Müller, 1 (Campoy, 1982) (Campoy, Ehlers, 1868 1868 Ehlers, 1 sp. (W. Wood, 1802) Wood, (W. 3 1 Pomatoceros triqueter Pontogenia chrysocoma Proceraea aurantiaca Protula tubularia Pista cristata Polyophthalmus pictus Sabella spallanzanii Serpula vermicularis Syllis alternata Syllis corallicola Syllis garciai Syllis gracilis Syllis hyalina Syllis prolifera Syllis variegata (sp.) Terebellidae Myxicola infundibulum Myxicola sp. Neanthes caudata Nematonereis unicornis Nereis rava Nereis zonata Nereiphylla rubiginosa Notomastus latericeus Palola siciliensis Phyllodoce mucosa Pholoe minuta Platynereis dumerilii Sabella pavonina Serpula concharum Serpula sp. Sigalion mathildae Spirobranchus lamarcki Spirobranchus polytrema Subadyte pellucida infundibulum Vermiliopsis striaticeps Vermiliopsis MOLLUSCA Abra alba Acanthochitona crinita Perinereis cultrifera Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) stephensoni APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Myrianida

76 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park (Station A15-A28)

A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 Spengler, 1797 Spengler, 2 1 5 1 1 7 5 8 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1767)(Linnaeus, 1 (Lamarck, 1819)(Lamarck, 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 1 (Dautzenberg, 1891)(Dautzenberg, 1 (Poli, 1795) (Poli, 2 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 2 (Philippi, 1843)(Philippi, (Bivona, 1832)(Bivona, (Risso 1818) (Risso 1 (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 1 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 1 1 1 1 Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, 1 Bruguière, 1792 Bruguière, 2 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 2 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, (Da Costa, 1778)Costa, (Da 40 6 20 25 35 Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, 10 2 7 2 1 2 1 5 (Donovan, 1804)(Donovan, 1 (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, Gmelin, 1791Gmelin, 1 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, (Philippi, 1836 )1836 (Philippi, Risso, 1826Risso, 2 1 2 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, (Donovan, 1804)(Donovan, (Gmelin, 1791) (Gmelin, 5 5 10 1 (Gmelin, 1791)(Gmelin, 1 (Montagu, 1803)(Montagu, (Alder & Hancock, 1845) Hancock, & (Alder (Defrance, 1820)(Defrance, (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 2 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, (Gmelin, 1791)(Gmelin, 1 (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 30 8 10 10 30 (Turton, 1822) (Turton, 2 (Michaud, 1832)(Michaud, 1 (Linnaeus, 1767)(Linnaeus, 2 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, (Philippi, 1844)(Philippi, Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, 1 4 1 8 5 1 sp. APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Acanthochitona fascicularis Aporrhais pespelecani Arca noae Barbatia barbata Glans trapezia Gouldia minima Haminoea hydatis Hexaplex trunculus Antalis inaequicostata Berthella aurantiaca Bittium latreillii Granulina marginata Haliotis tuberculata Alvania lactea Antalis dentalis Bittium reticulatum Bolinus brandaris Calliostoma laugieri Callista chione Flexopecten hyalinus rudis Fusinus Gari costulata Gari depressa Gibbomodiola adriatica Alvania mamillata Anodontia fragilis Caloria elegans Flabellina affinis Calyptraea chinensis Cardites antiquatus Columbella rustica Conus ventricosus Diodora italica Enginella leucozona Euspira intricata Gibbula adansonii Gibbula albida Gibbula fanulum Cerithium vulgatum Chama gryphoides Chauvetia brunnea Chiton (Rhyssoplax) olivaceus Gibbula

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 77 (Station A15-A28)

A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 1 (Gmelin, 1791)(Gmelin, 1 (Poli, 1791) (Poli, (Poli, 1791) (Poli, 1 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 4 6 (Lamarck, 1819)(Lamarck, Bergh, 1880Bergh, 14 40 50 1 3 30 2 1 1 60 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, (Cantraine, 1835)(Cantraine, (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 2 1 3 Gmelin, 1791Gmelin, 50 (Gmelin, 1791)(Gmelin, 1 (Strøm, 1768)(Strøm, 1 1 (Lamarck, 1822)(Lamarck, (Philippi, 1844)(Philippi, 2 (Lamarck, 1822)(Lamarck, 1 (Risso, 1826)(Risso, (Martyn, 1786)(Martyn, (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 2 1 1 4 (Born, 1778) 3 9 14 21 79 52 108 9 2 8 11 42 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, (Montagu, 1803)(Montagu, 1 Philippi, 1836Philippi, (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 2 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 2 Desmarest, 1814Desmarest, 1 (Bruguière, 1792)(Bruguière, 1 (Michaud, 1832)(Michaud, 2 Eichwald, 1830Eichwald, 1 Jeffreys, 1848Jeffreys, Cuvier, 1797 Cuvier, 2 (Kanmacher, 1798) (Kanmacher, 2 1 (Lamarck, 1818)(Lamarck, 1 (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844)Maggiore, & (Aradas (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824)Mühlfeldt, (Von Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, 20 10 Desmarest, 1814Desmarest, 1 (Linnaeus, 1767) (Linnaeus, 1 (Linnaeus, 1767)(Linnaeus, Aradas, 1847Aradas, 20 20 6 3 1 4 (Gmelin, 1791)(Gmelin, 2 1 1 Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, 1 4 1 4 8 2 APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Monophorus perversus Musculus costulatus Statons→ Nassarius incrassatus Nassarius pygmaeus Naticarius hebraeus Moerella donacina Naticarius stercusmuscarum Hiatella rugosa Jujubinus striatus Lepidopleurus cajetanus Limaria hians Loripes lucinalis Lucinella divaricata Mangelia attenuata Manzonia crassa Mimachlamys varia Mitromorpha olivoidea Modiolula phaseolina Modiolus barbatus Ocinebrina aciculata Octopus vulgaris Odostomia acuta Retusa truncatula Rissoa monodonta Rissoa splendida Jujubinus exasperatus Papillicardium papillosum Rissoa variabilis Rissoa ventricosa Rissoa violacea Parvicardium exiguum Patella caerulea Phorcus turbinatus Phyllidia flava Pinna nobilis Patella ulyssiponensis Platydoris argo Pseudochama gryphina Pusillina philippi Pussilina inconspicua Pecten jacobaeus Peltodoris atromaculata Pusillina lineolata

78 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park (Station A15-A28)

10 10 100 100 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 1 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28

(Fabricius, 1787) (Fabricius, (Poli, 1791) (Poli, >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, 2 (Rafinesque, 1814)(Rafinesque, Southward, 1976 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 (van Beneden, 1861)Beneden, (van Risso, 1827 Risso, 8 (Bruguière, 1789)(Bruguière, (Forbes, 1844) (Forbes, 5 (Linnaeus, 1767)(Linnaeus, (Poli, 1795) (Poli, >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 Leach, 1814Leach, 2 1 Leach (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, (Bruguière, 1792)(Bruguière, Risso, 1826 d’Udekem d’Acoz, 1993d’Acoz, d’Udekem Rathke, 1837 Rathke, 2 (Linnaeus, 1767)(Linnaeus, 1 2 (Montagu, 1804)(Montagu, Guérin, 1832 Guérin, 4 (Fabricius, 1787) (Fabricius, 2 (Risso, 1816) (Risso, 3 40 (Linnaeus, 1761)(Linnaeus, 1 (Gmelin, 1791)(Gmelin, (Forskål, 1775) (Forskål, Pulteney, 1799 Pulteney, Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, 1 1 (Mühlfeld, 1824)(Mühlfeld, 5 Monterosato, 1877Monterosato, 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, 1 1 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 6 11 Lamarck, 1818 Lamarck, (Leach, 1817)(Leach, (Donovan, 1804)(Donovan, (Heller, 1866) 1866) (Heller, lactea

(Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 3 (Risso, 1816) (Risso, sp. sp. longimana

Palinurus elephas Perforatus perforatus Palaemon elegans Pilumnus hirtellus Pisidia bluteli Pisidia Pilumnus villosissimus Eriphia verrucosa Eualus cranchii Galathea squamifera Gastrosaccus sanctus Gnathia maxillaris inermis Hippolyte cf. Hippolyte sapphica Hyale schmidti Mysis sp. Pachygrapsus marmoratus Pagurus anachoretus Pagurus APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Weinkauffia turgidula CRUSTACEA Volvulella acuminata Volvulella Rocellaria dubia Sepia officinalis Serpulorbis arenarius Solen marginatus Spondylus gaederopus Striarca lactea turbona Turritella perversa Tylodina verrucosa Venus Alpheus dentipes Calcinus tubularis Chthamalus depressus Chthamalus montagui Chthamalus stellatus Chthamalus Tarantinaea lignarius Tarantinaea pulchella Tellina pullus Tricolia speciosa Tricolia acuta Turbonilla communis Turritella

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 79 (Station A15-A28)

4 4 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 1 Delle Chiaje, 1823Chiaje, Delle 1 1 1 1 (Blainville, 1825)(Blainville, 1 (Retzius, 1783)(Retzius, 1 10 5 3 2 1 10 3 2 5 Gmelin, 1791 4 8 5 1 1 10 1 1 2 4 5 2 Delle Chiaje, 1824Chiaje, Delle 1 1 1 (Philippi, 1845) (Philippi, 1 1 5 1 4 (Lamarck, 1816)(Lamarck, 2 5 15 15 7 1 5 2 4 10 (Lamarck, 1816)(Lamarck, 3 1 1 1 (Bruzelius, 1805) 2 50 1 3 10 5 10 10 2 5 (Giard, 1872)(Giard, (Johnston, 1847)(Johnston, 7 21 11 30 (Bate, 1858) (Bate, 1 Ramos-Espla, 1991 Ramos-Espla, 30 35 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1 1 1 6 1 (Lamarck, 1816) (Lamarck, 3 1 7 1 3 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 5 1 1 1 30 (Lamarck, 1816)(Lamarck, 1 (Lamarck, 1816)(Lamarck, 18 23 50 1 20 40 2 10 3 6 7 (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Solander, & (Ellis 6 (Linnaeus, 1767) 2 5 4 10 10 10 1 1 2 1 20 (Cuvier, 1815) (Cuvier, 1 10 Lamouroux, 1821Lamouroux, 4 10 20 (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, 1 Risso, 1827Risso, 1 (King, 1846)(King, 1 (Abildgaard, in O.F. Müller, 1789) Müller, (Abildgaard, in O.F. 3 20 10 30 12 18 10 7 1 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 1 (Waters, 1894) (Waters, (Leske, 1778)(Leske, 3 (Olivi, 1792) (Olivi, 2 1 A. Milne-Edwards, 1867Milne-Edwards, A. 1 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 12 9 5 15 120 40 25 30 18 s sp. sp. Phallusia mammillata APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Didemnum sp. Pontocrates arenarius Beania sp. Cryptosula Hornera frondiculata Margaretta cereoides Reptadeonella violacea Antedon mediterranea Arbacia lixula Aplidium tabarquensis Ascidia sp. Botryllus schlosseri Diplosoma spongiforme Halocynthia papillosa Microcosmu Asterina gibbosa Brissus unicolor Centrostephanus longispinus Porcellana platycheles Stenopus spinosus Sertella aporosa 1776)Sertella beaniana ECHINODERMATA Müller, (O.F. pusillus Coscinasterias tenuispina Echinocyamus Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali 1 2 Psammechinus microtuberculatus Sphaerechinus granularis CHORDATA Xantho poressa Xantho pilipes Paracentrotus lividus BRYOZOA Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus Holothuria (Roweothuria) poli Marthasterias glacialis Ophioderma longicauda Ophiomyxa pentagona Ophiothrix fragilis Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa

80 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park (Station A15-A28)

1 1 1 1 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 8 5 3 2 1 Risso, 1810Risso, >1000 100 100 (Brünnich, 1768) (Brünnich, (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 1 Valenciennes, 1833 Valenciennes, 1 1 (Valenciennes, 1836) (Valenciennes, 2 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, Risso, 1810Risso, 1 Miller, 1982 Miller, 100 150 Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, 1 1 (Cocco, 1833) (Cocco, 1 3 1 2 2 Gmelin, 1789 Gmelin, 1 1 1 Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, 2 3 1 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 5 1 8 5 (Walbaum, 1792) (Walbaum, 1837 Valenciennes, 3 2 4 1 2 8 12 3 2 3 3 2 Steindachner, 1870 Steindachner, 6 4 100 2 2 4 5 Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, 1 1 (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 5 8 50 10 30 15 70 55 25 100 16 7 21 25 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 13 27 10 50 1 1 30 15 20 4 50 (Linnaeus, 1758) 40 80 500 250 1000 200 120 500 200 200 100 >1000 (Linnaeus, 1758) 9 4 2 3 10 5 3 4 2 1 5 5 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 3 4 3 8 4 17 30 5 2 8 22 Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, 2 1 2 1 3 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 1 Vinciguerra, 1883Vinciguerra, 5 8 2 3 4 Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1 1 Risso, 1810 12 20 45 30 150 6 20 50 20 20 12 10 50 Pallas, 1814 Pallas, 1 2 Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, 1 3 2 Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, 1 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 100 50 300 100 50 Sarato, 1889 Sarato, 13 Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, (Risso, 1810)(Risso, (Bloch, 1793)(Bloch, 70 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 3 15 5 1 40 5 (Linnaeus, 1758) 16 44 30 100 50 120 35 12 100 50 30 60 50 sp. Oblada melanura Muraena helena Myliobatis aquila Pagrus pagrus Lepadogaster candolii Mullus surmuletus Parablennius gattorugine Labrus viridis Sarda sarda Mugil cephalus Labrus merula Labrus mixtus Parablennius rouxii Parablennius tentacularis Pomatoschistus bathi Salaria pavo Sarpa salpa Scorpaena maderensis Serranus cabrilla Paralipophrys trigloides Scorpaena porcus Scorpaena scrofa Coris julis Dentex (Dentex) dentex APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Boops boops Conger conger Diplodus annularis Diplodus puntazzo Diplodus sargus Diplodus vulgaris Gobius auratus Gobius bucchichi Gobius cruentatus Statons→ Gobius fallax Gobius niger Gobius vittatus Liza Chromis chromis Gobius cobitis Gobius geniporus PISCES Apogon (Apogon) imberbis Atherina (Hepsetia) boyeri

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 81 (Station A15-A28)

A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 (Risso, 1810)(Risso, 40 50 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 2 1 10 (Bonnaterre, 1788)(Bonnaterre, 6 15 50 (Bloch, 1791)(Bloch, 20 1 15 2 10 2 (Risso, 1810) (Risso, 1 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 2 4 1 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 25 5 33 30 30 5 (Kolombatovic, 1891) (Kolombatovic, 1 1 (Lowe, 1839)(Lowe, 1 1 4 (Risso, 1810)(Risso, 1 Guichenot, 1850Guichenot, 1 Linnaeus, 1758Linnaeus, 1 (Linnaeus, 1758)(Linnaeus, 1 Cadenat & Blache, 1970 5 1 8 4 7 1 3 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 10 10 (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 3 2 8 15 1 4 23 1 1 2 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 30 10 300 100 100 Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1 Trisopterus minutus Trisopterus Uranoscopus scaber Thorogobius ephippiatus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) melanocercus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) mediterraneus Symphodus (Symphodus) rostratus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) tinca Thalassoma pavo Thorogobius macrolepis delaisi Tripterygion melanurus Tripterygion tripteronotus Tripterygion APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 3. Marine Species Recorded By SCUBA Dives in the Frame Speces↓ Symphodus (Crenilabrus) cinereus Symphodus (Crenilabrus) roissali Statons→ Solea solea Spicara maena Spondyliosoma cantharus Serranus hepatus Serranus scriba Sparus aurata

82 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 1 2 1 12 13 10 9 1 11 311 1 12 1 1 11 1 2 1 1 112 1111 1 2 11 11 12 1 1 11111 1 Grab 1 Grab 2 Grab 3 Grab 4 Grab 5 Grab 6 Grab 7 Grab 8 Grab 9 Grab 10 Grab 11 Grab 12 1 4 32 1 1 (Grube, 1840) (Quatrefages, 1865) 1 1 1 Ehlers, 1908 1 1 1 1 2 (Claparède, 1864) 1 1 5 (Dalyell, 1853) Larsen Schmidt, 1868 (Grube, 1860) (Sars, 1862) (Ehlers, 1864) (Claparède, 1863) 1 (Baird, 1870) 1 (Gravier, 1900) (Gravier, Woodham & Chambers, 1994 Woodham 2 (Ehlers, 1868) 1 2 2 1 1 Rioja, 1918 2 2 Savigny, 1818 Savigny, 1 Southern, 1914 (Savigny, 1820) (Savigny, (O. F. Müller, 1776) Müller, F. (O. 1 Laubier, 1963 Laubier, 12 bombyx exilis filiformis Langerhans, 1880

Malmgren, 1867 Quatrefages, 1850 4 3 2 1 1 1 (Delle Chiaje, 1829) gibber branchiatus

spinifera oerstedi lumbricoides bilineata fauveli gracilis

hystrix .

soyeri unicornis fallax

arietina

vittata sp collaris duneri filicaudata

Heteromastus Hilbigneris Glycera sp Glycera Glycera Harmothoe sp. Hermione APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ FORAMINIFERA Amphistegina lobifera Euclymene sp. Filograna sp. Harmothoe PORIFERA Spirastrella cunctatrix NEMERTEA Nemertini (sp.2) NEMATODA Nematoda (sp.) SIPUNCULA Spincula (sp.) POLYCHAETA Ampharete acutifrons Aonides oxycephala Eunice Eunice Euclymene Euclymene Aponuphis Branchiomma Aphelochaeta sp. Aponuphis Chaetozone sp. Chone Chone Chone Chone sp. Cossura Cirratulidae (sp.) Cirrophorus Ditrupa Branchiosyllis Ceratonereis (Composetia) costae Chaetozone

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 83 1 31 1 2 1 1 1 63 1 21 1 1 211 112 12 1 12 1 1 1 11 1 115 3 21 211 1 1 1 1 23311 111 1121 22 1 1 Grab 11 Grab 2 Grab 3 Grab 4 Grab 5 Grab 6 Grab 7 Grab 8 Grab 9 Grab 10 Grab 11 Grab 12 1 k, 2011 1 ı & Aç ı l ğ nar, 2011nar, 2 ı & Ç ı (Bruguiere, 1789) l Harmelin, 1964 nar, Da nar, Laubier, 1961Laubier, 8 3 ı ğ (Augener, 1932)(Augener, 1 4 Ç (Fauvel, 1913) (Fauvel, (Grube, 180) (Fabricius, 1779) (Fabricius, (Malmgren, 1866) Da (Dujardin, 1839) Malmgren, 1867 5 (Linnaeus, 1767) M. Sars, 1851 1 3 2 2 1 (Sars, 1835) (Claparède, 1868) Savigny, 1818 Savigny, 1 Carrera-Parra, Çinar & Dagli, 2011Carrera-Parra, 1 1 5 2 (A. & M. Edwards, 1833) Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834 (Grube, 180) Day, 1963 Day, (Keferstein, 1862) (Keferstein, Audouin & M. Edwards, 183 1 Delle Chiaje, 1842 Eliason, 1962 2 Grube, 1870 2 4 4 1 Malmgren, 1865 Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 Marion & Bobretzky, Malmgren, 1865 1 (Sars, 1851) (Claparède, 1870) Malmgren, 1867 Malmgren, 1866 (Quatrefages, 1865) Placostegus tridentatus Platynereis dumerilii Polyophthalmus pictus Pomatoceros triqueter Praxillella praetermissa Lumbrineris geldiayi Lumbrineris latreillii Lysidice ninetta Lysidice Malmgreniella sp. Magelona minuta Marphysa fallax Melinna palmata Micronephthys stammeri Owenia fusiformis Paralacydonia paradoxa Perinereis cultrifera Pherusa sp. Piromis eruca Pista unibranchiata Prionospio steenstrupi Monticellina heterochaeta Myrianida sp. Mysta picta Nematonereis unicornis Nephthys sp. Nereis zonata Nephthys hombergii Nephthys incisa Nereis sp. Notomastus latericeus Notophyllum foliosum Prionospio maciolekae APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Goniada sp. Kefersteinia cirrata Lagis koreni Laonice cirrata Levinsenia marmarensis Pseudoleiocapitella fauveli Pseudopotamilla reniformis Rhodine loveni Scoletoma impatiens Scoletoma sp. Sigalion mathildae

84 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 1 1 1 11 2 1 2 1 1 1411 1 10 41 3182 2 11 1 1 13 1 1 41 8371 1 211 2 1 182 2 1 11 111 113 31 42 11111 Grab 1 Grab 2 Grab 3 Grab 4 Grab 5 Grab 6 Grab 7 Grab 8 Grab 9 Grab 10 Grab 11 Grab 12 Spengler, 1797 Spengler, (G. B. Sowerby II, 1834) 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1767) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Granata-Grillo, 1877) (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854) (de Rayneval & Ponzi, M. Sars, 1835 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dautzenberg, 1891) 1 3 2 13 3 1 (Olivi, 1792) (Treadwell, 1941)(Treadwell, 1 3 2 1 1 1 (Montagu, 1803) (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 5 6 2 Claparède, 1868 Claparède, 1863 1 (Jeffreys, 1848) (Payraudeau, 1826)(Payraudeau, 3 Bruguière, 1792 1 (da Costa, 1778) (Donovan, 1804) 1 1 2 1 (Da Costa, 1778) 3 14 3 23 14 63 3 2 3 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Philippi, 1836 ) 1 2 1 6 Risso, 1826 (O.G. Costa, 1829) (O.G. (Nardo, 1847) (Scacchi, 1835) (O. F. Müller, 1776) Müller, F. (O. stroemi (Linnaeus, 1758) Poli, 1795 Poli,

Quatrefages, 1865 (Payraudeau, 1826)(Payraudeau, 2 8 31 20 20 1 3 (Olivi, 1792) Moore, 1908 Grube, 180 Grube, 1863 (Campoy, 1982) (Campoy, 2 Alos & San Martin, 1987 (Brown, 1827) (W. Wood, 1802) Wood, (W. 1 3 1 3 1 Syllidae (sp.) Syllidia armata APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Sigambra tentaculata Sphaerosyllis hystrix Sphaerosyllis pirifera Corbula gibba Ctena decussata Cuspidaria cuspidata Syllis ferrani Syllis alternata Diplodonta rotundata Cylichnina laevisculpta Syllis garciai Syllis gracilis Alvania geryonia Alvania mamillata Anodontia fragilis Antalis inaequicostata Aporrhais pespelecani Antalis dentalis Acanthochitona fascicularis Acanthocardia paucicostata virginea Tectura Aequipecten opercularis Arca tetragona Bittium latreillii Bolinus brandaris Calliostoma laugieri Calyptraea chinensis Bittium submamillatum Cerithium vulgatum Chauvetia brunnea Parthenina clathrata Bittium reticulatum Chiton (Rhyssoplax) olivaceus Aclis minor Terebellidae (sp.) Terebellidae MOLLUSCA Abra alba Abra longicallus Syllis hyalina Clausinella fasciata Terebellides cf. Terebellides

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 85 11 15 12 1 1 11 1 2 13 42 3 2 12 21 2 1 2 3 1 11 1 1 73 2 1 1 31 51 72 1 112 1 51 1 12 21 72110 3 31 23 3 11 42 16 52 4 1 92011 3 12532 11 Grab 1 Grab 2 Grab 3 Grab 4 Grab 5 Grab 6 Grab 7 Grab 8 Grab 9 Grab 10 Grab 11 Grab 12 (Gmelin, 1791) (Lamarck, 1819) 1 2 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cantraine, 1835) (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 1 1 2 4 (Strøm, 1768) (Philippi, 1844) (Poli, 1795) (Poli, (Brocchi, 1814) (Lamarck, 1822) (Lamarck, 1822) (Risso, 1826) (Bivona, 1832) (Martyn, 1786) Jeffreys, 1867 (Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) striatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 6 9 2 1 (G.B. Sowerby I, 1823) (Poli, 1791) (Poli, (Kanmacher, 1798) (Kanmacher, (Gmelin, 1791) (Lamarck, 1818) (Montagu, 1803) 1 5 12 7 24 1 Alder, 1848 Alder, (Montagu, 1803) (Linnaeus, 1758) 18 2 53 22 78 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1767) 2 2 8 3 8 2 (Linnaeus, 1767) (Linneaus, 1767) Winckworth, 1931 2 4 13 (Gmelin, 1791) (Linnaeus, 1767) (Turton, 1822) (Turton, (da Costa, 1778) Linnaeus, 1758 (Philippi, 1844) (Montagu, 1803) Myrtea spinifera Nassarius incrassatus Nassarius pygmaeus Naticarius hebraeus Modiolula phaseolina Gibbomodiola adriatica Modiolus barbatus Monophorus perversus Musculus costulatus Mitromorpha olivoidea Mimachlamys varia Manzonia crassa Loripes lucinalis Flexopecten hyalinus Lucinoma borealis Glans trapezia Gouldia minima Limaria loscombi Nuculana pella Jujubinus exasperatus Jujubinus striatus Lucinella divaricata Eulima glabra Gari costulata Fusinus rudis Fusinus Gibbula adansonii Gibbula fanulum Gibbula albida Granulina marginata Hiatella rugosa Hyala vitrea Eulima bilineata Haminoea hydatis Hiatella arctica APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Natica sp. Donacilla cornea Naticarius stercusmuscarum Nucula nucleus Ocinebrina aciculata Nucula hanleyi Odostomia angusta Odostomia conoidea Ostrea edulis

86 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 2 1 1 41 3 1 1 21 2113 1 1 1 1 716 1 2 5119 161 1 16 1 619634 11 154 3309 121 1 22 1133 32 1 112 1 21 121 Grab 1 Grab 2 Grab 3 Grab 4 Grab 5 Grab 6 Grab 7 Grab 8 Grab 9 Grab 10 Grab 11 Grab 12 12 1 13 (Poli, 1791) (Poli, 3 3 32 14 61 (Lamarck, 1819) (Gmelin, 1791) 2 9 8 2 49 Sacco, 1892 (Costa, 1853) 2 (Alder, 1844) (Alder, (Forbes, 1844) (Forbes, (Milne-Edwards, 1828) 2 6 1 (Bruguière, 1792) 1 1 5 (Retzius, 1788) Risso, 1826 5 24 11 35 4 (Monterosato, 1878) 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) Philippi, 1836 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Leach, 1813) Desmarest, 1814 (Philippi, 1836) (Bruguière, 1792) (Michaud, 1832) Eichwald, 1830 (Mühlfeld, 1824) Monterosato, 1877 7 19 1 29 2 Linnaeus, 1758 1 6 2 2 (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824) (Von Lamarck, 1818 (Donovan, 1804) (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824) (Von (Donovan, 1804) (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, lactea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, (Montagu, 1803) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Michaud, 1829) (Poli, 1795) (Poli, APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Euspira intricata Statons→ CRUSTACEA Ampelisca sp. Parvicardium exiguum Papillicardium papillosum Petricola lithophaga Philine catena Pitar rudis Apseudopsis latreillii Athanas nitescens Pollia dorbignyi Cymodoce sp. Dexamine spiniventris Ebalia sp. Ericthonius sp. Gari depressa Pseudochama gryphina Pisinna glabrata Pusillina inconspicua Pusillina lineolata Pusillina philippi Retusa minutissima Retusa truncatula Rissoa monodonta Rissoa splendida Rissoa variabilis Rissoa ventricosa Striarca lactea Moerella donacina pulchella Tellina Thyasira biplicata Timoclea ovata pullus Tricolia Tricolia speciosa Tricolia Tricolia tenuis Tricolia acuta Turbonilla rectogallica Turbonilla communis Turritella turbona Turritella Cardites antiquatus Venus verrucosa Venus acuminata Volvulella Weinkauffia turgidula

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 87 11 11 11 15 1 4 31 66 1 Grab 1 Grab 2 Grab 3 Grab 4 Grab 5 Grab 6 Grab 7 Grab 8 Grab 9 Grab 10 Grab 11 Grab 12 25 (O.F. Müller, 1776) Müller, (O.F. 2 12 12 (Delle Chiaje, 1828) 1 1 1 (Risso, 1827) 1 (Fabricius, 1787) (Fabricius, Boeck, 1861 Liljeborg, 1851 11 7 1 d’Udekem d’Acoz, 1993 2 14 Rathke, 1837 Heller, 1866 Heller, 1 (Milne-Edwards, 1830) 1 3 1 (Abildgaard, in O.F. Müller, 1789) Müller, (Abildgaard, in O.F. 2 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, Forbes, 1843 Forbes, 3 4 4 3 3 (Waters, 1894) (Waters, 1 edulis (Risso, 1816) 3 (Leach, 1817) Forbes, 1839 Forbes, (Montagu, 1804) (Lucas, 1849) 1 inermis Leach serrata Norman, 1867 2 Processa edulis Sphaeroma serratum Ophiura albida BRYOZOA Sertella aporosa ECHINODERMATA Amphipholis squamata Amphiura chiajei Asterina gibbosa Echinocyamus pusillus Ophiothrix fragilis APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4a. Marine Species Collected by Grab Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Eualus cranchii Mysida (sp.) Palaemon elegans Hippolyte cf. Eurydice sp. Galathea intermedia Gnathia vorax Hippolyte sapphica Liocarcinus maculatus costae Lysianassa Melita palmata Iphimedia carinata Iphinoe cf. Leucothoe lilljeborgi

88 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 1 1 1 1 1 1 12111 15 17 1 1 1 12 2 1 1 1 324 11 1 11 112 1 2 Drej 1 Drej 2 Drej 3 Drej 4 Drej 5 Drej 6 Drej 7 Drej 8 Drej 9 Drej 10 Drej 11 Drej 12 6 hircinicola (Eisig, 1870) 1 (Risso, 1826) (Dalyell, 1853) 3 Kinberg, 1866 Larsen Schmidt, 1868 (Grube, 1860) 1 1 (Montagu, 1804) Fauvel, 1916 Fauvel, 1 (Sars, 1862) (Gravier, 1900) (Gravier, 1 (M. Sars, 1835) 1 Woodham & Chambers, 1994 Woodham 4 Rioja, 1918 1 Southern, 1914 1 3 Laubier, 1967 Laubier, 1 Philippi, 1861 (Risso, 1826) Laubier, 1967 Laubier, 1 (Müller, 1774) (Müller, 1 Langerhans, 1880 1 Malmgren, 1867 (Grube, 1863) ruber

SIPUNCULA Spincula (sp.) POLYCHAETA Ampharete acutifrons Amphicteis gunneri Amphitrite rubra APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ FORAMINIFERA Amphistegina lobifera PORIFERA Spirastrella cunctatrix CNIDARIA Balanophyllia europaea NEMATODA Nematoda (sp.) NEMERTEA Cerebratulus sp. Lineus cf. Nemertini (sp.2) sp. Tetrastemma annulatus Tubulanus Nemertini (sp.1) Aonides oxycephala Aponuphis brementi Aponuphis fauveli Aricidea cerrutii Armandia cirrosa Aricidea claudiae Aphelochaeta sp. Amphitritides sp. Bispira viola Branchiomma bombyx Branchiosyllis exilis Caulleriella sp. Ceratonereis (Composetia) Ceratonereis mirabilis Chaetozone gibber Chaetozone sp. Chone collaris Chone duneri Chone filicaudata

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 89 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 14 11 1 1 11 1 111 111112 5 1 1 1 121 11111 Drej 1 Drej 2 Drej 3 Drej 4 Drej 5 Drej 6 Drej 7 Drej 8 Drej 9 Drej 10 Drej 11 Drej 12 (Quatrefages, 1865) (M. Sars, 1835) 5 Ehlers, 1908 4 1 1 1 (Claparède, 1864) 5 1 (Grube, 1855) 2 (Hartman, 1957) 2 (Grube, 1855) 1 1 (Ehlers, 1864) 1 Carrera-Parra, Çinar & Dagli, 2011 Carrera-Parra, 12 (Claparède, 1863) Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834 5 1 2 1 (Haswell, 1883) (Keferstein, 1862) (Keferstein, 1 1 1 2 2 (Ehlers, 1868) Oersted, 1843 2 Oersted, 1843 3 2 Savigny, 1818 Savigny, 2 (Johnston, 1839) 1 Eliason, 1962 (Savigny, 1820) (Savigny, Oersted, 1845 2 (Claparède, 1868) 1 (O.F. Muller, 1774) Muller, (O.F. (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834) Wilson, 1958 1 (Webster, 1879) (Webster, Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 2 (Savigny, 1818) (Savigny, 1 (Sars, 1851) 1 Laubier, 1963 Laubier, 3 4 1 4 2 Quatrefages, 1850 4 2 1 (Delle Chiaje, 1829) 7 (O. F. Muller, 1776) Muller, F. (O. 1 1 1 1 Malmgren, 1866 1 Exogone naidina Fabricia stellaris Filograna sp. Harmothoe impar Harmothoe sp. Hermione hystrix Heteromastus filiformis Harmothoe spinifera Hilbigneris gracilis Hydroides elegans Laonice cirrata Lagis koreni Loimia medusa Glycera alba Glycera fallax Goniada maculata Goniada sp. Grubeosyllis sp. Kefersteinia cirrata Lumbrineris geldiayi Lumbrineris latreillii Lumbrineris sp. ninetta Lysidice Glycera unicornis Magelona alleni Macrochaeta clavicornis Magelona minuta Euclymene sp. Exogone dispar APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Drilonereis filum Eulalia clavigera Chrysopetalum debile Cirrophorus branchiatus Cirrophorus furcatus Cossura soyeri Dorvillea rubrovittata Eunice vittata Eumida sanguinea Eunice sp. Euclymene lumbricoides Euclymene oerstedi

90 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 1 31 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 51 3 1 213 15 2111111 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1 1 131 1 1 1 Drej 1 Drej 2 Drej 3 Drej 4 Drej 5 Drej 6 Drej 7 Drej 8 Drej 9 Drej 10 Drej 11 Drej 12 nar, 2011nar, 3 1 3 ı & Ç ı l (Bruguiere, 1789) 2 Harmelin, 1964 ğ Laubier, 1961 Laubier, 29 (Augener, 1932) (Augener, 2 4 Allen, 1904 (Fauvel, 1913) (Fauvel, (Grube, 180) (Fabricius, 1779) (Fabricius, (Malmgren, 1866) 1 1 1 1 2 2 Da (Dujardin, 1839) 1 1 Malmgren, 1867 11 1 M. Sars, 1851 (Sars, 1835) 1 1 Pettibone, 1993 Pettibone, (Linnaeus, 1767) Savigny, 1818 Savigny, 2 7 1 (A. & M. Edwards, 1833) 2 1 3 3 1 2 2 2 Oersted, 183 1 (Grube, 180) Day, 1963 Day, Delle Chiaje, 1842 (Montagu, 1818) 1 (Grube, 1855) 1 Grube, 1870 3 Malmgren, 1865 5 4 1 Johnston, 1839 1 Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 Marion & Bobretzky, (Claparède, 1870) 1 Malmgren, 1867 1 (O. F. Muller, 1776) Muller, F. (O. 1 1 (Quatrefages, 1865) Ehlers, 1868 APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Maldanidae (sp.) Malmgreniella lilianae Malmgreniella sp. Marphysa fallax Protula sp. Pseudoleiocapitella fauveli Megalomma sp. Melinna palmata Micronephthys stammeri Monticellina heterochaeta Myxicola sp. Naineris laevigata Nematonereis unicornis Nephthys hombergii Nephthys incisa Nereis rava Mysta picta Nereis zonata Nereis sp. Nicolea venustula Notomastus latericeus Notophyllum foliosum Owenia fusiformis Paralacydonia paradoxa Pseudopotamilla reniformis Perinereis cultrifera Phyllodoce maculata Phyllodoce mucosa Pholoe inornata Piromis eruca Pista cristata Pista unibranchiata Prionospio steenstrupi Podarkeopsis sp. Placostegus tridentatus Platynereis dumerilii Poecilochaetus serpens Polycirrus sp. Polyophthalmus pictus Praxillella praetermissa Prionospio maciolekae

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 91 1 1 4 1 11 1 14 11 9 3 1210 1 3 1 1 1111 11 221 12 5121953 312 2 3324 25 31 1 1 4 1 Drej 1 Drej 2 Drej 3 Drej 4 Drej 5 Drej 6 Drej 7 Drej 8 Drej 9 Drej 10 Drej 11 Drej 12 (G. B. Sowerby II, 1834) (Claparède, 1870) 1 (Gmelin, 1788) mabiti (Ramos, 1976) (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 2 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dautzenberg, 1891) (Treadwell, 1941) (Treadwell, 1 1 4 3 (Claparède, 1868) Claparède, 1868 2 1 3 1 Claparède, 1863 1 Grube, 1860 1 (Ehlers, 1864) 1 Audouin & M. Edwards, 183 1 Linnaeus, 1767 1 (Alós & Campoy, 1981) (Alós & Campoy, 2 (Philippi, 1836 ) 1 1 3 1 Risso, 1826 (Nardo, 1847) (Scacchi, 1835) (O. F. Müller, 1776) Müller, F. (O. stroemi M. Sars, 1835 2 2 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 3 1 21 3 5 Malmgren, 1865 4 3 Grube, 1860 1 1 (Johnston, 1839) Quatrefages, 1865 Grube, 180 Grube, 1863 (Campoy, 1982) (Campoy, 2 Alos & San Martin, 1987 Ehlers, 186 (W. Wood, 1802) Wood, (W. APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Sclerocheilus sp. Sphaerosyllis pirifera Rhodine loveni Scoletoma emandibulata Scoletoma impatiens Scoloplos sp. Sigalion mathildae Sigambra tentaculata Sphaerosyllis hystrix Sphaerosyllis sp. Spiophanes kroyeri Spiochaetopterus costarum Sthenelais boa Syllidae (sp.) Subadyte pellucida Syllidia armata Syllis gracilis Syllis gerundensis Syllis ferrani Syllis garciai Syllis hyalina Syllis krohni Abra longicallus Acanthocardia paucicostata Alvania geryonia Tectura virginea Tectura Aequipecten opercularis Terebellides cf. Terebellides (sp.) Terebellidae infundibulum Vermiliopsis MOLLUSCA Abra alba Syllis sp. sp. Terebella Syllis variegata lapidaria Terebella Alvania mamillata Anodontia fragilis Antalis dentalis Aporrhais pespelecani Antalis inaequicostata

92 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 2 1 1 1 1 439 51 123 31 21 53 288 61 1 23 3 32 23 5166 1 1 12 1 62 31 1 8 2 33 24 74 2 1211 1 17 9 21 7 Drej 1 Drej 2 Drej 3 Drej 4 Drej 5 Drej 6 Drej 7 Drej 8 Drej 9 Drej 10 Drej 11 Drej 12 (Linnaeus, 1758) 5 1 7 5 6 1 (Granata-Grillo, 1877) 1 7 3 (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854) (de Rayneval & Ponzi, (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 3 3 3 8 (Montagu, 1803) (Poli, 1795) (Poli, (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 2 8 3 5 18 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivona, 1832) (Philippi, 1843) olivaceus Spengler, 1797 olivaceus Spengler, 1 (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 1 Bruguière, 1792 1 1 12 2 11 (Linnaeus, 1758) (da Costa, 1778) 1 2 2 (Donovan, 1804) 3 3 2 3 1 1 (Da Costa, 1778) 8 17 34 18 12 53 2 11 (Linnaeus, 1758) Defrance, 1818 (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) (G.B. Sowerby I, 1823) (Jeffreys, 1856) (Poli, 1791) (Poli, (O.G. Costa, 1829) (O.G. (Gmelin, 1791) (Lamarck, 1818) (Montagu, 1803) (Linnaeus, 1767) 1 1 4 6 7 15 1 3 (Linnaeus, 1767) (Linneaus, 1767) (Gmelin, 1791) (Forbes, 1844) (Forbes, (Payraudeau, 1826) (Payraudeau, 6 13 28 27 16 84 7 (Olivi, 1792) (Linnaeus, 1767) (Turton, 1822) (Turton, (da Costa, 1778) (Philippi, 1844) 2 1 (Montagu, 1803) APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Arcopella balaustina Loripes lucinalis Ascobulla fragilis Lucinella divaricata Lucinoma borealis Chauvetia brunnea Chiton (Rhyssoplax) Clausinella fasciata Calliostoma laugieri Calyptraea chinensis Bittium submamillatum Cerithium vulgatum Corbula gibba Bittium latreillii Bittium reticulatum Bolinus brandaris Crepidula gibbosa Ctena decussata Cylichnina laevisculpta Diplodonta rotundata Donacilla cornea Enginella leucozona Eulima glabra rudis Fusinus Gari costulata Gibbula adansonii Gibbula fanulum Gibbula albida Gibbula spratti Glans trapezia Gouldia minima Granulina marginata Haminoea hydatis Hiatella arctica Hiatella rugosa Hyala vitrea Jujubinus exasperatus Jujubinus striatus Nuculana pella Limaria loscombi Flexopecten hyalinus

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 93 4 1 1 11 3 21 1 1 289 1 1 12 21 1 221 91512241 11 1 1 31110 924182 1 2211 211 31 212 143 1 Drej 1 Drej 2 Drej 3 Drej 4 Drej 5 Drej 6 Drej 7 Drej 8 Drej 9 Drej 10 Drej 11 Drej 12 (Poli, 1791) (Poli, 1 8 26 19 84 (Lamarck, 1819) 1 1 (Cantraine, 1835) 1 1 (Gmelin, 1791) 6 12 14 7 62 (Olivi, 1792) (Alder, 1844) (Alder, (Brocchi, 1814) (Lamarck, 1822) (Lamarck, 1822) 2 4 1 8 9 5 (Risso, 1826) (Martyn, 1786) (Brocchi, 1814) Jeffreys, 1867 (Monterosato, 1878) 1 1 Linnaeus, 1758 1 5 6 2 8 6 Philippi, 1836 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Montagu, 1803) 1 1 1 (Risso, 1826) Desmarest, 1814 (Bruguière, 1792) Pulteney, 1799 Pulteney, 2 4 (Michaud, 1832) Eichwald, 1830 Bellardi, 1847 1 1 1 1 Jeffreys, 1848 (Kanmacher, 1798) (Kanmacher, 1 4 3 1 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824) (Von (Brusina, 1869) (Donovan, 1804) (Montagu, 1803) Desmarest, 1814 (Linnaeus, 1758) 32 6 31 17 91 1 4 Winckworth, 1931 1 1 12 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 2 3 4 1 (Poli, 1795) (Poli, APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Mangelia sp. Manzonia crassa Melanella stalioi Rocellaria dubia Solen marginatus Mimachlamys varia Mitrella scripta Mitromorpha olivoidea Gibbomodiola adriatica Modiolus barbatus Myrtea spinifera Nassarius corniculum Nassarius pygmaeus Musculus costulatus Naticarius hebraeus Pitar rudis Nucula nucleus Ocinebrina aciculata Natica sp. Nucula hanleyi Odostomia acuta Odostomia angusta Odostomia conoidea Euspira intricata Parvicardium exiguum Papillicardium papillosum Gari depressa Pusillina inconspicua Pusillina lineolata Raphitoma bicolor Raphitoma echinata Raphitoma linearis Raphitoma histrix Raphitoma sp. Retusa minutissima Retusa truncatula Rissoa monodonta Rissoa splendida Rissoa variabilis Rissoa ventricosa Rissoa violacea

94 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park 1 1 1 22 2 3 74 247 1 1 11 142 1 3 80 1 312 11 12 41 223 13 2 3 1 22 1 21 1 2 Drej 1 Drej 2 Drej 3 Drej 4 Drej 5 Drej 6 Drej 7 Drej 8 Drej 9 Drej 10 Drej 11 Drej 12 1 1113 (Gmelin, 1791) (Bate, 1857) Costa in Hope, 1851 (Risso, 1827) 1 (Herbst, 1794) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Forbes, 1844) (Forbes, (Milne-Edwards, 1828) 3 11 1 Leach Boeck, 1861 1 1 (Risso, 1816) (Bruguière, 1792) 2 3 1 Liljeborg, 1851 3 29 7 tricolor Risso, 1826 2 13 14 1

d’Udekem d’Acoz, 1993 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) Rathke, 1837 (Montagu, 1813) (Milne-Edwards, 1830) 3 (Leach, 1813) Norman, 1867 1 5 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, 1 2 (Philippi, 1836) (Mühlfeld, 1824) Monterosato, 1877 4 8 3 Linnaeus, 1758 Leach, 1814 Lamarck, 1818 (Donovan, 1804) 1 1 1 2 1 (Leach, 1817) 4 2 11 1 (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, punctatus lactea (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 2

(Linnaeus, 1758) inermis

serrata

Palaemon elegans Medicorophium sp. APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Striarca lactea Moerella donacina pulchella Tellina Thyasira biplicata Timoclea ovata pullus Tricolia Mysida (sp.) Nebalia sp. Venerupis decussata Venerupis Tricolia speciosa Tricolia Turbonilla acuta Turbonilla communis Turritella turbona Turritella Cardites antiquatus verrucosa Venus (Pusiolina) Vexillum acuminata Volvulella Weinkauffia turgidula CRUSTACEA Ampelisca sp. Apseudopsis latreillii Athanas nitescens Cymodoce sp. Cymodoce tuberculata Dexamine spinosa Eualus cranchii Eurynome aspera Galathea intermedia Hippolyte cf. Ebalia sp. Ericthonius cf. Hippolyte sapphica Iphinoe cf. Janira maculosa Leucothoe lilljeborgi Liocarcinus navigator Liocarcinus maculatus Lysmata seticaudata Lysmata Lysianassa costae Lysianassa

Strengthening the System of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey 95 1 9 1 5 1 881 22 1 1 133 1 11 1 1 1 1 Drej 1 Drej 2 Drej 3 Drej 4 Drej 5 Drej 6 Drej 7 Drej 8 Drej 9 Drej 10 Drej 11 Drej 12 (O.F. Müller, 1776) Müller, (O.F. (Delle Chiaje, 1828) (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (Ellis & Solander, (Sars, 1879) (Fleming, 1828) (Pennant, 1777) (Pennant, Forbes, 1843 Forbes, 1 5 1 1 7 1 (Waters, 1894) (Waters, 3 1 edulis (Risso, 1816) Müller, 1776 Müller, Risso, 1810 Forbes, 1839 Forbes, 1 longimana (Risso, 1816) Holothuroidae (sp.) Ophiura albida CHORDATA Ascidia aspersa PISCES Gobius auratus APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Work of the Project Work APPENDIX 4B. Marine Species Collected by Dredge Sampling in the Frame Speces↓ Statons→ Palaemon sp. Paraphoxus oculatus Pisidia cf. Processa edulis Processa sp. BRYOZOA Disporella hispida Amphiura chiajei Asterina gibbosa Echinocyamus pusillus Margaretta cereoides Sertella aporosa ECHINODERMATA Amphipholis squamata

96 Final Report for Determination Work on Marine Biodiversity at Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park

T.C.T.C. ÇEVREÇEVRE V VEE Ş ŞEHİRCİLİKEHİRCİLİK BBAKANLIĞIAKANLIĞI Empowered lives. Resilient nations.

Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General Directorate for Protection of Natural Assets (GDPNA) Mustafa Kemal Mah. Eskişehir Devlet Yolu (Dumlupınar Bulvarı) 9. km (Tepe prime Yanı) Çankaya/ANKARA Tel: +90 312 222 12 34 Fax: +90 312 222 26 61 http://www.csb.gov.tr/gm/tabiat

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Birlik Mahallesi 415. Cadde No. 11 06610 Çankaya/Ankara Tel: +90 312 454 1100 Fax: +90 312 496 1463 www.tr.undp.org Empowered Lives. Resilient Nations.