The Linguistic Problem in Dante
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The Linguistic Problem in Dante: A Gramscian Pathway toward the Modern Vernacular World By Stefano Selenu B.A., Università di Bologna, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Italian Studies at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island May 2010 © 2010 by Stefano Selenu This dissertation by Stefano Selenu is accepted in its present form by the Department of Italian Studies as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date _______________ __________________________________ Ronald L. Martinez, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date _______________ __________________________________ Massimo Riva, Reader Date _______________ __________________________________ Suzanne Stewart-Steinberg, Reader Date _______________ __________________________________ Joseph A. Buttigieg, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date _______________ _________________________________ Sheila Bonde, Dean of the Graduate School iii CURRICULUM VITAE Stefano Selenu was born on April 17, 1978 in Carbonia, Sardinia (Italy). He holds an Italian laurea cum laude in Philosophy from the University of Bologna. His research focuses primarily on the intersections of language, literature, and politics in Italian culture and history, with a comparative approach across class, gender, geographical, and cultural boundaries. His specific interests include Dante and early modern literature; Antonio Gramsci and Marxism; Italian literature and philosophy; theories of history, politics, and language; history of Italian and Sardinian languages and philology. In 2005, his tesi di laurea was awarded the first Antonio Gramsci Prize, which included the publication in the collection Antologia del Premio Gramsci. IX Edizione (Sassari: EDES, 2006. 223-358). This work investigates the question of Sardinian language standardization in connection with both Antonio Gramsci‟s thought on philology, contemporary philosophy of language and romance linguistics. He is currently revising this into a book entitled, Ideas: Un sentiero gramsciano verso la lingua sarda. He has also published several articles on Gramsci and Benedetto Croce. Thanks to a Tuition Fellowship from the Cogut Center for the Humanities at Brown, in 2007 he attended the School of Criticism and Theory at Cornell University. In 2009, he was a recipient of a Mellon grant to attend the Summer Institute in Italian Paleography at the Getty Center in Los Angeles, CA. Furthermore, with the collaboration of the graduate students in Italian Studies at Brown and iv Harvard Universities, in 2008 he founded and co-organized “Chiasmi,” the first Brown-Harvard Graduate Student Conference in Italian Studies. v PREFACE NOTE In this work, I will refer to Gramsci‟s and Dante‟s works using the following abbreviations. Gramsci: Q 1, §1. 1 = Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 1, note 1, page 1, with reference to the Italian edition by Valentino Gerratana (1975). Q 29, §1 (1935) = Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 29, note 1, year in which Gramsci wrote the notebok. Q 1, §1. Ed. Buttigieg. Vol. 1. 100 = Prison Notebook, Notebook 1, note 1, Vol. 1, page 1, with reference to Joseph Buttigieg‟s English translation. Dante: Inf. 1.105-108 = Divina Commedia: Inferno, canto 1, verses 105-108. Purg. 2.15-18 = Purgatorio, canto 2, verses 15-18. Par. 15.105-108 = Paradiso, canto 15, verses 105-108. VN 30.1 = Vita Nova, ch. 30, paragraph 1. Dve I.xi.3 = De vulgari eloquentia, book 1, ch. 11, paragraph 3. Conv. II.ii.1 = Convivio, book 2, ch. 2, paragraph 1. Mon. I.iii.2 = De Monarchia, book 1, ch. 3, paragraph 2. Ec. 1.3-5 = Ecloghe, first, verses 3-5. Epistle 13.4 = Thirteenth epistle, paragraph 4. Unless otherwise indicated, I will refer to the following editions of Gramsci‟s, Dante‟s, and Brunetto Latini‟s works: Gramsci: Quaderni del carcere. Ed. Valentino Gerratana. 4 vols. Torino: Einaudi, 1975. (I will cite this edition when dealing with Notebooks 9-29). Lettere dal carcere. Ed. Antonio A. Santucci. 2 vols. Palermo: Sellerio, 1996. Prison Notebooks. Ed. Joseph Buttigieg. 3 vols. New York: Columbia UP, 1991-2007. (I will cite this edition when dealing with Notebooks 1-8). Letters from Prison. Ed. Frank Rosengarten. 2 vols. New York: Columbia UP, 1994. Dante: Divina Commedia. Ed. Sapegno. 3 vols. Firenze: La Nuova Italia, 1979. The Divine Comedy. Ed. and trans. Robert Durling and Ronald Martinez. 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996-2010 (expected). De vulgari eloquentia. Ed. Pier Vincenzo Mengaldo. Milano-Napoli: Ricciardi 1979. ---. English Trans. Steven Botterill. Cambrige, UK: Cambridge UP, 1996. vi Monarchia. Opere minori. Ed. Bruno Nardi. Vol. 3.1. Milano: Ricciardi, 1996. ---. English Trans. Prue Shaw. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1995. Brunetto Latini: Trèsor. Ed. Pietro G. Beltrami, Paolo Squillaciotti, Plinio Torri, Sergio Vatteroni. Torino: Einaudi, 2007. The Book of the Treasure. Ed. and trans. Paul Barrette and Spurgeon Baldwin. New York- London: Garland, 1993. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Ron Martinez, a real teacher, guide, and generous dragomanno; without his help and criticism I would have never reached the awareness of how complex it is to be simple. I thank the members of my committee, Massimo Riva, Suzanne Stewart-Steinberg, and Joseph Buttigieg. They all have been good mentors and readers, who stimulated me to foster this piece of scholarship with their insights and probing questions. Along with them, I would like to thank all those who have contributed to my professional development, among whom, Dedda DeAngelis, Cristina Abbona-Sneider, Caroline Castiglione, Laura Hess, David Kertzer, and Evelyn Lincoln from Brown, Tim Brennan from the University of Minnesota, Eric Cheyfitz from Cornell University, Peter Ives from the University of Winnipeg, Mauro Pala from the University of Cagliari, Francesco Borghesi from the University of Sidney, Barnaba Maj, Andrea Cristiani, and Derek Boothman from the University of Bologna. I benefited from all of them and their work in different ways. I would also like to thank Prof. Teodolinda Barolini from Columbia University for her kind encouragement and Prof. Lino Pertile for hosting me in his course on literature and Fascism at Harvard. Thanks to Giorgio Baratta, who contributed to let me keep the Gramscian pathway firm in this work. I recall our meeting in Cagliari for the foundation of Terra Gramsci, when he asked me: “Certo Dante è importante, ma Gramsci è nel titolo della tesi, vero?” Along with Giorgio, I thank the IGS Italia and the Regione Sardegna for supporting my participation at the Third Conference of the IGS held in Sardinia in May 2007. I would also like to thank the Associazione Gramsci in Ales, Salvatore Zucca, and Giorgio Serra viii for their appreciations of my work, and for stimulating me to continue my studies on Gramsci and language. Parts of this dissertation have been presented at conferences. I thank Kristina Olson for allowing me to present a paper on Dante in the Risorgimento at the 2006 Conference in Medieval Studies at Kalamazoo. Along with her, I thank the participants and attendants at the panel who contributed with helpful comments and feedback. I thank Prof. Dino Cervigni from the University of North Carolina for allowing me to present a paper on Dante at the 2008 AAIS conference in New York and Prof. Christian Moevs from the University of Notre Dame and Prof. Denis Looney from the University of Pittsburg for accepting my paper on Dante‟s hunt for the illustrious vernacular at the 2009 MLA Convention in Philadelphia. Their comments and feedback, along with those of Prof. Linda Carroll, James Nohrnberg, Bernardo Piciché, and other scholars and lovers of Dante seating in the audience (whose names, unfortunately, I do not recall now), helped me to improve my ideas on Dante‟s hunting metaphors and his dealing with Babel, Adam, the panther, and the veltro. I would also like to thank the Cogut Center for the Humanities and Prof. Michael Steinberg for awarding me a tuition fellowship for attending the School of Criticism and Theory at Cornell University, where I benefited from the teachings of theorists such as Dominick LaCapra, Eric Cheyfitz, Gayatri Spivak, and many others; the Getty Research Institute for awarding me a Mellon Grant to attend the Summer Institute in Italian Paleography at the Getty in Los Angeles, where I benefited from the teachings of Prof. Maddalena Signorini from the University of Rome and the numerous discussions and surfings with the group; the Medieval Studies Group and the Renaissance and Early ix Modern Studies for awarding me both research and conference travel grants in these years at Brown. I would like to thank all my colleagues with whom I experienced the journey of the PhD; their feedback and questions during the various Italian Studies Colloquia I attended have been both challenging and stimulating. I also thank those who participated in the creation and orgazination of Chiasmi in 2008, in particular my colleagues from Brown and Harvard Universities, Prof. Francesco Erspamer from Harvard University, the Consul General of Italy in Boston, Liborio Stellino, and Prof. Carlo Cipollone, and the various sponsors. I would like to thank Mona Delgado for keeping all the administrative business in order, and Alice for making our departmental environment more enjoyable, in particular in the evenings with friendly chats. Thanks to Mary-Therese, Cecilia, Marina, and Liliana Martinez for treating Monica and me as part of their family. Finally, I thank my family (both nuclear and enlarged) for supporting my „libero arbitrio‟ even when the wheel of Fortune has been cruel with us. I am sure that there will be times in which we will have the strength to turn the wheel upside-down and sardonically smile at its injustice. To Monica, who has been so strong to s(o)pport my work and passionately helped me detach dreams from nightmares, I dedicate this dissertation with all my love and gratitude.