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National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5301 Shawnee Road Alexandria, VA 22312 Search Guide for the NTIS Database 1 Introduction

Organization of the Search Guide Purpose of the Search Guide Section I - Introduction: Provides a basic introduction to This guide provides the information necessary for productive, the features of the NTIS Database, how it differs from other effi cient and cost-effective search and retrieval. government and/or scientifi c and technical databases and how it Use this manual to: supplements other government databases. • Minimize “false hits,” which are common to such Section II - NTIS Database Elements: Each component fi eld of large and varied databases; the bibliographic record is defi ned with examples. Presents the record structure and composition of the NTIS Database. Changes • Clarify the NTIS Database information derived in the use of a fi eld are discussed. NTIS’ names and labels for the from multiple government sources; fi elds in the bibliographic citation are identifi ed. • Gain an in-depth understanding of the database Section III – Online Searching Hints: Includes online structure; searching hints arranged alphabetically by topic and fi eld. • Provide background references and historical Points covered are: searching accession numbers and specially perspective; and assigned information product type numbers; abbreviations, acronyms; biological species; chemical studies; and verbalization • Serve as a reference manual for users, or a of scientifi c and mathematical symbols. Distinctions between teaching tool at training seminars. sponsoring agencies and performing agencies in the corporate The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide author fi eld are shown. Audience The NTIS Subject Category Codes are interpreted with emphasis This publication targets: on health care and medicine, environment, and business-related • New online searchers; information. Geographic features and locations are demonstrated as well as discussions of developing country, foreign language • Users who are familiar with online search documents and translations. Searching for reprints, maps, patents, techniques but not familiar with the NTIS and environmental impact statements are also covered. The Database; placement and meaning of sponsoring agency acronym codes are • Librarians or instructors who train users of library also noted. services; and Section IV – Selected References for Assistance in Searching • Researchers using online systems. the NTIS Database: Contains a list of references to the authority fi les used by NTIS and its cooperating agencies at the Department of Energy, NASA and the Defense Technical Information Center. Section V – Online Access: Presents contact information for the vendors that provide access to the database, including the company name, address, telephone number and fax number. Each online service’s search and display commands are presented. An NTIS Database bibliographic record is furnished in each vendor’s format showing the vendor Field Names and labels for the NTIS Database. Vendor system features are listed. For additional examples of the search process, request individual documentation from each online vendor. Appendix A – NTIS Subject Categories: Alphabetical Listing by Major Categories Appendix B – NTIS Subject Categories: Alphabetical Listing of All Categories Appendix C – NTIS Subject Categories: Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions Appendix D – NTIS Subject Categories: Numerical Listing of Major Categories Appendix E – NTIS Subject Categories: Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions

1 The NTIS Database and Related Products 2 Section I

Introduction The NTIS Database contains summaries of scientifi c, technical, NTIS Database Distribution - Fiscal Year 2011 engineering, and business information products acquired by NTIS subject heading percent from 1964 to the present. Printed or microform indexes provide Administration & Management 13.00 access to the titles that predate the online database. The database is available to the public through a number of commercial Aeronautics & Aerodynamics 4.00 vendors that are listed in Section V. The NTIS Database is Agriculture & Food 6.00 updated on a weekly basis by NTIS. However, commercial Astronomy & Astrophysics 2.00 vendor update schedules can vary. Atmospheric Sciences 4.00 The NTIS Database combines unclassifi ed input from the Behavior & Society 16.00 Department of Defense, Department of Energy, and NASA, Biomedical Technology & Human Factors 2.00 with that of numerous other government agencies, among which Engineering are the Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of the Interior, Building Industry Technology 2.00 to offer users a wide range of information resources. The full Business & Economics 10.00 reports are available from NTIS for almost 90 percent of the titles Chemistry 5.00 announced on the database. There are more than 600,000 titles Civil Engineering 4.00 available in digital format. The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide Combustion, Engines, & Propellants 2.00 Leasing the NTIS Database Communication 2.00 Organizations making frequent use of the NTIS Database for Computers, Control, & Information Theory 6.00 research purposes, or wanting to develop and distribute value- Detection & Countermeasures 3.00 added products, may wish to consider leasing the NTIS Database Electrotechnology 2.00 directly from NTIS. Requirements and pricing information may be obtained by contacting the Offi ce of Product and Program Energy 6.00 Management 703-605-6515. Environmental Pollution & Control 10.00 Government Inventions for Licensing 0.1 Subscription Access to the National Health Care 8.00 Technical Reports Library Industrial & Mechanical Engineering 2.00 Organizations needing fi xed-fee search and retrieval access to the more than 2,000,000 NTIS Database metadata records with links Library & Information Sciences 3.00 to more than 600,000 corresponding digitized full-text reports can Manufacturing Technology 2.00 subscribe to the National Technical Reports Library (NTRL). See Materials Science 3.00 page 15 for more information about the NTRL, or visit Mathematical Sciences 3.00 http://www.ntis.gov/products/ntrl.aspx. Medicine & Biology 19.00 Document Delivery via NTIS Military Sciences 13.00 Reports are available from NTIS for almost 90 percent of the Missile Technology 0.1.10 titles found in the NTIS Database. Customers can order full-text Natural Resources & Earth Sciences 11.00 reports from NTIS by calling 1-800-553-6847 or (703)-605-6000. Navigation, Guidance, & Control 0.5 Customers can e-mail their document requests to: orders@ntis. gov, or order from the NTIS Web site at http://www.ntis.gov/. Nuclear Science & Technology 3.00 NTIS Price Schedules are on the Web at http://www.ntis.gov/pdf/ Ocean Technology & Engineering 8.00 price200805.pdf. Ordnance 3.00 Photography & Recording Devices 0.5 NTIS Online Searching Help Desk Physics 10.00 The Help Desk will answer your questions on searching the database and its subject content from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., Eastern Problem Solving Information for State & Local 10.00 time. Call (703) 605-6585. Governments Space Technology 5.00 Transportation 6.00 Urban & Regional Technology & Development 10.00 Note: Citations may have been coded with more than one category. The citations have been counted for each category used, on average 3-5 categories.

2 The NTIS Database and Related Products 3

Scope of the Collection Information Product Types On average, NTIS has added 30,000 new titles per year to the The NTIS information collection contains a wide variety of NTIS Database over the past ten years. These reports become types of publications, as well as other media for distributing a permanent part of the NTIS collection. As the U.S. Govern- information. The following table provides a snapshot of some ment’s central technical and scientifi c information service, NTIS of the types of information products received by NTIS in 2011. announces summaries of the research and studies sponsored by more than 600 Federal agencies as well as from state and local governments. Types of Information Products Subject Coverage U.S. Government Produced Number Because the U.S. Government funds more than half of the Technical reports 28,037 research and engineering activities in the United States, the NTIS Database contains information on most scientifi c and technical Conference proceedings 1,428 subjects. The chart on page 2 shows this coverage for FY 2011. Journal articles 2,349 The subject categories, which NTIS uses in coding its database Theses 1,078 entries, are explained in detail in the appendices. Bibliographies 12 Computer Products 50 Information Sources The titles in the NTIS collection are submitted by hundreds of Audiovisuals 9 The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide government agencies, numerous state and local governments, Patent application or Patents 21 federal contractors, academic institutions, foreign governments, international organizations and private sector organizations. Foreign Acquisitions Since the American Technology Preeminence Act (Public Law Technical reports 208 102-245) passed in 1991, NTIS’ wealth of information has Conference proceedings 0 increased dramatically. The ATPA requires all federal agencies Theses 0 to submit their federally-funded scientifi c, technical and engineering information to NTIS within 15 days of the date the Bibliographies 0 product is made publicly available. Consequently, NTIS can provide its customers with timely access to a more diverse and comprehensive range of information. Ann

International Sources NTIS is the lead U.S. Government agency for cooperation in international technical information exchange. Overseas organizations that currently contribute to the NTIS collection include the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Environment Canada, Swedish Defence Research Agency, and many more.

Top Ten Foreign Contributors Fiscal Year 2011 country of origin number of citations 1. United Kingdom 51 2. Sweden 34 3. International 30 4. Norway 28 5. Italy 18 6. China 18 7. India 9 8. Turkey 6 9. Pakistan 5 10.Hungary 4

3 Data Elements of the NTIS Database 4 Section II

In the 1960’s, under the aegis of the Committee on Scientifi c Field Name: Subject Category Codes and Technical Information (COSATI), Federal Council on Examples: 70A, 48D Science and Technology, the managers of scientifi c and technical information (STI) programs in the federal government adopted Defi nition: NTIS classifi es citations into 39 subject categories. standard guidelines for cataloging technical reports. Four of these Each of these subject categories is divided into subcategories. agencies, NTIS, the Department of Energy’s Offi ce of Scientifi c This method provides sorting categories for both hard and and Technical Information, the National Aeronautics and Space soft sciences. All subject categories consist of three character Administration’s Scientifi c and Technical Information Program, codes: two numerics and one alpha character. The numeric and the Defense Technical Information Center, exchange codes represent entire categories, the alpha codes are used to bibliographic data and cooperate on information services-related designate subcategories within these broad categories. projects. These agencies, along with the Department of Health Any one document may have up to fi ve subject categories and Human Services, sponsor more than 90 percent of federally assigned to it, although some documents may have more. If funded research and development. a title covers three or more subcategories of a major subject The fi elds of the NTIS Database are presented below in the order category, it is assigned to the general section of the major that they appear on the electronic media sent to online database category code. Each citation in the database contains the full vendors, and other organizations that lease the database from number of subject category codes that refl ect the subjects NTIS for internal use. Each vendor has a unique load of the NTIS covered by 20 percent or more of the report. Database and the placement of the fi elds and vendor Field Names The NTIS Subject Category Classifi cation System has been The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide may vary. used exclusively since July 1986. A list of the subject category codes is included in this guide as Appendix B. It is used to Field Name: NTIS Order No. arrange the citations into subject areas. COSATI category codes used prior to 1986 were converted to the NTIS Subject Examples: Category Code(s), thus the NTIS Database no longer contains Citations indexed and abstracted by NTIS COSATI codes 1-22. PB2000-123456/XAB Citations provided by NASA Field Name: NTIS Prices N2000-12345/6/XAB Note: This fi eld is not searchable. Citations provided by the Department of Defense Example: PC A02/MF A01 AD-A123 456/7/XAB, AD-D123 456/XAB, AD-M123456/XAB Defi nition: These are alphabetic codes for each medium in which the item is delivered: Citations provided by the Department of Energy DE2000123456/XAB Download (DL), Paper Copy (PC), Color dependent (AC), Microfi che (MF), CD-ROM (CD), Audiovisual (AV), magnet- ic tape (mag tape), and diskette. The numeric part of the code Defi nition: Each title has a unique NTIS order number determines the price of an individual item. The current NTIS (accession number/identifi cation number/product number) Price Schedules are accessible from the NTIS Customer Sup- assigned in this fi eld. This number should be used when port Web Page at http://www.ntis.gov/pdf/price200805.pdf. ordering the title from NTIS. Field Name: Corporate Source(s) All NTIS order numbers have alphabetic prefi xes. Some alphabetic prefi xes indicate the originating agency of the Example: Army Information Systems Command, report collections, as shown in the above examples. The Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. alphabetic prefi x is followed by a fi ve- to eight-digit number Defi nition: This is the name of the organization(s) and/or and three alphabetic characters. When searching, it is a author affi liation(s) that performed the research and prepared good practice to truncate after the fi rst six digits to fi nd an the report(s). The corporate source is also known as the accession number; however, when placing an order, the entire corporate author and performing organization. alphanumeric number order must be used. Since 1980, NTIS has maintained an up-to-date machine- Note: Not all of the government agencies that have individual readable corporate source authority list with standardized accession number alphabetic prefi xes are shown in the examples. names and a nine-digit organization code number. The nine- The examples are limited to agencies with the largest volume of digit code appears in the database and is searchable. records in the database. Some online services asterisk the performing organization Search and retrieval systems may require removal of names to distinguish them from the sponsoring organization(s). select charactors (-, /, etc.) to retrieve the NTIS order The names of organizations have been entered in full and in number. Consequently, users are advised to refer to vendor abbreviated forms. documentation for search and retireval guidance and recommendations. Examples: Massachusetts Inst. of Tech Mass Inst. of Tech Massachusetts Inst. of Technology 4 Data Elements of the NTIS Database 5

Field Name: Title Field Name: Personal Author(s) Example: Guide to Evaluating Thermal Effects in Concrete Example: Hyder, M. L., Smith, J. C. Pavements Format: Full last name comma [space] fi rst initial period [space] Defi nition: The name of the document that appears on middle initial [period]. the title page or document cover. A colon is used when Defi nition: This fi eld lists the personal author(s) name(s). separating a subtitle from the main title. Format: Names are recorded in the same order and as they Foreign language reports present the foreign language title appear in the document, with fi rst and middle initials. All titles, fi rst, followed by the English translated title in parenthesis. degrees, Jr., Sr., II, III and IV are omitted. Prior to 1984, some When English translations are made of foreign language names appear with the last name followed by the fi rst name and documents, the English title is presented prior to the foreign middle name or middle initial. language title. Note: There is no authority list for personal author names. Search- ers will need to develop search strategies to provide for variations, Field Name: Journal and Database Issue using truncation, adjacent, etc., to obtain all the reports by one This fi eld contains a title’s original announcement journal author. Truncation in online searching means to cut a word short volume and issue in the format “JVVII”: at any point in its order, for example, to retrieve all terms with a common root or both singular and plural forms. where J = a letter designating the journal where VV = a two-digit volume number; and Field Name: Report Date where II = a two-digit issue number. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Example: Dec 2010 Example: u9412, GRAI9412, GRA&I9412. 02 June 2010 This corresponds to reports that were announced in GRA&I c19 Mar 2001 Issue 9412. Following the GRA&I issue number are letter Defi nition: This fi eld contains the date the document was codes that designate other agencies’ announcement journals. completed. However, on translations and journal articles this Some online vendors list the example shown and some date may correspond to some other time, such as the date of translated the “u” into GRAI or GRA&I with the volume the translation, the date of the journal issue, the date of a fi ling and issue. “n” was the designated prefi x code for documents for a patent, or the date of publication in some other journal. which were announced in the Department of Energy Announcement Journals Nuclear Science Abstracts from Note: Beginning in mid-1978, a lower case “c” appears for the 1964–1976 and Energy Research Abstracts from January citations of copyrighted material, as seen in the third example. 1976 – August 1976. After August 1976, the “n” code in this fi eld was discontinued. “s” is used in this fi eld to identify Field Name: Pagination or Number of NASA documents announced in the journal, Scientifi c and Items Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR). Some vendors use the Example: 103 p* “s” and some present the name of the STAR journal in this 1 mag tape fi eld. The GRA&I ceased publication in December 1996. 2 diskettes Defi nition: This fi eld is used to identify the NTIS Defi nition: This fi eld contains the number of paper or Announcement Journal volume and issue in GRA&I, and microfi che pages in a document. Blank pages are not counted. any source agency announcement journal volume and issue The fi eld also notes the number of magnetic tapes, diskettes, in which the citation fi rst appeared. VHS tapes, cassettes, etc. Note: An asterisk appearing after the page count indicates that the Field Name: Title Note report generated a great deal of interest when it was announced. Example: Datafi le, Audiovisual, Thesis, Software, Final This is not a searchable fi eld. Report, Master’s Thesis, Patent, Patent Application, Models- simulation, VHS video, CD-ROM. Field Name: Country of Publication Defi nition: Additional title information that clarifi es the Example: France document or report type. Defi nition: The country in which the document originated or was published. Note: Each online vendor provides either the full country name or code in its specifi c search process. International agencies may supply the country in which they are located. In some cases, this fi eld may be blank because the source agency did not provide the information.

5 Data Elements of the NTIS Database 6

Field Name: Language of Document Defi nition: This fi eld presents: the source of a translation; language of a report, if other than English; source of a Example: English, French periodical citation; supplemental performing or sponsoring Defi nition: The language in which the full document was organizations; additional contracts or grants; and conferences, written. etc. Note: If the abstract is in English, but the document is written in another language, then only the language of the full document is Field Name: Availability Statement identifi ed, and not the language of the abstract. Example: Also available as PBYYYY-1234 Also available as a set of reports Field Name: Report Number Defi nition: A statement of availability that appears when there Example: Department of Energy (DOE) are special ordering instructions, especially when a report is ORNL/TM-2009/149 not available from NTIS or when the report is available from National Science Foundation (NSF) NTIS and another organization. Magnetic tapes and diskette ISBN-0-309-11699-6 products always carry a special descriptive statement in this Defi nition: The number the sponsoring agency assigns to the fi eld concerning their format. title. Most report numbers have alpha prefi xes followed by numerics. This fi eld may be blank or may contain one or two Field Name: Descriptors report numbers assigned by the performing organization(s). Example: *Corrosion prevention Note: When the performing and sponsoring organization are the Air pollution control The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide same, the sponsoring organization’s report number will appear in Mechanical properties this fi eld, but not in the monitor agency number fi eld. If the docu- Defi nition: Descriptors are single or multiword subject terms ment doesn’t have an agency report number, this fi eld is blank. assigned by NTIS or other contributing agencies. These descriptors use the controlled vocabulary thesauri or word lists Field Name: Contract or Grant Number(s) which appear in the reference list Appendix A. Example: USDA-88-COOP-2-3482 Descriptors preceded by an asterisk are those terms determined NSFNCCO-073158 to be of greatest importance in describing the subject content DE-FC07-06ID14750 of a report. Use these asterisked terms to limit an online search. EAR-0625247 Reports indexed by NTIS are assigned descriptors for the most Defi nition: This fi eld contains the contract or grant number specifi c concepts covered in the documents and for applications assigned by a federal agency to the research project which of the research. resulted in the cited document. Reports announced by NTIS but indexed by another agency contain that agency’s descriptors from its own thesauri. The Field Name: Project and Task Numbers two major agencies currently providing their own descriptors Note: These have not been used since 1984. are: the Department of Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC); and the National Aeronautics and Space Example: UCAl-WRC-W-428 ARGUS Calibration Administration (NASA).

Field Name: Monitoring Agency Number Field Name: Identifi er Example: AFGL-TR-85-0194 Example: Nanomaterials EPA/560/7-85/000-1 National Study of Childcare Supply and Defi nition: This fi eld provides the report number(s) assigned Demand (NSCCSD) by the sponsoring organization(s) unless the latter is also Aerodynamic braking the performing organization(s). When the sponsoring and Nanoelectronics performing organization are the same, the monitoring agency Defi nition: Identifi ers are single or multiword subject terms numbers are placed in the report number fi eld. used to express concepts for which there are currently no adequate descriptors. As new concepts and technologies arise, Field Name: Supplementary Notes new subject terms not found in existing thesauri are placed in Example: See also... the Identifi er fi eld. Supersedes... Identifi ers preceded by an asterisk have the same signifi cance as Other related reports Descriptors preceded by an asterisk. Identifi ers include names Pub. in Proceedings of the of chemical compounds, cities, biological species, computer American Control Conference... programs, research projects, scientifi c instruments, and more. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. Sponsored in cooperation with... Any additional information about the document 6 Data Elements of the NTIS Database 7

Field Name: Abstract Example: Electron spectroscopy has become one of our most important tools for the study of electronic structure of solids and surfaces. Under this contract, we studied the passivation and inhibition of corrosion, utilizing the spectroscopic techniques of x-ray photoelectron absorption fi ne structure (NEXAFS). Defi nition: Abstracts in the NTIS Database may be either indicative or informative, based on the type of document. Informative abstracts identify the methods, results, applications, and conclusions. Indicative abstracts describe content or scope, i.e., a handbook of chemical formulas, chapter titles, or table of contents of a textbook. Abstracts are usually limited to 200 words. The NTIS Database contains a mixture of author and NTIS-written abstracts. Many of the author abstracts are modifi ed by NTIS. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide

7 Online Searching Hints 8 Section III

Abbreviations biological subject term is in one of the recommended thesauri, it Abstracts and other fi elds often contain abbreviations. However, is posted in the descriptor fi eld. all subject terms are spelled out in the descriptor or identifi er Examples: fi elds. Descriptors: Parasite diseases Identifi ers: Liriodendron tulipifera Accession Numbers (also known as and also Tulip tree. NTIS Order Numbers) Descriptors: Mammals; Carnivora; Taxonomy; Laboratory NTIS order numbers consist of this pattern: alpha character-4 animals digit year-six digits-three letter code. Identifi ers: Hyaena; Hyaena Brisson; Striped Hyaena, Example: PBYYYY-123456/XAB may be truncated as Felidae; Panthera leo persica PBYYYY-123456 plus truncation symbol number, or PBYYYY123456. Subject Category Codes/Classifi cation When searching, truncate the number after the sixth digit. When searching for an NTIS order number there are two options: (1) What they are to display a list of the neighboring order numbers to select the NTIS classifi es citations into 39 subject categories. Each of these correct number and closing 3-letter code or; (2) to truncate the subject categories is divided into subcategories. This method order number after the sixth digit following the year number. provides sorting categories for both hard and soft sciences. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide NTIS produces PB numbers with a fi rst digit or fi rst two-digit All subject categories consist of three character codes: two number series designating a type of information product: numerics and one alpha character. The numeric codes represent entire categories such as chemistry, environmental pollution Example: and control, civil engineering, et al. The alpha codes are used Subscription products SUB to designate subcategories within these broad categories. The Standing order products PB2010-9 number of NTIS subcategories posted to an information product Computer Products PB2010-5 average from one to fi ve, although there are some reports with Computer Product Subscriptions PB2010-59 more. (Each example should be followed by a truncation symbol, which varies by online vendor.) What they do Some agencies that maintain their own number series are noted Although most online searching is conducted using subject index in the accession number fi eld description. The NTIS accession/ terms (keywords), subject categories are also very important. order number is not always the same as the host vendor’s. Subject categories can be combined with keywords to eliminate Searchers should review the record format and fi eld qualifi ers of false retrievals (“hits”). the vendor(s) of their choice. Similarly, vendor Field Names may Example: Combining “Lead” with the NTIS subject category vary. 57Y (Toxicology), retrieves report citations about the toxicity Searching for report numbers in the NTIS Database requires skill of lead, rather than lead use as an additive in iron alloys. because of the punctuation used between letters and numbers. Example: Citations for “Geothermal energy” reports can be The above examples are specifi c to certain product types. retrieved by searching the NTIS category 97P because this Hint: To limit a search to computer products, in addition to category is specifi c to geothermal energy. using descriptor or identifi er terms such as “data fi le” and Note: Subject categories may be designated as Category Codes or “software,” combine the set with PBYYYY-5 plus truncation Subject Headings by the online vendor. Always review fi eld desig- symbol. nations in the vendor(s) documentation. Acronyms NTIS Subject Categories NTIS spells out each acronym used in a citation if the author Listed in Appendix B are the subject categories NTIS uses to has supplied it, unless it is so common that it would be classify new documents. Each subject category is followed by a unnecessary to do so, e.g., DNA for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. list of secondary subject categories. Searches can be conducted Within the abstract, the phrase explaining the acronym is placed by using the actual text of a subject category (i.e., management fi rst, followed by the acronym in parenthesis. In the identifi er information systems), or using the subject category code (i.e., fi eld, both the complete phrase and acronym are provided for 70C) that follows each subject. Because each abstract in the searching. database is indexed on all words in the abstract, searching using the subject category code will reduce the number of stray hits and Biological Species provide a list of more relevant documents. Plants, animals, and microorganisms are indexed with their genus and species names and/or the family name. The common name is also indexed if the author has used it and/or if it is known. If a

8 Online Searching Hints 9

Category Codes with Asterisks or the abbreviated format without dashes. Thus the number (Highlighted Subject Category Codes) may appear as “CAS Registry No: 10016-20-3” or as “CAS An asterisk displayed after the subject category code indicates Registry No: 10016203” in the identifi er fi eld. It may also be that the report is highlighted for being particularly signifi cant in known as “CAS No. 10016-20-3.” Each online supplier has a its content, approach or presentation. To limit a search, use an fi eld qualifi er for these numbers. asterisk with the subject code in the search statement. Example: Identifi er: Chloramines, CAS 7782505. Chemical Nomenclature Identifi er: Formaldehyde, CAS 50-00-0. NTIS uses the chemical names, trade names, CAS registry For industrial chemicals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals, numbers, and common names included in the document as NTIS uses the Chemical Abstracts Service nomenclature and descriptors or identifi ers. For a comprehensive retrieval, search the approved common name. NTIS uses the United States all known names and classes of a compound. Adopted Names (USAN) (Reference No.) when classifying Chemical compounds are listed with their common name, drugs. chemical name, and class of compounds. NTIS lists compounds Example: hierarchically with their chemical classes posted in the descriptor Descriptor: Metal Complexes fi eld as well as the individual chemical name. If numerous Identifi er: FDDC (Bis(trifl uoroethyl)dithiocarbamate) chemical compounds are the subjects of the research, the classes Example: of compounds are generally listed, but not each individual Descriptor: Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons chemical compound. Identifi er: PCBs(Polychlorinated biphenyls) The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Standard chemical abbreviations for the elements may be used Polychlorinated biphenyls in the abstracts, but the name of the element is always posted in its entirety in the descriptor fi eld. Chemical elements may also Chemical Trade Names be posted in their element groups, such as alkali metals, alkaline Trade names such as Nylon are posted in addition to the generic earth metals, rare earth metals, etc. plastic or polymer name. Examples: Example: Descriptors: Nylon, Polyamide resins. Descriptors: Hydrochloric acid Chlorine Computer Programs and Products Anilines Computer products include data fi les and software available on Amines magnetic tape, diskette, DVD, CD-ROM, videotapes, and optical disks. Examples 1. Descriptors: Chlorobenzenes (general class) Search for items that identify programs and products by adding Identifi ers: Trichlorobenzenes the terms “software,” “computer programs,” “datafi le,” and/or 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene “model-simulation” whenever applicable. When searching for 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene computer programs in machine-readable form, combine the terms “software” or “computer program” and the terms “magnetic 2. Descriptors: Metals tape” or “diskette,” (found in the Title Note fi eld, see p. 5 of this Platinum manual) using the appropriate fi eld qualifi er. Precious metals (general class) Rhodium Corporate Sources 3. Descriptor: Chlorobenzenes (general class) Two types of corporate sources are found in the NTIS Database: Identifi er: Pentachlorobenzene (specifi c performing organization(s) and sponsoring organization(s). compound not found in recognized thesauri) Performing Organization(s) 4. Descriptors: Chlorine organic compounds Most reports are cataloged with the name of the organization(s) (general class) that prepared the report. When searching for corporate sources Chlorobenzenes for the years prior to 1980, users must be aware of the cataloging Chloroform differences caused by multiple agency rules. These differences Carbon tetrachloride generally occurred in abbreviations and in punctuation. In 5. Inorganic compounds not found in thesauri: 1980, NTIS created a corporate source authority database and Lead acetate a nine-digit code for each corporate source, eliminating these Descriptor: Lead inorganic compounds discrepancies. The nine-digit codes appear in each citation. Identifi er: Lead acetate Since 1979, the Chemical Abstract Service’s (CAS) Registry Number System cites unique numbers if they are mentioned in the item being indexed. Registry numbers are recorded in two formats: the standard format with dashes between numbers,

9 Online Searching Hints 10

Sponsoring Organization(s) Developing Countries The sponsoring organization is always a government agency. NTIS announces reports for and about developing countries. The sponsoring organization is listed if it is also the performing Since 1979, NTIS has used the descriptor “developing country organization. Beginning with NTIS Database GRA&I issue application” for titles relevant to foreign governments. Reports 74-21, reports cataloged by NTIS have included the sponsoring about a developing country are usually indexed with one of the organization as well as the performing organization. Beginning following descriptors: “developing countries” or “developing with NTIS Database GRA&I issue 76-21, DOE reports have nations.” See also subject category code 96G and 96H. been cataloged with the sponsoring organization. Examples of performing organization(s) and sponsoring Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) organization(s) in the same report(s): Environmental Impact Statements are the environmental reviews required for major federal projects that might adversely affect Example: PB2010-100486 the environment. All previously released EIS were announced P.O. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related through the NTIS Database beginning with the June 1, 1971 Statistics, Hyattsville, MD. update and ending with the April 15, 1974 update. Since then, S.O. Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. NTIS has received irregular shipments of EIS. Example: PB2010-100839 Most of these environmental impact statements can be searched P.O. Wichita State Univ., KS. by entering the term, “environmental impact statements-Final” S.O. Federal Aviation Administration, or “environmental impact statements-Draft” in the descriptor or Washington, DC. identifi er fi eld. Some early EIS were not assigned either of these The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Example: DE2010-963080 terms; however, they can be retrieved by searching for the prefi x P.O. Rutgers - The State Univ., New Brunswick, “EIS” as part of the NTIS accession/order number, truncating NJ. after the fi rst three characters of the number, and using the S.O. Department of Energy, Washington, DC appropriate fi eld qualifi er. See also listing under “Sponsoring agency keyword acronyms” Another method of selecting EIS is to use the NTIS subject on page 19. category code Environmental Impact Statements, 68H. Data Note: This subcategory has been in use since March 15, 1973. Reports containing large amounts of tabular data are tagged by Foreign Language the keywords “Tables (Data)” or “Statistical data.” In 1979, NTIS created a fi eld to classify reports written in a Delimited/Declassifi ed Reports language other than English. Prior to 1979, reports in foreign languages were mentioned in the notes fi eld. English cannot be Declassifi ed materials and reports with limited distribution searched directly. status are added to the NTIS Database with the date it was acquired by NTIS, rather than the date the report was prepared. Generally the phrase, “Distribution limitation now removed” Reports of Non-U.S. Origin will be included in the Supplemental Notes in any record for Country names are assigned in the descriptor or identifi er fi elds. declassifi ed/delimited materials. Using a country name in the descriptor or identifi er fi eld searches for reports about that country. Department of Defense (DoD) Declassi- Country names in citations prior to 1980 indicate that the fi ed/Delimited Items document either originated in that country or that the document is Declassifi ed reports from the Department of Defense contain a about that country. In 1980, a fi eld for country of publication was special searchable code in the identifi er fi eld: NTISDODXA, added to the bibliographic citation when the source country was NTISDODXB, NTISDODXD, etc. Using this code as a search other than United States. Since country codes are not assigned to term restricts a search to declassifi ed reports, or, alternatively, documents originating in the United States, non-U.S. items can to ensure that no such reports are included in the fi nal search be eliminated using NOT logic. results. Between 1975 and 1977, more than 30,000 declassifi ed Note: Each online supplier provides search instructions for docu- items were added to the database. After 1977, NTIS receives ments originating in the United States. documents from DOD as they are declassifi ed. It is advisable to look for the phrase, “Distribution limitation now removed” on Foreign Research and Technology DOD reports in addition to the code. In 1979, NTIS began using the subject term “foreign technology” to identify documents about current foreign research, techniques, and technology. Many of these reports have been prepared outside of the U.S., and include documents published as a result of fellowships or research programs awarded to foreign nationals and sponsored by U.S. government agencies.

10 Online Searching Hints 11

International Business Information 6. Lakes and mountains appear as they are listed on standard The NTIS Database contains a substantial amount of non- maps. They are posted in the descriptor fi eld. U.S. business-related information especially in the areas of Example: Alps Mountains (Europe) science, engineering and technology. Reports include foreign Lake Erie market surveys, foreign sectoral analysis, industry subsector Great Salt Lake analysis, and other economic studies. Key sources of this type of information are: the U.S. Trade and Development Program, Government-Owned Inventions for the International Trade Administration, and the Department of Licensing (See also Patents) Commerce’s Offi ce of General Counsel. Titles are posted with Effective with NTIS Database GRA&I Issue 72-23 (Dec. 1, “export trade information” and/or “foreign marketing” identifi ers. 1972), NTIS began to announce all patents and patent applica- Note: The terms foreign marketing and foreign technology are tions issued to U.S. government agencies that are available for different. For example, tourism doesn’t have a technology compo- public licensing. nent, but it does have a marketing component. Hint: U.S. government-owned applications can be searched by See also listing under “translations” on page 12. combining the terms “patents” or “patent applications” with NTIS Subject Category 90. If NTIS subject category 90 is not Geographical Areas combined with either of these terms, foreign patents will also Geographic location is included only when it is an important be retrieved. facet of an indexed item. Health Care/Medicine Subjects The following indexing guidelines apply: The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Since 1980, NTIS has used the National Library of Medicine’s 1. Items referring to an area in a country covering two or thesaurus, Medical Subject Headings-Annotated Alphabetic more states or provinces are indexed to the region and not the Listing, as its indexing authority for reports in the health care and individual states or provinces: medicine fi elds. The subject categories specifi c to this subject are: Example: Central Regions (United States) • Medicine & Biology (57); Great Plains Region (United States) • Health Care (44); and New England (exception- region not included) • Biomedical Technology and Human Factors 2. Reports referring to individual states, provinces, or parts of Engineering (95). states within a country are indexed to the states, provinces, and its Three subcategories specifi c to this subject are: parent political unit: • Urban and Regional Technology and Example: Northwest Region (Iowa) Development–Health Services (91F); Ozark Region (Missouri) Northern Region (Virginia) • Problem Solving for State and Local Governments–Human resources (43C); and Police, 3. States and other political regions, including cities, are Fire and Emergency Services (43D). modifi ed with the country name except for those of Great Britain, Canada and the United States. They may be posted in the Journal Reprints descriptor or identifi er fi eld. NTIS receives and announces approximately 500 - 600 journal Example: Arkansas reprints each year. The majority of these articles are originated Bavaria Region (Germany) by the U.S. Department of Defense (others are from the British Columbia Environmental Protection Agency, the USDA, the DOE, etc.). 4. Coasts are modifi ed with the country or land area and posted Some journal articles are available from NTIS depending upon in the identifi er fi eld: the funding agency. Beginning with NTIS Database GRA&I issue 75-03, February 1975, the descriptor “reprints” has been assigned Example: Atlantic Coast (United States) to the majority of the reprints. The document type is also noted as Atlantic Coast (Canada) a journal article. Gulf Coast (United States) Pacifi c Coast (Mexico) Maps 5. Natural features, other than coasts, do not receive a political The descriptor “maps” is used whenever maps are an integral modifi er. The natural feature modifi er appears last and is posted part of a report. Reports describing the way maps are made are in the descriptor fi eld. indexed with the descriptor “mapping.” Example: Mississippi Delta Susquehanna River Basin Mexico Gulf (for Gulf of Mexico)

11 Online Searching Hints 12

Patents Verbalization All U.S. government patents and patent applications entered All subscripts, superscripts, Greek letters, scientifi c and math- into the NTIS Database are assigned either “patents” or “patent ematical formulae are fully spelled out in the abstract of the applications” in the descriptor or title note fi eld. Some online record. vendors display it as the document type fi eld. Example: alpha, beta, gamma, etc. Sponsoring Agency Keyword Acronyms Peroxide appears as H2O2 or H sub 2 O sub 2. Water appears as H2O or H sub 2 O Effective with NTIS Database issue 7309, May 1973, NTIS placed an acronym representing the report’s sponsoring organization(s) in the identifi er fi eld. This information can also be found by entering the agency name as a search term in the corporate source/sponsoring agency fi eld. Beginning with NTIS Database issue 7419, October 1974, the agency acronyms are prefi xed with the “NTIS” acronym. Examples: NTISDE Department of Energy NTISDOD Department of Defense NTISNASA NASA NTISCOMNBS National Institute of Standards & The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide Technology (NIST). Note: This acronym combines the Department of Commerce and the former agency name of National Bureau of Standards (NBS). These codes are helpful when searching for sponsoring organizations rather than performing organizations, or to fi nd all reports submitted to NTIS by one specifi c agency. Note: The meaning of an agency acronym often may be determined from the corporate source fi eld.

Superfund The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administers the Superfund program, which was established in 1980 with the passage of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). In 1986, Congress passed the Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA) which updated and improved CERCLA. Publicly available documents from the Offi ce of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR) are available from NTIS. Hint: Use the descriptor “Superfund” to locate relevant documents, such as Superfund Record of Decision reports. Translations Each year, NTIS announces approximately 1,000 translations received from and funded by government agencies. Prior to 1976, all translations, except those originating with DOE and NASA, were assigned the descriptor “translations.” Since 1976, DOE and NASA translations also have been indexed with “translations.” See also listing under “foreign language.”

12 Selected References for Assistance in 13 Searching the NTIS Database Section IV

Items with an asterisk (*) are available from NTIS; U.S. Department of Commerce, NTIS, Alexandria, VA 22312. When ordering, you will need the NTIS order number as indicated. Your ordering options include: Online - insert order number as requested at http://www.ntis.gov/help/orderplacing.aspx, By phone (NTIS Sales Desk) - 1-800-553-6847 or 703-605-6000, Fax - 703-605-6900, via e-mail - [email protected] The NTIS Sales Desk is available for assistance 8 a.m. - 6 p.m.; EST, Monday-Friday. The Sales representative will verify a title, order number or price for you. For further ordering information see the NTIS Web page at http://www.ntis.gov/help/orderplacing.aspx Many of these references are made available online on the source agency’s web site. Where available, these web addresses are listed at the end the entry. *Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, *NASA Thesaurus, Volume 1: Hierarchical Listing. and Their Principal Administrative Divisions. January 1998. For diskette, NTIS Order No.: PB95-503504, $30 Contains over 25,000 subject terms that are used in the NASA Scientifi c and technical information system *Guidelines for Descriptive Cataloging of Reports: NTIS Order No.: N1998-0010926 A Revision of COSATI Standard for Descriptive http://www.sti.nasa.gov/thesfrm1.htm Cataloging of Government Scientifi c and Technical The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Reports. NTIS Order No.: PB86-112349 *NASA Thesaurus, Volume 2: Rotated Term Display. January 1998. NTIS DIALOG Information Services, Inc. (File 6) NTIS Order No.: N1998-0010863 Bluesheets. http://www.sti.nasa.gov/thesfrm1.htm DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Includes fi eld-by-fi eld description of DIALOG system search capabilities. *NASA (National Aeronautics and Space http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0006.html Administration) Thesaurus Supplement: A Three-Part Cumulative Supplement to the 1998 Edition of the List of Applicable Thesauri NASA Thesaurus. Supplement 7. *Defense Technical Information Center Thesaurus. The supplement to the 1998 edition of the NASA Thesaurus Defense Technical Information Center, Alexandria, Va. includes all new terms and associated heirarchies added NTIS Order No.: AD-A 378 274 since the cutoff for the 1998 edition (December 1997). http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/index.html NTIS Order No.: N2001-0066734 http://www.dric.mil/dtic/stresources/techreports/ http://www.sti.nasa.gov/thesfrm1.htm DTICSearchTools/thesaurus_desc.html International Energy Subject Thesaurus. TEST: Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientifi c Terms. Joint Thesaurus: ETDE/INIS Joint Reference Series No. 1 1967. Available from American Association of Engineering (Rev. 1) June 2004 Societies, 1111 19th St, NW, Suite 403, Washington, D.C., DOE report no.: IAEA-ETDE/INIS-1 (Rev.1). Contains 20036. 1-888-400-2237 or (202)296-2237. over 21,000 terms and includes defi nitions, entry date, and Transportation Research Thesaurus (TRT). broader and narrower terms. July 1999. CD-ROM or paper copy available from CDB http://www.etde.org/edb/reference.html Enterprises, Inc. International Energy Subject Thesaurus Supplement. [email protected]; Telephone: 301-593-8901. ETDE/INIS Joint Thesaurus, IAEA-ETDE/INIS-1(Suppl.42) http://trt.trb.org/trt.asp Updated monthly. *Thesaurus of Water Resources Terms: A Collection of http://www.etde.org/edb/reference.html Water Resources and Related Terms for Use in Indexing *Medical Subject Headings Publications Technical Information Alphabetical listing of all subject descriptors used by the 1989. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver CO. indexers and catalogers at the National Library of Medicine NTIS Order No.: PB95-146213 (NLM). Update annually, for information about ordering from NTIS, go to http://www.ntis.gov/product/mesh.aspx http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html 13 Online Services Access 14 Section V The NTIS Database is available from several online vendors. Each online service has its own commands, prompts, menu screens, searchable fi elds, display and print formats, search software and special features. This section presents a summary of the basic features offered by the online vendors. For more detailed instructions, contact the individual online provider.

National Technical Reports Library (NTRL) National Technical Information Service System Features: 5301 Shawnee Road • Web-based Subscription Access Alexandria, VA 22312 • Links to over 600,000 corresponding full-text reports Telephone: 800-553-6847 Fax:703-605-6880 • Quick Search – intuitive interface supports access for E-mail: [email protected] novice researcher • Advanced Search – more precise search and retrieval Coverage: 1964 to present • Easy access to Help and Search Tips Update frequency: Each Government Business Day Bibliographic Records: over 2 Million • E-mailing of results The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide

For more information: About NTRL: http://www.ntis.gov/pdf/ntrl-presentation.pdf Where to get NTRL outside the U.S.: http://www.ntis.gov/help/cooperate.aspx

In Quick Search NTRL Search Tips: Search fi elds include: You can make your search more precise and get more useful Accession No. results by following these tips: Keyword • Select the fi eld to search from the drop down menu. Title Selecting All will search all fi elds. Abstract • Enter search phrase/terms in the text box and click the Author search button. • Do not use operators such as AND, OR in the search text box; use the appropriate text box instead. • To search for all words (logical operator AND) enter In Advanced Search your search in the With All of the words input text box. Search fi elds can be limited: • To force inclusion of certain search terms (logical operator OR), search in the With at least one of the With All of the words words input box. With the exact phrase • To search for the exact phrase enter your search next to With at least one of the words the With the exact phrase input text box. Exclude words • To limit results by category click on the Subject Refi ne your results by: Category dropdown and select category from the Subject Category dropdown list. Year • To limit the results by year, select From Year and To Year Range Year from the dropdown list. Source agency • You can sort the results by Relevancy or by Year using the Sort By dropdown list.

14 Online Services Access – National Technical Reports Library 15

Sample NTRL Record Accession Number: PB2010-107926 Title: Understanding Climate's Infl uence on Human Evolution. Publication Year: 2010 Pages: 00127 Abstract: The hominin fossil record documents a history of critical evolutionary events that have ultimately shaped and defi ned what it means to be human, including the ori- gins of bipedalism; the emergence of our genus Homo; the fi rst use of stone tools; increases in brain size; and the emergence of Homo sapiens, tools, and culture. The geological record suggests that some of these evolutionary events were coinci- dent with substantial changes in African and Eurasian climate, raising the intrigu- ing possibility that key junctures in human evolution and behavioral development may have been affected or controlled by the environmental characteristics of the areas where hominins evolved. However, with both a sparse hominin fossil record and an incomplete understanding of past climates, the particular effect of the envi- ronment on hominin evolution remains speculative. This presents an opportunity

The NTIS Database Search Guide for exciting and fundamental scientifi c research to improve our understanding of The NTIS Database Search Guide how climate may have helped to shape our species, and thereby to shed light on the evolutionary forces that made us distinctively human. Keyword: Environmental effects, Homo sapiens, Culture, Geology, Fossil fuels, Earth scienc- es, Implementation, Research program, Climate change, Human impact, Hominin, Human revolution Source Agency: National Academy of Science National Research Council(NASNRC) Category: Natural Resources & Earth Sciences(48), Atmospheric Sciences(55), Environmen- tal Pollution & Control(68) Prime Corp Author Name: National Research Council, Washington, DC. Division on Earth and Life Studies. Document Type: RPT Document Type: RPT Contract Number: EAR-0625247

15 Online Services Access – DataStar 16 DataStar Dialog, LLC System Features: 2250 Perimeter Park Drive, Suite 300 • MAP–extracts and saves terms to use in another database Morrisville, North Carolina 27560 • RANK–statistical analysis of search results Telephone: 919-804-6400 • Left-hand truncation on Imsmarq trademark databases Fax: 919-804-6410 • Telecommunications link to DIALOG E-mail: [email protected] • Prompted offl ine print and alert requests Database Label: NTIS • Smart Alerts–you choose the day the Alerts run Years Online: NTIS–October 1980–to date NT80–1975 to September 1980 • KWIC print format–see search terms in context NT74–1970 to 1974 • Subaccount expanded to 16 characters NTZZ–All of NTIS since 1970 Update frequency: Monthly

List of Selected DataStar Search Commands Label Description Example The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide AN Accession number & update ADA511653 ADJ XAB.AN. AU Author(s) JAKOB-$.AU. IN Corporate source MINERAL$ ADJ MANAGEMENT.IN. TI Title AIR ADJ QUALITY WITH OZONE.TI. TA Annotated title ANNUAL REPORT.TA. NT Notes - Display only - YR Publication date 2010.YR. JN Journal announcement code U200923.JN. SN Sponsoring agency - Display only – RN Report number JSC ADJ CN ADJ 18584.RN. CN Contract number 200 ADJ 205 ADJ 13434.CN. PN Task (project) number NASA ADJ NCC8 ADJ 200.PN. PR Price - Display only – AV Availability - Display only – CC Classifi cation codes 68D.CC. MJ Major descriptors OFFSHORE-DRILLING.MJ. MN Minor descriptors WATER-POLLUTION.MN. ID Keywords OIL ADJ SPILL$.ID. DE Descriptors (superlabel) OFFSHORE ADJ DRILLING.DE. AB Abstract OIL WITH EXPLORATION.AB. Limit Options YEAR Publicaion year 1_: OFFSHORE ADJ DRILLING 2_: ..: 1 YEAR=2009 UMONTH Update month 3_: ..L 1 UMONTH>201002 JNYR Journal announcement year 4_: ..L 1 JNYR<2009 JNMO Journal announcement month 5_: ..L 1 JRMO=200701

16 Online Services Access – DataStar 17

Print Formats SHORT AN AU TI YR TA -: ..P SHORT/1-5 MEDIUM AN AU TI YR TA AB -: ..P MEDIUM/1-10 LONG AN AU TI YR TA AB DE -: ..P LONG/2,6,9 By paragraph (e.g., Title) -: ..P TI/1-5 Full document All paragraphs -: ..P ALL/1-10 Note: There is no free format for this database. RANK counts the occurrences of unique terms within a specifi c fi eld from a search set you have created. MAP automatically extracts and saves data from selected fi elds of a set of records, thereby eliminating time-consuming scanning and re-keying. The stored search may then be executed in another database, or saved for later use.

Sample Record – DataStar The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide AN ADA513500-XAB 201003. AU Kuo-S, Cheng-W, Snyder-A, Kossey-P, Battis-J. IN Performer(s): Air Force Research Lab., Hanscom AFB, MA. Space Vehicles Directorate. Performing author code(s): 114801001 434329. TI Contrasting O/X-mode Heater Effects on O-Mode Sounding echo and the Generation of Magnetic Pulsations. TA Contrasting O/X-mode Heater Effects on O-Mode Sounding echo and the Generation of Magnetic Pulsations. NT Journal article. Published in the Geophysical Research Letters v37 2010. YR 6 Jan 2010, 6p JN u201012. RN AFRL-RV-HA-TR-2010-1001. CN Contract N00014-05-1-0109. PN Task HR, Proj. 1010. PR PC A02. AV Order this product from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)605-6900; and email at [email protected]. NTIS is located at 5301 Shawnee Road, Alexandria, VA, 22312, USA. CC 55A MJ Ionosphere, Heating, Micropulsations, Magnetic-fi elds. MN Sequences, Echoes, Magnetometers, Intensity, Excitation, Monitoring, Reprints, Facilities. ID X-mode, O-mode, HAARP-High-Frequency-Active-Auroral-Research-Program, Experimental-observations.

17 Online Services Access – DIALOG 18 DIALOG, LLC http://www.dialog.com 2250 Perimeter Park Drive, Suite 300 Morrisville, North Carolina 27560 Telephone: +1 800 3-DIALOG (North America) or +1 919-804-6400 Fax: +1 919-804-6410 E-mail: [email protected]

List of Selected DIALOG Search Commands Command Explanation Example Begin To connect to NTIS fi le B6 S term Search term SELECT (or S) MEDIA E term Expand term: displays online index in alpha order around EXPAND (or E) MEDIA search term T or D To view online results using one of Dialog’s eight formats t5/3/1-4 PR To print off-line search results PR S5/3/1-4 The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide PR- To cancel off-line prints pr-p002 AND, OR, NOT Logical connectors (w)(1w) Proximity connectors (n)(1n) Proximity connectors (f) Proximity connectors fi eld (l) Proximity connectors descriptors (s) Proximity connectors subfi eld SAVE TEMP To save search strategy for 7 days SAVE TEMP SAVE To save search strategy permanently save EXS To run a saved search exs sa001 LOGOFF HOLD To save a search for 30 minutes RECALL To list search saves recall save RELEASE To purge search saves release save HELP To explain system commands help fi le6; and fi le structure help fi eld6 fi le price list help rates6 Limit by years help limit6 DS To display search history DS3; DS 1-10 To display selected sets SORT To sort search results by title, etc. sort s1/all/ti NTIS price code tables Paper/Microfi che HELP NTISCODE; Paper copy exception HELP NTISECOD; Diskettes HELP NTISDCOD; Magnetic tape products HELP NTISTCOD Time & Charges At logoff & end COST RANK To analyze term frequency TARGET Search using relevance ranking

Print Options User-defi ned formats: can be specifi ed using the display codes indicated in the search options tables, e.g., TYPE S3/TI, JN, PY/1-5.

18 Online Services Access – DIALOG 19

Predefi ned Format Options Number Record Content Format 1 DIALOG accession number Format 2 Full record except abstract Format 3 Bibliographic citation Format 4 Full record with tagged fi elds Format 5, 9 Full record Format 6 Title Format 7 Bibliographic citation and abstract Format 8 Title and indexing Note: Menu mode is also available

Sample Record–Dialog AA PB2001-104037/XAB NTIS Accession No. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide TI Logic-Based, Performance Driven Electric Vehicle Software Design Tool (Final Title rept. Jul 98-Aug 00) AU Blackketter, D. M. ; Alexander, D. G. Personal Author CS Idaho Univ., Moscow. National Inst. for Advanced Transportation Technology. Corporate Source Corp. Source Codes: 009858007 Corp. Source Codes SP Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Research and Special Sponsoring Agency Programs Administration RN Report No.: NIATT-N01-10 Report No. CN DTRS98-G-0027 Contract Number PY Feb-01 Report date PG 30p pagination NT Sponsored by Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., Research and Note Special ProgramsAdministration. Product reproduced from digital image. Order this product from NTIS by phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703) 605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703) 605-6900; and email at orders@ntis. gov. NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfi eld, VA 22161, USA. LA English Language JA Journal Announcement: USGRDR0113 Journal Announcement PC NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01. –display only– CP United States Country of Publication AB The goal of this research was to develop computer-based logic algorithms and Abstract build them into SmartHEV, a series hybrid electric vehicle software design program. (Abstract abbreviated for this example.) DE Electric Vehicles; *Computer aided design; *Vehicle design; Vehicle Descriptors Performance; Computer software; Algorithms; Hybrid vehicles; ID SmartHEV design program; NTISDOTOUR Identifi ers SH 85H (Transportation – Road Transportation); 41A (Manufacturing Technology – Section Headings Computer Aided Design (CAD)) (Subject Categories)

19 Online Services Access – EBSCO Publishing 20 EBSCO Publishing

EBSCO Publishing 10 Estes Street Ipswich MA 01938 800-653-2726 http://www.epnet.com

The default fi elds included in unqualifi ed (keyword) searches are: Personal Author, Corporate Source, Sponsor- ing Organization, Title, Number of Items, Note, Abstracts, Descriptors, Identifi ers, Source, Subject Category Codes, and Subject Category.

The following list will help you locate detailed information referenced in this database as a fi eld.

List of Searchable Fields The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Search tag Name/Description Example AA Abstract Available AA Y [Phrase Indexed] Searches the abstract available fi eld AU Author AU M. Beyermann [Word Indexed] Searches author by Initials and last name AB Abstract AB Phase Particles [Word Indexed] Searches the Abstract summary for keywords AN Accession number AN PB97-210801/XAB [Phrase Indexed] Searches the exact accession Number/unique identifi er. CA Corporate Source CA Oak Ridge National Lab [Word Indexed] Searches corporate source by source name CC Subject Category Code CC 46C [Word Indexed] or Searches for words in the subject category code. This can CC Optics & Lasers be searched both by code and by spelled-out subject CR Contract Number CR AC05-96OR22464 [Phrase Indexed] Searches for the exact contract number CY Country of Publication CY France [Phrase Indexed] Searches for the exact country of publication DE Subject headings DE Sovereignty [Phrase Indexed] Searches for the exact descriptor DT Publication Date DT 1997 [Numerically Indexed] Searches the Publication date in YYYY format

20 Online Services Access – EBSCO Publishing 21

List of Searchable Fields Search tag Name/Description Example ID Identifi ers ID International Affairs [Word Indexed] Searches for words within the identifi ers fi eld LA Language LA German [Phrase Indexed] Searches the original language of the document MC Major Concepts MC International Relations [Phrase Indexed] Searches for the exact major concept NI Number of Items NI 52 [Word Indexed] Searches for words or numbers in the number of items fi eld NO Note NO Report to Congress [Word Indexed] The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Searches for keywords in the notes fi eld PG Pagination PG 10 [Numerically Indexed] Searches the number of pages numerically RE Report Number RE SUNY-TR-48 [Numerically Indexed] Searches the report number fi eld SO Source SO Department of Energy [Word Indexed] Searches for words within a title listed in the source fi eld of a review SP Sponsoring Organization SP Department of Energy [Word Indexed] Searches for words in the sponsoring organization SU Descriptors SU International Relations [Word Indexed] Searches for words in the Subject, Descriptors and Identifi ers fi eld TI Title TI Preventive Action:Cases and [Word Indexed] Strategies Searches for words in the title of the article For additional information, please refer to database specifi c help in EBSCOhost.

21 Online Services Access – Elsevier Engineering Information 22 Elsevier Engineering Information 360 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10010 NTIS is available on Engineering Village on T: +1-800-221-1044 http://www.engineeringvillage2.org F: +1-212-633-3680 • Years of coverage: 1964-present E-mail: [email protected] • Total records: 2,250,000 Corporate site: http://www.ei.org • Updated Weekly Engineering Village is the premier web-based discovery platform meeting the information needs of the engi- neering community. By coupling powerful search tools, an intuitive user interface and essential content sources, Engineering Village has become the globally accepted source of choice for engineers, engineering students, researchers and information professionals. • Combined database searching of Compendex, Inspec with NTIS, including deduplication of Com- pendex and Inspec records. • Referex Engineering e-book reference content • Browsable Indexes to scan and retrieve variants of search terms • The ability to save searches, set up e-mail alerts, and create personalized folders. • Quick & Expert Search options, both of which allow you to save and combine searches. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide • The ability to choose preferred output formats (citation, abstracts or detailed) for Selected Record sets, which can then be viewed, printed, saved, downloaded or e-mailed. • OpenURL linking to the NTIS order form from abstract or detailed records • Links to document delivery services • OpenURL linking to Endeavor LinkFinder Plus, Ex Libris SFX, Serials Solutions Article Linker, Inno- vative Interfaces Web Bridge and others for local holdings checking and full text option presentation. • Context sensitive help • Reference Services: Ask a Librarian & Ask an Engineer

In Quick Search mode, In Expert Search, fi elds that can be searched: fi elds that can be searched: Field Field Code Abstract Abstract AB All fi elds Accession number AN Author All fi elds All Author Affi liation Author AU Classifi cation Code Author affi liation AF Contract Number Availability AV Country of Origin Classifi cation code CL Monitoring Agency Contract number CT NTIS Accession Number Controlled term CV NTIS Controlled Terms Country of origin CO Report Number Document type DT Subject/Title/Abstract Filing date PA Title Language LA Monitoring agency AG Notes NT Patent issue date PI Report number RN Subject/Title/Abstract KY Title TI Uncontrolled term FL 22 Online Services Access – Elsevier Engineering Information 23

NTIS can be viewed in 3 record formats: citation, abstract and detailed records. Each abstract and detailed record has a link named “Order From NTIS” which takes the user to the NTIS order system.

Hyperlinked Fields that can be searched from the record: • Author • NTIS Controlled Terms • Uncontrolled Terms • NTIS Classifi cation Code • Project Number • Monitoring Agency • Contract Number

Example of an NTIS Detailed Record Accession number: ADA410873 Title: Energy Conversion in Laser Propulsion II Authors: Larson, C. W.; Mead, F. B.; Kalliomaa, W. M. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Author affi liation: Air Force Research Lab., Edwards AFB, CA. Space and Missile Propulsion Div. Author affi liation codes: 115210002 441421 Report number: AFRL/PRS-ED-TP-2001-247 Publication date: Dec-01 Pages: 22p Language: English Country of origin: United States Document type: Technical paper Notes: Paper presented at the AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit (40th) held in Reno, NV, on 14-17 Jan 2002. Abstract: This paper reports on an analysis of overall energy conversion in laser propulsion. Experimental studies of a laboratory-scale propulsion device that absorbs laser energy and converts that energy to propellant kinetic energy were carried out. The Myrabo Laser Lightcraft (MLL), propelled by laser-heated air, was studied. Availability: Product reproduced from digital image. Order this product from NTIS by: phone at 1-800- 553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)605-6900; and email at [email protected]. NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfi eld, VA, 22161, USA. NTIS price code: PC A03/MF A01 Project number: 1011 Task number: Task 0046 Journal announcement: u0314 NTIS controlled terms: Laser applications | Energy conversion | Kinetic energy | Carbon dioxide lasers | Rocket propulsion | Solid propellants | Blowdown | Experimental data | Symposia | Spacecraft | Thermodynamics | Pulsed lasers | Thermal expansion | Heating | High energy lasers | Ionization | Chemical equilibrium | Refl ectors | Equations of state | Delrin Uncontrolled terms: Laser heated propellant | Laser propulsion | Laser energy | Conversion effi ciency | Laser heated air | Mll(Myrabo laser lightcraft) | Lightcraft | Equilibrium expansion | Frozen expansion | Air expansion | Equilibrium blowdown | Frozen blowdown NTIS classifi cation codes: 46C Optics and Lasers | 81B Combustion, Engines and Propellants Electric and Ion Propulsion | 81G Rocket Engines and Motors | 84A Astronautics Database: NTIS

23 Online Services Access – Ovid Technologies 24 Ovid Technologies http://www.ovid.com Coverage: 1964 to present 333 Seventh Avenue Document Delivery: Document availability from NTIS is New York, NY 10001 indicated in each citation. Telephone: 800-950-2035; In New York City: 646- 674-6300 Fax: 646-674-6301 E-mail: [email protected]

List of Selected Ovid Search Fields Record Structure Label Field Function Examples AN Accession No. Search tib-b89-82561-xab.an UP Update Code Search 9406.up limit ..1/ 1 up = “9406” AU Author Search strueder, L.au strueder, $.au The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide IN Institution and Search computer applications.in Institution Code ij535353.in TI Title Search eigenvalue problem.ti TA Title Annotation –display only– NT Notes –display only– YR Publication Year Search nov 1993.yr., 1993.yr limit ..l/ 2 yr = 1993 JN Journal Announcement Search u9006.jn SA Sponsoring Agency Search nasa-cr-194662.sa nasa.sa RN Report Number Search mpi-pae-exp-el-208.rn CN Contract and/or Grant Numbers Search nasi-18605.cn PN Project and/or Task Numbers –display only– PR Price –display only– AV Availability –display only– CC Subject Category Codes Search 89d.cc. and 72b.cc MJ Major Descriptors Search problem solving.mj MN Minor Descriptors Search energy resolution.mn DE Descriptors Search algorithms.de (MJ,MN) reacting fl ow.de ID Identifi ers Search ntisnasa.id AB Abstract Search supersonic combustion.ab

24 Online Services Access – Ovid Technologies 25

Sample Record – Ovid Technologies Accession Number PB2001-107910-XAB Author Bunte K; Abt SR. Institution Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO.; 114618000 Title Sampling Surface and Subsurface Particle-Size Distributions in Wadable Gravel- and Cobble-Bed Streams for Analyses in Sediment Transport, Hydraulics, and Streambed Monitoring. Year of Publication May Abstract This document provides guidance for sampling surface and subsurface sediment from wadable gravel- and cobble-bed streams. After a short introduction to streams types and classifi cations in gravel-bed rivers, the document explains the fi eld and laboratory measurement of particle sizes and the statistical analysis of particle-size distributions. Analysis of particle parameters, including shape, density, and bulk density are also discussed. The document describes the spatial variability of bed-material particle sizes as well as the horizontal and vertical structure of particle deposits. The discussion of sampling procedures and equipment helps the user to make appropriate selections that The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide support the sampling objective. Sample-size estimates may be obtained from empiri- cal data or computed from statistical relationships between sample size and accuracy. The document explains a variety of methods, their usage and prerequisites. A detailed discussion of sampling schemes guides the ! user to select appropriate spatial sampling patterns necessary to produce representative samples. Journal Announcement u0122 Report Number RMRS-GTR-74 Price NTIS Prices: PC A21/MF A04 Availability Product reproduced from digital image. Order this product from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)605- 6900; and email at [email protected]. NTIS is located at 5301 Shawnee Road, Alexandria, VA, 22312, USA. Subject Category Codes 48G. 48E Major Subject Descriptors Hydraulics Streambeds Sediment transport Minor Subject Descriptors Sampling procedures Sampling equipment Sample size Identifi ers *Particle-size analysis. Bed materials. Spatial sampling structures. Spatial variability Notes Final rept. 454 PAGES Update Code 122

25 Online Services Access – ProQuest 26

ProQuest Field Codes http://www.proquest.com/en-US/ AB = Abstract NU = Other Numbers 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway AG = Agency PA = Patent Application Data P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 AN = Accession Number PB = Publisher Telephone: 734-761-4700 AU = Author PD = Publication Date E-mail: [email protected] AV = Availability PI = Patent Issue Date CL = Classifi cation PY = Publication Year CO = Country of Origin RP = Report Number Dates of Coverage: 1964 - current DE = Descriptors SF = Subfi le Update Frequency: Weekly ID = Identifi ers SO = Source Size: Over 2,400,000 records as of March 2010 LA = Language TI = Title NT = Notes UD = Update AN Accession Number: Use this number to order the fulltext from NTIS. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Sample Record - ProQuest TI: Title Production, Prices, Employment, and Trade in Northwest Forest Industries, Fourth Quarter 1996 AU: Author Warren, DD AV: Availability Order this product from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703) 605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703) 321- 8547, and email: at [email protected]. NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfi eld, VA 22161, USA. NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A02 SO: Source Performer: Forest Service, Portland, OR. Pacifi c Northwest Research Station. July 1997. 143p. Report: FSRB-PNW-226 RP: Report Number FSRBPNW226; PB97199830 AB: Abstract Provides current information on lumber and plywood production and prices; employment in the forest industries; international trade in logs, lumber, and plywood; volume and average prices of stumpage sold by public agencies; and other related items. LA: Language English PY: Publication Year 1997 PD: Publication Date 19970700 CO: Country of Origin United States PT: Publication Type Forest Service resource bulletin DE: Descriptors Wood products; Forest industry; Sectoral analysis; Lumber; Ply- wood; Production; Prices; International Trade; Industries; Employ- ment; Volume; Exports; Imports; Tables (Data); Agricultural eco- nomics CL: Classifi cation 48D Natural Resources & Earth Sciences: Forestry; 96A Business & Economics: Domestic Commerce, Marketing, & Economics; 96C Business & Economics: International Commerce, Marketing & Economics UD: Update 199722 AN: Accession Number PB97199830

26 Online Services Access – SilverPlatter Information 27 SilverPlatter Information, Inc. http://www.silverplatter.com 100 River Ridge Drive Norwood, MA 02062-5043 Telephone: 800- 343-0064 or 781-769-2599 Fax: 781-769-8763 E-mail: [email protected]

Below are the NTIS fi elds with their abbreviation. Fields listed in bold are limit fi elds. List of Selected SilverPlatter Search Fields Label Field Name AB Abstract AG Agency Source Code AN Accession Number The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide AU Personal Author AV Availability Note* CA Corporate Author Code CC Subject Category Codes CI Country of Intellectual Origin CN Contract/Grant Number(s) CS Corporate Source DE Descriptors DEM Major Descriptors DER Minor Descriptors ID Identifi ers IDM Major Identifi ers IDR Minor Identifi ers LA Language NT Descriptive Note* PR NTIS Price Codes* PY Publication Year RD Report Date/Pagination* RN Report Number SC Subject Categories TI Title UD Update Date • The AV, NT, PR, and RD fi elds are not searchable. The citation, a brief record, consists of the TI, AN, CS, RD, NT, AV, PR, RN, and CN fi elds. For more on NTIS fi elds, select Guide from the Help menu.

27 Online Services Access – SilverPlatter Information 28

Sample Record - SilverPlatter TI Preventing the Diseases of Aging: Special Focus: Healthy Title Aging. Chronic Disease Notes and Reports, Volume 12, Number 3, Fall 1999 AN PB2001102122XSP Accession Number AU Ramsey-T. Personal Authors CS Performer: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention Corporate Source RD 1999. 20p. Report Date/Pagination PY Jun-05 Publication Year NT Color illustrations reproduced in black and white Descriptive Note AV Product reproduced from digital image. Order this product Availability Note from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-533-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703) 605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703) 605-6900; and email at [email protected]. NTIS is located at 5301 Shawnee Road, Alexandria, VA, 22312, USA CI UNITED-STATES Country of Intellectual Origin LA ENGLISH Language The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide PR PC A03/MF A01 NTIS Price Codes DE Elderly-persons; Treatment-; Population-growth; Alzheimer’s- Descriptors DE *Aging-; *Chronic-diseases; *Prevention-; Descriptors ID *CDC-Center-for-Disease-Control; *Center-for-Disease-Control Identifi ers SC Medicine-and-biology-Clinical-Medicine (57E); Subject Categories Medicine-and-biology-Public-health-and-industrial-medicine (57U); Health-planning-and-health-services-research-Community-and -population- characteristics (44C) CC 57E, 57U, 44C, 44, 57 Subject Category Codes AB The new millenium brings the nation many challenges, but none Abstract of Americans older than 65 years. Not only has the birthrate decreased since 1964, when the baby boom ended; at the same time, life expectancy has increased dramatically, from 47 years in 1900 to 76 years in 1990. Adults over than 85 years are the fastest-growing part of the population; by 2030, they are expected to number 8.5 million. ‘If disease patterns stay the same, the health care system will have to spend an additional $400 to $500 billion to cover the costs of an older population’, said James S. Marks, MD, MPH, Director, NCCDPHP. However lifesyle changes and increased emphasis on prevention could reverse the trends of increasing chronic disease, disability, and death. AG HEWCDC Agency Source Code CA 104227000 Corporate Author Code UD 200106 Update Date

28 Online Services Access – STN International 29 STN International

In North America In Europe In Japan CAS FIZ Karlsruhe JAICI (Japan Association for STN North America STN Europe International Chemical Information) P.O. Box 3012 P.O. Box 2465 STN Japan Columbus, Ohio 43210-0012 USA 76012 Karlsruhe Nakai Building Telephone: 800-753-4227 (North America) Germany 6-25-4 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku 614-447-3700 (worldwide) Phone: +49-7247-808-555 Tokyo 113-0021, Japan Fax: 614-447-3751 Fax: +49-7247-808-259 Phone: +81-3-5978-3601 (Technical Service) E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: helpdesk@fi z-karlsruhe.de +81-3-5978-3621 (Customer Service) Internet: http://www.cas.org Internet: www.stn-international.com Fax: +81-3-5978-3600 E-mail: [email protected] System Features: [email protected] Internet: www.jaici.or.jp · 1964 to the present · More than 2,121,220 records (9/00) · Updated weekly · Automatic current-awareness searches (SDIs) are run weekly The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide STN Search and Display Field Codes

Search Display Search Field Name Code Search Examples Codes Basic Index* (contains single words from the None S MOTORISTS TI, AB, CT, title (TI), abstract (AB), controlled term (CT), or S DRIVING HABIT# UT, RN uncontrolled term (UT) and CAS Registry /BI S DRIV?(2W)EXPER? Number (RN) fi elds) S COAL(S)MINE# S PAT CL 110? S ANALYSIS/BI,CC S 50-23-7 Accession Number /AN S "2001(17):03220"/AN AN Application Date (1) /AD S AD=JAN 1999 AI Application Number /AP S US2001-983047/AP AI Application Year (1) /AY S AY=1999 AI Author (patent inventor) /AU S MCCARTHY, P E/AU AU (or /IN) S AMES G/AU Availability /AV S CD ROM/AV AV Classifi cation Codes, COSATI, NTIS etc. /CC S 85/CC CC (code, main code (NTIS) and S 85A/CC text) (2) S *57E/CC S TRANSPORTATION?/CC Controlled Term /CT S ALCOHOL LAWS/CT CT (main headings) S *HEAT RECOVERY/CT Controlled Word /CW S EARTH/CW CT Corporate Source (performing, sponsoring or /CS S (DEPART?(2W)INTERIOR)/CS CS cooperating performing organization, patent S COMBUSTION ENGINEERING?/CS assignee) Country (of Intellectual Origin) /CY S GERMANY?/CY CY (code and text) S GB/CY Document Type (code and text) /DT S PATENT/DT DT (or /TC) S P/DT Inventor /IN S MANDAVA N/IN IN Language (code and text) /LA S FRENCH/LA LA

29 Online Services Access – STN International 30

STN Search and Display Field Codes Search Display Search Field Name Code Search Examples Codes Note /NTE S SEAWIFS/NTE NTE Number of Contract /NC S AID-DSAN-C-0062/NC NC (grant, project or task) Number of Report, NTIS Order Number (num- /NR S PB85-138436/XAD/NR NR, AN ber and prefi x) S PB85/NR Other Source (journal and database issue) /OS S GRA&I8507/OS OS S GREENHOUSE# NOT INIS/OS Patent Assignee /PA S MARTIN MARIETTA/PA PA Patent Number /PN S US2804506/PN PI Publication Date (1) /PD S PD=FEB 2000 PD Publication Year (1) /PY S 1983-1984/PY PD Source (contains number of contract, number /SO S TRRLSR826/SO SO of report) The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide Title /TI S REAL-TIME/TI AND SOFTWARE/TI TI Update Date (1) /UP S UP=JUL 2002 UP (or /ED) Word Count, Title (1) /WC.T S WC.T>=10 WC.T (1) Numeric search fi eld that may be searched with numeric operators or ranges. (2) Search with implied (S) proximity is available.

STN DISPLAY and PRINT Formats Format Content Examples AB Abstract D AB, TI AI (AP) Application Information D AI AN Accession Number D 1-5 AN AU (IN) Author (patent inventor) D AU TI AV Availability D AV AY (1) Application Year D AY CC Classifi cation Code D CC CS Corporate Source D CS CT Controlled Term D CT CY Country (of Intellectual Origin) D CY DT (TC) Document Type D DT IN Patent Inventor D IN NC Number of Contract (grant, project or task) D NC NR (SO) Number of Report (patent number, application number) D NR NTE Note D NTE OS Other Source D OS PA Patent Assignee D PA PD (1) Publication Date D PD PI (PN) Patent Information D PI PY (1) Publication Year D PY RN CAS Registry Number D RN TI Title D TI 1-10

30 Online Services Access – STN International 31

STN DISPLAY and PRINT Formats Format Content Examples UP (1) Update Date D UP UT Uncontrolled Term D CT UT 5-15 WC.T (1) Word Count, Title D WC.T ALL BIB, AB, CC, CT, UT, RN D 1-3 ALL DALL ALL, delimited for post-processing D DALL IALL ALL, indented with text labels D IALL BIB AN, TI, AU, IN, CS, PA, NC, NR, PI, AI, CY, LA, NTE, AV, OS (BIB is default) D 8 BIB IBIB BIB, indented with text labels D IBIB IND AN, CC, CT, UT, RN D IND SCAN (2) TI, CT D SCAN TRIAL (TRI, SAM, TI, CC, CT, UT, RN D TRI SAMPLE, FREE) HIT Hit term(s) and fi eld(s) D HIT KWIC Up to 50 words before and after hit term(s) (KeyWord-In-Context) D KWIC The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide OCC Number of occurrences of hit term(s) and fi eld(s) in which they occur D OCC

STN SELECT, ANALYZE, and SORT Fields The SELECT command is used to create E-numbers containing terms taken from the specifi ed fi eld in an answer set. The ANALYZE command is used to create an L-number containing terms taken from the specifi ed fi eld in an answer set. The SORT command is used to rearrange the search results in either alphabetic or numeric order of the specifi ed fi eld(s). Field Name Field Code ANALYZE / SELECT SORT Abstract AB Y N Accession Number AN Y N Application Date AD Y Y Application Number AP Y Y Application Year AY Y Y Author (Patent Inventor) AU Y Y Availability AV Y Y CAS Registry Number RN Y Y Classifi cation Code CC Y Y Controlled Term CT Y N Corporate Source CS Y Y Country (of Intellectual Origin) CY Y Y Document Type DT Y Y Language LA Y Y Note NTE Y Y Number of Contract NC Y Y Number of Report (NTIS Order Number) NR Y Y Other Source OS Y Y Patent Assignee PA Y Y Patent Information PI Y Y Patent Number PN Y Y Publication Date PD Y Y Publication Year PY Y Y

31 Online Services Access – STN International 32

STN SELECT, ANALYZE, and SORT Fields Field Name Field Code ANALYZE / SELECT SORT Source SO Y N Title TI Y (default) Y Uncontrolled Term UT Y N Update Date UP (ED) Y Y Word Count, Title WC.T Y Y

Sample Records – STN International DISPLAY ALL AN 2010(12):01113 NTIS Order Number: PB2010-107165/XAB TI Impacts of a 15-Percent Renewable Portfolio Standard. CS Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. Offi ce of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. (052896003) NR PB2010-107165/XAB; SR/OIAF/2007-03 29p; Jun 2007 DT Report CY United States The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide LA English AV Order this product from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S.customers); (703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)605-6900; and email at [email protected]. NTIS is located at 5301 Shawnee Road, Alexandria, VA, 22312, USA. NTIS Prices: PC A03 OS GRA&I1012 AB This report responds to a request from Senator Jeff Bingaman asking EIA to analyze a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) requiring that 15 percent of U.S. electricity sales be derived from qualifying renewable energy resources. The proposal exempts smaller electricity providers - those with fewer than 4 billion kilowatt hours in annual sales - from meeting the requirement, and would not allow current generation from existing hydroelectric and municipal solid waste facilities to meet the requirement. However, retail sellers who generate from existing hydroelectric and municipal solid waste facilities are allowed to exclude this generation from their sales base when calculating their required renewable share. (Actual abstract abbreviated for this example.) CC 97G Policies, regulations, and studies CT *Energy market impacts; *Energy resources; Electric power generation; Impacts; Fuel use; Prices; Emissions; Expenditures; Tables (Data); Figures; Comparisons *RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD (RPS); *RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES; ELECTRICITY SALES; RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD PROPOSAL DISPLAY BIB ACCESSION NUMBER: 2010(13):01033 NTIS ORDER NUMBER: ADD020436/XAB TITLE: Acceleration Strain Transducer with Increased Sensitivity. Patent Application. INVENTOR: Maguire, J. M. PATENT ASSIGNEE: Naval Undersea Warfare Center Div., Newport, RI. Offi ce of Counsel. (103709005 602677) NUMBER OF REPORT: ADD020436/XAB; PAT-APPL-8-291048 17p; Filed 22 Sep 2009 APPLICATION INFORMATION: US 2009-291048 20090922 CONTROLLED TERM: Patent COUNTRY: United States LANGUAGE: English AVAILABILITY: This Government-owned invention available for U.S. licensing and, possibly, for foreign licensing. Copy of application available NTIS. Order this product from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)605-6900; and email at [email protected]. NTIS is located at 5301 Shawnee Road, Alexandria, VA, 22312, USA. NTIS Prices: PC N03 OTHER SOURCE: GRA&I1013

32 NTIS Subject Categories 33 Alphabetical Listing by Major Categories Appendix A

70-ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT 92-BEHAVIOR & SOCIETY 700-General 920-General 70A-Inventory Control 92A-Job Training & Career Development 70B-Management Practice 92B-Psychology 70C-Management Information Systems 92C-Social Concerns 70D-Personnel Management, Labor Relations 92D-Education, Law, & Humanities & Manpower Studies 92E-International Relations 70E-Research Program Administration & Technology Transfer 95-BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN 70F-Public Administration & Government 70G-Productivity FACTORS ENGINEERING 950-General 95A-Prosthetics & Mechanical Organs ERONAUTICS ERODYNAMICS 51-A & A 95B-Tissue Preservation & Storage 510-General 95C-Biomedical Instrumentation 51A-Aerodynamics & Bioengineering 51B-Aeronautics 95D-Human Factors Engineering The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 51C-Aircraft 95E-Life Support Systems 51D-Parachutes & Decelerators 95F-Bionics & Artifi cial Intelligence 51E-Avionics 95G-Protective Equipment 51F-Test Facilities & Equipment

89-BUILDING INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY 98-AGRICULTURE & FOOD 890-General 980-General 89B-Architectural Design 98A-Agricultural Chemistry & Environmental Engineering 98B-Agricultural Economics 89C-Construction Management & Techniques 98C-Agricultural Equipment, Facilities, 89D-Structural Analyses & Operations 89E-Building Standards & Codes 98D-Agronomy, Horticulture, & Plant Pathology 89G-Construction Materials, Components, 98E-Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine & Equipment 98F-Fisheries & Aquaculture 89H-Building Equipment, Furnishings, 98G-Agriculture Resource Surveys & Maintenance 98H-Food Technology 96-BUSINESS & ECONOMICS 54-ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS 960-General 540-General 96A-Domestic Commerce, Marketing, 54A-Astrogeology & Economics 54B-Astronomy & Celestial Mechanics 96C-International Commerce, Marketing, 54C-Astrophysics & Economics 54D-Cosmic Ray Research 96D-Consumer Affairs 96E-Minority Enterprises 96F-Banking & Finance 55-ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 550-General 96G-Foreign Industry Economic Development 55A-Aeronomy 96H-Foreign Business & Economics 55B-Dynamic Meteorology 55C-Meteorological Data Collection, Analysis, & Weather Forecasting 55D-Meteorological Instruments & Instrument Platforms 55E-Physical Meteorology 55F-Weather Modifi cation

33 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing by Major Categories 34

99-CHEMISTRY 63-DETECTION & COUNTERMEASURES 990-General 630-General 99A-Analytical Chemistry 63A-Acoustic Detection 99B-Industrial Chemistry 63B-Electromagnetic & Chemical Process Engineering & Acoustic Countermeasures 99C-Polymer Chemistry 63C-Infrared & Ultraviolet Detection 99D-Basic & Synthetic Chemistry 63D-Magnetic Detection 99E-Photochemistry & Radiation Chemistry 63E-Nuclear Explosion Detection 99F-Physical & Theoretical Chemistry 63F-Optical Detection 63G-Personnel Detection 50-CIVIL ENGINEERING 63H-Radiofrequency Detection 500-General 63I-Seismic Detection 50A-Highway Engineering 50B-Civil Engineering 49-ELECTROTECHNOLOGY 50C-Construction Equipment, Materials, 490-General & Supplies 49A-Antennas 50D-Soil & Rock Mechanics 49B-Circuits 49C-Electromechanical Devices 81-COMBUSTION, ENGINES, & PROPELLANTS 49D-Electron Tubes The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 810-General 49E-Optoelectronic Devices & Systems 81A-Combustion & Ignition 49F-Power & Signal Transmission Devices 81B-Electric & Ion Propulsion 49G-Resistive, Capacitive, 81C-Fuel & Propellant Tanks & Inductive Components 81D-Jet & Gas Turbine Engines 49H-Semiconductor Devices 81G-Rocket Engines & Motors 81H-Rocket Propellants 97-ENERGY 81I-Nuclear Propulsion 970-General 81J-Reciprocation 97A-Reserves & Rotating Combustion Engines 97B-Energy Use, Supply, & Demand 97E-Electric Power Transmission 45-COMMUNICATION 97F-Fuel Conversion Processes 450-General 97G-Policies, Regulations & Studies 45A-Policies, Regulations, & Studies 97I-Electric Power Production 45B-Radio & Television Equipment 97J-Heating & Cooling Systems 45C-Common Carrier & Satellite 97K-Fuels 45D-Sociopolitical 97L-Engine Studies (Energy Related) 45E-Graphics 97M-Batteries & Components 45F-Verbal 97N-Solar Energy 45G-Communication & Information Theory 97O-Miscellaneous Energy Conversion & Storage 62-COMPUTERS, CONTROL 97P-Geothermal Energy 97Q-Selected Studies In Nuclear Technology & INFORMATION THEORY 97R-Environmental Studies 620-General 62A-Computer Hardware 62B-Computer Software 68-ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION & CONTROL 62C-Control Systems & Control Theory 680-General 62D-Information Processing Standards 68A-Air Pollution & Control 62E-Information Theory 68B-Noise Pollution & Control 62F-Pattern Recognition & Image Processing 68C-Solid Wastes Pollution & Control 62R-Applications Software 68D-Water Pollution & Control 62S-Data Files 68E-Pesticides Pollution & Control 68F-Radiation Pollution & Control 68G-Environmental Health & Safety 68H-Environmental Impact Statements

34 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing by Major Categories 35

90-GOVERNMENT INVENTIONS 88-LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCES FOR LICENSING 880-General 900-General 88A-Operations & Planning 90A-Mechanical Devices & Equipment 88B-Information Systems 90B-Chemistry 88C-Marketing & User Services 90C-Nuclear Technology 88D-Personnel 90D-Biology & Medicine 88E-Reference Materials 90E-Metallurgy 90F-Electrotechnology 41-MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 90G-Instruments 410-General 90H-Optics & Lasers 41A-Computer Aided Design (CAD) 90I-Ordnance 41B-Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) 90J-Food Technology 41C-Robotics/Robots 41D-Productivity 44-HEALTH CARE 41E-Manufacturing, Planning, Processing & Control 440-General 41F-Joining 44A-Planning Methodology 41G-Quality Control & Reliability 44B-Agency Administrative & Financial Management 41H-Plant Design & Maintenance The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 44C-Community & Population Characteristics 41I-Job Environment 44D-Health Care Assessment 41J-Tooling, Machinery, & Tools & Quality Assurance 41K-Engineering Materials 44E-Health Care Measurement Methodology 41L-Tribology 44F-Health Care Forecasting Methodology 41M-Optics & Lasers 44G-Environmental & Occupational Factors 41N-Computer Software 44H-Health Care Technology 41O-Domestic Commerce, Marketing, 44J-Health Delivery Plans, Projects & Studies & Economics 44K-Health Services 41P-Research Program Administration & Technology Transfer 44L-Health Care Needs & Demands 44M-Health Resources 44N-Health Care Utilization 71-MATERIALS SCIENCES 44P-Health Education & Manpower Training 710-General 44Q-Health-Related Costs 71A-Ablative Materials & Ablation 44R-Economics & Sociology 71B-Adhesives & Sealants 44S-Legislation & Regulations 71C-Carbon & Graphite 44T-Data & Information Systems 71D-Ceramics, Refractories, & Glass 44U-Health Care Delivery Organization 71E-Coatings, Colorants, & Finishes & Administration 71F-Composite Materials 71G-Corrosion & Corrosion Inhibition 94-INDUSTRIAL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 71H-Elastomers 940-General 71I-Fibers & Textiles 94A-Production Planning & Process Controls 71J-Iron & Iron Alloys 94B-Quality Control & Reliability 71K-Lubricants & Hydraulic Fluids 94C-Plant Design & Maintenance 71L-Materials Degradation & Fouling 94D-Job Environment 71M-Miscellaneous Materials 94E-Environmental Engineering 71N-Nonferrous Metals & Alloys 94F-Tooling, Machinery, & Tools 71O-Plastics 94G-Manufacturing Processes 71P-Refractory Metals & Alloys & Materials Handling 71Q-Solvents, Cleaners, & Abrasives 94H-Industrial Safety Engineering 71R-Wood & Paper Products 94I-Hydraulic & Pneumatic Equipment 94J-Nondestructive Testing 94K-Laboratory & Test Facility Design & Operation

35 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing by Major Categories 36

72-MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 75E-Missile Trajectories & Reentry Dynamics 720-General 75F-Missile Warheads & Fuses 72B-Algebra, Analysis, Geometry, 75G-Surface-Launched Missiles & Mathematical Logic 75H-Underwater-Launched Missiles 72E-Operations Research 72F-Statistical Analysis 48-NATURAL RESOURCES & EARTH SCIENCES 480-General 57-MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 48A-Mineral Industries 570-General 48B-Natural Resource Management 57A-Anatomy 48C-Natural Resource Surveys 57B-Biochemistry 48D-Forestry 57C-Botany 48E-Soil Sciences 57D-Clinical Chemistry 48F-Geology & Geophysics 57E-Clinical Medicine 48G-Hydrology & Limnology 57F-Cytology, Genetics, & Molecular Biology 48H-Snow, Ice, & Permafrost 57G-Dentistry 48I-Cartography 57H-Ecology 57I-Electrophysiology 76-NAVIGATION, GUIDANCE, & CONTROL 57J-Immunology 760-General The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 57K-Microbiology 76A-Control Devices & Equipment 57L-Nutrition 76B-Guidance Systems 57M-Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, 76C-Navigation & Guidance System Components & Rehabilitation 76D-Navigation Systems 57N-Parasitology 57O-Pathology 77-NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 57P-Pest Control 770-General 57Q-Pharmacology 77A-Fusion Devices (Thermonuclear) & Pharmacological Chemistry 77B-Isotopes 57S-Physiology 77C-Nuclear Auxiliary Power Systems 57T-Psychiatry 77D-Nuclear Explosions & Devices 57U-Public Health & Industrial Medicine 77E-Nuclear Instrumentation 57V-Radiobiology 77F-Radiation Shielding, Protection, & Safety 57W-Stress Physiology 77G-Radioactive Wastes & Radioactivity 57X-Surgery 77H-Reactor Engineering 57Y-Toxicology & Nuclear Power Plants 57Z-Zoology 77I-Reactor Fuels & Fuel Processing 77J-Reactor Materials 74-MILITARY SCIENCES 77K-Reactor Physics 740-General 74A-Antiaircraft Defense Systems 47-OCEAN SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY 74B-Antimissile Defense Systems 470-General 74C-Antisubmarine Warfare 47A-Marine Engineering 74D-Chemical, Biological, 47B-Dynamic Oceanography & Radiological Warfare 47C-Physical & Chemical Oceanography 74E-Logistics, Military Facilities, & Supplies 47D-Biological Oceanography 74F-Military Intelligence 47E-Marine Geophysics & Geology 74G-Military Operations, Strategy, & Tactics 47F-Oceanographic Vessels, Instruments, 74H-Nuclear Warfare & Platforms 74I-Passive Defense Systems 47G-Hydrography 47H-Underwater Construction & Habitats 75-MISSILE TECHNOLOGY 750-General 75A-Air & Space-Launched Missiles 75B-Missile Guidance & Control Systems 75C-Missile Launching & Support Systems 75D-Missile Tracking Systems

36 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing by Major Categories 37

79-ORDNANCE 85-TRANSPORTATION 790-General 850-General 79A-Ammunition, Explosives, & Pyrotechnics 85A-Air Transportation 79B-Armor 85C-Metropolitan Rail Transportation 79C-Bombs 85D-Transportation Safety 79D-Combat Vehicles 85E-Pipeline Transportation 79E-Detonations, Explosion Effects, & Ballistics 85F-Global Navigation Systems 79F-Fire Control & Bombing Systems 85G-Marine & Waterway Transportation 79G-Guns 85H-Road Transportation 79H-Rockets 85I-Railroad Transportation 79I-Underwater Ordnance 91-URBAN & REGIONAL TECHNOLOGY 82-PHOTOGRAPHY & RECORDING DEVICES & DEVELOPMENT 820-General 910-General 82A-Holography 91A-Environmental Management & Planning 82B-Photographic Techniques & Equipment 91B-Transportation & Traffi c Planning 82C-Recording Devices 91C-Fire Services, Law Enforcement, & Criminal Justice 46-PHYSICS 91D-Communications The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 460-General 91E-Housing 46A-Acoustics 91F-Health Services 46B-Fluid Mechanics 91G-Urban Administration & Planning 46C-Optics & Lasers 91H-Regional Administration & Planning 46D-Solid State Physics 91I-Emergency Services & Planning 46E-Structural Mechanics 91J-Economic Studies 46G-Plasma Physics 91K-Social Services 46H-Radiofrequency Waves 91L-Recreation

43-PROBLEM-SOLVING INFORMATION FOR STATE & LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 430-General 43A-Finance 43B-Economic & Community Development 43C-Human Resources 43D-Police, Fire, & Emergency Services 43E-Energy 43F-Environment 43G-Transportation

84-SPACE TECHNOLOGY 840-General 84A-Astronautics 84B-Extraterrestrial Exploration 84C-Manned Spacecraft 84D-Spacecraft Trajectories & Flight Mechanics 84E-Space Launch Vehicles & Support Equipment 84F-Space Safety 84G-Unmanned Spacecraft

37 NTIS Subject Categories 38 Alphabetical Listing by All Categories Appendix B

Ablative Materials and Ablation ...... (71A) Atmospheric Sciences ...... (55) Acoustic Detection ...... (63A) Atmospheric Sciences Acoustics ...... (46A) Dynamic Meteorology ...... (55B) Adhesives and Sealants ...... (71B) Avionics ...... (51E) Administration and Management ...... (70) Banking and Finance ...... (96F) Aerodynamics ...... (51A) Basic and Synthetic Chemistry ...... (99D) Aeronautics ...... (51B) Batteries and Components ...... (97M) Aeronautics -Test Facilities Behavior and Society ...... (92) and Equipment ...... (51F) Biochemistry ...... (57B) Aeronautics and Aerodynamics ...... (51) Biological Oceanography ...... (47D) Aeronomy ...... (55A) Biomedical Instrumentation Agricultural Chemistry ...... (98A) and Bioengineering ...... (95C) Agricultural Economics ...... (98B) Biomedical Technology and Human Factors Engineering ...... (95) The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide Agricultural Equipment, Facilities, and Operations ...... (98C) Bionics and Artifi cial Intelligence ...... (95F) Agricultural Resource Surveys ...... (98G) Bombs ...... (79C) Agriculture and Food ...... (98) Botany ...... (57C) Agronomy, Horticulture, Building Construction Management and Plant Pathology ...... (98D) and Techniques ...... (89C) Air and Space-Launched Missiles ...... (75A) Building Construction Materials, Components, and Equipment ...... (89G) Air Pollution and Control ...... (68A) Building Equipment, Furnishings, Air Transportation ...... (85A) and Maintenance ...... (89H) Aircraft ...... (51C) Building Industry Technology ...... (89) Algebra, Analysis, Geometry, Building Standards and Codes ...... (89E) and Mathematical Logic ...... (72B) Building Structural Analyses ...... (89D) Ammunition, Explosives, and Pyrotechnics ...... (79A) Business - Foreign Industry Development and Economics ...... (96G) Analytical Chemistry ...... (99A) Business - International Commerce, Anatomy ...... (57A) Marketing, and Economics ...... (96C) Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Business and Economics ...... (96) Medicine ...... (98E) Business Domestic Commerce, Marketing, Antennas ...... (49A) and Economics ...... (96A) Antiaircraft Defense Systems ...... (74A) Carbon and Graphite ...... (71C) Antimissile Defense Systems ...... (74B) Cartography ...... (48I) Antisubmarine Warfare ...... (74C) Ceramics, Refractories, and Glass ...... (71D) Architectural Design Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering ...... (89B) and Radiological Warfare ...... (74D) Armor ...... (79B) Chemistry ...... (99) Astrogeology ...... (54A) Chemistry - Physical and Theoretical ...... (99F) Astronautics ...... (84A) Chemistry - Photo and Radiation ...... (99E) Astronomy and Astrophysics ...... (54) Circuits ...... (49B) Astronomy and Astrophysics Civil Engineering ...... (50B) Cosmic Ray Research ...... (54D) Civil Engineering (Heading) ...... (50) Astronomy and Celestial Mechanics ...... (54B) Astrophysics ...... (54C) 38 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing by All Categories 39

Civil Engineering Construction Equipment, Electronic Resistive, Capacitive, Materials, and Supplies ...... (50C) and Inductive Components ...... (49G) Clinical Chemistry ...... (57D) Electrotechnology ...... (49) Clinical Medicine ...... (57E) Energy ...... (97) Coatings, Colorants, and Finishes ...... (71E) Energy Environmental Studies ...... (97R) Combat Vehicles ...... (79D) Energy Policies, Regulations, and Studies ...... (97G) Combustion and Ignition ...... (81A) Energy Reserves ...... (97A) Combustion, Engines and Propellants Energy Use, Supply, and Demand ...... (97B) Electric and Ion Propulsion ...... (81B) Engine Studies (Energy Related) ...... (97L) Combustion, Engines, and Propellants ...... (81) Engineering Materials ...... (41K) Common Carrier and Satellite ...... (45C) Environmental Engineering ...... (94E) Communication ...... (45) Environmental Health and Safety ...... (68G) Communication Graphics ...... (45E) Environmental Impact Statements ...... (68H) Communication and Information Theory ...... (45G) Environmental Pollution and Control ...... (68) Communication Policies, Regulations, Fibers and Textiles ...... (71I) and Studies ...... (45A) Fisheries and Aquaculture ...... (98F) The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Communications - Sociopolitical ...... (45D) Fluid Mechanics ...... (46B) Communications - Verbal ...... (45F) Food Technology ...... (98H) Composite Materials ...... (71F) Forestry ...... (48D) Computer Aided design (CAD) ...... (41A) Fuel and Propellant Tanks ...... (81C) Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) ...... (41B) Fuel Conversion Processes ...... (97F) Computer Control Systems and Control Theory ...... (62C) Fuels ...... (97K) Computer Hardware ...... (62A) Fusion Devices (Thermonuclear) ...... (77A) Computer Information Processing Geology and Geophysics ...... (48F) Standards ...... (62D) Geothermal Energy ...... (97P) Computer Information Theory ...... (62E) Global Navigation Systems ...... (85F) Computer Software ...... (62B) Government Inventions - Biology Computers, Control, and Medicine ...... (90D) and Information Theory ...... (62) Government Inventions - Chemistry ...... (90B) Consumer Affairs ...... (96D) Government Inventions - Electrotechnology ...... (90F) Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibition ...... (71G) Government Inventions - Food Technology ...... (90J) Cytology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology ...... (57F) Government Inventions - Instruments ...... (90G) Dentistry ...... (57G) Government Inventions - Mechanical Detection and Countermeasures ...... (63) Devices and Equipment ...... (90A) Detonations, Explosion Effects, Government Inventions - Metallurgy ...... (90E) and Ballistics ...... (79E) Government Inventions - Nuclear Dynamic Oceanography ...... (47B) Technology ...... (90C) Ecology ...... (57H) Government Inventions - Optics and Lasers ...... (90H) Education, Law, and Humanities ...... (92D) Government Inventions - Ordnance ...... (90I) Elastomers ...... (71H) Government Inventions for Licensing ...... (90) Electric Power Production ...... (97I) Guns ...... (79G) Electric Power Transmission ...... (97E) Health Care ...... (44) Electromagnetic and Acoustic Countermeasures ...... (63B) Health Care Agency Administrative and Financial Management ...... (44B) Electromechanical Devices ...... (49C) Health Care Assessment Electron Tubes ...... (49D) and Quality Assurance ...... (44D) 39 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing by All Categories 40

Health Care Community and Population Joining ...... (41F) Characteristics ...... (44C) Library and Information Science Health Care Data and Information Systems ...... (44T) Marketing and User Services ...... (88C) Health Care Delivery Organization Library and Information and Management ...... (44U) Science Personnel ...... (88D) Health Care Economics and Sociology ...... (44R) Library and Information Sciences ...... (88) Health Care Environmental Library and Information Sciences and Occupational Factors ...... (44G) Operations and Planning ...... (88A) Health Care forecasting Methodology ...... (44F) Library Information Systems ...... (88B) Health Care Legislation and Regulations ...... (44S) Life Support Systems ...... (95E) Health Care measurement Methodology ...... (44E) Logistics, Military Facilities, and Supplies ...... (74E) Health Care Needs and Demands ...... (44L) Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids ...... (71K) Health Care Technology ...... (44H) Magnetic Detection ...... (63D) Health Care Utilization ...... (44N) Management Information Systems ...... (70C) Health Delivery Plans, Projects, and Studies ...... (44J) Management Practice ...... (70B) Health Education and Manpower Training ...... (44P) Manned Spacecraft ...... (84C) The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Health Planning Methodology ...... (44A) Manufacturing Job Environment ...... (41I) Health Resources ...... (44M) Manufacturing Computer Software ...... (41N) Health Services ...... (44K) Manufacturing Domestic Commerce, Health-Related Costs ...... (44Q) Marketing, and Economics ...... (41O) Heating and Cooling Systems ...... (97J) Manufacturing Optics and Lasers ...... (41M) Highway Engineering ...... (50A) Manufacturing Plant Design Holography ...... (82A) and Maintenance ...... (41H) Human Factors Engineering ...... (95D) Manufacturing Processes and Materials Handling ...... (94G) Hydraulic and Pneumatic Equipment ...... (94I) Manufacturing Productivity ...... (41D) Hydrography ...... (47G) Manufacturing Quality Control Hydrology and Limnology ...... (48G) and Reliability ...... (41G) Immunology ...... (57J) Manufacturing Research Program Industrial and Mechanical Engineering ...... (94) Administration and Technology Transfer ...... (41P) Industrial and Mechanical Engineering Manufacturing Technology ...... (41) Plant Design and Maintenance ...... (94C) Manufacturing Tooling, Machinery, Industrial and Mechanical Engineering and Tools ...... (41J) Production Planning and Process Manufacturing, Planning, Processing, Controls ...... (94A) and Control ...... (41E) Industrial and Mechanical Engineering Marine and Waterway Transportation ...... (85G) Quality Control and Reliability ...... (94B) Marine Engineering ...... (47A) Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Process Engineering ...... (99B) Marine Geophysics and Geology ...... (47E) Industrial Job Environment ...... (94D) Materials Degradation and Fouling ...... (71L) Industrial Laboratory and Test Facility Materials Sciences ...... (71) Design and Operation ...... (94K) Mathematical Sciences ...... (72) Industrial Safety Engineering ...... (94H) Medicine and Biology ...... (57) Infrared and Ultraviolet Detection ...... (63C) Medicine and Biology Electrophysiology ...... (57I) International Relations ...... (92E) Meteorological Data Collection, Analysis, Inventory Control ...... (70A) and Weather Forecasting ...... (55C) Iron and Iron Alloys ...... (71J) Meteorological Instruments and Instrument Platforms ...... (55D) Isotopes ...... (77B) Metropolitan Rail Transportation ...... (85C) Jet and Gas Turbine Engines ...... (81D) 40 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing by All Categories 41

Microbiology ...... (57K) Operations Research ...... (72E) Military Intelligence ...... (74F) Optical Detection ...... (63F) Military Operations, Strategy, and Tactics ...... (74G) Optics and Lasers ...... (46C) Military Sciences ...... (74) Optoelectronic Devices and Systems ...... (49E) Mineral Industries ...... (48A) Ordnance ...... (79) Minority Enterprises ...... (96E) Ordnance - Fire Control Miscellaneous Energy Conversion and Bombing Systems ...... (79F) and Storage ...... (97O) Parachutes and Decelerators ...... (51D) Miscellaneous Materials ...... (71M) Parasitology ...... (57N) Missile Guidance and Control Systems ...... (75B) Passive Defense Systems ...... (74I) Missile Launching and Support Systems ...... (75C) Pathology ...... (57O) Missile Technology ...... (75) Pattern Recognition and Image Processing ...... (62F) Missile Tracking Systems ...... (75D) Personnel Detection ...... (63G) Missile Trajectories and Reentry Dynamics ...... (75E) Pest Control ...... (57P) Missile Warheads and Fuses ...... (75F) Pesticides Pollution and Control ...... (68E) Natural Resource Management ...... (48B) Pharmacology and Pharmacological The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Natural Resource Surveys ...... (48C) Chemistry ...... (57Q) Natural Resources and Earth Sciences ...... (48) Photographic Techniques and Equipment ...... (82B) Navigation and Guidance System Photography and Recording Devices ...... (82) Components ...... (76C) Physical and Chemical Oceanography ...... (47C) Navigation Control Devices Physical Meteorology ...... (55E) and Equipment ...... (76A) Physics ...... (46) Navigation Guidance Systems ...... (76B) Physiology ...... (57S) Navigation Systems ...... (76D) Pipeline Transportation ...... (85E) Navigation, Guidance, and Control ...... (76) Plasma Physics ...... (46G) Noise Pollution and Control ...... (68B) Plastics ...... (71O) Nondestructive Testing ...... (94J) Polymer Chemistry ...... (99C) Nonferrous Metals and Alloys ...... (71N) Power and Signal Transmission Devices ...... (49F) Nuclear Auxiliary Power Systems ...... (77C) Problem Solving for State and Local Nuclear Explosion Detection ...... (63E) Governments - Finance ...... (43A) Nuclear Explosions and Devices ...... (77D) Problem Solving for State and Nuclear Instrumentation ...... (77E) Local Governments-Economic and Community Development ...... (43B) Nuclear Propulsion ...... (81I) Problem Solving for State and Local Nuclear Reactor Engineering Governments Environment ...... (43F) and Nuclear Power Plants ...... (77H) Problem Solving Information for State Nuclear Reactor Fuels and Fuel Processing ...... (77I) and Local Governments ...... (43) Nuclear Reactor Materials ...... (77J) Productivity ...... (70G) Nuclear Reactor Physics ...... (77K) Prosthetics and Mechanical Organs ...... (95A) Nuclear Science and Technology ...... (77) Protective Equipment ...... (95G) Nuclear Technology Selected Studies ...... (97Q) Psychiatry ...... (57T) Nuclear Warfare ...... (74H) Psychology ...... (92B) Nutrition ...... (57L) Public Administration and Government ...... (70F) Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, Public Health and Industrial Medicine ...... (57U) and Rehabilitation ...... (57M) Radiation Pollution and Control ...... (68F) Ocean Technology and Engineering ...... (47) Radiation Shielding, Protection, Oceanographic Vessels, Instruments, and Safety ...... (77F) and Platforms ...... (47F) 41 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing by All Categories 42

Radio and Television Equipment ...... (45B) Tissue Preservation and Storage ...... (95B) Radio Frequency Detection ...... (63H) Tooling, Machinery, and Tools ...... (94F) Radio Frequency Waves ...... (46H) Toxicology ...... (57Y) Radioactive Wastes and Radioactivity ...... (77G) Transportation ...... (85) Radiobiology ...... (57V) Transportation Safety ...... (85D) Railroad Transportation ...... (85I) Tribology ...... (41L) Reciprocating and Rotating Underwater Construction and Habitats ...... (47H) Combustion Engines ...... (81J) Underwater Ordnance ...... (79I) Recording Devices ...... (82C) Underwater-Launched Missiles ...... (75H) Reference Materials ...... (88E) Unmanned Spacecraft ...... (84G) Refractory Metals and Alloys ...... (71P) Urban Administration and Planning ...... (91G) Research Program Administration Urban and Regional Technology and Technology Transfer ...... (70E) and Development ...... (91) Road Transportation ...... (85H) Urban and Regional Technology Robotics/Robots ...... (41C) Communications ...... (91D) Rocket Engines and Motors ...... (81G) Urban Economic Studies ...... (91J) The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Rocket Propellants ...... (81H) Urban Emergency Services and Planning ...... (91I) Rockets ...... (79H) Urban Environmental Management Seismic Detection ...... (63I) and Planning ...... (91A) Semiconductor Devices ...... (49H) Urban Fire Services, Law Enforcement, and Criminal Justice ...... (91C) Snow, Ice, and Permafrost ...... (48H) Urban Health Services ...... (91F) Social Concerns ...... (92C) Urban Housing ...... (91E) Soil and Rock Mechanics ...... (50D) Urban Recreation ...... (91L) Soil Sciences ...... (48E) Urban Regional Administration Solar Energy ...... (97N) and Planning ...... (91H) Solid State Physics ...... (46D) Urban Social Services ...... (91K) Solid Wastes Pollution and Control ...... (68C) Urban Transportation and Traffi c Planning ...... (91B) Solvents, Cleaners, and Abrasives ...... (71Q) Water Pollution and Control ...... (68D) Space Extraterrestrial Exploration ...... (84B) Weather Modifi cation ...... (55F) Space Launch Vehicles and Wood and Paper Products ...... (71R) Support Equipment ...... (84E) Zoology ...... (57Z) Space Safety ...... (84F) Space Technology ...... (84) Spacecraft Trajectories and Flight Mechanics ...... (84D) State and Local Governments - Transportation ...... (43G) State and Local Government Energy ...... (43E) State and Local Governments - Human Resources ...... (43C) State and Local Governments Police, Fire, and Emergency Services ...... (43D) Statistical Analysis ...... (72F) Stress Physiology ...... (57W) Structural Mechanics ...... (46E) Surface-Launched Missiles ...... (75G) Surgery ...... (57X) 42 NTIS Subject Categories 43 Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions Appendix C

70-ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT 70E-Research Program Administration & Technology Transfer 700-General Research management, development, and forecasting; Research Organizational structure and organization theory. contract management; Research needs; Technology transfer 70A-Inventory Control and forecasting. Excludes research methods per se. Studies of Inventory analysis; Inventory models; Obsolescence; Repair-re- specifi c programs are excluded unless they discuss a program at placement tradeoffs; Spare parts; Stock level control; Usage the national level, technology innovation, or trends and impacts prediction; Warehouse automation; Stockpiling. of new technology. 70B-Management Practice 70F-Public Administration & Government Theory and concepts of management including record keeping, National, state, and local government structure, operation, and planning, scheduling, organization, coordination, decision mak- administration. Operations of government agencies and their ing, policy making; Productivity management; Cost effective- interactions; Intergovernmental relations. ness; Systems management; Contact management; Management See also 43, 91G, and 91H. methods (PERT, PPB, etc.); Management games. Applied stud- 70G-Productivity ies are classifi ed in the application. Productivity of businesses, government, employees, management, For research management, use 70E. and services; Improving quality of work life; Measurement of The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 70C-Management Information Systems productivity effi ciency and effectiveness; Employee attitudes Information systems which include data collection, data processing, and motivation, manpower utilization and performance im- and information delivery for use in decision making an evalua- provement, job satisfaction, job security; Labor-management tion by managers; Manual and automated systems. cooperation, joint committees participative management, job re- See also 88B. design; Alternative work schedules; Incentive plans. Productiv- ity barriers including regulations, obsolete practices, paperwork, 70D-Personnel Management, Labor Relations & and fi nancing methods. Manpower Studies See also 70B, 70D, 70F, 96A, and 96G. Selection, recruitment, management, utilization, and evaluation of For specifi c applications of productivity to manufacturing, use 41D personnel; Job descriptions; Job analysis; Salary administra- and 94. tion; Labor supply; Labor unions; Arbitration and bargaining; Industrial relations; Fringe benefi ts, and incentives; Manpower allocation requirements and utilization. 51-AERONAUTICS & AERODYNAMICS For library and information science personnel, use 88D. 510-General For health personnel, use 44P. Includes landing mats. 51A-Aerodynamics Aerodynamic characteristics and problems of bodies as they are affected by the dynamics of phenomena relating to boundary layer, lift, drag, laminar and turbulent fl ow, compressible fl ow, lift, aerodynamic heating, vortex fl ow, wake, etc. in aerodynam- * Every primary subject category has a “General” ic regimes. Includes aircraft, ground vehicles, and structures. subcategory which contains items whose subject matter See also 46B. falls either into several subcategories or none of the For missile reentry dynamics, use 75E. subcategories within a primary category. For spacecraft reentry dynamics, use 84D. In the generic example that follows, the Primary Subject 51B-Aeronautics Category is Administration & Management; the Subject Aircraft operations such as takeoff and landing, all-weather and Category Code is 70; the Subcategory and Code is 70A; night fl ight, taxiing, approach, letdown, in-fl ight refueling, etc. and the descriptions follow. The descriptions are the Includes aviation accidents. concepts contained in a report; be careful to avoid 51C-Aircraft “word matching.” Design, production, and maintenance of aircraft, aircraft compo- nents and equipment. Structural studies of airframes, bodies, 70-ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT wings, fuselages; Military and commercial aircraft; Balloons (excludes meteorological balloons); Air cushion vehicles (ex- 70A-Inventory control cludes tracked vehicles). Inventory analysis; Inventory models; Obsolescence; Repair- See also 85A and 81D. replacement tradeoffs; Spare parts; Stock level control; For meteorological balloons, use 55D. Usage prediction; Warehouse automation; Stock-piling. For tracked air cushion vehicles, use 85C. For electronic equipment, use 51E.

43 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 44

51D-Parachutes & Decelerators 98H-Food Technology Deployable devices and structures to induce drag and deceleration Pasteurizing, curing, canning, dehydrating, freezing, irradiation, of aircraft, spacecraft, and test vehicles such as rocket sleds. freeze drying, etc., of foods and other agricultural products; Sanitation and fumigation of products; Food additives and pre- 51E-Avionics servatives; Analysis and inspection of products; Storage, pack- Airborne electronic equipment. Includes electronic equipment used aging, and display of products; Kitchen and cooking equipment. for communications; Navigation; Control systems; Onboard air traffi c control; Detection. For biochemical studies of foods, see also 57B. See also 45, 49, 63, and 76. 54-ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS 51F-Test Facilities & Equipment Wind tunnels; Simulators; Flight simulators. 540-General For fl ight simulators used for training, use 92A. 54A-Astrogeology Studies of the structure and composition of planets and other bodies in the solar system. 98-AGRICULTURE & FOOD For geology and geophysics, see also 48F. 980-General 54B-Astronomy & Celestial Mechanics 98A-Agricultural Chemistry Positions and motions of the celestial bodies; Ephemerides, The application of chemistry and chemical analysis to agriculture; Eclipses. Fertilizer production; Soil chemistry; Chemistry of feeding stuffs; Crop chemistry; Biochemical studies. 54C-Astrophysics Physical and chemical aspects of celestial bodies, their origin and For food chemistry, use 98H. evolution. Includes astronomical spectroscopy, radio astronomy, The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 98B-Agricultural Economics solar structure, and planetary atmospheres. Economics conditions, markets, subsidies, and policies affecting 54D-Cosmic Ray Research agriculture; Farm management and fi nance; Land and labor Detection and analysis of cosmic rays. economics; Prices and price control. See also 96C. 55-ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 98C-Agricultural Equipment, Facilities, & Operations 550-General Agricultural engineering; Agricultural machinery and tools; Seed 55A-Aeronomy preservation; Planting, fertilizing, mulching, weeding, and Physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere; Composition; harvesting; Pest and disease control techniques and equipment; Chemical reactions; Aurora; Airglow; Solar-terrestrial relation- Crop protection; Crop drying and storage; Farm water supplies; ships. Irrigation systems; Farm safety; Farm construction and opera- For cosmic ray research, use 54D. tion. For pest control, see also 57P. 55B-Dynamic Meteorology Studies of atmospheric motions; Atmospheric diffusion models; For food processing, use 98H. Atmospheric circulation. 98D-Agronomy, Horticulture, & Plant Pathology For air pollution movement studies, use 68A. Field crop production; Cultivation of orchards, gardens and nurser- ies; Plant biology; Plant breeding, propagation, and hybridizing; 55C-Meteorological Data Collection, Analysis, Hydroponics. & Weather Forecasting Climatology; Satellite meteorology; Weather prediction; Ice fore- See also 57C. casting. 98E-Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine 55D-Meteorological Instruments & Instrument Production and care of domestic and wild animals; Breeding, feed- Platforms ing, management, rearing, testing, and training; Pets; Animal Instruments used to record meteorological parameters; Meteoro- pathology; Toxic effects on domestic animals; Animal quaran- logical balloons; Weather stations; Sounding rockets; Remote tine; Disease resistance, control and treatment; Breeding, care, sensors. and utilization of laboratory animals. See also 57Z. 55E-Physical Meteorology Acoustical, electrical, optical, and thermodynamic properties of the 98F-Fisheries & Aquaculture atmosphere; Cloud physics; Precipitation theory; Global warm- Fishing, fi shing equipment, and shipboard processing of fi sheries ing. products; Cultivation of fi shes, shellfi sh, and algae in fresh or See also 68A. salt water for commercial or recreational use; Use of fi sh lad- ders and weirs; Sport fi shing. 55F-Weather Modifi cation See also 47D, 48B, and 57Z. Change of weather conditions through artifi cial means; Fog disper- For fi sh processing, use 98H. sal; Artifi cial precipitation. 98G-Agriculture Resource Surveys Surveys to scan crop yields, soil moisture content, crop diseases, and forest diseases. Includes fi shery surveys; Satellite and aerial surveys.

44 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 45

92-BEHAVIOR & SOCIETY 95B-Tissue Preservation & Storage Preservation of organs, tissue, and blood for transplantation or 920-General transfusion to living organs; Blood and tissue banks; Properties Includes general overall census studies; Political science. and evaluation of preserved and stored materials. 92A-Job Training & Career Development See also 57J, 57S, and 57X. Vocational training; On-the-job training; Retraining; Vocational rehabilitation; Use and design of training simulators (including 95C-Biomedical Instrumentation & fl ight simulators) and equipment; Instructional aids; Profes- Bioengineering sional development; Career development. Includes materials and equipment used to monitor human body functions. Design, use, and performance of biomedical equip- For curriculum development, use 92D. ment; Biotelemetry including biotelemetry transducer and 92B-Psychology transmitter equipment; Hospital equipment and supplies; Dental Human behavior; Personality; Intelligence; Learning ability; Judge- materials and equipment; Equipment for physiological monitor- ment; Motivation; Perception; Job satisfaction; Leadership ing; Diagnostic equipment; Biomedical laboratory equipment. characteristics; Psychometrics; Adaptability; Social, industrial, See also 95A. group, organizational, interpersonal, and experimental psychol- ogy; Clinical psychology; Physiological psychology. 95D-Human Factors Engineering Design of tools, instruments, equipment, and machinery with em- For the measurement of hearing, vision, heart rate, respiration and phasis on optimum utilization by humans; Habitability of work other physiological responses as related to behavior, use 57T or and living space; Ergonomics; Interaction of man and equip- 57W. ment in terms of subsystem and system performance require- 92C-Social Concerns ments and evaluation. Encompasses manual controls, tactical Sociology and sociometrics; Race relations; Age group and kinesthesis, and other human sensory modalities involved in The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide minority group studies; Social rehabilitation of drug abusers, operation of equipment and understanding of personnel subsys- alcoholics, physically, emotionally, and mentally handicapped, tems; Man-machine systems. Includes anthropometric studies, offenders, etc.; Cultural and economic deprivation; Social protective equipment, protective clothing, and life support discrimination; Immigration; Demography; Social services, in- systems. cluding child care, welfare, counseling, fi nancial assistance, and 95E-Life Support Systems employment and unemployment services; Attitude studies. Equipment and techniques for sustaining life in foreign environ- See also 43C, 44, and 91K. ments, such as space, underground, and underwater; Closed 92D-Education, Law, & Humanities ecological systems (includes pressure suits, diving gear, and Formal education; School systems; Educational administration; breathing apparatus). Curricula; Instructional devices and materials, including See also 95D. audiovisual; Teaching methods; Computer-assisted instruction; 95F-Bionics & Artifi cial Intelligence Laws; Linguistics; Machine translation; Fine arts; Archaeology; Study of biological processes in order to develop engineering sys- History; Anthropology; Humanities; Religion. tems; Simulation of biological processes; Comparative studies 92E-International Relations of control systems formed by the brain and nervous system; Pat- Political and social indicators; Crises and crisis management; Con- tern recognition systems based on biological modes; Biological fl ict analysis; Foreign aid; Foreign policy and foreign affairs; applications of information theory; Cybernetics. International political science; Disarmament and arms control; 95G-Protective Equipment Espionage; Includes international relationships concerning ter- Equipment providing protection against such environmental ele- ritorial seas, fi shing, extradition, and natural resources. ments as heat, cold, noise, machinery, and radiation. See also 74H. For equipment and techniques for sustaining life in environments For international commerce, use 96C. where normal respiration is not possible, use 95E.

95-BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN 89-BUILDING INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY FACTORS ENGINEERING Includes fi res in buildings. 950-General 890-General 95A-Prosthetics & Mechanical Organs Includes fi res in buildings. Includes materials and equipment going into human bodies, en- 89B-Architectural Design & Environmental abling them to function properly, either temporarily or per- Engineering manently. Artifi cial limbs and limb braces; Facial prosthetics, Architecture; Human engineering; Site surveys; Interior design; including artifi cial eyes; Dental prosthetics; Mechanical organs Lighting; Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; Heat loss and mechanical hearts; Circulatory assist devices; Artifi cial kid- studies. Includes environmental engineering equipment. neys, etc.; Biocompatible materials including tissue adhesives, See also 97J and 94E. tissue compatible materials, and antithrombogenic materials. For prosthodontics, use 57G. 89C-Construction Management & Techniques Excavation; Fabrication (presite and onsite); Construction tech- niques; Reconstruction; Management including planning, manpower, and labor studies.

45 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 46

89D-Structural Analyses 96F-Banking & Finance Dynamics and statics of structures and structural members includ- Investments; Credit; Banks and trust companies; Mortgage fi nance; ing kinetics, kinematics, vibration and stress analyses; Induced Savings and loan associations; Security and commodity broker- environmental stresses including earthquakes, wind, and fl ood; age; Balance of payments; Gold and silver movement; Cash Foundation stresses; Soil-structure interactions. fl ow; Regulations; International fi nance. 89E-Building Standards & Codes For government fi nancial operations, use 43A, 70F, 91G, and/or Standards and codes for buildings, equipment, components, and 91H. materials. 96G-Foreign Industry Economic Development 89G-Construction Materials, Components, Private and governmental industrial and economic development in & Equipment foreign countries including industrialized and developing coun- Plumbing; Wiring; Insulation; Doors and windows; Walls; Joints; tries; International technology transfer. Beams; Construction equipment such as bulldozers and cranes. For foreign market surveys and international trade, use 96C. Includes fl ammability and fi re studies. Cement and concrete. 96H-Foreign Business & Economics See also 50C. Foreign and developing countries; Businesses, economic conditions For cement properties, see also 71D. and socioeconomics. 89H-Building Equipment, Furnishings, For foreign market surveys and international trade, use 96C. & Maintenance For social concerns related to economics, see also 92C. Equipment including security alarms (i.e. Burglar alarms), eleva- tors, and fi re safety devices; Furnishings, including major 99-CHEMISTRY household appliances, rugs, and furniture; Maintenance, includ- 990-General The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide ing repair, pest control, and cleaning. For environmental engineering equipment, use 89B. 99A-Analytical Chemistry Techniques and instrumentation for the separation and analysis of individual compounds or specifi c groups or compounds, 96-BUSINESS & ECONOMICS both inorganic and organic. Includes qualitative, quantitative, 960-General volumetric, gravimetric, optical, spectroscopic; electrochemical, Includes economic theory; Business and economic census studies; ion exchange, chromatographic analysis; Test methods; Forensic Insurance not covered by another subcategory; Small busi- chemistry; Data interpretation; Routine analysis or experimental nesses. results. 96A-Domestic Commerce, Marketing, & 99B-Industrial Chemistry & Chemical Process Economics Engineering National and state-level studies; Industrial costs and economics; Techniques, processes, unit operations, and plant equipment that Economic impact of industries; Economic impacts on indus- apply to chemical manufacturing, processing, transportation, tries; Industrial statistics; Agricultural economics; Productivity; and storage; Petroleum refi ning; Desalination technology; Pollu- Labor supply and demand; Labor costs and economics; Infl a- tion control equipment; Process control technology; Process tion; Economic aspects of unemployment; Employment and un- engineering; Chemical reactors. employment statistics; Wage surveys; United States commerce; For coal gasifi cation and liquefaction processes, see also 97F and Wholesale and retail trade; Domestic market surveys; Business, 97K. personal, and property taxes; Income tax data; Franchising. For specifi c environmental pollution control, see also 68. See also 43B, 70D, 91J, and 98B. For water purifi cation, see also 50B and 68D. For studies of individual plants or operations, see the fi eld of ap- plication. 99C-Polymer Chemistry Synthesis, properties, reactions and theories of polymers and copo- For economic impacts of individual plants or operations, see the lymers. Includes all types of polymerization, curing, crosslink- fi eld of application. ing, reaction kinetics, etc. For regional development, use 43B and 91J. For mechanical properties of polymers, use 71O and 71H. 96C-International Commerce, Marketing, 99D-Basic & Synthetic Chemistry & Economics Synthesis, properties, and reactions of inorganic and organic com- Foreign market surveys and research; International trade; Imports pounds; Studies of individual or specifi c groups of chemical and exports; Customs and tariffs; Multinational businesses; elements; Molecular structure; Stereochemistry. Trends and forecasting. For chemical reaction mechanisms between atoms, ions, or mol- For international fi nance, use 96F. ecules, see also 99F. 96D-Consumer Affairs For spectrum analysis of compounds, use 99A and 99F. Consumer problems and protection; Truth in advertising; Commer- cial psychology; Product maintenance and reliability problems; 99E-Photochemistry & Radiation Chemistry Home appliances safety; Product comparison studies; Flamma- Studies involving the interrelationships of electromagnetic or bility studies; Motor vehicle recalls. particle radiation and chemical reactions; Studies of radioactive elements and their reactions; Radiochemistry; Photochemical 96E-Minority Enterprises reactions. Minority owned and operated businesses; Business training of mi- See also 55A and 68A. nority groups; Franchising; Equal opportunities in business.

46 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 47

99F-Physical & Theoretical Chemistry 81C-Fuel & Propellant Tanks Physical chemistry; Thermodynamics; Thermochemistry; Col- Design, performance, and testing of fuel and propellant tanks loids and gels; Surface chemistry; Catalysis and catalysts; including those for automobiles, petroleum products, and rocket Electrochemistry; Solutions; Chemical equilibria; Membranes; propellants. Reaction kinetics; Quantum mechanics; The mathematical 81D-Jet & Gas Turbine Engines determination of atomic or molecular orbitals, energy levels, or Design, performance, and testing of all types of jet and gas turbine properties; The application of mathematics to chemical systems engines, their components, engine nozzles. Includes Ramjet, and electronic spectra, excluding routine analysis or experimen- Scramjet, and Turbofan engines, and hydroduct and turboma- tal results; Molecular spectra interpretation; Chemical reaction chinery as well as nonpropulsive turbines. mechanisms in the gas, liquid, or solid phase between atoms, ions, or molecules; Atomic and molecular energy studies; Phase See also 97L and 51C. studies of nonmetallic systems; Isotherms; Crystallography. 81G-Rocket Engines & Motors For advanced materials, use 71Gen or the fi eld of application. Design, performance, and testing of rocket engines and motors and For solid state physics, use 46D. their components. For thermodynamics, see also 460 General. 81H-Rocket Propellants Production, handling, stability, and performance of liquid, solid, 50-CIVIL ENGINEERING thixotropic, and exotic propellants. Includes fuels, oxidizers, additives, and binders. 500-General For combustion and ignition, use 81A. 50A-Highway Engineering 81I-Nuclear Propulsion Construction of roads and highways; Highway and rights-of-way Design, performance, and testing of nuclear engines for surface, air,

The NTIS Database Search Guide maintenance including weed control; Bridges and bridge sys- The NTIS Database Search Guide and space propulsion. tems; Highway paints and markings; Highway and road signs; Beautifi cation; Slope stability and soil subbases. See also 85. 50B-Civil Engineering 81J-Reciprocation & Rotating Combustion Dredging; Dams; Water purifi cation; Reservoir engineering; Flood Engines control; Sewers; Waterway engineering; Runway construction; Design, performance, and testing of reciprocating and rotating Shore protection; Breakwaters; Harbor engineering; Tunneling. engines of various confi gurations for all types of propulsion. Includes internal and external combustion engines; Engine See also 47. exhaust systems; Engine air systems components; Engine struc- For sewage treatment, use 68D. tures; Stirling and diesel engines. For building construction, use 89. See also 97L and 85H. For oil and gas reservoir engineering, use 97 or 48A.

50C-Construction Equipment, Materials, & 45-COMMUNICATION Supplies Excavation and earth moving equipment; Hoisting and conveying 450-General equipment; Concrete and cement. 45A-Policies, Regulations, & Studies See also 89G. Licensing; Legislation; National policies and Federal regulatory For properties of concrete and cement, see also 71D. controls; Frequency management; Broadcasting standards; Time signals, etc. 50D-Soil & Rock Mechanics Physical properties of soil and rock for utilization in engineering; 45B-Radio & Television Equipment Landslides; Soil stabilization. Design and maintenance of radio and television transmitting and receiving equipment only. For soil sciences, use 48E. See also 51E. For soil conservation, use 48B. For geology and geophysics, use 48F. 45C-Common Carrier & Satellite All communication equipment except radio and television. Opti- cal, radio, microwave, wire, and acoustic communication; 81-COMBUSTION, ENGINES, & PROPELLANTS Telephone, telemeter, telegraph, television, and radio commu- 810-General nication systems; Computer network communications; Digital communication; Intercommunication systems; Optical scanning. 81A-Combustion & Ignition Autoignition, ignition, and combustion. Includes fl ame studies; For information systems, see also 88B. Combustion products studies; Ignition systems; Combustion For design and construction of communication satellites, see also chemistry; Flammability studies. 84G. See also 89 and 94H. 45D-Sociopolitical 81B-Electric & Ion Propulsion Propaganda; Social communication; Sign language, Effects of com- All types of engines deriving power from free ions and electrons. munication on society and behavior; Postal service; Mass media Includes ion, plasma, and arc jet systems; Propulsion by means communication. of solar wind; Laser propulsion. 45E-Graphics For electrically propelled surface vehicles, use 85. Publishing; Printing; Graphic arts; Reprography; Xerography; Fac- simile; Desktop publishing.

47 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 48

45F-Verbal 63-DETECTION & COUNTERMEASURES Research and development in vocal communication; Speech intel- ligibility; Speech recognition. 630-General Automated access control systems. 45G-Communication & Information Theory For industrial security, see also 940 General Theoretical studies relating to the measurement and transmission of information in a communication channel. Includes coding 63A-Acoustic Detection theory, information capacity, detection of signals in noise. Techniques and equipment used for the detection and tracking of See also 62E. objects by means of sound waves, including ultrasonic and infrasonic radiation; Sonar. For acoustic testing, use 94. 62-COMPUTERS, CONTROL & INFORMATION For detection techniques applied to chemistry, meteorology, as- THEORY tronomy, oceanography, medicine, and manufacturing, use 99, 620-General 55, 54, 47, 57, 41, and 94, respectively. Includes computer security; Artifi cial intelligence; Signal process- 63B-Electromagnetic & Acoustic ing (unapplied). Countermeasures 62A-Computer Hardware Interception, jamming, antijamming, and deception of acoustic and Design and development of computers and peripheral equipment, electromagnetic signals; Techniques to nullify the use of detec- including analog computers, digital computers, hybrid comput- tion, surveillance, guidance, and communication systems; Radar ers, special purpose computers, minicomputers, microcomput- jamming; Chaff; Counter-countermeasures. ers; Computer accessories, supplies and installation; Logic See also 74. circuits; Computer architecture; Computer network hardware. The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide 63C-Infrared & Ultraviolet Detection For computer hardware applied to a specifi c application, see the Techniques and equipment for the detection and tracking of objects fi eld of application. by infrared and ultraviolet radiation; Infrared night vision de- For Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), use 49H. vices; Infrared homing. 62B-Computer Software See also 76B. Computer programming; Programming languages; Compilers; Data For earth resource surveys, use 48C and 98G. base management systems; Software tools; Software reliability; For mapping, use 48I. Computer graphics. For photography, use 82B. For computer software and database development applied to a For nondestructive testing, use 94J. specifi c application, see the fi eld of application. For detection techniques applied to chemistry, meteorology, as- For CAD/CAM, use 41A and 41B. tronomy, oceanography, medicine, and manufacturing, use 99, 62C-Control Systems & Control Theory 55, 57, 41, and 94, respectively. Theoretical studies of open-loop and closed-loop control systems; 63D-Magnetic Detection Automatic control systems; Principles including adaptive, Techniques and equipment for the detection of objects by means of continuous, digital, distributed parameter, linear, multivari- magnetic fi elds. able, nonlinear, optional, predictive, and proportional; Process For geomagnetism, use 48. controllers. See also 720 General. 63E-Nuclear Explosion Detection Techniques and equipment for the detection of nuclear explosions For control systems applied to a specifi c application, see the fi eld of at high altitude, underground, and in space. Includes the use application. of shock waves, earth movement, and measurement of nuclear 62D-Information Processing Standards radiation levels. Standards for the use of automatic data processing equipment and See also other applicable subcategories in 63, especially 63I. systems. Includes standards for hardware, software, applica- tions, and data; Federal Information Processing Standards 63F-Optical Detection (FIPS). Techniques and equipment for the detection by means of light. Includes the use of binoculars, periscopes, telescopes, and night 62E-Information Theory vision devices for object detection, and smoke particle detec- Theoretical studies relating to the measurement and transmission tors. of information in a communication channel, including coding See also 46C. theory, information capacity, and detection of signals in noise. For detection using only infrared or ultraviolet radiation, use 63C. See also 45G. For earth resources surveys, use 48C and 98G. 62F-Pattern Recognition & Image Processing For photography, use 82B. Includes feature extraction; Image enhancement; Image restoration; For detection techniques applied to chemistry, meteorology, as- Scene analysis; Character recognition; Barcoding; Computer tronomy, oceanography, medicine, and manufacturing, use 99, vision. 55, 54, 47, 41, and 94, respectively. 62R-Applications Software 63G-Personnel Detection 62S-Data Files Techniques and equipment for the detection of personnel. Includes the use of acoustic, seismic, olfactory, chemical, and optical detectors; Antiintrusion devices; Motion detectors; Security devices. For military passive defense systems, see also 74I. 48 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 49

63H-Radiofrequency Detection 97A-Reserves Techniques and equipment for the detection and tracking by means Natural reserves; Fuel stockpiles; Mineral and fossil fuel deposits of radiofrequency waves; Radar; Microwave detection. including coal, uranium, petroleum, natural gas, geothermal, See also 76. peat, and oil shale; Water power potential; Site studies of wind For mapping, use 48I. power potential and solar radiation availability. For detection techniques applied to meteorology, astronomy, ocean- For individual mine studies, use 48A. ography, medicine, and manufacturing, use 55, 54, 57, 41, and 97B-Energy Use, Supply, & Demand 94 respectively. Electric power and fuel consumption and requirements; Supply and 63I-Seismic Detection demand; Heat use, supply, and demand. Techniques and equipment for the detection of objects by means of 97E-Electric Power Transmission seismic waves. Electric power distribution; Electric transmission lines and substa- For earthquake detection, use 48F. tions; Electric power pools; Wireless energy transmission. For seismic prospecting, use 48A. 97F-Fuel Conversion Processes Methods to convert a fuel to a different chemical form including 49-ELECTROTECHNOLOGY coal gasifi cation and liquefaction; Upgrading fuels by chemical 490-General synthesis. Includes standards, measurements, and instrumentation not applied For petroleum refi ning, oil shale retorting and refi ning, use 97K and to any other subcategories. 99B. For environmental studies, use 97R. 49A-Antennas Antennas; Antenna theory; Antenna radiation patterns; Radomes. 97G-Policies, Regulations & Studies The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Energy conservation; Licensing; Legislation; Government policies 49B-Circuits and regulatory controls; Energy goals; Research needs; Energy Circuit theory; Network analysis; Filters; Oscillators; Logic circuits; management, economics, and fi nancing; Depletion allowances Printed circuits; Electronic modules; Commutators; Power sup- and leasing policies; Rates and energy models; Energy short- ply circuits; Waveform generators; Analog to digital converters; ages; International issues. Phase locked systems. For integrated circuits, use 49H. 97I-Electric Power Production Design and operation of electric power plants; Commercial, indus- 49C-Electromechanical Devices trial, and residential electric power production; Site surveys; Electric motors; Relays; Mechanical switches; Connectors; Circuit Large-scale nuclear, hydro, solar, geothermal, and fossil fuel breakers; Electric fuses. electric power plants; Power plant boilers. 49D-Electron Tubes Note: usually restricted to large-scale electric power production. All electron tubes except those in 49E. For small-scale electric power production, use 97N, 97O, or 97P. 49E-Optoelectronic Devices & Systems For pollution control and environmental impact, use 68 and 97R. Display systems; Phototubes; Image tubes; Cathode ray tubes; For some nuclear power plant studies, use 77 and 97Q. 97Q should Electroluminescent panels; Light emitting diodes; Photodiodes; be those that are most pertinent to the use of nuclear technology Phototransistors; Magnetooptics; Electrooptics; Optical detec- for energy production. tors, including infrared and ultraviolet detectors. 97J-Heating & Cooling Systems See also 63C and 63F. Design and operation of space heating and cooling systems and For solar cells, see also 97N. equipment; Furnace and boiler studies when related to energy For lasers, use 46C. conservation and energy use; Cooling towers; MIUS technol- ogy; Total energy systems. 49F-Power & Signal Transmission Devices Transmission lines; Electric wire and cable; Waveguides; Fiber See also 97N. optics transmission lines. 97K-Fuels 49G-Resistive, Capacitive, & Inductive Compo- Production, performance, properties, storage, prices, and transporta- nents tion of all types of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels; Chemical Resistors; Capacitors; Inductors; Transformers; Electromagnets; composition of fuels; Fuel compatibility; Hydrogen production; Potentiometers; Thermistors; Delay lines; Transducers; Crystal Refuse derived fuels; Fuel desulfurization; Oil shale retorting; resonators. Includes miscellaneous and basic components. Petroleum refi ning; Fuel additives; Growing plants for fuels; Bioconversion and biomass plantations. 49H-Semiconductor Devices See also 48D and 97N. Transistors; Semiconductor diodes; Integrated circuits. For fuel tanks, use 81C. For photodiodes, phototransistors, light emitting diodes, and optical For nuclear fuels, use 77I. detectors, use 49E. For fuel conversion, use 97F. For rocket fuels, use 81H. NERGY 97-E For supply and demand, use 97B. 970-General For oil and gas drilling and recovery, coal mining and other energy Includes energy source development. related mining studies, use 48A.

49 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 50

97L-Engine Studies (Energy Related) 68-ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION & CONTROL Operation and design of engines when related to energy conserva- tion and energy use. Covers turbine, rotary, and reciprocating 680-General engines. Any study covering multiple types of pollution. Includes broad pol- lution studies, such as life-cycle analysis of wastes. See also 81. 68A-Air Pollution & Control 97M-Batteries & Components Air pollution from fl ue gases, exhaust gases, odors, dust, smog, Electrochemical batteries of all types including alkaline cells, microorganisms, etc.; Control techniques and equipment; dry cells, metal-air batteries, primary cells, reserve batteries, Sampling and analytical techniques, and equipment; Waste gas storage batteries, thermal batteries, wet cells; Battery contain- recovery; Biological and ecological effects; Air pollution chem- ers, depolarizers, electrodes, electrolytes, separators, and other istry; Acid precipitation; Atmospheric motion; Laws, legislation, components and materials; Battery chargers and testers; Battery and regulations; Public administration; Economics; Land use. electrochemistry. See also 43F, 91A, 57, 85, 81, 99A, 99B, and 97R. For thermoelectric and thermionic batteries, use 97O. For effects on human health, use 68G. 97N-Solar Energy For pesticides and radioactive contaminants, use 68E and 68F Solar collectors, concentrators, and absorbers; Solar cells; Solar respectively. cookers, dryers, furnaces, generators; Solar heat engines; Solar heating and cooling systems; Solar power plants; Solar stills; 68B-Noise Pollution & Control Solar water heaters; Solar heat storage systems; Solar water Pollution in the environment by noise from any source including pumps; Solar sea power plants; Orbital solar power plants; Opti- engine noise, traffi c and transportation noise, machinery noise, cal coatings and fi lters for solar devices; Solar energy policies, industrial noise, urban noise, sonic boom; Theory and devices use, supply, trends, and economics. for control; Biological and ecological effects; Noise detection; The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Building technology; Laws, legislation, and regulations; Public 97O-Miscellaneous Energy Conversion & Storage administration; Land use. Fuel cells; Magnetohydrodynamics; Experimental electric genera- See also 41I, 43F, 91A, 46A, 57, 85, 89, 94D, and 97R. tors; Turbogenerators; Heat storage; Compressed air energy storage; Mechanical conversion; Thermoelectric and thermionic For effects on human health, use 68G. conversion; Photovoltaic conversion (excludes solar cells); 68C-Solid Wastes Pollution & Control Wind power; Tidal power; Nuclear fusion power plants. Pollution by solid wastes including garbage, scrap, junked auto- For commercial, industrial, and residential use of energy conversion mobiles, spoil, sludge, containers; Disposal methods such as and storage devices, use 97I or 97J. composts or land application, injection wells, incineration, sanitary landfi lls; Mining wastes; Processing for separation and 97P-Geothermal Energy materials recovery; Solid waste utilization; Recycling; Biologi- Geothermal exploration and prospecting methods and equipment; cal and ecological effects; Superfund (Records of Decision, Geothermal resources; Geothermal energy conversion; Geology etc.); SITE technology; Laws, legislation, and regulations; applied to geothermal systems; Drilling; Reservoirs; Extraction; Public administration; Economics; Land use. Includes disposal Site selection; Geothermal power plants; Corrosion studies; of concentrated or pure liquids such as brines, oils, chemicals, Materials used in geothermal systems. and hazardous materials. 97Q-Selected Studies In Nuclear Technology See also 43F, 91A, 57, 99B, and 97R. Reports assigned to this subcategory are selected for their broad For effects on human health, use 68G. interest to users in the nuclear energy fi eld. For the disposal of pesticides and radioactive contaminants, use 68E For other nuclear energy subcategories, use 77. and 68F. 97R-Environmental Studies For the controlled disposal of radioactive wastes from nuclear reac- Air, noise, water, and solid waste pollution and pollution control tors, use 77G. from energy resource development, fuel production, energy 68D-Water Pollution & Control production, and energy use; Environmental impacts of energy Pollution by municipal wastes, agricultural wastes, industrial production and use. wastes, mine wastes, radioactive contaminants; Chemistry and See also 68. analysis of pollutants; Thermal pollution; Oil pollution; Control techniques and equipment; Sewage treatment; Industrial waste water pretreatment; Hydrology and limnology; Biological and ecological effects; Waste water reuse; Laws, legislation, and regulations; Public administration; Economics; Land use. See also 43F, 91A, 47, 48G, 57, 97R, 98, 99A, and 99B. For effects on human health, use 68G. For pollution by pesticides and radioactive contaminants, use 68E and 68F respectively. For the design and construction of sewers, and drinking water treat- ment, use 50B.

50 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 51

68E-Pesticides Pollution & Control 90D-Biology & Medicine Pollution by insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides; Drugs; Cosmetics; Prosthetics; Medical equipment; Pesticide biol- Residues; Decomposition studies; Analysis and detection; Soil ogy; Biological laboratory equipment; Life support equipment. chemistry and biology; Adverse biological effects; Ecology; 90E-Metallurgy Laws, legislation, and regulations; Public administration; Eco- Metal stock; Metal coatings; Molding, shaping, and treating pro- nomics. cesses; Laminating; Glasses; Material shaping; Sheet metal and See also 57, 68A, 68C, 68D, 43F, 91A, 98, and 99A. wire working; Bonding and joining; Cutlery; etc. For effects on human health, use 68G. For use of mechanical equipment, use 90A. 68F-Radiation Pollution & Control 90F-Electrotechnology Involves pollution of the environment by particle and electromag- Antennas, circuits, and electromechanical devices; Electron tubes; netic radiation from natural and synthetic sources, including Optoelectronic devices; Power and signal transmission devices; neutrons, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, microwaves, alpha Resistive, capacitive and inductive components; Semiconductor particles; Radon; Sampling and analytical techniques; Fallout; devices; Information transmission, storage, and retrieval; Com- Biological and ecological effects; Laws, legislation, and regula- munications; etc. tions; Public administration; Economics. See also 57, 68A, 68C, 68D, 91A, 97R. 90G-Instruments Photographic equipment; Measuring and testing instruments and For effects on human health, use 68G. equipments; Acoustic devices; Etc. For the controlled disposal of radioactive wastes from nuclear reac- For nuclear instruments, use 90C. tors, use 77G. 90H-Optics & Lasers 68G-Environmental Health & Safety Optical materials, components, equipment, and systems; Infrared, The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Effects of pollution on public health and safety; Toxicology; visible, ultraviolet, and X-ray lasers; Masers. Industrial health; Physiology; Psychology; Clinical medicine; Radiobiology; Animals used as research experimental models. 90I-Ordnance See also 41I, 57, 44G, 68A, 68B, 68C, 68D, 91A, 43F, 94D, and Production and performance of projectiles, fuzes, explosive materi- 97R. als, pyrotechnics, and weapon systems (not limited to military applications); Ordnance storage systems; Fire control systems; 68H-Environmental Impact Statements Weapons delivery systems; Missiles, rockets, and propellants Only actual draft and fi nal statements are posted in this subcategory. directly related thereto; Weapons carriers (tanks, aircraft ships, Environmental impact statements describing national effects are etc); Guns; Laser weapons; Bombs. posted here and to other appropriate subcategories. For studies about environmental impact statements, use 680 Gen- 90J-Food Technology eral. Pasteurizing, curing, canning, dehydrating, freezing, irradiation, freeze drying, etc., of foods and other agricultural products; Sanitation and fumigation of products; Food additives and 90-GOVERNMENT INVENTIONS FOR LICENSING preservatives; Analysis and inspection of products; Storage, For patents and patent applications only (will be labeled as such in packaging, and display of products; Cooking devices. the report title); Not for bibliographies. For food fermentation, use 90B. 900-General Computer software. 44-HEALTH CARE 90A-Mechanical Devices & Equipment 440-General Devices and equipment for fuel ignition; Heating, illumination, 44A-Planning Methodology and refrigeration; Cleaning; Printing; Product handling and Health planning theory including methods, tactics, techniques and transportation; Sprinklers; Fire extinguishers; Safety; Motor policies; Evaluation of planning theories and processes. and other land vehicles; Earthworking and excavating; Tools; Jacks; Hydraulic and pneumatic systems; Power transmissions; 44B-Agency Administrative & Financial Couplings, fasteners, and joints; Piping; Drilling and mining; Management Separators; Locks; Sewing machines; Winding and reeling; etc. Management practices and policies regarding technical assistance, evaluation of health care agency activities, public relations; For metal shaping and forming, use 90E. Financial management and accounting methods. For medical equipment, use 90D. 44C-Community & Population Characteristics 90B-Chemistry Data and numerical information including health status, quality of Organic and inorganic compounds; Batteries; Electrochemistry; Hy- care, malpractice, health care needs/demands; Health care utili- drocarbons; Lubricating compositions; Propellents and rocket zation, health care cost, vital statistics; Demographic informa- fuels; Acids; Polymers; Plastics; Inks; Bleaching; Dyeing; tion, economic, environmental, nutritional, and societal factors Fertilizers; Food fermentation; Sugar and starch; Paper making; affecting health, and health resource distribution. Textiles; Paints; Coatings (except metal coatings); Chemical reactors; etc. 90C-Nuclear Technology Reactors; Radioactive materials; Nuclear instrumentation; Nuclear radiation safety; Nuclear power plants and reactor engineering; Nuclear fusion; Particle accelerators; Plasma devices; etc.

51 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 52

44D-Health Care Assessment & Quality 44N-Health Care Utilization Assurance Measurements regarding utilization of health resources including Financial feasibility review, economic impact review, and project manpower, ambulatory care, emergency care, public health review; Certifi cate of need theory; Health manpower education care, medical care, mental care, nursing care, dental care, health institutional accreditation; Judicatory procedures, review, and insurance, health care facilities, and home health care. assessment; Quality assurance theory; Certifi catory methodol- See also 44E and 44L. ogy; Health manpower profi ciency testing, and public health education evaluation; Classifi cation of health care facilities and 44P-Health Education & Manpower Training health care personnel. Health manpower education including curricula and costs; Health manpower education facility needs/demands; Institutional 44E-Health Care Measurement Methodology fi nancing; Financing for health related educational institutions; Measurement of health status, quality of care, health facility sup- Student recruiting and retention methods; Continuing education; ply, health manpower supply, profi ciency and productivity, and Career guidance and career advancement; Consumer health health care costs; Health care needs/demands and utilization education and public health education methods. measurement. 44Q-Health-Related Costs See also 44L, 44N, and 44Q. Health care costs, indexes, projections, in-patient care costs, acute 44F-Health Care Forecasting Methodology in-patient care costs, long-term care costs, nursing home care Projecting health care needs/demands and health care utilization; costs, ambulatory care costs, emergency care costs, public Health care facility supply; Health manpower supply; Health health care costs, medical care costs; Insurance costs; Manpow- care costs; Home health care; Cross-impact projections. er income; Equipment costs; Facility utilization and construc- tion costs; Ailment costs including preventive medicine costs 44G-Environmental & Occupational Factors and injury costs; Transportation costs including emergency

The NTIS Database Search Guide Environmental factors affecting health including housing, sanita- The NTIS Database Search Guide transportation costs. tion, water pollution, solid waste pollution, noise pollution, disease vectors, safety hazards, and occupational and industrial 44R-Economics & Sociology hazards; Overpopulation; Health facility environmental consid- Discussions of economic and sociological factors and theories erations and environmental impact; Energy sources in the health relevant to health care. fi eld. 44S-Legislation & Regulations See also 57U and 68G. Laws, bills, regulations, and model legislation. Includes certifi cate 44H-Health Care Technology of need, health insurance certifi cation, health manpower licens- Descriptions and applications of new health care technology and ing, health facility licensing, health manpower employment, and equipment; Ailment prevention techniques, and technology support regarding health manpower education. regarding diagnosis, therapy, rehabilitation, and food and nutri- 44T-Data & Information Systems tion; Health care equipment and facility design and performance Techniques regarding information systems including document considerations. sources, acquisition, surrogation, and storage; Information See also 57 and 95. retrieval; Data systems, Data gathering; Data processing; Data 44J-Health Delivery Plans, Projects & Studies processing hardware; Information system feasibility studies, and Plans, projects, and studies related to the institutional delivery of confi dentiality of information. health services including state/local health plans, state/local 44U-Health Care Delivery Organization & medical facility plans, plans for specifi c health services, and Administration health delivery feasibility studies. Hospital and medical practice administration and management; Or- 44K-Health Services ganizational structure of health services; Management policies Personal and public health services, patient care, and maintenance and practices regarding personnel, community participation and of an individual’s health status including hospital services acute relations, and coordination with other agencies; Financial man- in-patient services, long-term inpatient services, nursing home agement and accounting methods; Financing of health delivery services, emergency services, public health services, mental and facilities; Reporting methods and requirements. services, nursing services, dental services, and medically-related social services including institution discharge services. 44L-Health Care Needs & Demands Measurement of health care needs/demands, hospital care, acute in-patient care, long-term in patient care, nursing home care, medical care, mental care, nursing care, dental care, and health insurance; Home health care; Measurements of health manpow- er requirements/demands. See also 44E. 44M-Health Resources Surveys, reports, and studies related to specifi c health care resourc- es including manpower, facilities, sources of fi nancing, and government and private health-related organizations, agencies and individuals.

52 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 53

94-INDUSTRIAL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 94H-Industrial Safety Engineering Accident prevention; Safety measures; Fire prevention; Warning 940-General systems; Safety equipment, structures, and clothing. Includes bearings; Mechanical elements; Pipes; Tubes; Levers; For industrial safety engineering applied to a specifi c application, Cams; Springs; Mechanical joints; Containers and packing use the fi eld of application. materials; Refrigeration systems and equipment; Industrial furnaces and boilers; Heat exchangers; Heat pumps; Heat pipes; 94I-Hydraulic & Pneumatic Equipment Industrial security; Metrology. Design, production, performance, and testing of hydraulic and For rocket engine components, use 81G. pneumatic systems, accumulators, actuators, compressors, and For fuel tanks, use 81C. distribution equipment; Fluidic and fl ueric devices. For cooling towers, use 97J. See also 41J. For nuclear security, use 77Gen. For hydraulic fl uids, see 71K. 94A-Production Planning & Process Controls 94J-Nondestructive Testing Materials control; Numerical control and automation; Time and Nondestructive testing having industrial application; Ultrasonic, motion studies ; Scheduling; Production controls and program- radiographic, hydrostatic, magnetic, and optical nondestructive ming; Modeling techniques and program controls; Inventory techniques and equipment; Nondestructive testing of fl aws, management. thickness, opacity, strength. See also 44A, 41A and 41B. For destructive industrial testing, use 94B. 94B-Quality Control & Reliability 94K-Laboratory & Test Facility Design & Tolerances allocations; Maintainability requirements; Probability of Operation satisfactory performance of components and equipment; Inspec- Measuring, testing, and simulation devices. Includes laboratories, The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide tion methods; Destructive industrial testing; Reliability theory; test facilities, and test equipment measuring testing and simula- Quality assurance. tion. If the test facility, equipment, etc. is applied to a specifi c application, use the fi eld of application. See also 41E and 41G. 94C-Plant Design & Maintenance Site selection; Plant design; Layout; Maintenance management; 88-LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCES Scheduled, routine, and corrective maintenance. 880-General See also 41H. Includes general studies about microforms; Film readers; Copy- rights; Privacy Act; Report writing. 94D-Job Environment Industrial hygiene and occupational diseases and injuries in settings 88A-Operations & Planning such as factories, and offi ce and commercial buildings; Indus- Acquisitions, classifi cation, cataloging, abstracting, and indexing; trial psychology; Industrial sociology; Workplace layout and Circulation and reference systems; Information services; Interli- design; Worker interactions. brary loans; Distribution; Manual and computerized information See also 44G, 57U, 41I, and 92B. retrieval; Individual libraries and information center. For industrial safety engineering and accident prevention, use 94H. For library or information networks, use 88B. 94E-Environmental Engineering 88B-Information Systems Lighting; Heating; Ventilating; Air conditioning. Includes envi- Library and information networks; Operations and planning of these ronmental engineering equipment related to industrial use. systems; File maintenance and management; Database manage- Excludes pollution control. ment; Information superhighway, National Information Infra- structure; Applied information systems (Management, medical, See also 41I, 89B and 97J. transportation, etc.) 94F-Tooling, Machinery, & Tools See also 44T, 62, and 70C. Machine subassemblies; Robots; Robotics; Tools; Machinery, For database management, use 62B. including hoists, conveyors and pumps. For communications and computer networks, use 45C. See also 41C and 41J. For geographic information systems, see 48I. 94G-Manufacturing Processes & Materials 88C-Marketing & User Services Handling User needs, surveys; Promotions; Fees. Fabrication, assembling, cleaning, and fi nishing; Industrial and manufacturing processes (limited to in-depth studies that di- 88D-Personnel rectly discuss specifi c processes); Bonding and joining, includ- Training and education; Selection; Management; Performance; ing gluing, welding, soldering, and brazing; Materials forming Schools and accreditation. and machining; Heat treatment; Coating processes; Materials See also 70D. handling, including palletizing, conveying, warehousing, stor- ing, containerization, and packaging. 88E-Reference Materials Bibliographies; Directories; Glossaries; Catalogs; Thesauri; In- See also 71, 41B, 41E, and 41F. dexes; Abstract and title periodicals. For processing and packaging of food, use 98H. For production of materials, use 71. For chemical engineering and processing, use 99B. For the benefi ciation and processing of minerals, use 48A.

53 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 54

41-MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY See also 94A. For the benefi ciation and processing of minerals, use 48A. 410-General* Includes mechanical elements; Pipes; Tubes; Levers; Cams; For chemical engineering and processing, use 99B. Springs; Clutches; Gears; Valves; Filters; Containers and For computer-aided manufacturing, use 41B and 94G. packing materials; Refrigeration systems and equipment; In- For lasers used in manufacturing, use 41M. dustrial furnaces and boilers; Heat exchangers; Heat pumps; For processing and packaging of food, use 98H. Heat pipes; Energy management, economics, and fi nancing; For production of materials, use 71. International issues. See also 94O and 97G. 41F-Joining Bonding and joining including gluing, welding, soldering, braz- For engine components, use 81. ing, and fastening; Joints and fasteners; Physical, mechanical, For fuel tanks, use 81C. and structural properties of adhesives, sealants, glue, binders, For cooling towers, use 97J. seals, and gaskets. 41A-Computer Aided Design (CAD) See also 94G, 940 General, and 71B. Application of computer hardware and software (programs) to 41G-Quality Control & Reliability enhance the design, computations, simulation, analysis and Tolerance allocation; Maintainability requirements; Probability modeling, presentations, graphics, drafting, data base creation of satisfactory performance of components and equipment; and human-machine interface, associated with the creation of Inspection methods; Reliability theory; Quality assurance; engineering design specifi cations. Nondestructive testing having industrial application; Ultra- See also 94A. sonic, radiographic, hydrostatic, magnetic, and optical non- 41B-Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) destructive techniques and equipment; Nondestructive testing The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Application of computer hardware and software (programs) to of fl aws, thickness, opacity, strength; Destructive industrial enhance materials planning, processing and handling, tooling; testing; Metrology. Assembly; Quality and reliability control; Inspection; Tests; See also 94B, 94J, and 940 General. Scheduling and control; Facilities and equipment mainte- 41H-Plant Design & Maintenance nance; Group technology applications; Inventory control (raw Site selection; Plant design; Maintenance Management; Sched- material, in process and fi nished); Numerical controls and uled, routine, and corrective maintenance; Security. automation; The creation of Direct Numerical Control (DNC) See also 94C. and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) manufacturing cells and systems. 41I-Job Environment See also 94A and 94G. Industrial hygiene and occupational safety and health. See also 57U, 68G, and 44G. Workplace layout and design; Human 41C-Robotics/Robots factors engineering; Includes Industrial psychology and Application of computer hardware and software, controls, sen- Industrial sociology; Worker interactions. sors, electromechanical and hydro-mechanical devices, to the See also 94D and 95D. creation of robots and the application of robots to all facets of manufacturing. Study of biological processes in order to de- Includes environmental engineering equipment related to indus- velop engineering systems; Pattern recognition systems based trial use. See also 97J, 89B, and 94E. on biological models. Includes feature extraction; Image For mine safety, use 48A. enhancement; Image restoration; Scene analysis; Character For ordnance safety, use 79A. recognition. For nuclear radiation safety, use 77. See also 95F and 62F. For transportation safety, use 85D. 41D-Productivity 41J-Tooling, Machinery, & Tools Productivity of employees, management, and services; Improving Machine subassemblies; Tools; Machinery including hoists, quality of worklife; Measurement of productivity effi ciency conveyors, and pumps; Design, production performance, and and effectiveness; Employee attitudes and motivation; testing of hydraulic and pneumatic systems, accumulators, Manpower utilization and performance improvement, job actuators, compressors and distribution equipment; Fluidic satisfaction, job security; Labor-management, job redesign; and fl ueric devices; Ergonomics interaction of man and Alternative work schedules; Incentive plans; Productivity equipment in terms of subsystem and system performance barriers including regulation, obsolete practices; Paperwork, requirements and evaluation; Man-machine systems and hu- and fi nancing methods. man factors engineering. See also 70G and 70D. See also 94F, 94I, 94D, and 95D. 41E-Manufacturing, Planning, Processing & For hydraulic fl uids, use 71K. Control 41K-Engineering Materials Fabrication, assembling, cleaning, and fi nishing; Industrial and Performance; Properties, fabrication and manufacturing meth- manufacturing processes (limited to in-depth studies that ods of ceramics, coatings and composite materials including directly discuss specifi c processes); Materials forming and ceramic coatings, ceramic fi bers, corrosion resistant coatings, machining; Heat treatment; Fabrication and manufacturing; reinforced plastics, graphite or carbon composites, laminates; Layout; Coating processes; Materials handling and control, Metal matrix composites, and fi ber and particulate compos- including palletizing, conveying, warehousing, storing, ites. containerization, and packaging; Time and motion studies; See also 71B, 71D, and 71F. Scheduling; Production controls and programming; Modeling techniques and program controls; Inventory management. 54 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 55

41L-Tribology 71D-Ceramics, Refractories, & Glass Friction, lubrication and wear, including bearings; Unwanted Glasses; Brick; Porcelain; Ceramic coatings; Ceramic fi bers; chemical reaction effects on metals, corrosion of metals and Physical, mechanical, and structural properties; Performance; corrosion resistant coatings; Lubricants. Fabrication and manufacturing; Equipment directly related to See also 71L, 71G, and 71K. processing; Studies of individual structural members; Cement properties. 41M-Optics & Lasers See also 71E, 71I, 71L, and 94G. Design and performance of optical equipment for use in manufac- turing applications. Includes laser applications such as laser For concrete and cement used as building materials, use 50C and annealing, cutting, drilling, and welding. 89G. See also 46C. For pollution studies, use 68. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. 41N-Computer Software For production planning, use 41 and 94. Computer programming; Programming languages; Compilers; Data base management systems; CAD/CAM robotics. 71E-Coatings, Colorants, & Finishes See also 62B. Paints and primers; Varnishes; Corrosion resistant coatings; Coating pigments; Carbon, ceramic, plastic, rubber and metal coatings; 41O-Domestic Commerce, Marketing, & Physical, mechanical and structural properties; Performance; Economics Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment directly Economic impacts on industries; Productivity; Wage surveys; Do- related to processing; Electroplating; Electrodeposition; Flame mestic market surveys. and plasma spraying; Vapor deposition. See also 96A. See also 71G, 71L, and 94G. 41P-Research Program Administration For surface treatment not involved with coatings, use 94G. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide & Technology Transfer For dielectric and semiconducting fi lms, use 46 and 49. Research needs; Technology transfer and forecasting. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. See also 70E. For production planning, use 41 and 94. 71F-Composite Materials 71-MATERIALS SCIENCES Materials composed of two or more physically distinct constituents; 710-General Reinforced plastics, graphite or carbon composites; Laminates; Advanced materials. Metal matrix composites; Fiber and particulate composites; See also 41K. Physical, mechanical, and structural properties; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment directly 71A-Ablative Materials & Ablation related to processing; Studies of individual structural members. Physical, mechanical, and structural properties; Performance; See also 71L and 94G. Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment directly re- For wood composites, use 71R. lated to processing; Ablation processes and chemistry; Reentry vehicle heat shields. For concrete and reinforced concrete, use 50C and 89G. For production planning, use 41 and 94. For pollution studies, use 68. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. 71B-Adhesives & Sealants For production planning, use 41 and 94. Adhesives; Glues; Binders; Sealants; Seals; Gaskets; Physical, mechanical, and structural properties; Performance; Fabrication 71G-Corrosion & Corrosion Inhibition and manufacturing; Equipment directly related to processing. Unwanted chemical reaction effects on metals; Corrosion of metals; See also 71L and 94G. Rusting; Corrosion inhibitors; Corrosion resistant coatings; Cor- For concrete cements, use 50C and 89G. rosion electrochemistry. For propellant binders, use 79A and 81H. See also 71E and 71L. For pollution studies, use 68. For concrete corrosion, use 50C and 89G. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. 71H-Elastomers For production planning, use 41 and 94. Rubbers; Additives; Curing agents; Elastomer polymerization; Physical, chemical, mechanical, and structural properties; Per- 71C-Carbon & Graphite formance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment Carbon and graphite fi bers and textiles; Charcoal; Carbon black; directly related to processing; Studies of individual structural Carbon and graphite coatings; Industrial diamonds; Physical, members. mechanical, and structural properties; Performance, fabrica- See also 71E, 71I, 71L, 94G, and 99C. tion and manufacturing methods; Equipment directly related to processing. For pollution studies, use 68. See also 71A, 71E, 71F, 71I, 71L, and 94G. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. For carbon and graphite composites, use 71F. For production planning, use 41 and 94. For pollution studies, use 68. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. For production planning, use 41 and 94.

55 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 56

71I-Fibers & Textiles For metal fabrication, use 94G. Glass, carbon, ceramic, metal, and polymeric fi bers; Threads, yarns, For corrosion, use 71G. textile, and fi ber fi nishing, including dyeing and sizing; Physi- For benefi ciation, use 48A. cal, chemical, mechanical, and structural properties; Perfor- For pollution studies, use 68. mance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment directly related to processing; Studies of individual structural For industry economics and marketing, use 96. members; Flame resistance. For production planning, use 41 and 94. See also 71L and 94G. 71O-Plastics For fi ber composites, use 71F. Additives; Curing agents; Plastic coatings; Plastic polymerization; For pollution studies, use 68. Physical, chemical, mechanical, and structural properties; Per- For industry economics and marketing, use 96. formance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment directly related to processing; Studies of individual structural For production planning, use 41 and 94. members. 71J-Iron & Iron Alloys See also 71E, 71L, 94G, and 99C. Includes steels or alloys containing more than 50% iron. Coatings; For plastic composites, use 71F. Fibers; Extractive metallurgy; Refi ning; Embrittlement; Physi- For polymeric fi bers, use 71I. cal, mechanical, and structural properties; Microstructure; Phase studies; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; For pollution studies, use 68. Equipment directly related to processing; Studies of individual For industry economics and marketing, use 96. structural members. For production planning, use 41 and 94. See also 71E, 71I, and 71L. 71P-Refractory Metals & Alloys For corrosion, use 71G.

The NTIS Database Search Guide Includes only the following metals and alloys having more than The NTIS Database Search Guide For benefi ciation, use 48A. 50% of these metals: iridium, molybdenum, niobium (colum- For pollution studies, use 68. bium), osmium, rhenium, tantalum, and tungsten. Coatings; For industry economics and marketing, use 96. Fibers; Extractive metallurgy; Refi ning; Embrittlement; Physi- cal, mechanical, and structural properties; Microstructure; Phase For production planning, use 41 and 94. studies; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; 71K-Lubricants & Hydraulic Fluids Equipment directly related to processing; Studies of individual Solid and liquid lubricants; Additives; Greases; Drilling fl uids; structural members. Brake fl uids; Physical, chemical, mechanical and structural See also 71E, 71I, and 71L. properties; Performance; Manufacturing; Equipment directly For metal fabrication, use 94G. related to processing; Chemical synthesis. For corrosion, use 71G. See also 71L and 41L. For benefi ciation, use 48A. For pollution studies, use 68. For pollution studies, use 68. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. For production planning, use 41 and 94. For production planning, use 41 and 94. 71L-Materials Degradation & Fouling 71Q-Solvents, Cleaners, & Abrasives Aging; Erosion and cavitation erosion; Wear; Weathering; Decay; Cleaning compositions; Solvents; Detergents; Soaps and abrasives; Effects of radiation on materials; Biodeterioration, including Cleaning action of these materials; Physical and chemical prop- fungus deterioration. erties; Performance; Manufacturing; Equipment directly related See also 71C, 71D, 71F, 71H, 71I, 71J, 71K, 71N, and 71R. to processing. For nuclear reactor materials degradation, see also 77I or 77J. If For cleaning techniques, use 94G. concerned with nuclear propulsion, use 81I. For pollution studies, use 68. 71M-Miscellaneous Materials For industry economics and marketing, use 96. Materials not included in another group, including leather, fur, For production planning, use 41 and 94. refrigerants, and waxes; Physical, mechanical, and structural properties; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing 71R-Wood & Paper Products methods; Equipment directly related to processing; Studies of Sawing and milling; Lumbering; Plywood, particle and fi ber board; individual structural members. Wood product fabrication; Pulping, papermaking, and conver- See also 94G. sion processes; Physical, chemical, mechanical, and structural properties; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing For pollution studies, use 68. methods; Equipment directly related to processing; Studies of For industry economics and marketing, use 96. individual structural members. For production planning, use 41 and 94. See also 94G. 71N-Nonferrous Metals & Alloys For forestry and tree production, use 48D. Includes studies not specifying the type of metal. Coatings; Fibers; For pollution studies, use 68. Extractive metallurgy; Refi ning; Embrittlement; Physical, For industry economics and marketing, use 96. mechanical, and structural properties; Microstructure; Phase For production planning, use 41 and 94. studies; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment directly related to processing; studies of individual structural members. See also 71E, 71I, and 71L. 56 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 57

72-MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES For veterinary medicine, use 98E. For health care services, use 44. 720-General For epidemiology and disease control, use 57U. 72B-Algebra, Analysis, Geometry, & Mathemati- cal Logic 57F-Cytology, Genetics, & Molecular Biology Algebra and number theory, including fi eld theory (algebra), group Origin, structure, and functions of living cells and cell components; theory, ring theory; Analysis, including calculus of variations, Hereditary diseases; Use of chemistry and physics to study complex variables, differential equations, Fourier analysis, func- biological phenomena on the molecular level; Structure and tional analysis, functions (mathematics), measure, and integra- function of biological macromolecules, e.g. proteins and nucleic tion; Geometry, tensor analysis, and topology; Mathematical acids. logic, including foundations of mathematics, lattices (mathemat- See also 57B. ics), metamathematics, and set theory. 57G-Dentistry For applications of mathematics, see the appropriate category of Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the teeth, oral application. cavity, and associated parts; Oral hygiene. 72E-Operations Research For dental materials and equipment, use 95C. Game theory; Queueing theory; Management games; Mathematical For dental prosthetics, use 95A. models; Mathematical programming, Network fl ows; Search For dental services, use 44. theory. See also Managerial practice, 70B. 57H-Ecology Interrelationships of organisms and their environment; Animal, For operations research applied to a specifi c application, see the plant, and human ecology; Marine, fresh water, and terrestrial fi eld of application. ecology; Ecosystems; Adaptation; Acclimatization; Natural se- The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 72F-Statistical Analysis lection; Species diversity; Food chains; Energy balance; Ecolog- Analysis of variance; Correlations techniques; Discriminate analy- ical succession; Effects of polluted environments on organisms; sis; Distribution theory; Experimental design; Factor analysis; Biological productivity. Nonparametric statistics; Probability theory; Regression analy- See also 47D, 48B, 48G, 57C, 57Y, 57Z, 68, 98D, and 98B. sis; Statistical decision theory; Statistical inference; Statistical For effects of extreme environments or stimuli on humans, use tests; Stochastic processes. 57W. For statistical analysis applied to a specifi c application, see the fi eld For the interrelationships of humans and their social environments, of application. use 92. For the effects of industrial environments on humans, use 57U. 57-MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 57I-Electrophysiology 570-General Electrical activity associated with living organisms and life pro- 57A-Anatomy cesses; Electrophysiologic recording including electrocardiog- Descriptive and comparative anatomy of humans; Anthropometry; raphy, electroencephalography, and electromyography; Neural Dissection; Neuroanatomy; Morphology. transmission; Intracellular potential; Bioelectricity; Biolumines- cence; Responses of organisms to electrical stimulation. For plant anatomy, use 57C. For animal anatomy, use 57Z. 57J-Immunology Mechanisms of immune responses; Antigens and antibodies; Vac- 57B-Biochemistry cines; Immune serums; Immunization; Immunopathology; Studies of the chemical processes which take place in biological Immunohematology; Immunochemistry; Serology; Immunity; systems. Identifi cation and measurement of biochemical sub- Allergy; Histocompatibility; Autoimmune diseases. HIV/AIDS. stances and methods of analysis, including assaying. See also 57E and 57K. See also 57F, 57L, 57Q, and 99A. For measurement of biochemical substances for clinical diagnoses, 57K-Microbiology use 57D. Studies of microscopic plants and animals; Vaccine and interferon production; Microbial metabolism and biochemistry. 57C-Botany For diagnosis and therapy of infectious diseases, use 57E. Study of macroscopic and microscopic plants; Plant anatomy, For disease control and epidemiology, use 57U. physiology, pathology, and taxonomy; Phytotoxicity; Includes algae and diatoms. For biotechnology applications, see also fi eld of application. See also 57H, 57K, 57Y, and 98D. 57L-Nutrition Processes by which humans assimilate and utilize food substances; 57D-Clinical Chemistry Experimental nutrition; Nutritive value of foods; Malnutrition; Techniques and instrumentation for chemical analysis of body fl u- Diet; Food habits; Nutrition surveys; Nutritional requirements; ids, including blood, and tissues for clinical diagnoses. Clinical nutrition. See also 99A. For food processing, use 98H. 57E-Clinical Medicine For animal nutrition related to animal husbandry, veterinary medi- Prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of diseases; Nuclear medicine; cine or zoology, use 98E or 57Z. Experimental medicine; Clinical protocols. See also 57J, 57O, and 57X.

57 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 58

57M-Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, & 57U-Public Health & Industrial Medicine Rehabilitation Protection and improvement of community health; Effects of envi- Restoration of normal form and function after injury or physical ronments on public health; School and public health programs, illness; Occupational therapy; Physical therapy; Vocational reha- services, and education; Health screening; Health statistics; bilitation. Epidemiology; Toxic and infectious disease control; Preventive See also 44K, 92A, 95A. medicine; Hygiene and sanitation; Drinking water quality; In- For mental rehabilitation, use 57T. dustrial hygiene and medicine; Safety engineering; Occupation- al safety and health; Industrial safety and detection equipment; For social rehabilitation, use 92C and 91K. Site-specifi c investigations. For rehabilitation centers, use 44K. See also 94D, 94H, 41I and 68G. 57N-Parasitology For occupational and For occupational and environmental factors Parasites and parasitism; Host-parasite interactions; Vectors of para- related to health planning, use 44G. sites; Parasitic diseases; Life cycles of parasites. 57V-Radiobiology See also 57H, 57K, and 57P. Biological effects of radiation; Dosimetry; Health physics; 57O-Pathology Radiation sickness and injury; Radiation hazards; Radiation Studies of the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs protection; Radiopharmaceuticals. Includes electromagnetic, which cause or are caused by diseases, trauma or injuries; Gross ultrasonic, and particle radiation. pathology; Histopathology; Cytopathology; Pathophysiology; Cc- See also 68F and 99E. mparative and experimental pathology; Histological techniques; For radioecology, use 57H. Autopsy. For nuclear medicine, radiology, and radiotherapy, use 57E. For plant diseases, use 98D. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide For animal diseases, use 98E. 57W-Stress Physiology Effects of extreme environments or stimuli on human biological For diagnosis and treatment of diseases, use 57E. processes; Physiological effects of motion, gravity, sound, tem- For immunopathology, use 57J. perature, electromagnetic, fi elds, pressure, sensory deprivation, 57P-Pest Control and fatigue; Acclimatization. Includes aerospace and underwa- Agents and methods for the control of plant and animal pests; Pesti- ter medicine. cides, algicides, herbicides, insecticides, molluscacides, fungi- See also 51B, 57H, and 84. cides, rodenticides, etc.; Repellants and attractants; Fumigation For plants, use 57C. and extermination; Traps; Biological pest control. For animals, use 57Z. See also 68E and 98C. For stress psychology, use 92B or 57T. For ecological aspects of pest control, use 57H. 57X-Surgery 57Q-Pharmacology & Pharmacological Chemistry Treatment of diseases, injuries, and deformities by manual or Synthesis, composition, properties, and effects of drugs; Pharmacy, operative methods; Organ and tissue transplantation; Pre-and Pharmacodynamics. post-management of surgical patients; Experimental surgery. See also 57Y. See also 95A and 95B. For social effects of drugs, use 91C and 92C. For dental surgery, use 57G. For radiopharmaceuticals, use 57V. For histocompatibility, use 57J. For business studies of the drug industry, use 96A. 57Y-Toxicology 57S-Physiology Study of the adverse effects of substances on biological systems and Functions of the human organism and its parts and comparative physi- the diagnosis and treatment of toxic diseases; Toxicity studies; ology; Metabolism; Endocrinology; Neurophysiology; Respira- Risk assessment of chemicals; Antidotes. tion; Biological rhythms; Growth; Aging; Regeneration. See also 57C, 57Q, 57S and 57Z. See also 57B, 57F, 57J, and 57L. 57Z-Zoology For plant physiology, use 57C. Animal anatomy and physiology; Natural history; Animal behavior; For animal physiology, use 57Z and 98E. Taxonomy. For psychophysiology, use 57T and 92B. See also 47D, 48B, 57Y, and 98F. For electrophysiology, use 57I. For animal models used in biomedical research, use the research For pathophysiology, use 57O. discipline. For stress physiology, use 57W. For laboratory and domesticated animal care, or animal diseases, use 98E. 57T-Psychiatry Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; Psychopathology; Psychoanalysis; Neuro- psychiatry; Orthopsychiatry; Psychotherapy; Psychophysiology; Psychophysics. For psychological mechanisms and processes, use 92B.

58 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 59

74-MILITARY SCIENCES 75-MISSILE TECHNOLOGY 740-General 750-General 74A-Antiaircraft Defense Systems 75A-Air & Space-Launched Missiles Tactical and terminal countermeasures against attacking aircraft that Design, construction and performance of missiles launched from includes tracking and computing equipment, antiaircraft guns, aircraft or spacecraft. rockets, and missiles. 75B-Missile Guidance & Control Systems For specifi c missiles and rockets, use 75. Techniques for guidance and control of missiles from launching 74B-Antimissile Defense Systems to impact. Includes optical guidance, television guidance, wire Point and terminal defense and countermeasures against air-, sur- guidance, preset and terminal guidance, inertial guidance, com- face-, or underwater-launched missiles, bombardment satellites. mand guidance, and homing guidance. Includes land based and shipborne tracking and computing 75C-Missile Launching & Support Systems systems; Strategic Defense Initiatives (SDI), Star Wars; ballistic Missile handling and launching. Includes transportation, storage, missile defense. and preparation for launching; Air, space, surface, and underwa- 74C-Antisubmarine Warfare ter launching and support equipment and techniques; Checkout Operations conducted against submarines, their supporting forces equipment and procedures; Guided missile ranges. and operating bases. Include air, surface, and underwater opera- 75D-Missile Tracking Systems tions. Techniques and systems for tracking missiles as defensive mea- See also 63. sures. Can be from surface installations or air and spaceborne 74D-Chemical, Biological, & Radiological War- platforms. For antimissile defense systems, use 74B. The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide fare Design, development, and utilization of chemical, biological, and 75E-Missile Trajectories & Reentry Dynamics radiological weapons; Production, generation, and stability of Determination, analysis, and processing of missile trajectory data; lethal and nonlethal agents; Biological agents including anticrop Flight path analysis; Impact prediction; Atmospheric reentry. and defoliating agents. Includes aerodynamic studies. For nuclear weapons, use 74H. For spacecraft reentry, use 84D. 74E-Logistics, Military Facilities, & Supplies 75F-Missile Warheads & Fuses Procurement, storage, distribution, issue, repair, replacement of Design and performance of all types of missile warheads and military equipment; Deployment of troops and cargo; Industrial fuzes-chemical, biological, nuclear and explosive. mobilization; stock level controls and inventory techniques; De- For rockets, use 79H. fense conversion; Downsizing; Base closures; Force reduction; Dual Use Technology; Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle 75G-Surface-Launched Missiles Support (CALS), formerly Computer Aided Acquisition and Design, construction, and performance of missiles launched from Logistics Support. the ground, surface platforms, vehicles, silos, and surface ships. For related civilian studies, use 70 and 94. 75H-Underwater-Launched Missiles 74F-Military Intelligence Design, construction, and performance of missiles launched from Techniques for collecting, evaluating, and disseminating informa- underwater. tion concerning foreign nations. Includes damage assessment; Surveillance and reconnaissance systems. 48-NATURAL RESOURCES & EARTH SCIENCES 74G-Military Operations, Strategy, & Tactics 480-General Joint and combined operations, campaigns, battles, invasions, the- ater operations; Planning analysis, appraisal, and threat evalua- 48A-Mineral Industries tion; Methods of attack and support; Armed Forces maneuvers; Industries and their processes that exploit metallic and nonmetal- Limited and unconventional warfare; Sabotage, insurgency, and lic, fuel and nonfuel resources. Includes coal mining, mining counterinsurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological and cold wastes, and acid mine drainage; Coal preparation; Petroleum warfare. exploration, drilling, and production; Metals exploration and mining; Exploration geophysics and seismology; Reserves; 74H-Nuclear Warfare Mine safety; Mineral economics; Underwater and continental Design, development, and applications of nuclear weapons and shelf mining; Natural resources studies (excluding Earth Re- devices; Studies of the physical effects of nuclear weapons; source Satellite Surveys). Arms control. If energy source production related, use 97. For nuclear guided missile warheads, use 75F. For petroleum refi ning, use 97K and 99B. 74I-Passive Defense Systems 48B-Natural Resource Management Systems, structures, and devices to provide area monitoring security Conservation and management of natural resources, including land and denial. Includes camoufl age, barbed wire, minefi elds, warn- and soil, water, forest, grassland, and other vegetation; Fish and ing systems, barriers, and other anti-intrusion devices. wildlife management; Mineral management; Policies and leg- For civil defense, see also 91I. islation including game laws and licensing; Water resource man- For personnel detection, see also 63G. agement; Water supply; Deforestation; Forest fi re prevention. See also 98F, 48A, 48C, and 48D.

59 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 60

48C-Natural Resource Surveys 76D-Navigation Systems Use of scientifi c satellites, aerial photography, and other remote Design, development, and performance of complete navigation sensing techniques to scan the earth’s surface in data gathering systems; Integration of specifi c components and subsystems experiments on soils, mineral resources, hydrology, animals, necessary in direction fi nding (position, distance, and course of forests, and other resources; Surveying techniques such as im- travel); Global navigation systems. age processing, photointerpretation, and pattern recognition. See also 85F. For agricultural resource surveys, use 98G. For equipment studies, use 63. 77-NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 48D-Forestry 770-General Forest description and measurement; Forest infl uences; Forest Includes nuclear materials management, safeguards, accounting protection and management; Harvesting, logging, sawmills, methods. and transportation; Silviculture; Forest nurseries; Afforestation See also 77I. reforestation, and deforestation; Forest fi res and prevention. For wood utilization, use 71R. 77A-Fusion Devices (Thermonuclear) Theory, design, construction, and operation of devices for produc- 48E-Soil Sciences ing controlled thermonuclear fusion reactions; Nuclear fusion Soil biology, chemistry, moisture, mineralogy, classifi cation, sur- reactor materials and fuels. veys; Soil erosion and its prevention; Land reclamation, terrac- For plasma studies in thermonuclear devices, see also 46G. ing, contouring, polders, tillage, and fertility; Soil banks. For irrigation, use 98C. 77B-Isotopes For mechanical and engineering properties, use 50D. Identifi cation, separation, and concentration of radioactive isotopes. Includes isotopic irradiation devices. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 48F-Geology & Geophysics For radioactive isotopes polluting the environment, use 68F. Structure, properties, and classifi cation of rocks; Paleontology; Stra- For the use of isotopes in labeling chemical reactions, use 99F. tigraphy; Geodesy; Structural geology; Engineering geology; Vulcanology; Petrology; Petrography; Tectonics. For the use of isotopes in medical/biological applications, use 57. For astrogeology, use 54A. 77C-Nuclear Auxiliary Power Systems For geological studies relating to energy or mineral reserves, use SNAP technology, both isotopic and reactor; Isotopic power sup- 97A and 48A respectively. plies; Small scale electricity generation by nuclear means. For marine geology and geophysics, use 47E. For nuclear propulsion, see the fi eld of application. 48G-Hydrology & Limnology 77D-Nuclear Explosions & Devices Properties, distribution, and circulation of fresh water, including Explosion effects, including shock waves, ground motion, elec- its surface and underground occurrence; Physical and chemical tromagnetic pulses, primary radiation, injection of charged conditions in fresh water bodies; Eutrophication; Chemical- particles into radiation belts; Testing of nuclear devices (includ- biological interrelationships; Water runoff; Water losses; ing nuclear simulation using chemical explosives); Peaceful Ground water; Streams; Aquifers. applications (e.g., Plowshare). For studies of estuaries or sea water, use 47. For effects on communications and electronics systems, see the fi eld of application. 48H-Snow, Ice, & Permafrost For military applications, use 74H. Physical characteristics including traffi cability, stability, and me- chanical properties; Glaciology. 77E-Nuclear Instrumentation For sea ice, use 47C, and for sea ice movement, use 47B. Nuclear radiation detection and measurement devices and systems; Beta particle detectors. 48I-Cartography For X-ray detectors, use 460 General. Map making; Photogrammetry; Terrain models; Topography. Geographic information systems; Cartography; Actual physical For health physics instrumentation, use 57V. processes, procedures, and methods of map making. 77F-Radiation Shielding, Protection, & Safety Shielding design, nuclear radiation transport properties of materials, decontamination; Container design and transportation require- 76-NAVIGATION, GUIDANCE, & CONTROL ments for radioactive materials; Fallout shelters. 760-General See also 91I. 76A-Control Devices & Equipment 77G-Radioactive Wastes & Radioactivity Navigation and guidance control equipment. Separation, processing, handling, storage, disposal, See also 76C. and reuse of radioactive wastes; Radioactive fallout; Fission 76B-Guidance Systems products; Man-made or natural radioactivity; Decommissioning. Design, development, and performance of complete guidance sys- For radiation pollution, use 68F. tems. Includes integration of specifi c components and subsys- 77H-Reactor Engineering & Nuclear Power tems necessary to assure course positioning. Plants 76C-Navigation & Guidance System Components Engineering related directly to the design, safety, and operation of Navigation computers; Gyros, radiators, sensors, indicators, etc., a reactor; Research and test reactors. Integrated assemblage, used in navigation of aircraft, ships, spacecraft, and ground including reactor and turbogenerator equipment, plus control vehicles. and regulatory devices of a nuclear power plant, either mobile or stationary; Includes site selection and feasibility studies; Engineering aspects of reactor accidents. 60 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 61

See also 77C. 47G-Hydrography For critical assemblies and reactor simulation, use 77K. Hydrographic surveying; Ocean bottom topography; Bathymetry. 77I-Reactor Fuels & Fuel Processing 47H-Underwater Construction & Habitats Production, testing, design, or reclamation of nuclear fuel materials, Closed environments; Underwater work and construction; Under- reactor fuel elements (includes cladding) and fuel assemblies. water construction equipment. Includes nuclear fuelcycle studies for nuclear materials manage- See also 470 General or 95E. ment; Nuclear fuel reprocessing. For processing of nonrecoverable fuel materials and fuel contami- 79-ORDNANCE nants, use 77G. 790-General 77J-Reactor Materials Production, testing, design, or reclamation of coolants, control ma- 79A-Ammunition, Explosives, & Pyrotechnics terials, moderators, structural materials such as pipe materials; Projectiles, fuzes, demolition explosives, detonators, grenades, land Shielding materials, and steels. Includes fabricated elements or mines, high explosives, primers, powder and liquid propel- assemblies and specifi c confi gurations. lants, fl ame throwers, and equipment for handling these items; Production, performance, storage stability of incendiaries, For the effects of radiation on materials, see also 71L or 71J. pyrotechnics, screening agents (smokes), etc. For fuel materials, cladding, or fuel assemblies, use 77I. Excludes For nuclear weapons, use 74H. power generating equipment and nuclear fusion reactor materi- als. For rocket propellants, use 81. 77K-Reactor Physics 79B-Armor Reactor kinetics, reactor theory, neutron transport theory, and criti- Design, testing, and performance of armor and armor plate includ-

The NTIS Database Search Guide ing bullet proof, fl ak proof, explosion proof, and fragment proof The NTIS Database Search Guide cality. Includes critical assemblies and reactor simulators. devices and related equipment. For other types of protective devices, see the application. 47-OCEAN SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY 79C-Bombs 470-General High-explosive, fragmentation, antipersonnel, armor piercing, in- Includes breakwaters; Onshore and offshore facilities; Ocean cendiary, napalm, general purpose, and similar types of bombs; dredging operations; Beach erosion; Harbor engineering; Ocean Bomb handling equipment; Storage. mining; Anchors; Buoys; Seakeeping; Diving operations and For bomb directors and bomb release mechanisms, use 79F. equipment; Decompression equipment. For nuclear bombs, use 74H. See also 50B, 47H, and 95E. 79D-Combat Vehicles 47A-Marine Engineering Military vehicles including armored wheeled and track-laying ve- Design, construction, and maintenance of ships, boats, and related hicles, tanks and reconnaissance vehicles, trucks, gun carriers; equipment; Salvage operations; Naval architecture; Shipyards Components and accessories. and shipbuilding; Submarines; Shipborne containerization. See also 85G. 79E-Detonations, Explosion Effects, & Ballistics Explosion effects (except nuclear) such as blast, shock waves, deto- 47B-Dynamic Oceanography nation waves, cratering, earth motion or movement, heat, etc.; Ocean waves; Sea level changes; Ocean currents; Ocean tides; Lit- Interior, exterior, and terminal ballistics; The study of motion, toral transport; Sea ice movement. behavior, and aerodynamics of projectiles thrown or launched 47C-Physical & Chemical Oceanography by ordnance projectors; Includes target vulnerability and dam- Physical and chemical properties of sea water, the ocean bottom, age assessment studies, weapons effects. and estuaries; Sea ice. For nuclear explosion effects, use 77D. For glaciers and fresh water ice, use 48H. 79F-Fire Control & Bombing Systems 47D-Biological Oceanography Fire control computers, sights, directors, range fi nders, gunlaying, Plant and animal life in the marine environment; Biological fouling; bombing radar systems, boresighting, bomb releases, and other Marine ecology; Biological aspects of mariculture; Use of ma- devices used specifi cally for directing the fi ring of weapons or rine organisms as bioassay systems; Marine aspects of estuaries; the dropping of bombs. Marine biology of anadromous fi shes. 79G-Guns See also 57C, 57H, 57K, 57F, 57Z, and 98F. Small arms, automatic weapons, antipersonnel weapons, recoiless 47E-Marine Geophysics & Geology weapons, mortars, artillery and naval guns, their accessories and Geophysical and geological studies and surveys as applied to a components; Gun carriages, gun mounts, remote control equip- marine environment; Plate tectonics; Sea fl oor spreading; Con- ment, etc. tinental drift. For ballistic studies, use 79E. See also 48F. For gun control, social violence, use 92C or 43. 47F-Oceanographic Vessels, Instruments, & 79H-Rockets Platforms Unguided, self-propelled projectiles whose trajectory or course can- Instrumentation and equipment to collect and process oceanograph- not be altered after launch; Ground launched, air launched, or ic data; Remote sensors. ship launched rockets, launchers, and launch support equipment. For sounding rockets, use 55D.

61 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 62

79I-Underwater Ordnance 46E-Structural Mechanics Torpedoes, submarine mines, depth charges, hydrobombs, anti- Dynamics and statics of solid bodies; Kinematics; Shock and vibra- submarine ammunition, etc.; Launching devices and support tion. equipment. 46G-Plasma Physics Properties and actions of plasmas, including magnetohydrodynam- 82-PHOTOGRAPHY & RECORDING DEVICES ics, pinch effect, plasma oscillations, plasma jets; Plasma diag- nostics; Plasma dynamics. Plasmas in thermonuclear devices. 820-General See also 77A. 82A-Holography For MHD generators, use 97O. Techniques, materials, and uses of holography and holograms; Acoustic holography. For astrophysics, use 54C. See also 46C. For aeronomy, use 55A. 82B-Photographic Techniques & Equipment 46H-Radiofrequency Waves Photographic techniques, including aerial photography, color Generation and propagation of radiofrequency waves. photography, astronomical photography, cinematography, For communication systems, techniques, equipment, etc., use 45. photomicrography, Schlieren photography; Cameras, lenses, For radiofrequency detection, use 63H. shutters, projectors, photographic processes, and materials; Microphotography, Photographic copying; Direct recording and reproduction of visual images; Copying, reproduction and 43-PROBLEM-SOLVING INFORMATION FOR replication techniques; Thermography; Lithography, and related STATE & LOCAL GOVERNMENTS arts; Graphic arts, illustrating, visual design. 430-General The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide For photogrammetry, use 48I. Includes internal government administration; State programs; 82C-Recording Devices Criminal justice, corrections planning, and administration. Techniques and devices for recording other than visual images. 43A-Finance Includes disk, magnetic, thermoplastic, electrostatic recording Taxation; Revenue; Budgeting; Revenue sharing; Financing; Al- systems, CD-ROM, and playback equipment such as record location. players, tape recorders, etc. See also 91G and 91H. For commercial banking and fi nance operations, use 96F. 46-PHYSICS 43B-Economic & Community Development 460-General Land use planning; Urban renewal; Economic effects; Economic Includes electron and X-ray optics; Thermodynamics; Nuclear planning and development; Recreation planning and develop- physics; elementary particles; Atomic and molecular physics. ment; Economic readjustment. 46A-Acoustics See also 91J and 96A. Generation and transmission of sound through various media or 43C-Human Resources enclosures. Includes ultrasonic and infrasonic radiation. Education; Social services; Health care services; Manpower. See also 63A. See also 9lK and 92C. 46B-Fluid Mechanics 43D-Police, Fire, & Emergency Services Theoretical and experimental studies of the dynamics and statics of Police and fi re services and administration; Disaster services; Civil fl uids and of relative motion between fl uids and solid bodies; defense; Emergency weather services, Pollution alerts; Civil Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics; Water tunnel studies and disturbances; Ambulance services; Disaster relief. equipment. See also 91C and 91I. For wind tunnel equipment and facilities, use 51F. For operational applications, use 51A, 75E, and 84D. 43E-Energy Management and planning on energy resources, use and production; For plasma physics, use 46G. Government administration and forecasting. 46C-Optics & Lasers See also 97. Generation and propagation of electromagnetic waves in the infra- red, visible, and ultraviolet region of the spectrum; Theory; De- 43F-Environment sign and performance of optical equipment; Lasers and masers. Air, water, noise, waste management and planning; Monitoring services. 46D-Solid State Physics See also 68. Physical properties of solids as related to their structure. Fundamen- tal research and theoretical studies on semiconductors, super- 43G-Transportation conductors, structure of solids. Includes crystallography and Planning for modes of public, private, and cargo transportation; superconductivity. Highway planning, Parking; Traffi c engineering. For semiconductor devices, use 49H. See also 85 and 91B. For structural mechanics, use 46E. For studies on ceramics, coatings, composite materials, metals, and alloys, use 71.

62 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 63

84-SPACE TECHNOLOGY 85E-Pipeline Transportation Transportation of liquids, gases, and slurries through long-distance 840-General pipelines; Accidents and safety. Extraterrestial biology, chemistry, and medicine. 85F-Global Navigation Systems 84A-Astronautics Worldwide navigational aids to transportation; Global positioning Space missions; Projects and logistics; Orbital rendezvous; Space system (GPS). exploration; Spacecraft operating problems; Extravehicular See also 76D. activity. 85G-Marine & Waterway Transportation 84B-Extraterrestrial Exploration Shipping; Safety and accidents; Safety equipment; Cargo handling Space probe exploration; Space landings; Space construction and and equipment; Cargo movement; Passenger movement; Traffi c maintenance; Extravehicular activity on other planets. control; Boating; Trade routes; Shipborne containerization. 84C-Manned Spacecraft See also 43G, 74E, 76, and 85D. Design and construction of manned spacecraft, space stations, aero- For marine engineering, use 47A. space planes and their components. For waterway engineering, use 50B. 84D-Spacecraft Trajectories & Flight Mechanics 85H-Road Transportation Determination, analysis, processing of spacecraft trajectory data; Passenger and cargo movement; Design and standards for vehicles Space mechanics; Orbital calculations; Flight path analysis; and components; Motor vehicle engine studies; Safety engineer- Atmosphere entry; Reentry dynamics. ing; Safety devices; Traffi c and road safety; Collision research; 84E-Space Launch Vehicles & Support Equip- Accident studies; Highway traffi c; Traffi c engineering; Pas- ment senger and cargo vehicles; Trailers; Motorcycles; Bicycles and The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Handling and launching, including transportation, storage, prepara- bikeways; Hiking trails. tion for launching, countdown, launching equipment, check- See also 43G, 50A, 74E, 81J, 85D, and 91B. out equipment, ground support equipment, and information systems; Spacecraft tracking systems; Tracking networks; 85I-Railroad Transportation Recovery support. Safety and accidents; Safety equipment; Cargo handling and equip- ment; Cargo movement; Passenger movement; Traffi c control; 84F-Space Safety Terminals; Amtrak; Track studies; Rolling stock; Scheduling; Safety measures and devices directed toward reducing the hazards Railroad engineering and equipment. of spacefl ight. See also 43G, 85D, and 91B. 84G-Unmanned Spacecraft Design and construction of unmanned spacecraft, including space 91-URBAN & REGIONAL TECHNOLOGY & DE- probes, scientifi c satellites, military satellites, communication VELOPMENT satellites, reconnaissance satellites, and navigational satellites. For satellites applied to a specifi c application, see the fi eld of ap- 910-General plication. Includes energy studies. 91A-Environmental Management & Planning 85-TRANSPORTATION Air, water, noise, and waste management and control; Monitor- ing services; Solid wastes and recycling; Solid waste landfi lls; 850-General Water quality management; Environmental surveys; Design and 85A-Air Transportation operation of sewer systems (combined, etc.); Water supplies and Operation of systems for transport by air; Civil aviation; Airports services; Excludes natural resource management. and airport access; Airline operations; Air routing; Air traffi c See also 68 and 43F. control systems; Multimodal systems; Aviation safety and avia- tion accidents; Aircraft fi res; Aircraft fuel fi res. 91B-Transportation & Traffi c Planning Planning for modes of public and private, passenger and cargo See also 43G, 74E, 76, 85D, and 91B. transporation; Travel patterns and demand; Parking; Traffi c For design of aircraft and components, use 51 and 81. engineering, traffi c fl ow and control; Traffi c surveys; Highway For runway construction and design, use 50B. and street services; Rapid transit systems; Passenger transporta- 85C-Metropolitan Rail Transportation tion and planning; Pedestrian movement. Urban rail transit; Underground and above-ground rapid transit rail- See also 43G and 85. ways, including subways; Automated guideway transit systems; 91C-Fire Services, Law Enforcement, & Criminal Tracked air cushion vehicles. Justice See also 85I and 91B. Fire, police, and court services and their administration; Law 85D-Transportation Safety enforcement and criminal justice; Crime and fi re prevention; Safety and accidents involving air, land, and water transportation; Personnel recruitment, training, and utilization; Parole; Work Accident studies and prevention; Alcohol related studies; Break- release; Correctional institutions. away barriers and structures; Standards and testing of compo- See also 43D. nents and equipment; Crashworthiness; Traffi c safety; Collision For criminal justice and corrections, see also 430 General. research; Safety equipment and devices. See also 91B. For pipeline accidents, use 85E.

63 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing with Scope Descriptions 64

91D-Communications Use and planning of communications; Mass media, emergency communications, public information. See also 45. 91E-Housing Surveys and assessments of existing housing; Planning and devel- opment; Building codes; Housing needs; Housing renovation; Public housing. For design, architectural, or construction related studies, see also 89. 91F-Health Services Urban health services; Emergency medical services; Mental health services; Nursing homes; Ambulatory health services; Hospital services; Public health access. See also 43C, 43D, 44 and 91I. 91G-Urban Administration & Planning General administration and planning; Feasibility studies; Appraisal of real property; Taxation; Land use and zoning; Urban revital- ization; Financing. See also 43 and 70F. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 91H-Regional Administration & Planning General administration and planning for county and regional areas that may also contain urban or urbanized areas; Intergovern- mental relations and interactions (State, County, Local); Land use and zoning. See also 43 and 70F. For state government administration and planning, use 43. 91I-Emergency Services & Planning Disaster services; Civil defense; Early warning systems and emer- gency preparedness for all types of disaster; Emergency weather services; Pollution alerts; Civil disturbances; Ambulance ser- vices; Flooding; Disaster relief. See also 43D, 44, and 91F. For military passive defense systems, see also 74I. For personnel detection, see also 63G. 91J-Economic Studies Economic analyses; Economic development; Industrial develop- ment; Economic impacts of development; Population-econo- my-income studies; Employment and earnings; Property values; Commercial area studies. See also 43B and 96. For government fi nancial operations, use 43A, 70F, 91G, and 91H. 91K-Social Services Child care; Family and youth counseling; Social rehabilitation; Foster homes and adoption; Welfare and public assistance; Fi- nancial assistance; Food stamp services; Employment services; Legal services. See also 43C, 91F, and 92C.

64 NTIS Subject Categories 65 Numerical Listing of Major Categories Appendix D

Primary category titles arranged by subject category code. This list will assist you in using the cross reference category codes provided in many of the descriptions.

41 Manufacturing Technology 75 Missile Technology 43 Problem Solving Information for State 76 Navigation, Guidance &Control & Local Governments 77 Nuclear Science & Technology 44 Health Care 79 Ordnance 45 Communications 81 Combustion, Engines, & Propellants 46 Physics 82 Photography & Recording Devices 47 Ocean Sciences & Technology 84 Space Technology 48 Natural Resources & Earth Sciences 85 Transportation The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 49 Electrotechnology 88 Library & Information Sciences 50 Civil Engineering 89 Building Industry Technology 51 Aeronautics & Aerodynamics 90 Government Inventions for Licensing 54 Astronomy & Astrophysics 91 Urban & Regional Technology 55 Atmospheric Sciences & Development 57 Medicine & Biology 92 Behavior & Society 62 Computers, Control & Information 94 Industrial & Mechanical Engineering Theory 95 Biomedical Technology 63 Detection & Countermeasures & Human Factors Engineering 68 Environmental Pollution & Control 96 Business & Economics 70 Administration & Management 97 Energy 71 Materials Sciences 98 Agriculture & Food 72 Mathematical Sciences 99 Chemistry 74 Military Sciences

65 NTIS Subject Categories 66 Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions Appendix E

41-MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY See also 94A. For the benefi ciation and processing of minerals, use 48A. 410-General Includes mechanical elements; Pipes; Tubes; Levers; Cams; For chemical engineering and processing, use 99B. Springs; Clutches; Gears; Valves; Filters; Containers and pack- For computer-aided manufacturing, use 41B and 94G. ing materials; Refrigeration systems and equipment; Industrial For lasers used in manufacturing, use 41M. furnaces and boilers; Heat exchangers; Heat pumps; Heat pipes; For processing and packaging of food, use 98H. Energy management, economics, and fi nancing; International For production of materials, use 71. issues. See also 94O and 97G. 41F-Joining Bonding and joining including gluing, welding, soldering, brazing, For engine components, use 81. and fastening; Joints and fasteners; Physical, mechanical, and For fuel tanks, use 81C. structural properties of adhesives, sealants, glue, binders, seals, For cooling towers, use 97J. and gaskets. 41A-Computer Aided Design (CAD) See also 94G, 940 General, and 71B. Application of computer hardware and software (programs) to 41G-Quality Control & Reliability enhance the design, computations, simulation, analysis and Tolerance allocation; Maintainability requirements; Probability modeling, presentations, graphics, drafting, data base creation of satisfactory performance of components and equipment; and human-machine interface, associated with the creation of Inspection methods; Reliability theory; Quality assurance; The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide engineering design specifi cations. Nondestructive testing having industrial application; Ultrasonic, See also 94A. radiographic, hydrostatic, magnetic, and optical nondestructive 41B-Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) techniques and equipment; Nondestructive testing of fl aws, Application of computer hardware and software (programs) to thickness, opacity, strength; Destructive industrial testing; enhance materials planning, processing and handling, tooling; Metrology. Assembly; Quality and reliability control; Inspection; Tests; See also 94B, 94J, and 940 General. Scheduling and control; Facilities and equipment maintenance; 41H-Plant Design & Maintenance Group technology applications; Inventory control (raw material, Site selection; Plant design; Maintenance Management; Scheduled, in process and fi nished); Numerical controls and automation; routine, and corrective maintenance; Security. The creation of Direct Numerical Control (DNC) and Computer See also 94C. Numerical Control (CNC) manufacturing cells and systems. See also 94A and 94G. 41I-Job Environment Industrial hygiene and occupational safety and health. See also 41C-Robotics/Robots 57U, 68G, and 44G. Workplace layout and design; Human fac- Application of computer hardware and software, controls, sen- tors engineering; Includes Industrial psychology and Industrial sors, electromechanical and hydro-mechanical devices, to the sociology; Worker interactions. creation of robots and the application of robots to all facets of See also 94D and 95D. manufacturing. Study of biological processes in order to devel- op engineering systems; Pattern recognition systems based on Includes environmental engineering equipment related to industrial biological models. Includes feature extraction; Image enhance- use. See also 97J, 89B, and 94E. ment; Image restoration; Scene analysis; Character recognition. For mine safety, use 48A. See also 95F and 62F. For ordnance safety, use 79A. For nuclear radiation safety, use 77. 41D-Productivity Productivity of employees, management, and services; Improving For transportation safety, use 85D. quality of worklife; Measurement of productivity effi ciency and 41J-Tooling, Machinery, & Tools effectiveness; Employee attitudes and motivation; Manpower Machine subassemblies; Tools; Machinery including hoists, utilization and performance improvement, job satisfaction, job conveyors, and pumps; Design, production performance, and security; Labor-management, job redesign; Alternative work testing of hydraulic and pneumatic systems, accumulators, schedules; Incentive plans; Productivity barriers including regu- actuators, compressors and distribution equipment; Fluidic and lation, obsolete practices; Paperwork, and fi nancing methods. fl ueric devices; Ergonomics interaction of man and equipment See also 70G and 70D. in terms of subsystem and system performance requirements and evaluation; Man-machine systems and human factors 41E-Manufacturing, Planning, Processing & engineering. Control Fabrication, assembling, cleaning, and fi nishing; Industrial and See also 94F, 94I, 94D, and 95D. manufacturing processes (limited to in-depth studies that direct- For hydraulic fl uids, use 71K. ly discuss specifi c processes); Materials forming and machining; Heat treatment; Fabrication and manufacturing; Layout; Coating processes; Materials handling and control, including palletizing, conveying, warehousing, storing, containerization, and packag- ing; Time and motion studies; Scheduling; Production controls and programming; Modeling techniques and program controls; Inventory management. 66 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 67

41K-Engineering Materials 43E-Energy Performance; Properties, fabrication and manufacturing methods of Management and planning on energy resources, use and production; ceramics, coatings and composite materials including ceramic Government administration and forecasting. coatings, ceramic fi bers, corrosion resistant coatings, reinforced See also 97. plastics, graphite or carbon composites, laminates; Metal matrix composites, and fi ber and particulate composites. 43F-Environment Air, water, noise, waste management and planning; Monitoring See also 71B, 71D, and 71F. services. 41L-Tribology See also 68. Friction, lubrication and wear, including bearings; Unwanted chemical reaction effects on metals, corrosion of metals and 43G-Transportation corrosion resistant coatings; Lubricants. Planning for modes of public, private, and cargo transportation; Highway planning, Parking; Traffi c engineering. See also 71L, 71G, and 71K. See also 85 and 91B. 41M-Optics & Lasers Design and performance of optical equipment for use in manufac- turing applications. Includes laser applications such as laser 44-HEALTH CARE annealing, cutting, drilling, and welding. 440-General See also 46C. 44A-Planning Methodology 41N-Computer Software Health planning theory including methods, tactics, techniques and Computer programming; Programming languages; Compilers; Data policies; Evaluation of planning theories and processes. base management systems; CAD/CAM robotics. 44B-Agency Administrative & Financial The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide See also 62B. Management 41O-Domestic Commerce, Marketing, & Management practices and policies regarding technical assistance, Economics evaluation of health care agency activities, public relations; Economic impacts on industries; Productivity; Wage surveys; Do- Financial management and accounting methods. mestic market surveys. 44C-Community & Population Characteristics See also 96A. Data and numerical information including health status, quality of care, malpractice, health care needs/demands; Health care utili- 41P-Research Program Administration & zation, health care cost, vital statistics; Demographic informa- Technology Transfer tion, economic, environmental, nutritional, and societal factors Research needs; Technology transfer and forecasting. affecting health, and health resource distribution. See also 70E. 44D-Health Care Assessment & Quality Assurance 43-PROBLEM SOLVING INFORMATION FOR Financial feasibility review, economic impact review, and project STATE & LOCAL GOVERNMENTS review; Certifi cate of need theory; Health manpower education institutional accreditation; Judicatory procedures, review, and 430-General assessment; Quality assurance theory; Certifi catory methodol- Includes internal government administration; State programs; ogy; Health manpower profi ciency testing, and public health Criminal justice, corrections planning, and administration. education evaluation; Classifi cation of health care facilities and 43A-Finance health care personnel. Taxation; Revenue; Budgeting; Revenue sharing; Financing; Al- 44E-Health Care Measurement Methodology location. Measurement of health status, quality of care, health facility sup- See also 91G and 91H. ply, health manpower supply, profi ciency and productivity, and For commercial banking and fi nance operations, use 96F. health care costs; Health care needs/demands and utilization measurement. 43B-Economic & Community Development Land use planning; Urban renewal; Economic effects; Economic See also 44L, 44N, and 44Q. planning and development; Recreation planning and develop- 44F-Health Care Forecasting Methodology ment; Economic readjustment. Projecting health care needs/demands and health care utilization; See also 91J and 96A. Health care facility supply; Health manpower supply; Health care costs; Home health care; Cross-impact projections. 43C-Human Resources Education; Social services; Health care services; Manpower. 44G-Environmental & Occupational Factors See also 9lK and 92C. Environmental factors affecting health including housing, sanita- tion, water pollution, solid waste pollution, noise pollution, 43D-Police, Fire, & Emergency Services disease vectors, safety hazards, and occupational and industrial Police and fi re services and administration; Disaster services; Civil hazards; Overpopulation; Health facility environmental consid- defense; Emergency weather services, Pollution alerts; Civil erations and environmental impact; Energy sources in the health disturbances; Ambulance services; Disaster relief. fi eld. See also 91C and 91I. See also 57U and 68G.

67 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 68

44H-Health Care Technology 44T-Data & Information Systems Descriptions and applications of new health care technology and Techniques regarding information systems including document equipment; Ailment prevention techniques, and technology sources, acquisition, surrogation, and storage; Information regarding diagnosis, therapy, rehabilitation, and food and nutri- retrieval; Data systems, Data gathering; Data processing; Data tion; Health care equipment and facility design and performance processing hardware; Information system feasibility studies, and considerations. confi dentiality of information. See also 57 and 95. 44U-Health Care Delivery Organization & 44J-Health Delivery Plans, Projects & Studies Administration Plans, projects, and studies related to the institutional delivery of Hospital and medical practice administration and management; Or- health services including state/local health plans, state/local ganizational structure of health services; Management policies medical facility plans, plans for specifi c health services, and and practices regarding personnel, community participation and health delivery feasibility studies. relations, and coordination with other agencies; Financial man- agement and accounting methods; Financing of health delivery 44K-Health Services and facilities; Reporting methods and requirements. Personal and public health services, patient care, and maintenance of an individual’s health status including hospital services acute in-patient services, long-term inpatient services, nursing home 45-COMMUNICATION services, emergency services, public health services, mental 450-General services, nursing services, dental services, and medically-related social services including institution discharge services. 45A-Policies, Regulations, & Studies Licensing; Legislation; National policies and Federal regulatory 44L-Health Care Needs & Demands controls; Frequency management; Broadcasting standards; Time Measurement of health care needs/demands, hospital care, acute

The NTIS Database Search Guide signals, etc. The NTIS Database Search Guide in-patient care, long-term in patient care, nursing home care, medical care, mental care, nursing care, dental care, and health 45B-Radio & Television Equipment insurance; Home health care; Measurements of health manpow- Design and maintenance of radio and television transmitting and er requirements/demands. receiving equipment only. See also 44E. See also 51E. 44M-Health Resources 45C-Common Carrier & Satellite Surveys, reports, and studies related to specifi c health care resourc- All communication equipment except radio and television. Opti- es including manpower, facilities, sources of fi nancing, and cal, radio, microwave, wire, and acoustic communication; government and private health-related organizations, agencies Telephone, telemeter, telegraph, television, and radio commu- and individuals. nication systems; Computer network communications; Digital communication; Intercommunication systems; Optical scanning. 44N-Health Care Utilization For information systems, see also 88B. Measurements regarding utilization of health resources including For design and construction of communication satellites, see also manpower, ambulatory care, emergency care, public health 84G. care, medical care, mental care, nursing care, dental care, health insurance, health care facilities, and home health care. 45D-Sociopolitical See also 44E and 44L. Propaganda; Social communication; Sign language, Effects of com- munication on society and behavior; Postal service; Mass media 44P-Health Education & Manpower Training communication. Health manpower education including curricula and costs; Health manpower education facility needs/demands; Institutional 45E-Graphics fi nancing; Financing for health related educational institutions; Publishing; Printing; Graphic arts; Reprography; Xerography; Fac- Student recruiting and retention methods; Continuing education; simile; Desktop publishing. Career guidance and career advancement; Consumer health 45F-Verbal education and public health education methods. Research and development in vocal communication; Speech intel- 44Q-Health-Related Costs ligibility; Speech recognition. Health care costs, indexes, projections, in-patient care costs, acute 45G-Communication & Information Theory in-patient care costs, long-term care costs, nursing home care Theoretical studies relating to the measurement and transmission costs, ambulatory care costs, emergency care costs, public of information in a communication channel. Includes coding health care costs, medical care costs; Insurance costs; Manpow- theory, information capacity, detection of signals in noise. er income; Equipment costs; Facility utilization and construc- See also 62E. tion costs; Ailment costs including preventive medicine costs and injury costs; Transportation costs including emergency transportation costs. 44R-Economics & Sociology Discussions of economic and sociological factors and theories relevant to health care. 44S-Legislation & Regulations Laws, bills, regulations, and model legislation. Includes certifi cate of need, health insurance certifi cation, health manpower licens- ing, health facility licensing, health manpower employment, and support regarding health manpower education. 68 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 69

46-PHYSICS 47A-Marine Engineering Design, construction, and maintenance of ships, boats, and related 460-General equipment; Salvage operations; Naval architecture; Shipyards Includes electron and X-ray optics; Thermodynamics; Nuclear and shipbuilding; Submarines; Shipborne containerization. physics; elementary particles; Atomic and molecular physics. See also 85G. 46A-Acoustics 47B-Dynamic Oceanography Generation and transmission of sound through various media or Ocean waves; Sea level changes; Ocean currents; Ocean tides; Lit- enclosures. Includes ultrasonic and infrasonic radiation. toral transport; Sea ice movement. See also 63A. 47C-Physical & Chemical Oceanography 46B-Fluid Mechanics Physical and chemical properties of sea water, the ocean bottom, Theoretical and experimental studies of the dynamics and statics of and estuaries; Sea ice. fl uids and of relative motion between fl uids and solid bodies; For glaciers and fresh water ice, use 48H. Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics; Water tunnel studies and equipment. 47D-Biological Oceanography For wind tunnel equipment and facilities, use 51F. Plant and animal life in the marine environment; Biological fouling; For operational applications, use 51A, 75E, and 84D. Marine ecology; Biological aspects of mariculture; Use of ma- rine organisms as bioassay systems; Marine aspects of estuaries; For plasma physics, use 46G. Marine biology of anadromous fi shes. 46C-Optics & Lasers See also 57C, 57H, 57K, 57F, 57Z, and 98F. Generation and propagation of electromagnetic waves in the infra- red, visible, and ultraviolet region of the spectrum; Theory; De- 47E-Marine Geophysics & Geology Geophysical and geological studies and surveys as applied to a The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide sign and performance of optical equipment; Lasers and masers. marine environment; Plate tectonics; Sea fl oor spreading; Con- 46D-Solid State Physics tinental drift. Physical properties of solids as related to their structure. Fundamen- See also 48F. tal research and theoretical studies on semiconductors, super- conductors, structure of solids. Includes crystallography and 47F-Oceanographic Vessels, Instruments, & superconductivity. Platforms For semiconductor devices, use 49H. Instrumentation and equipment to collect and process oceanograph- ic data; Remote sensors. For structural mechanics, use 46E. For studies on ceramics, coatings, composite materials, metals, and 47G-Hydrography alloys, use 71. Hydrographic surveying; Ocean bottom topography; Bathymetry. 46E-Structural Mechanics 47H-Underwater Construction & Habitats Dynamics and statics of solid bodies; Kinematics; Shock and vibra- Closed environments; Underwater work and construction; Under- tion. water construction equipment. See also 47Gen or 95E. 46G-Plasma Physics Properties and actions of plasmas, including magnetohydrodynam- ics, pinch effect, plasma oscillations, plasma jets; Plasma diag- 48-NATURAL RESOURCES & EARTH SCIENCES nostics; Plasma dynamics. Plasmas in thermonuclear devices. 480-General See also 77A. 48A-Mineral Industries For MHD generators, use 97O. Industries and their processes that exploit metallic and nonmetal- For astrophysics, use 54C. lic, fuel and nonfuel resources. Includes coal mining, mining For aeronomy, use 55A. wastes, and acid mine drainage; Coal preparation; Petroleum 46H-Radiofrequency Waves exploration, drilling, and production; Metals exploration and Generation and propagation of radiofrequency waves. mining; Exploration geophysics and seismology; Reserves; Mine safety; Mineral economics; Underwater and continental For communication systems, techniques, equipment, etc., use 45. shelf mining; Natural resources studies (excluding Earth Re- For radiofrequency detection, use 63H. source Satellite Surveys). If energy source production related, use 97. 47-OCEAN SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY For petroleum refi ning, use 97K and 99B. 470-General 48B-Natural Resource Management Includes breakwaters; Onshore and offshore facilities; Ocean Conservation and management of natural resources, including land dredging operations; Beach erosion; Harbor engineering; Ocean and soil, water, forest, grassland, and other vegetation; Fish and mining; Anchors; Buoys; Seakeeping; Diving operations and wildlife management; Mineral management; Policies and leg- equipment; Decompression equipment. islation including game laws and licensing; Water resource man- See also 50B, 47H, and 95E. agement; Water supply; Deforestation; Forest fi re prevention. See also 98F, 48A, 48C, and 48D.

69 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 70

48C-Natural Resource Surveys 49C-Electromechanical Devices Use of scientifi c satellites, aerial photography, and other remote Electric motors; Relays; Mechanical switches; Connectors; Circuit sensing techniques to scan the earth’s surface in data gathering breakers; Electric fuses. experiments on soils, mineral resources, hydrology, animals, 49D-Electron Tubes forests, and other resources; Surveying techniques such as im- All electron tubes except those in 49E. age processing, photointerpretation, and pattern recognition. For agricultural resource surveys, use 98G. 49E-Optoelectronic Devices & Systems For equipment studies, use 63. Display systems; Phototubes; Image tubes; Cathode ray tubes; Electroluminescent panels; Light emitting diodes; Photodiodes; 48D-Forestry Phototransistors; Magnetooptics; Electrooptics; Optical detec- Forest description and measurement; Forest infl uences; Forest tors, including infrared and ultraviolet detectors. protection and management; Harvesting, logging, sawmills, See also 63C and 63F. and transportation; Silviculture; Forest nurseries; Afforestation For solar cells, see also 97N. reforestation, and deforestation; Forest fi res and prevention. For lasers, use 46C. For wood utilization, use 71R. 49F-Power & Signal Transmission Devices 48E-Soil Sciences Transmission lines; Electric wire and cable; Waveguides; Fiber Soil biology, chemistry, moisture, mineralogy, classifi cation, sur- optics transmission lines. veys; Soil erosion and its prevention; Land reclamation, terrac- ing, contouring, polders, tillage, and fertility; Soil banks. 49G-Resistive, Capacitive, & Inductive For irrigation, use 98C. Components For mechanical and engineering properties, use 50D. Resistors; Capacitors; Inductors; Transformers; Electromagnets; Potentiometers; Thermistors; Delay lines; Transducers; Crystal The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide 48F-Geology & Geophysics resonators. Includes miscellaneous and basic components. Structure, properties, and classifi cation of rocks; Paleontology; Stra- tigraphy; Geodesy; Structural geology; Engineering geology; 49H-Semiconductor Devices Vulcanology; Petrology; Petrography; Tectonics. Transistors; Semiconductor diodes; Integrated circuits. For astrogeology, use 54A. For photodiodes, phototransistors, light emitting diodes, and optical detectors, use 49E. For geological studies relating to energy or mineral reserves, use 97A and 48A respectively. For marine geology and geophysics, use 47E. 50-CIVIL ENGINEERING 48G-Hydrology & Limnology 500-General Properties, distribution, and circulation of fresh water, including 50A-Highway Engineering its surface and underground occurrence; Physical and chemical Construction of roads and highways; Highway and rights-of-way conditions in fresh water bodies; Eutrophication; Chemical-bi- maintenance including weed control; Bridges and bridge sys- ological interrelationships; Water runoff; Water losses; Ground tems; Highway paints and markings; Highway and road signs; water; Streams; Aquifers. Beautifi cation; Slope stability and soil subbases. For studies of estuaries or sea water, use 47. 50B-Civil Engineering 48H-Snow, Ice, & Permafrost Dredging; Dams; Water purifi cation; Reservoir engineering; Flood Physical characteristics including traffi cability, stability, and me- control; Sewers; Waterway engineering; Runway construction; chanical properties; Glaciology. Shore protection; Breakwaters; Harbor engineering; Tunneling. For sea ice, use 47C, and for sea ice movement, use 47B. See also 47. 48I-Cartography For sewage treatment, use 68D. Map making; Photogrammetry; Terrain models; Topography. For building construction, use 89. Geographic information systems; Cartography; Actual physical For oil and gas reservoir engineering, use 97 or 48A. processes, procedures, and methods of map making. 50C-Construction Equipment, Materials, & Supplies 49-ELECTROTECHNOLOGY Excavation and earth moving equipment; Hoisting and conveying equipment; Concrete and cement. 490-General Includes standards, measurements, and instrumentation not applied See also 89G. to any other subcategories. For properties of concrete and cement, see also 71D. 49A-Antennas 50D-Soil & Rock Mechanics Antennas; Antenna theory; Antenna radiation patterns; Radomes. Physical properties of soil and rock for utilization in engineering; Landslides; Soil stabilization. 49B-Circuits For soil sciences, use 48E. Circuit theory; Network analysis; Filters; Oscillators; Logic circuits; Printed circuits; Electronic modules; Commutators; Power sup- For soil conservation, use 48B. ply circuits; Waveform generators; Analog to digital converters; For geology and geophysics, use 48F. Phase locked systems. For integrated circuits, use 49H.

70 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 71

51-AERONAUTICS & AERODYNAMICS 55-ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 510-General 550-General Includes landing mats. 55A-Aeronomy 51A-Aerodynamics Physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere; Composition; Aerodynamic characteristics and problems of bodies as they are Chemical reactions; Aurora; Airglow; Solar-terrestrial relation- affected by the dynamics of phenomena relating to boundary ships. layer, lift, drag, laminar and turbulent fl ow, compressible fl ow, For cosmic ray research, use 54D. lift, aerodynamic heating, vortex fl ow, wake, etc. in aerodynam- 55B-Dynamic Meteorology ic regimes. Includes aircraft, ground vehicles, and structures. Studies of atmospheric motions; Atmospheric diffusion models; See also 46B. Atmospheric circulation. For missile reentry dynamics, use 75E. For air pollution movement studies, use 68A. For spacecraft reentry dynamics, use 84D. 55C-Meteorological Data Collection, Analysis, & 51B-Aeronautics Weather Forecasting Aircraft operations such as takeoff and landing, all-weather and Climatology; Satellite meteorology; Weather prediction; Ice fore- night fl ight, taxiing, approach, letdown, in-fl ight refueling, etc. casting. Includes aviation accidents. 55D-Meteorological Instruments & Instrument 51C-Aircraft Platforms Design, production, and maintenance of aircraft, aircraft compo- Instruments used to record meteorological parameters; Meteoro- nents and equipment. Structural studies of airframes, bodies, logical balloons; Weather stations; Sounding rockets; Remote wings, fuselages; Military and commercial aircraft; Balloons The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide sensors. (excludes meteorological balloons); Air cushion vehicles (ex- cludes tracked vehicles). 55E-Physical Meteorology Acoustical, electrical, optical, and thermodynamic properties of the See also 85A and 81D. atmosphere; Cloud physics; Precipitation theory; Global warm- For meteorological balloons, use 55D. ing. For tracked air cushion vehicles, use 85C. See also 68A. For electronic equipment, use 51E. 55F-Weather Modifi cation 51D-Parachutes & Decelerators Change of weather conditions through artifi cial means; Fog disper- Deployable devices and structures to induce drag and deceleration sal; Artifi cial precipitation. of aircraft, spacecraft, and test vehicles such as rocket sleds. 51E-Avionics 57-MEDICINE & BIOLOGY Airborne electronic equipment. Includes electronic equipment used for communications; Navigation; Control systems; Onboard air 570-General traffi c control; Detection. 57A-Anatomy See also 45, 49, 63, and 76. Descriptive and comparative anatomy of humans; Anthropometry; Dissection; Neuroanatomy; Morphology. 51F-Test Facilities & Equipment For plant anatomy, use 57C. Wind tunnels; Simulators; Flight simulators. For animal anatomy, use 57Z. For fl ight simulators used for training, use 92A. 57B-Biochemistry Studies of the chemical processes which take place in biological 54-ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS systems. Identifi cation and measurement of biochemical sub- 540-General stances and methods of analysis, including assaying. 54A-Astrogeology See also 57F, 57L, 57Q, and 99A. Studies of the structure and composition of planets and other bodies For measurement of biochemical substances for clinical diagnoses, in the solar system. use 57D. For geology and geophysics, see also 48F. 57C-Botany 54B-Astronomy & Celestial Mechanics Study of macroscopic and microscopic plants; Plant anatomy, Positions and motions of the celestial bodies; Ephemerides, physiology, pathology, and taxonomy; Phytotoxicity; Includes Eclipses. algae and diatoms. See also 57H, 57K, 57Y, and 98D. 54C-Astrophysics Physical and chemical aspects of celestial bodies, 57D-Clinical Chemistry their origin and evolution. Includes astronomical spectroscopy, Techniques and instrumentation for chemical analysis of body fl u- radio astronomy, solar structure, and planetary atmospheres. ids, including blood, and tissues for clinical diagnoses. 54D-Cosmic Ray Research See also 99A. Detection and analysis of cosmic rays.

71 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 72

57E-Clinical Medicine 57M-Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, & Prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of diseases; Nuclear medicine; Rehabilitation Experimental medicine; Clinical protocols. Restoration of normal form and function after injury or physical See also 57J, 57O, and 57X. illness; Occupational therapy; Physical therapy; Vocational For veterinary medicine, use 98E. rehabilitation. For health care services, use 44. See also 44K, 92A, 95A. For epidemiology and disease control, use 57U. For mental rehabilitation, use 57T. For social rehabilitation, use 92C and 91K. 57F-Cytology, Genetics, & Molecular Biology For rehabilitation centers, use 44K. Origin, structure, and functions of living cells and cell components; Hereditary diseases; Use of chemistry and physics to study 57N-Parasitology biological phenomena on the molecular level; Structure and Parasites and parasitism; Host-parasite interactions; Vectors of function of biological macromolecules, e.g. proteins and nucleic parasites; Parasitic diseases; Life cycles of parasites. acids. See also 57H, 57K, and 57P. See also 57B. 57O-Pathology 57G-Dentistry Studies of the structural and functional changes in tissues and or- Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the teeth, oral gans which cause or are caused by diseases, trauma or injuries; cavity, and associated parts; Oral hygiene. Gross pathology; Histopathology; Cytopathology; Pathophysi- For dental materials and equipment, use 95C. ology; Ccmparative and experimental pathology; Histological For dental prosthetics, use 95A. techniques; Autopsy. For dental services, use 44. For plant diseases, use 98D. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide For animal diseases, use 98E. 57H-Ecology For diagnosis and treatment of diseases, use 57E. Interrelationships of organisms and their environment; Animal, plant, and human ecology; Marine, fresh water, and terrestrial For immunopathology, use 57J. ecology; Ecosystems; Adaptation; Acclimatization; Natural se- 57P-Pest Control lection; Species diversity; Food chains; Energy balance; Ecolog- Agents and methods for the control of plant and animal pests; Pes- ical succession; Effects of polluted environments on organisms; ticides, algicides, herbicides, insecticides, molluscacides, fungi- Biological productivity. cides, rodenticides, etc.; Repellants and attractants; Fumigation See also 47D, 48B, 48G, 57C, 57Y, 57Z, 68, 98D, and 98B. and extermination; Traps; Biological pest control. For effects of extreme environments or stimuli on humans, use See also 68E and 98C. 57W. For ecological aspects of pest control, use 57H. For the interrelationships of humans and their social environments, 57Q-Pharmacology & Pharmacological Chemis- use 92. try For the effects of industrial environments on humans, use 57U. Synthesis, composition, properties, and effects of drugs; Pharmacy, 57I-Electrophysiology Pharmacodynamics. Electrical activity associated with living organisms and life pro- See also 57Y. cesses; Electrophysiologic recording including electrocardiog- For social effects of drugs, use 91C and 92C. raphy, electroencephalography, and electromyography; Neural For radiopharmaceuticals, use 57V. transmission; Intracellular potential; Bioelectricity; Biolumines- For business studies of the drug industry, use 96A. cence; Responses of organisms to electrical stimulation. 57S-Physiology 57J-Immunology Functions of the human organism and its parts and comparative Mechanisms of immune responses; Antigens and antibodies; Vac- physiology; Metabolism; Endocrinology; Neurophysiology; cines; Immune serums; Immunization; Immunopathology; Respiration; Biological rhythms; Growth; Aging; Regeneration. Immunohematology; Immunochemistry; Serology; Immunity; Allergy; Histocompatibility; Autoimmune diseases. HIV/AIDS. See also 57B, 57F, 57J, and 57L. See also 57E and 57K. For plant physiology, use 57C. For animal physiology, use 57Z and 98E. 57K-Microbiology For psychophysiology, use 57T and 92B. Studies of microscopic plants and animals; Vaccine and interferon production; Microbial metabolism and biochemistry. For electrophysiology, use 57I. For diagnosis and therapy of infectious diseases, use 57E. For pathophysiology, use 57O. For disease control and epidemiology, use 57U. For stress physiology, use 57W. For biotechnology applications, see also fi eld of application. 57T-Psychiatry Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, emotional, and 57L-Nutrition behavioral disorders; Psychopathology; Psychoanalysis; Neuro- Processes by which humans assimilate and utilize food substances; psychiatry; Orthopsychiatry; Psychotherapy; Psychophysiology; Experimental nutrition; Nutritive value of foods; Malnutrition; Psychophysics. Diet; Food habits; Nutrition surveys; Nutritional requirements; Clinical nutrition. For psychological mechanisms and processes, use 92B. For food processing, use 98H. For animal nutrition related to animal husbandry, veterinary medi- cine or zoology, use 98E or 57Z. 72 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 73

57U-Public Health & Industrial Medicine 62A-Computer Hardware Protection and improvement of community health; Effects of envi- Design and development of computers and peripheral equipment, ronments on public health; School and public health programs, including analog computers, digital computers, hybrid comput- services, and education; Health screening; Health statistics; ers, special purpose computers, minicomputers, microcomput- Epidemiology; Toxic and infectious disease control; Preventive ers; Computer accessories, supplies and installation; Logic medicine; Hygiene and sanitation; Drinking water quality; In- circuits; Computer architecture; Computer network hardware. dustrial hygiene and medicine; Safety engineering; Occupation- For computer hardware applied to a specifi c application, see the al safety and health; Industrial safety and detection equipment; fi eld of application. Site-specifi c investigations. For Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), use 49H. See also 94D, 94H, 41I and 68G. 62B-Computer Software For occupational and for occupational and environmental factors Computer programming; Programming languages; Compilers; Data related to health planning, use 44G. base management systems; Software tools; Software reliability; 57V-Radiobiology Computer graphics. Biological effects of radiation; Dosimetry; Health physics; For computer software and database development applied to a Radiation sickness and injury; Radiation hazards; Radiation specifi c application, see the fi eld of application. protection; Radiopharmaceuticals. Includes electromagnetic, For CAD/CAM, use 41A and 41B. ultrasonic, and particle radiation. See also 68F and 99E. 62C-Control Systems & Control Theory Theoretical studies of open-loop and closed-loop control systems; For radioecology, use 57H. Automatic control systems; Principles including adaptive, For nuclear medicine, radiology, and radiotherapy, use 57E. continuous, digital, distributed parameter, linear, multivari- able, nonlinear, optional, predictive, and proportional; Process The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide 57W-Stress Physiology Effects of extreme environments or stimuli on human biological controllers. processes; Physiological effects of motion, gravity, sound, tem- See also 720 General. perature, electromagnetic, fi elds, pressure, sensory deprivation, For control systems applied to a specifi c application, see the fi eld of and fatigue; Acclimatization. Includes aerospace and underwa- application. ter medicine. 62D-Information Processing Standards See also 51B, 57H, and 84. Standards for the use of automatic data processing equipment and For plants, use 57C. systems. Includes standards for hardware, software, applica- For animals, use 57Z. tions, and data; Federal Information Processing Standards For stress psychology, use 92B or 57T. (FIPS). 57X-Surgery 62E-Information Theory Treatment of diseases, injuries, and deformities by manual or Theoretical studies relating to the measurement and transmission operative methods; Organ and tissue transplantation; Pre-and of information in a communication channel, including coding post-management of surgical patients; Experimental surgery. theory, information capacity, and detection of signals in noise. See also 95A and 95B. See also 45G. For dental surgery, use 57G. 62F-Pattern Recognition & Image Processing For histocompatibility, use 57J. Includes feature extraction; Image enhancement; Image restoration; 57Y-Toxicology Scene analysis; Character recognition; Barcoding; Computer Study of the adverse effects of substances on biological systems and vision. the diagnosis and treatment of toxic diseases; Toxicity studies; 62R-Applications Software Risk assessment of chemicals; Antidotes. 62S-Data Files See also 57C, 57Q, 57S and 57Z. 57Z-Zoology 63-DETECTION & COUNTERMEASURES Animal anatomy and physiology; Natural history; Animal behavior; Taxonomy. 630-General Automated access control systems. See also 47D, 48B, 57Y, and 98F. For industrial security, see also 940 General. For animal models used in biomedical research, use the research discipline. 63A-Acoustic Detection For laboratory and domesticated animal care, or animal diseases, Techniques and equipment used for the detection and tracking of use 98E. objects by means of sound waves, including ultrasonic and infrasonic radiation; Sonar. For acoustic testing, use 94. 62-COMPUTERS, CONTROL & INFORMATION For detection techniques applied to chemistry, meteorology, as- THEORY tronomy, oceanography, medicine, and manufacturing, use 99, 620-General 55, 54, 47, 57, 41, and 94, respectively. Includes computer security; Artifi cial intelligence; Signal process- ing (unapplied).

73 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 74

63B-Electromagnetic & Acoustic Countermeasures 68-ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION & CONTROL Interception, jamming, antijamming, and deception of acoustic and 680-General electromagnetic signals; Techniques to nullify the use of detec- Any study covering multiple types of pollution. Includes broad pol- tion, surveillance, guidance, and communication systems; Radar lution studies, such as life-cycle analysis of wastes. jamming; Chaff; Counter-countermeasures. 68A-Air Pollution & Control See also 74. Air pollution from fl ue gases, exhaust gases, odors, dust, smog, 63C-Infrared & Ultraviolet Detection microorganisms, etc.; Control techniques and equipment; Techniques and equipment for the detection and tracking of objects Sampling and analytical techniques, and equipment; Waste gas by infrared and ultraviolet radiation; Infrared night vision de- recovery; Biological and ecological effects; Air pollution chem- vices; Infrared homing. istry; Acid precipitation; Atmospheric motion; Laws, legislation, See also 76B. and regulations; Public administration; Economics; Land use. For earth resource surveys, use 48C and 98G. See also 43F, 91A, 57, 85, 81, 99A, 99B, and 97R. For mapping, use 48I. For effects on human health, use 68G. For photography, use 82B. For pesticides and radioactive contaminants, use 68E and 68F For nondestructive testing, use 94J. respectively. For detection techniques applied to chemistry, meteorology, as- 68B-Noise Pollution & Control tronomy, oceanography, medicine, and manufacturing, use 99, Pollution in the environment by noise from any source including 55, 57, 41, and 94, respectively. engine noise, traffi c and transportation noise, machinery noise, industrial noise, urban noise, sonic boom; Theory and devices 63D-Magnetic Detection for control; Biological and ecological effects; Noise detection; Techniques and equipment for the detection of objects by means of The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Building technology; Laws, legislation, and regulations; Public magnetic fi elds. administration; Land use. For geomagnetism, use 48. See also 41I, 43F, 91A, 46A, 57, 85, 89, 94D, and 97R. 63E-Nuclear Explosion Detection For effects on human health, use 68G. Techniques and equipment for the detection of nuclear explosions at high altitude, underground, and in space. Includes the use 68C-Solid Wastes Pollution & Control of shock waves, earth movement, and measurement of nuclear Pollution by solid wastes including garbage, scrap, junked auto- radiation levels. mobiles, spoil, sludge, containers; Disposal methods such as composts or land application, injection wells, incineration, See also other applicable subcategories in 63, especially 63I. sanitary landfi lls; Mining wastes; Processing for separation and 63F-Optical Detection materials recovery; Solid waste utilization; Recycling; Biologi- Techniques and equipment for the detection by means of light. cal and ecological effects; Superfund (Records of Decision, Includes the use of binoculars, periscopes, telescopes, and night etc.); SITE technology; Laws, legislation, and regulations; vision devices for object detection, and smoke particle detec- Public administration; Economics; Land use. Includes disposal tors. of concentrated or pure liquids such as brines, oils, chemicals, See also 46C. and hazardous materials. For detection using only infrared or ultraviolet radiation, use 63C. See also 43F, 91A, 57, 99B, and 97R. For earth resources surveys, use 48C and 98G. For effects on human health, use 68G. For photography, use 82B. For the disposal of pesticides and radioactive contaminants, use 68E For detection techniques applied to chemistry, meteorology, as- and 68F. tronomy, oceanography, medicine, and manufacturing, use 99, For the controlled disposal of radioactive wastes from nuclear reac- 55, 54, 47, 41, and 94, respectively. tors, use 77G. 63G-Personnel Detection 68D-Water Pollution & Control Techniques and equipment for the detection of personnel. Includes Pollution by municipal wastes, agricultural wastes, industrial the use of acoustic, seismic, olfactory, chemical, and optical wastes, mine wastes, radioactive contaminants; Chemistry and detectors; Antiintrusion devices; Motion detectors; Security analysis of pollutants; Thermal pollution; Oil pollution; Control devices. techniques and equipment; Sewage treatment; Industrial waste For military passive defense systems, see also 74I. water pretreatment; Hydrology and limnology; Biological and ecological effects; Waste water reuse; Laws, legislation, and 63H-Radiofrequency Detection regulations; Public administration; Economics; Land use. Techniques and equipment for the detection and tracking by means See also 43F, 91A, 47, 48G, 57, 97R, 98, 99A, and 99B. of radiofrequency waves; Radar; Microwave detection. For effects on human health, use 68G. See also 76. For pollution by pesticides and radioactive contaminants, use 68E For mapping, use 48I. and 68F respectively. For detection techniques applied to meteorology, astronomy, ocean- For the design and construction of sewers, and drinking water treat- ography, medicine, and manufacturing, use 55, 54, 57, 41, and ment, use 50B. 94 respectively. 63I-Seismic Detection Techniques and equipment for the detection of objects by means of seismic waves. For earthquake detection, use 48F. For seismic prospecting, use 48A. 74 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 75

68E-Pesticides Pollution & Control For library and information science personnel, use 88D. Pollution by insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides; For health personnel, use 44P. Residues; Decomposition studies; Analysis and detection; Soil chemistry and biology; Adverse biological effects; Ecology; 70E-Research Program Administration & Laws, legislation, and regulations; Public administration; Eco- Technology Transfer nomics. Research management, development, and forecasting; Research contract management; Research needs; Technology transfer See also 57, 68A, 68C, 68D, 43F, 91A, 98, and 99A. and forecasting. Excludes research methods per se. Studies of For effects on human health, use 68G. specifi c programs are excluded unless they discuss a program at 68F-Radiation Pollution & Control the national level, technology innovation, or trends and impacts Involves pollution of the environment by particle and electromag- of new technology. netic radiation from natural and synthetic sources, including 70F-Public Administration & Government neutrons, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, microwaves, alpha National, state, and local government structure, operation, and particles; Radon; Sampling and analytical techniques; Fallout; administration. Operations of government agencies and their Biological and ecological effects; Laws, legislation, and regula- interactions; Intergovernmental relations. tions; Public administration; Economics. See also 43, 91G, and 91H. See also 57, 68A, 68C, 68D, 91A, 97R. For effects on human health, use 68G. 70G-Productivity Productivity of businesses, government, employees, management, For the controlled disposal of radioactive wastes from nuclear reac- and services; Improving quality of work life; Measurement of tors, use 77G. productivity effi ciency and effectiveness; Employee attitudes 68G-Environmental Health & Safety and motivation, manpower utilization and performance im- Effects of pollution on public health and safety; Toxicology; provement, job satisfaction, job security; Labor-management The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Industrial health; Physiology; Psychology; Clinical medicine; cooperation, joint committees participative management, job re- Radiobiology; Animals used as research experimental models. design; Alternative work schedules; Incentive plans. Productiv- See also 41I, 57, 44G, 68A, 68B, 68C, 68D, 91A, 43F, 94D, and ity barriers including regulations, obsolete practices, paperwork, 97R. and fi nancing methods. See also 70B, 70D, 70F, 96A, and 96G. 68H-Environmental Impact Statements Only actual draft and fi nal statements are posted in this subcategory. For specifi c applications of productivity to manufacturing, use 41D Environmental impact statements describing national effects are and 94. posted here and to other appropriate subcategories. For studies about environmental impact statements, use 680 Gen- 71-MATERIALS SCIENCES eral. 710-General Advanced materials. 70-ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT See also 41K. 700-General 71A-Ablative Materials & Ablation Organizational structure and organization theory. Physical, mechanical, and structural properties; Performance; 70A-Inventory Control Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment directly re- Inventory analysis; Inventory models; Obsolescence; Repair-re- lated to processing; Ablation processes and chemistry; Reentry placement tradeoffs; Spare parts; Stock level control; Usage vehicle heat shields. prediction; Warehouse automation; Stockpiling. For production planning, use 41 and 94. 70B-Management Practice 71B-Adhesives & Sealants Theory and concepts of management including record keeping, Adhesives; Glues; Binders; Sealants; Seals; Gaskets; Physical, planning, scheduling, organization, coordination, decision mak- mechanical, and structural properties; Performance; Fabrication ing, policy making; Productivity management; Cost effective- and manufacturing; Equipment directly related to processing. ness; Systems management; Contact management; Management See also 71L and 94G. methods (PERT, PPB, etc.); Management games. Applied stud- For concrete cements, use 50C and 89G. ies are classifi ed in the application. For propellant binders, use 79A and 81H. For research management, use 70E. For pollution studies, use 68. 70C-Management Information Systems For industry economics and marketing, use 96. Information systems which include data collection, data processing, For production planning, use 41 and 94. and information delivery for use in decision making an evalua- tion by managers; Manual and automated systems. 71C-Carbon & Graphite Carbon and graphite fi bers and textiles; Charcoal; See also 88B. Carbon black; Carbon and graphite coatings; Industrial 70D-Personnel Management, Labor Relations & diamonds; Physical, mechanical, and structural properties; Per- Manpower Studies formance, fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment Selection, recruitment, management, utilization, and evaluation of directly related to processing. personnel; Job descriptions; Job analysis; Salary administra- See also 71A, 71E, 71F, 71I, 71L, and 94G. tion; Labor supply; Labor unions; Arbitration and bargaining; For carbon and graphite composites, use 71F. Industrial relations; Fringe benefi ts, and incentives; Manpower For pollution studies, use 68. allocation requirements and utilization. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. For production planning, use 41 and 94. 75 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 76

71D-Ceramics, Refractories, & Glass Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Glasses; Brick; Porcelain; Ceramic coatings; Ceramic fi bers; Equipment directly related to processing; Studies of individual Physical, mechanical, and structural properties; Performance; structural members; Flame resistance. Fabrication and manufacturing; Equipment directly related to See also 71L and 94G. processing; Studies of individual structural members; Cement For fi ber composites, use 71F. properties. For pollution studies, use 68. See also 71E, 71I, 71L, and 94G. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. For concrete and cement used as building materials, use 50C and For production planning, use 41 and 94. 89G. For pollution studies, use 68. 71J-Iron & Iron Alloys For industry economics and marketing, use 96. Includes steels or alloys containing more than 50% iron. Coatings; Fibers; Extractive metallurgy; Refi ning; Embrittlement; Physi- For production planning, use 41 and 94. cal, mechanical, and structural properties; Microstructure; Phase 71E-Coatings, Colorants, & Finishes studies; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Paints and primers; Varnishes; Corrosion resistant coatings; Coating Equipment directly related to processing; Studies of individual pigments; Carbon, ceramic, plastic, rubber and metal coatings; structural members. Physical, mechanical and structural properties; Performance; See also 71E, 71I, and 71L. Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment directly For corrosion, use 71G. related to processing; Electroplating; Electrodeposition; Flame For benefi ciation, use 48A. and plasma spraying; Vapor deposition. For pollution studies, use 68. See also 71G, 71L, and 94G. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. For surface treatment not involved with coatings, use 94G. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide For production planning, use 41 and 94. For dielectric and semiconducting fi lms, use 46 and 49. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. 71K-Lubricants & Hydraulic Fluids For production planning, use 41 and 94. Solid and liquid lubricants; Additives; Greases; Drilling fl uids; Brake fl uids; Physical, chemical, mechanical and 71F-Composite Materials structural properties; Performance; Manufacturing; Equipment Materials composed of two or more physically distinct constituents; directly related to processing; Chemical synthesis. Reinforced plastics, graphite or carbon composites; Laminates; See also 71L and 41L. Metal matrix composites; Fiber and particulate composites; For pollution studies, use 68. Physical, mechanical, and structural properties; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment directly For industry economics and marketing, use 96. related to processing; Studies of individual structural members. For production planning, use 41 and 94. See also 71L and 94G. 71L-Materials Degradation & Fouling For wood composites, use 71R. Aging; Erosion and cavitation erosion; Wear; Weathering; Decay; For concrete and reinforced concrete, use 50C and 89G. Effects of radiation on materials; Biodeterioration, including For pollution studies, use 68. fungus deterioration. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. See also 71C, 71D, 71F, 71H, 71I, 71J, 71K, 71N, and 71R. For production planning, use 41 and 94. For nuclear reactor materials degradation, see also 77I or 77J. If concerned with nuclear propulsion, use 81I. 71G-Corrosion & Corrosion Inhibition Unwanted chemical reaction effects on metals; Corrosion of metals; 71M-Miscellaneous Materials Rusting; Corrosion inhibitors; Corrosion resistant coatings; Cor- Materials not included in another group, including leather, fur, rosion electrochemistry. refrigerants, and waxes; Physical, mechanical, and structural properties; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing See also 71E and 71L. methods; Equipment directly related to processing; Studies of For concrete corrosion, use 50C and 89G. individual structural members. 71H-Elastomers See also 94G. Rubbers; Additives; Curing agents; Elastomer polymerization; For pollution studies, use 68. Physical, chemical, mechanical, and structural properties; Per- For industry economics and marketing, use 96. formance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment For production planning, use 41 and 94. directly related to processing; Studies of individual structural members. 71N-Nonferrous Metals & Alloys See also 71E, 71I, 71L, 94G, and 99C. Includes studies not specifying the type of metal. Coatings; Fibers; For pollution studies, use 68. Extractive metallurgy; Refi ning; Embrittlement; Physical, mechanical, and structural properties; Microstructure; Phase For industry economics and marketing, use 96. studies; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; For production planning, use 41 and 94. Equipment directly related to processing; studies of individual 71I-Fibers & Textiles structural members. Glass, carbon, ceramic, metal, and polymeric fi bers; Threads, See also 71E, 71I, and 71L. yarns, textile, and fi ber fi nishing, including dyeing and sizing; For metal fabrication, use 94G. Physical, chemical, mechanical, and structural properties; For corrosion, use 71G. For benefi ciation, use 48A.

76 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 77

For pollution studies, use 68. 72-MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES For industry economics and marketing, use 96. 720-General For production planning, use 41 and 94. 72B-Algebra, Analysis, Geometry, & 71O-Plastics Mathematical Logic Additives; Curing agents; Plastic coatings; Plastic polymerization; Algebra and number theory, including fi eld theory (algebra), group Physical, chemical, mechanical, and structural properties; Per- theory, ring theory; Analysis, including calculus of variations, formance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Equipment complex variables, differential equations, Fourier analysis, func- directly related to processing; Studies of individual structural tional analysis, functions (mathematics), measure, and integra- members. tion; Geometry, tensor analysis, and topology; Mathematical See also 71E, 71L, 94G, and 99C. logic, including foundations of mathematics, lattices (mathemat- For plastic composites, use 71F. ics), metamathematics, and set theory. For polymeric fi bers, use 71I. For applications of mathematics, see the appropriate category of For pollution studies, use 68. application. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. 72E-Operations Research For production planning, use 41 and 94. Game theory; Queueing theory; Management games; Mathematical models; Mathematical programming, Network fl ows; Search 71P-Refractory Metals & Alloys theory. Includes only the following metals and alloys having more than See also Managerial practice, 70B. 50% of these metals: iridium, molybdenum, niobium (colum- bium), osmium, rhenium, tantalum, and tungsten. Coatings; For operations research applied to a specifi c application, see the Fibers; Extractive metallurgy; Refi ning; Embrittlement; Physi- fi eld of application. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide cal, mechanical, and structural properties; Microstructure; Phase 72F-Statistical Analysis studies; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing methods; Analysis of variance; Correlations techniques; Discriminate analy- Equipment directly related to processing; Studies of individual sis; Distribution theory; Experimental design; Factor analysis; structural members. Nonparametric statistics; Probability theory; Regression analy- See also 71E, 71I, and 71L. sis; Statistical decision theory; Statistical inference; Statistical For metal fabrication, use 94G. tests; Stochastic processes. For corrosion, use 71G. For statistical analysis applied to a specifi c application, see the fi eld For benefi ciation, use 48A. of application. For pollution studies, use 68. For industry economics and marketing, use 96. 74-MILITARY SCIENCES For production planning, use 41 and 94. 740-General 71Q-Solvents, Cleaners, & Abrasives 74A-Antiaircraft Defense Systems Cleaning compositions; Solvents; Detergents; Soaps and abrasives; Tactical and terminal countermeasures against attacking aircraft that Cleaning action of these materials; Physical and chemical prop- includes tracking and computing equipment, antiaircraft guns, erties; Performance; Manufacturing; Equipment directly related rockets, and missiles. to processing. For specifi c missiles and rockets, use 75. For cleaning techniques, use 94G. 74B-Antimissile Defense Systems For pollution studies, use 68. Point and terminal defense and countermeasures against air-, sur- For industry economics and marketing, use 96. face-, or underwater-launched missiles, bombardment satellites. For production planning, use 41 and 94. Includes land based and shipborne tracking and computing systems; Strategic Defense Initiatives (SDI), Star Wars; ballistic 71R-Wood & Paper Products missile defense. Sawing and milling; Lumbering; Plywood, particle and fi ber board; Wood product fabrication; Pulping, papermaking, and conver- 74C-Antisubmarine Warfare sion processes; Physical, chemical, mechanical, and structural Operations conducted against submarines, their supporting forces properties; Performance; Fabrication and manufacturing and operating bases. Include air, surface, and underwater opera- methods; Equipment directly related to processing; Studies of tions. individual structural members. See also 63. See also 94G. 74D-Chemical, Biological, & Radiological War- For forestry and tree production, use 48D. fare For pollution studies, use 68. Design, development, and utilization of chemical, biological, and For industry economics and marketing, use 96. radiological weapons; Production, generation, and stability of For production planning, use 41 and 94. lethal and nonlethal agents; Biological agents including anticrop and defoliating agents. For nuclear weapons, use 74H.

77 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 78

74E-Logistics, Military Facilities, & Supplies 75F-Missile Warheads & Fuses Procurement, storage, distribution, issue, repair, replacement of Design and performance of all types of missile warheads and military equipment; Deployment of troops and cargo; Industrial fuzes-chemical, biological, nuclear and explosive. mobilization; stock level controls and inventory techniques; De- For rockets, use 79H. fense conversion; Downsizing; Base closures; Force reduction; Dual Use Technology; Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle 75G-Surface-Launched Missiles Support (CALS), formerly Computer Aided Acquisition and Design, construction, and performance of missiles launched from Logistics Support. the ground, surface platforms, vehicles, silos, and surface ships. For related civilian studies, use 70 and 94. 75H-Underwater-Launched Missiles Design, construction, and performance of missiles launched from 74F-Military Intelligence underwater. Techniques for collecting, evaluating, and disseminating informa- tion concerning foreign nations. Includes damage assessment; Surveillance and reconnaissance systems. 76-NAVIGATION, GUIDANCE, & CONTROL 74G-Military Operations, Strategy, & Tactics 760-General Joint and combined operations, campaigns, battles, invasions, the- 76A-Control Devices & Equipment ater operations; Planning analysis, appraisal, and threat evalua- Navigation and guidance control equipment. tion; Methods of attack and support; Armed Forces maneuvers; See also 76C. Limited and unconventional warfare; Sabotage, insurgency, and counterinsurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological and cold 76B-Guidance Systems warfare. Design, development, and performance of complete guidance sys- tems. Includes integration of specifi c components and subsys- 74H-Nuclear Warfare The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide tems necessary to assure course positioning. Design, development, and applications of nuclear weapons and devices; Studies of the physical effects of nuclear weapons; 76C-Navigation & Guidance System Components Arms control. Navigation computers; Gyros, radiators, sensors, indicators, etc., For nuclear guided missile warheads, use 75F. used in navigation of aircraft, ships, spacecraft, and ground vehicles. 74I-Passive Defense Systems Systems, structures, and devices to provide area monitoring security 76D-Navigation Systems and denial. Includes camoufl age, barbed wire, minefi elds, warn- Design, development, and performance of complete navigation ing systems, barriers, and other anti-intrusion devices. systems; Integration of specifi c components and subsystems For civil defense, see also 91I. necessary in direction fi nding (position, distance, and course of travel); Global navigation systems. For personnel detection, see also 63G. See also 85F.

75-MISSILE TECHNOLOGY 77-NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 750-General 770-General 75A-Air & Space-Launched Missiles Includes nuclear materials management, safeguards, accounting Design, construction and performance of missiles launched from methods. aircraft or spacecraft. See also 77I. 75B-Missile Guidance & Control Systems 77A-Fusion Devices (Thermonuclear) Techniques for guidance and control of missiles from launching Theory, design, construction, and operation of devices for produc- to impact. Includes optical guidance, television guidance, wire ing controlled thermonuclear fusion reactions; Nuclear fusion guidance, preset and terminal guidance, inertial guidance, com- reactor materials and fuels. mand guidance, and homing guidance. For plasma studies in thermonuclear devices, see also 46G. 75C-Missile Launching & Support Systems Missile handling and launching. Includes transportation, storage, 77B-Isotopes and preparation for launching; Air, space, surface, and underwa- Identifi cation, separation, and concentration of radioactive isotopes. ter launching and support equipment and techniques; Checkout Includes isotopic irradiation devices. equipment and procedures; Guided missile ranges. For radioactive isotopes polluting the environment, use 68F. For the use of isotopes in labeling chemical reactions, use 99F. 75D-Missile Tracking Systems Techniques and systems for tracking missiles as defensive mea- For the use of isotopes in medical/biological applications, use 57. sures. Can be from surface installations or air and spaceborne 77C-Nuclear Auxiliary Power Systems platforms. SNAP technology, both isotopic and reactor; Isotopic power sup- For antimissile defense systems, use 74B. plies; Small scale electricity generation by nuclear means. 75E-Missile Trajectories & Reentry Dynamics For nuclear propulsion, see the fi eld of application. Determination, analysis, and processing of missile trajectory data; Flight path analysis; Impact prediction; Atmospheric reentry. Includes aerodynamic studies. For spacecraft reentry, use 84D.

78 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 79

77D-Nuclear Explosions & Devices 79-ORDNANCE Explosion effects, including shock waves, ground motion, elec- tromagnetic pulses, primary radiation, injection of charged 790-General particles into radiation belts; Testing of nuclear devices (includ- 79A-Ammunition, Explosives, & Pyrotechnics ing nuclear simulation using chemical explosives); Peaceful Projectiles, fuzes, demolition explosives, detonators, grenades, land applications (e.g., Plowshare). mines, high explosives, primers, powder and liquid propel- For effects on communications and electronics systems, see the lants, fl ame throwers, and equipment for handling these items; fi eld of application. Production, performance, storage stability of incendiaries, For military applications, use 74H. pyrotechnics, screening agents (smokes), etc. For nuclear weapons, use 74H. 77E-Nuclear Instrumentation For rocket propellants, use 81. Nuclear radiation detection and measurement devices and systems; Beta particle detectors. 79B-Armor For X-ray detectors, use 46Gen. Design, testing, and performance of armor and armor plate includ- For health physics instrumentation, use 57V. ing bullet proof, fl ak proof, explosion proof, and fragment proof devices and related equipment. 77F-Radiation Shielding, Protection, & Safety For other types of protective devices, see the application. Shielding design, nuclear radiation transport properties of materials, decontamination; Container design and transportation require- 79C-Bombs ments for radioactive materials; Fallout shelters. High-explosive, fragmentation, antipersonnel, armor piercing, in- See also 91I. cendiary, napalm, general purpose, and similar types of bombs; Bomb handling equipment; Storage. 77G-Radioactive Wastes & Radioactivity For bomb directors and bomb release mechanisms, use 79F; For The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Separation, processing, handling, storage, disposal, and reuse nuclear bombs, use 74H. of radioactive wastes; Radioactive fallout; Fission products; Man-made or natural radioactivity; Decommissioning. 79D-Combat Vehicles For radiation pollution, use 68F. Military vehicles including armored wheeled and track-laying ve- hicles, tanks and reconnaissance vehicles, trucks, gun carriers; 77H-Reactor Engineering & Nuclear Power Components and accessories. Plants Engineering related directly to the design, safety, and operation of 79E-Detonations, Explosion Effects, & Ballistics a reactor; Research and test reactors. Integrated assemblage, Explosion effects (except nuclear) such as blast, shock waves, deto- including reactor and turbogenerator equipment, plus control nation waves, cratering, earth motion or movement, heat, etc.; and regulatory devices of a nuclear power plant, either mobile Interior, exterior, and terminal ballistics; The study of motion, or stationary; Includes site selection and feasibility studies; behavior, and aerodynamics of projectiles thrown or launched Engineering aspects of reactor accidents. by ordnance projectors; Includes target vulnerability and dam- age assessment studies, weapons effects. See also 77C. For nuclear explosion effects, use 77D. For critical assemblies and reactor simulation, use 77K. 79F-Fire Control & Bombing Systems 77I-Reactor Fuels & Fuel Processing Fire control computers, sights, directors, range fi nders, gunlaying, Production, testing, design, or reclamation of nuclear fuel materials, bombing radar systems, boresighting, bomb releases, and other reactor fuel elements (includes cladding) and fuel assemblies. devices used specifi cally for directing the fi ring of weapons or Includes nuclear fuel cycle studies for nuclear materials man- the dropping of bombs. agement; Nuclear fuel reprocessing. For processing of nonrecoverable fuel materials and fuel contami- 79G-Guns nants, use 77G. Small arms, automatic weapons, antipersonnel weapons, recoiless weapons, mortars, artillery and naval guns, their accessories and 77J-Reactor Materials components; Gun carriages, gun mounts, remote control equip- Production, testing, design, or reclamation of coolants, control ma- ment, etc. terials, moderators, structural materials such as pipe materials; For ballistic studies, use 79E. Shielding materials, and steels. Includes fabricated elements or assemblies and specifi c confi gurations. For gun control, social violence, use 92C or 43. For the effects of radiation on materials, see also 71L or 71J. 79H-Rockets For fuel materials, cladding, or fuel assemblies, use 77I. Excludes Unguided, self-propelled projectiles whose trajectory or course can- power generating equipment and nuclear fusion reactor materi- not be altered after launch; Ground launched, air launched, or als. ship launched rockets, launchers, and launch support equipment. For sounding rockets, use 55D. 77K-Reactor Physics Reactor kinetics, reactor theory, neutron transport theory, and criti- 79I-Underwater Ordnance cality. Includes critical assemblies and reactor simulators. Torpedoes, submarine mines, depth charges, hydrobombs, anti- submarine ammunition, etc.; Launching devices and support equipment.

79 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 80

81-COMBUSTION, ENGINES, & PROPELLANTS replication techniques; Thermography; Lithography, and related arts; Graphic arts, illustrating, visual design. 810-General For photogrammetry, use 48I. 81A-Combustion & Ignition Autoignition, ignition, and combustion. Includes fl ame studies; 82C-Recording Devices Combustion products studies; Ignition systems; Combustion Techniques and devices for recording other than visual images. chemistry; Flammability studies. Includes disk, magnetic, thermoplastic, electrostatic recording systems, CD-ROM, and playback equipment such as record See also 89 and 94H. players, tape recorders, etc. 81B-Electric & Ion Propulsion All types of engines deriving power from free ions and electrons. PACE ECHNOLOGY Includes ion, plasma, and arc jet systems; Propulsion by means 84-S T of solar wind; Laser propulsion. 840-General For electrically propelled surface vehicles, use 85. Extraterrestial biology, chemistry, and medicine. 81C-Fuel & Propellant Tanks 84A-Astronautics Design, performance, and testing of fuel and propellant tanks Space missions; Projects and logistics; Orbital rendezvous; Space including those for automobiles, petroleum products, and rocket exploration; Spacecraft operating problems; Extravehicular propellants. activity. 81D-Jet & Gas Turbine Engines 84B-Extraterrestrial Exploration Design, performance, and testing of all types of jet and gas turbine Space probe exploration; Space landings; Space construction and engines, their components, engine nozzles. Includes Ramjet, maintenance; Extravehicular activity on other planets. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Scramjet, and Turbofan engines, and hydroduct and turboma- 84C-Manned Spacecraft chinery as well as nonpropulsive turbines. Design and construction of manned spacecraft, space stations, aero- See also 97L and 51C. space planes and their components. 81G-Rocket Engines & Motors 84D-Spacecraft Trajectories & Flight Mechanics Design, performance, and testing of rocket engines and motors and Determination, analysis, processing of spacecraft trajectory data; their components. Space mechanics; Orbital calculations; Flight path analysis; Atmosphere entry; Reentry dynamics. 81H-Rocket Propellants Production, handling, stability, and performance of liquid, solid, 84E-Space Launch Vehicles & Support Equip- thixotropic, and exotic propellants. Includes fuels, oxidizers, ment additives, and binders. Handling and launching, including transportation, storage, prepara- For combustion and ignition, use 81A. tion for launching, countdown, launching equipment, check- out equipment, ground support equipment, and information 81I-Nuclear Propulsion systems; Spacecraft tracking systems; Tracking networks; Design, performance, and testing of nuclear engines for surface, air, Recovery support. and space propulsion. See also 85. 84F-Space Safety Safety measures and devices directed toward reducing the hazards 81J-Reciprocation & Rotating Combustion of spacefl ight. Engines Design, performance, and testing of reciprocating and rotating 84G-Unmanned Spacecraft engines of various confi gurations for all types of propulsion. Design and construction of unmanned spacecraft, including space Includes internal and external combustion engines; Engine probes, scientifi c satellites, military satellites, communication exhaust systems; Engine air systems components; Engine struc- satellites, reconnaissance satellites, and navigational satellites. tures; Stirling and diesel engines. For satellites applied to a specifi c application, see the fi eld of ap- See also 97L and 85H. plication.

82-PHOTOGRAPHY & RECORDING DEVICES 85-TRANSPORTATION 820-General 850-General 82A-Holography 85A-Air Transportation Techniques, materials, and uses of holography and holograms; Operation of systems for transport by air; Civil aviation; Airports Acoustic holography. and airport access; Airline operations; Air routing; Air traffi c control systems; Multimodal systems; Aviation safety and See also 46C. aviation accidents; Aircraft fi res; Aircraft fuel fi res. 82B-Photographic Techniques & Equipment See also 43G, 74E, 76, 85D, and 91B. Photographic techniques, including aerial photography, color For design of aircraft and components, use 51 and 81. photography, astronomical photography, cinematography, For runway construction and design, use 50B. photomicrography, Schlieren photography; Cameras, lenses, shutters, projectors, photographic processes, and materials; 85C-Metropolitan Rail Transportation Microphotography, Photographic copying; Direct recording Urban rail transit; Underground and above-ground rapid transit rail- and reproduction of visual images; Copying, reproduction and ways, including subways; Automated guideway transit systems; Tracked air cushion vehicles. See also 85I and 91B. 80 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 81

85D-Transportation Safety 88C-Marketing & User Services Safety and accidents involving air, land, and water transportation; User needs, surveys; Promotions; Fees. Accident studies and prevention; Alcohol related studies; Break- 88D-Personnel away barriers and structures; Standards and testing of compo- Training and education; Selection; Management; Performance; nents and equipment; Crashworthiness; Traffi c safety; Collision Schools and accreditation. research; Safety equipment and devices. See also 70D. See also 91B. For pipeline accidents, use 85E. 88E-Reference Materials Bibliographies; Directories; Glossaries; Catalogs; Thesauri; In- 85E-Pipeline Transportation dexes; Abstract and title periodicals. Transportation of liquids, gases, and slurries throughlong-distance pipelines; Accidents and safety. 89-BUILDING INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY 85F-Global Navigation Systems Includes fi res in buildings. Worldwide navigational aids to transportation; Global positioning system (GPS). 890-General See also 76D. Includes fi res in buildings. 85G-Marine & Waterway Transportation 89B-Architectural Design & Environmental Shipping; Safety and accidents; Safety equipment; Cargo handling Engineering and equipment; Cargo movement; Passenger movement; Traffi c Architecture; Human engineering; Site surveys; control; Boating; Trade routes; Shipborne containerization. Interior design; Lighting; Heating, ventilating, See also 43G, 74E, 76, and 85D. and air conditioning; Heat loss studies. Includes environmental

The NTIS Database Search Guide engineering equipment. The NTIS Database Search Guide For marine engineering, use 47A. See also 97J and 94E. For waterway engineering, use 50B. 89C-Construction Management & Techniques 85H-Road Transportation Excavation; Fabrication (presite and onsite); Construction tech- Passenger and cargo movement; Design and standards for vehicles niques; Reconstruction; Management including planning, and components; Motor vehicle engine studies; Safety engineer- manpower, and labor studies. ing; Safety devices; Traffi c and road safety; Collision research; Accident studies; Highway traffi c; Traffi c engineering; Pas- 89D-Structural Analyses senger and cargo vehicles; Trailers; Motorcycles; Bicycles and Dynamics and statics of structures and structural members includ- bikeways; Hiking trails. ing kinetics, kinematics, vibration and stress analyses; Induced See also 43G, 50A, 74E, 81J, 85D, and 91B. environmental stresses including earthquakes, wind, and fl ood; Foundation stresses; Soil-structure interactions. 85I-Railroad Transportation Safety and accidents; Safety equipment; Cargo handling and equip- 89E-Building Standards & Codes ment; Cargo movement; Passenger movement; Traffi c control; Standards and codes for buildings, equipment, components, and Terminals; Amtrak; Track studies; Rolling stock; Scheduling; materials. Railroad engineering and equipment. 89G-Construction Materials, Components, & See also 43G, 85D, and 91B. Equipment Plumbing; Wiring; Insulation; Doors and windows; Walls; Joints; Beams; Construction equipment such as bulldozers and cranes. 88-LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCES Includes fl ammability and fi re studies. Cement and concrete. 880-General See also 50C. Includes general studies about microforms; Film readers; Copy- For cement properties, see also 71D. rights; Privacy Act; Report writing. 89H-Building Equipment, Furnishings, & 88A-Operations & Planning Maintenance Acquisitions, classifi cation, cataloging, abstracting, and indexing; Equipment including security alarms (i.e. Burglar alarms), eleva- Circulation and reference systems; Information services; Interli- tors, and fi re safety devices; Furnishings, including major brary loans; Distribution; Manual and computerized information household appliances, rugs, and furniture; Maintenance, includ- retrieval; Individual libraries and information center. ing repair, pest control, and cleaning. For library or information networks, use 88B. For environmental engineering equipment, use 89B. 88B-Information Systems Library and information networks; Operations and planning of these systems; File maintenance and management; Database manage- ment; Information superhighway, National Information Infra- structure; Applied information systems (Management, medical, transportation, etc.) See also 44T, 62, and 70C. For database management, use 62B. For communications and computer networks, use 45C. For geographic information systems, see 48I.

81 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 82

90-GOVERNMENT INVENTIONS FOR LICENSING 90J-Food Technology For patents and patent applications only (will be labeled as such in Pasteurizing, curing, canning, dehydrating, freezing, irradiation, the report title); Not for bibliographies. freeze drying, etc., of foods and other agricultural products; Sanitation and fumigation of products; Food additives and 900-General preservatives; Analysis and inspection of products; Storage, Computer software. packaging, and display of products; Cooking devices. 90A-Mechanical Devices & Equipment For food fermentation, use 90B. Devices and equipment for fuel ignition; Heating, illumination, and refrigeration; Cleaning; Printing; Product handling and 91-URBAN & REGIONAL TECHNOLOGY & transportation; Sprinklers; Fire extinguishers; Safety; Motor and other land vehicles; Earthworking and excavating; Tools; DEVELOPMENT Jacks; Hydraulic and pneumatic systems; Power transmissions; 910-General Couplings, fasteners, and joints; Piping; Drilling and mining; Includes energy studies. Separators; Locks; Sewing machines; Winding and reeling; etc. 91A-Environmental Management & Planning For metal shaping and forming, use 90E. Air, water, noise, and waste management and control; Monitoring For medical equipment, use 90D. services; Solid wastes and recycling; 90B-Chemistry Solid waste landfi lls; Water quality management; Environmen- Organic and inorganic compounds; Batteries; Electrochemistry; Hy- tal surveys; Design and operation of sewer systems (combined, drocarbons; Lubricating compositions; Propellents and rocket etc.); Water supplies and services; Excludes natural resource fuels; Acids; Polymers; Plastics; Inks; Bleaching; Dyeing; management. Fertilizers; Food fermentation; Sugar and starch; Paper making; See also 68 and 43F. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Textiles; Paints; Coatings (except metal coatings); Chemical 91B-Transportation & Traffi c Planning reactors; etc. Planning for modes of public and private, passenger and cargo 90C-Nuclear Technology transporation; Travel patterns and demand; Parking; Traffi c Reactors; Radioactive materials; Nuclear instrumentation; Nuclear engineering, traffi c fl ow and control; Traffi c surveys; Highway radiation safety; Nuclear power plants and reactor engineering; and street services; Rapid transit systems; Passenger transporta- Nuclear fusion; Particle accelerators; Plasma devices; etc. tion and planning; Pedestrian movement. 90D-Biology & Medicine See also 43G and 85. Drugs; Cosmetics; Prosthetics; Medical equipment; Pesticide biol- 91C-Fire Services, Law Enforcement, & Criminal ogy; Biological laboratory equipment; Life support equipment. Justice 90E-Metallurgy Fire, police, and court services and their administration; Law Metal stock; Metal coatings; Molding, shaping, and treating pro- enforcement and criminal justice; Crime and fi re prevention; cesses; Laminating; Glasses; Material shaping; Sheet metal and Personnel recruitment, training, and utilization; Parole; Work wire working; Bonding and joining; Cutlery; etc. release; Correctional institutions. For use of mechanical equipment, use 90A. See also 43D. For criminal justice and corrections, see also 43Gen. 90F-Electrotechnology Antennas, circuits, and electromechanical devices; Electron tubes; 91D-Communications Optoelectronic devices; Power and signal transmission devices; Use and planning of communications; Mass media, emergency Resistive, capacitive and inductive components; Semiconductor communications, public information. devices; Information transmission, storage, and retrieval; Com- See also 45. munications; etc. 91E-Housing 90G-Instruments Surveys and assessments of existing housing; Planning and devel- Photographic equipment; Measuring and testing instruments and opment; Building codes; Housing needs; Housing renovation; equipments; Acoustic devices; Etc. Public housing. For nuclear instruments, use 90C. For design, architectural, or construction related studies, see also 89. 90H-Optics & Lasers Optical materials, components, equipment, and systems; Infrared, 91F-Health Services visible, ultraviolet, and X-ray lasers; Masers. Urban health services; Emergency medical services; Mental health services; Nursing homes; Ambulatory health services; Hospital 90I-Ordnance services; Public health access. Production and performance of projectiles, fuzes, explosive materi- als, pyrotechnics, and weapon systems (not limited to military See also 43C, 43D, 44 and 91I. applications); Ordnance storage systems; Fire control systems; 91G-Urban Administration & Planning Weapons delivery systems; Missiles, rockets, and propellants General administration and planning; Feasibility studies; Appraisal directly related thereto; Weapons carriers (tanks, aircraft ships, of real property; Taxation; Land use and zoning; Urban revital- etc); Guns; Laser weapons; Bombs. ization; Financing. See also 43 and 70F.

82 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 83

91H-Regional Administration & Planning 92D-Education, Law, & Humanities General administration and planning for county and regional areas Formal education; School systems; Educational administration; that may also contain urban or urbanized areas; Intergovern- Curricula; Instructional devices and materials, including mental relations and interactions (State, County, Local); Land audiovisual; Teaching methods; Computer-assisted instruction; use and zoning. Laws; Linguistics; Machine translation; Fine arts; Archaeology; See also 43 and 70F. History; Anthropology; Humanities; Religion. For state government administration and planning, use 43. 92E-International Relations 91I-Emergency Services & Planning Political and social indicators; Crises and crisis management; Con- Disaster services; Civil defense; Early warning systems and emer- fl ict analysis; Foreign aid; Foreign policy and foreign affairs; gency preparedness for all types of disaster; Emergency weather International political science; Disarmament and arms control; services; Pollution alerts; Civil disturbances; Ambulance ser- Espionage; Includes international relationships concerning ter- vices; Flooding; Disaster relief. ritorial seas, fi shing, extradition, and natural resources. See also 43D, 44, and 91F. See also 74H. For military passive defense systems, see also 74I. For international commerce, use 96C. For personnel detection, see also 63G. 91J-Economic Studies 94-INDUSTRIAL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Economic analyses; Economic development; Industrial develop- 940-General ment; Economic impacts of development; Population-econo- Includes bearings; Mechanical elements; Pipes; Tubes; Levers; my-income studies; Employment and earnings; Property values; Cams; Springs; Mechanical joints; Containers and packing Commercial area studies. materials; Refrigeration systems and equipment; Industrial

The NTIS Database Search Guide furnaces and boilers; Heat exchangers; Heat pumps; Heat pipes; The NTIS Database Search Guide See also 43B and 96. For government fi nancial operations, use 43A, 70F, 91G, and 91H. Industrial security; Metrology. For rocket engine components, use 81G; For fuel tanks, use 81C; 91K-Social Services For cooling towers, use 97J; For nuclear security, use 77Gen. Child care; Family and youth counseling; Social rehabilitation; Foster homes and adoption; Welfare and public assistance; Fi- 94A-Production Planning & Process Controls nancial assistance; Food stamp services; Employment services; Materials control; Numerical control and automation; Time and Legal services. motion studies ; Scheduling; Production controls and program- See also 43C, 91F, and 92C. ming; Modeling techniques and program controls; Inventory management. 91L-Recreation See also 44A, 41A and 41B. Planning and administration; Facilities; Public opinion; Economic and social aspects; Safety aspects; Use of recreational vehicles; 94B-Quality Control & Reliability Cultural activities; Sports; Parks, including national parks. Tolerances allocations; Maintainability requirements; Probability of satisfactory performance of components and equipment; Inspec- tion methods; Destructive industrial testing; Reliability theory; 92-BEHAVIOR & SOCIETY Quality assurance. 920-General See also 41E and 41G. Includes general overall census studies; Political science. 94C-Plant Design & Maintenance 92A-Job Training & Career Development Site selection; Plant design; Layout; Maintenance management; Vocational training; On-the-job training; Retraining; Vocational Scheduled, routine, and corrective maintenance. rehabilitation; Use and design of training simulators (including See also 41H. fl ight simulators) and equipment; Instructional aids; Profes- sional development; Career development. 94D-Job Environment Industrial hygiene and occupational diseases and injuries in settings For curriculum development, use 92D. such as factories, and offi ce and commercial buildings; Indus- 92B-Psychology trial psychology; Industrial sociology; Workplace layout and Human behavior; Personality; Intelligence; Learning ability; Judge- design; Worker interactions. ment; Motivation; Perception; Job satisfaction; Leadership See also 44G, 57U, 41I, and 92B. characteristics; Psychometrics; Adaptability; Social, industrial, For industrial safety engineering and accident prevention, use 94H. group, organizational, interpersonal, and experimental psychol- ogy; Clinical psychology; Physiological psychology. 94E-Environmental Engineering For the measurement of hearing, vision, heart rate, respiration and Lighting; Heating; Ventilating; Air conditioning. Includes envi- other physiological responses as related to behavior, use 57T or ronmental engineering equipment related to industrial use. 57W. Excludes pollution control. See also 41I, 89B and 97J. 92C-Social Concerns Sociology and sociometrics; Race relations; Age group and 94F-Tooling, Machinery, & Tools minority group studies; Social rehabilitation of drug abusers, Machine subassemblies; Robots; Robotics; Tools; Machinery, alcoholics, physically, emotionally, and mentally handicapped, including hoists, conveyors and pumps. offenders, etc.; Cultural and economic deprivation; Social See also 41C and 41J. discrimination; Immigration; Demography; Social services, in- cluding child care, welfare, counseling, fi nancial assistance, and employment and unemployment services; Attitude studies. See also 43C, 44, and 91K. 83 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 84

94G-Manufacturing Processes & Materials 95C-Biomedical Instrumentation & Handling Bioengineering Fabrication, assembling, cleaning, and fi nishing; Industrial and Includes materials and equipment used to monitor human body manufacturing processes (limited to in-depth studies that di- functions. Design, use, and performance of biomedical equip- rectly discuss specifi c processes); Bonding and joining, includ- ment; Biotelemetry including biotelemetry transducer and ing gluing, welding, soldering, and brazing; Materials forming transmitter equipment; Hospital equipment and supplies; Dental and machining; Heat treatment; Coating processes; Materials materials and equipment; Equipment for physiological monitor- handling, including palletizing, conveying, warehousing, stor- ing; Diagnostic equipment; Biomedical laboratory equipment. ing, containerization, and packaging. See also 95A. See also 71, 41B, 41E, and 41F. 95D-Human Factors Engineering For processing and packaging of food, use 98H. Design of tools, instruments, equipment, and machinery with em- For production of materials, use 71. phasis on optimum utilization by humans; Habitability of work For chemical engineering and processing, use 99B. and living space; Ergonomics; Interaction of man and equip- For the benefi ciation and processing of minerals, use 48A. ment in terms of subsystem and system performance require- ments and evaluation. Encompasses manual controls, tactical 94H-Industrial Safety Engineering kinesthesis, and other human sensory modalities involved in Accident prevention; Safety measures; Fire prevention; Warning operation of equipment and understanding of personnel subsys- systems; Safety equipment, structures, and clothing. tems; Man-machine systems. Includes anthropometric studies, For industrial safety engineering applied to a specifi c application, protective equipment, protective clothing, and life support use the fi eld of application. systems. 94I-Hydraulic & Pneumatic Equipment 95E-Life Support Systems The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide Design, production, performance, and testing of hydraulic and Equipment and techniques for sustaining life in foreign environ- pneumatic systems, accumulators, actuators, compressors, and ments, such as space, underground, and underwater; Closed distribution equipment; Fluidic and fl ueric devices. ecological systems (includes pressure suits, diving gear, and See also 41J. breathing apparatus). For hydraulic fl uids, see 71K. See also 95D. 94J-Nondestructive Testing 95F-Bionics & Artifi cial Intelligence Nondestructive testing having industrial application; Ultrasonic, Study of biological processes in order to develop engineering sys- radiographic, hydrostatic, magnetic, and optical nondestructive tems; Simulation of biological processes; Comparative studies techniques and equipment; Nondestructive testing of fl aws, of control systems formed by the brain and nervous system; Pat- thickness, opacity, strength. tern recognition systems based on biological modes; Biological For destructive industrial testing, use 94B. applications of information theory; Cybernetics. 94K-Laboratory & Test Facility Design & 95G-Protective Equipment Operation Equipment providing protection against such environmental ele- Measuring, testing, and simulation devices. Includes laboratories, ments as heat, cold, noise, machinery, and radiation. test facilities, and test equipment measuring testing and simula- For equipment and techniques for sustaining life in environments tion. If the test facility, equipment, etc. is applied to a specifi c where normal respiration is not possible, use 95E. application, use the fi eld of application. 96-BUSINESS & ECONOMICS 95-BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN 960-General FACTORS ENGINEERING Includes economic theory; Business and economic census studies; Insurance not covered by another subcategory; Small busi- 950-General nesses. 95A-Prosthetics & Mechanical Organs Includes materials and equipment going into human bodies, en- 96A-Domestic Commerce, Marketing, & abling them to function properly, either temporarily or per- Economics manently. Artifi cial limbs and limb braces; Facial prosthetics, National and state-level studies; Industrial costs and economics; including artifi cial eyes; Dental prosthetics; Mechanical organs Economic impact of industries; Economic impacts on indus- and mechanical hearts; Circulatory assist devices; Artifi cial kid- tries; Industrial statistics; Agricultural economics; Productivity; neys, etc.; Biocompatible materials including tissue adhesives, Labor supply and demand; Labor costs and economics; Infl a- tissue compatible materials, and antithrombogenic materials. tion; Economic aspects of unemployment; Employment and un- employment statistics; Wage surveys; United States commerce; For prosthodontics, use 57G. Wholesale and retail trade; Domestic market surveys; Business, 95B-Tissue Preservation & Storage personal, and property taxes; Income tax data; Franchising. Preservation of organs, tissue, and blood for transplantation or See also 43B, 70D, 91J, and 98B. transfusion to living organs; For studies of individual plants or operations, see the fi eld of ap- Blood and tissue banks; Properties and evaluation of preserved plication. and stored materials. For economic impacts of individual plants or operations, see the See also 57J, 57S, and 57X. fi eld of application. For regional development, use 43B and 91J.

84 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 85

96C-International Commerce, Marketing, & Eco- 97G-Policies, Regulations & Studies nomics Energy conservation; Licensing; Legislation; Government policies Foreign market surveys and research; International trade; Imports and regulatory controls; Energy goals; Research needs; Energy and exports; Customs and tariffs; Multinational businesses; management, economics, and fi nancing; Depletion allowances Trends and forecasting. and leasing policies; Rates and energy models; Energy short- For international fi nance, use 96F. ages; International issues. 96D-Consumer Affairs 97I-Electric Power Production Consumer problems and protection; Truth in advertising; Commer- Design and operation of electric power plants; Commercial, indus- cial psychology; Product maintenance and reliability problems; trial, and residential electric power production; Site surveys; Home appliances safety; Product comparison studies; Flamma- Large-scale nuclear, hydro, solar, geothermal, and fossil fuel bility studies; Motor vehicle recalls. electric power plants; Power plant boilers. Note: Usually restricted to large-scale electric power production. 96E-Minority Enterprises Minority owned and operated businesses; Business training of mi- For small-scale electric power production, use 97N, 97O, or 97P. nority groups; Franchising; Equal opportunities in business. For pollution control and environmental impact, use 68 and 97R. For some nuclear power plant studies, use 77 and 97Q. (97Q 96F-Banking & Finance should be those that are most pertinent to the use of nuclear Investments; Credit; Banks and trust companies; Mortgage fi nance; technology for energy production.) Savings and loan associations; Security and commodity broker- age; Balance of payments; Gold and silver movement; Cash 97J-Heating & Cooling Systems fl ow; Regulations; International fi nance. Design and operation of space heating and cooling systems and For government fi nancial operations, use 43A, 70F, 91G, and/or equipment; Furnace and boiler studies when related to energy conservation and energy use; Cooling towers; MIUS technol- The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide 91H. ogy; Total energy systems. 96G-Foreign Industry Economic Development See also 97N. Private and governmental industrial and economic development in foreign countries including industrialized and developing 97K-Fuels countries; International technology transfer; For foreign market Production, performance, properties, storage, prices, and transporta- surveys and international trade, use 96C. tion of all types of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels; Chemical composition of fuels; Fuel compatibility; Hydrogen production; 96H-Foreign Business & Economics Refuse derived fuels; Fuel desulfurization; Oil shale retorting; Foreign and developing countries; Businesses, economic conditions Petroleum refi ning; Fuel additives; Growing plants for fuels; and socioeconomics. Bioconversion and biomass plantations. For foreign market surveys and international trade, use 96C. See also 48D and 97N. For social concerns related to economics, see also 92C. For fuel tanks, use 81C. For nuclear fuels, use 77I. 97-ENERGY For fuel conversion, use 97F. 970-General For rocket fuels, use 81H. Includes energy source development. For supply and demand, use 97B. 97A-Reserves For oil and gas drilling and recovery, coal mining and other energy Natural reserves; Fuel stockpiles; Mineral and fossil fuel deposits related mining studies, use 48A. including coal, uranium, petroleum, natural gas, geothermal, 97L-Engine Studies (Energy Related) peat, and oil shale; Water power potential; Site studies of wind Operation and design of engines when related to energy conserva- power potential and solar radiation availability. tion and energy use. Covers turbine, rotary, and reciprocating For individual mine studies, use 48A. engines. 97B-Energy Use, Supply, & Demand See also 81. Electric power and fuel consumption and requirements; Supply and 97M-Batteries & Components demand; Heat use, supply, and demand. Electrochemical batteries of all types including alkaline cells, 97E-Electric Power Transmission dry cells, metal-air batteries, primary cells, reserve batteries, Electric power distribution; Electric transmission lines and substa- storage batteries, thermal batteries, wet cells; Battery contain- tions; Electric power pools; Wireless energy transmission. ers, depolarizers, electrodes, electrolytes, separators, and other components and materials; Battery chargers and testers; Battery 97F-Fuel Conversion Processes electrochemistry. Methods to convert a fuel to a different chemical form including For thermoelectric and thermionic batteries, use 97O. coal gasifi cation and liquefaction; Upgrading fuels by chemical synthesis. 97N-Solar Energy For petroleum refi ning, oil shale retorting and refi ning, use 97K and Solar collectors, concentrators, and absorbers; Solar cells; Solar 99B; For environmental studies, use 97R. cookers, dryers, furnaces, generators; Solar heat engines; Solar heating and cooling systems; Solar power plants; Solar stills; Solar water heaters; Solar heat storage systems; Solar water pumps; Solar sea power plants; Orbital solar power plants; Opti- cal coatings and fi lters for solar devices; Solar energy policies, use, supply, trends, and economics.

85 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 86

97O-Miscellaneous Energy Conversion & Storage 98F-Fisheries & Aquaculture Fuel cells; Magnetohydrodynamics; Experimental electric generators; Fishing, fi shing equipment, and shipboard processing of fi sheries Turbogenerators; Heat storage; Compressed air energy storage; products; Cultivation of fi shes, shellfi sh, Mechanical conversion; Thermoelectric and thermionic conver- and algae in fresh or salt water for commercial or recreational sion; Photovoltaic conversion (excludes solar cells); Wind power; use; Use of fi sh ladders and weirs; Sport fi shing. Tidal power; Nuclear fusion power plants. See also 47D, 48B, and 57Z. For commercial, industrial, and residential use of energy conversion For fi sh processing, use 98H. and storage devices, use 97I or 97J. 98G-Agriculture Resource Surveys 97P-Geothermal Energy Surveys to scan crop yields, soil moisture content, Geothermal exploration and prospecting methods and equipment; crop diseases, and forest diseases. Includes fi shery surveys; Geothermal resources; Geothermal energy conversion; Geology Satellite and aerial surveys. applied to geothermal systems; Drilling; Reservoirs; Extraction; Site selection; Geothermal power plants; Corrosion studies; Mate- 98H-Food Technology rials used in geothermal systems. Pasteurizing, curing, canning, dehydrating, freezing, irradiation, freeze drying, etc., of foods and other agricultural products; 97Q-Selected Studies In Nuclear Technology Sanitation and fumigation of products; Food additives and pre- Reports assigned to this subcategory are selected for their broad inter- servatives; Analysis and inspection of products; Storage, pack- est to users in the nuclear energy fi eld. aging, and display of products; Kitchen and cooking equipment. For other nuclear energy subcategories, use 77. For biochemical studies of foods, see also 57B. 97R-Environmental Studies Air, noise, water, and solid waste pollution and pollution control from 99-CHEMISTRY The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide energy resource development, fuel production, energy production, and energy use; Environmental impacts of energy production and 990-General use. 99A-Analytical Chemistry See also 68. Techniques and instrumentation for the separation and analysis of individual compounds or specifi c groups or compounds, both inorganic and organic. Includes qualitative, quantitative, 98-AGRICULTURE & FOOD volumetric, gravimetric, optical, spectroscopic; electrochemical, 980-General ion exchange, chromatographic analysis; Test methods; Forensic chemistry; Data interpretation; Routine analysis or experimental 98A-Agricultural Chemistry results. The application of chemistry and chemical analysis to agriculture; Fertilizer production; Soil chemistry; Chemistry of feeding stuffs; 99B-Industrial Chemistry & Chemical Process Crop chemistry; Biochemical studies. Engineering For food chemistry, use 98H. Techniques, processes, unit operations, and plant equipment that ap- ply to chemical manufacturing, processing, transportation, and 98B-Agricultural Economics storage; Petroleum refi ning; Desalination technology; Pollution Economics conditions, markets, subsidies, and policies affecting agri- control equipment; Process control technology; culture; Farm management and fi nance; Land and labor econom- Process engineering; Chemical reactors. ics; Prices and price control. For coal gasifi cation and liquefaction processes, see also 97F and See also 96C. 97K. 98C-Agricultural Equipment, Facilities, & For specifi c environmental pollution control, see also 68. Operations For water purifi cation, see also 50B and 68D. Agricultural engineering; Agricultural machinery and tools; Seed preservation; Planting, fertilizing, mulching, weeding, and har- 99C-Polymer Chemistry vesting; Pest and disease control techniques and equipment; Crop Synthesis, properties, reactions and theories of polymers and copo- protection; Crop drying and storage; Farm water supplies; Irriga- lymers. Includes all types of polymerization, curing, crosslink- tion systems; Farm safety; Farm construction and operation. ing, reaction kinetics, etc. For pest control, see also 57P. For mechanical properties of polymers, use 71O and 71H. For food processing, use 98H. 99D-Basic & Synthetic Chemistry Synthesis, properties, and reactions of inorganic and organic com- 98D-Agronomy, Horticulture, & Plant Pathology pounds; Studies of individual or specifi c groups of chemical Field crop production; Cultivation of orchards, gardens and nurser- elements; Molecular structure; Stereochemistry. ies; Plant biology; Plant breeding, propagation, and hybridizing; Hydroponics. For chemical reaction mechanisms between atoms, ions, or mol- ecules, see also 99F. See also 57C. For spectrum analysis of compounds, use 99A and 99F. 98E-Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine Production and care of domestic and wild animals; Breeding, feeding, 99E-Photochemistry & Radiation Chemistry management, rearing, testing, Studies involving the interrelationships of electromagnetic or par- and training; Pets; Animal pathology; Toxic effects on domestic ticle radiation and chemical reactions; animals; Animal quarantine; Disease resistance, control and treat- Studies of radioactive elements and their reactions; Radiochem- ment; Breeding, care, istry; Photochemical reactions. and utilization of laboratory animals. See also 55A and 68A. See also 57Z. 86 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing with Scope Descriptions 87

99F-Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Physical chemistry; Thermodynamics; Thermochemistry; Col- loids and gels; Surface chemistry; Catalysis and catalysts; Electrochemistry; Solutions; Chemical equilibria; Membranes; Reaction kinetics; Quantum mechanics; The mathematical determination of atomic or molecular orbitals, energy levels, or properties; The application of mathematics to chemical systems and electronic spectra, excluding routine analysis or experimen- tal results; Molecular spectra interpretation; Chemical reaction mechanisms in the gas, liquid, or solid phase between atoms, ions, or molecules; Atomic and molecular energy studies; Phase studies of nonmetallic systems; Isotherms; Crystallography. For advanced materials, use 71Gen or the fi eld of application. For solid state physics, use 46D. For thermodynamics, see also 460 General. The NTIS Database Search Guide The NTIS Database Search Guide

87 Search Guide for the NTIS Database 88 Index

Abbreviations ...... 8 Foreign Research and Technology ...... 10 Accession Numbers (also known as NTIS Geographical Areas ...... 11 Order Numbers) ...... 8 Government-Owned Inventions for Acronyms ...... 8 Licensing (See also Patents) ...... 11 Biological Species ...... 8 Health Care/Medicine Subjects ...... 11 Category Codes with Asterisks Information Product Types ...... 3 (Highlighted Subject Category Codes) ...... 9 Information Sources ...... 3 Chemical Nomenclature ...... 9 International Business Information ...... 11 Chemical Trade Names ...... 9 International Sources ...... 3 Computer Programs and Products ...... 9 Journal Reprints ...... 11 Corporate Sources ...... 9 Leasing the NTIS Database ...... 2 Data ...... 10 Maps ...... 11 DATA Elements Of The NTIS Database ...... 4 Non-U.S. Origin Reports ...... 10 DataStar (DIALOG Corporation) ...... 16 NTIS Database and Related Products ...... 2 Delimited/Declassifi ed Reports ...... 10 The NTIS Database Search Guide

The NTIS Database Search Guide NTIS Online Searching Help Desk ...... 2 Department of Defense (DoD) NTIS Subject Categories ...... 8 Declassifi ed/Delimited Items ...... 10 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing Developing Countries ...... 10 By All Categories ...... 38 DIALOG Corporation ...... 18 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing Document Delivery via NTIS ...... 2 By Major Categories ...... 33 EBSCO Publishing...... 20 NTIS Subject Categories - Alphabetical Listing Elsevier Engineering Information Inc...... 22 With Scope Descriptions ...... 43 Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) ...... 10 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing Of Major Categories ...... 65 Field Name: Abstract ...... 7 NTIS Subject Categories - Numerical Listing Field Name: Availability Statement ...... 6 With Scope Descriptions ...... 66 Field Name: Contract or Grant Number(s) ...... 6 National Technical Reports Library (NTRL) ...... 14 Field Name: Corporate Source(s) ...... 4 Online Searching Hints ...... 8 Field Name: Country of Publication ...... 5 Online Services Access ...... 14 Field Name: Descriptors ...... 6 Ovid Technologies ...... 24 Field Name: Identifi ers ...... 6 Patents ...... 12 Field Name: Journal and Database Issue ...... 5 Performing Organization(s) ...... 9 Field Name: Language of Document ...... 6 ProQuest ...... 26 Field Name: Monitoring Agency Number ...... 6 References, Selected ...... 13 Field Name: NTIS Order No...... 4 Scope of the Collection ...... 2 Field Name: NTIS Prices ...... 4 SilverPlatter Information, Inc...... 27 Field Name: Pagination or Number of Items ...... 5 Sponsoring Agency Keyword Acronyms ...... 12 Field Name: Personal Author(s) ...... 5 Sponsoring Organization(s) ...... 10 Field Name: Project and Task Numbers ...... 6 STN International ...... 29 Field Name: Report Date ...... 5 Subject Category Codes/Classifi cation ...... 8 Field Name: Report Number ...... 6 Subject Coverage ...... 2 Field Name: Subject Category Codes ...... 4 Superfund ...... 12 Field Name: Supplementary Notes ...... 6 Translations ...... 12 Field Name: Title ...... 5 Verbalization ...... 12 Field Name: Title Annotation...... 7 Field Name: Title Note...... 5 Foreign Language ...... 10

88 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Technical Information Service Alexandria, VA 22312 703-605-6000