DOCSLIB.ORG

University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 67-12,290 LIE, Kai Olaf, 1934- AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGING ROLE OF NORWAY IN THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER AND PEACE IN THE NORTH SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR. The American University, Ph.D., 1967 Political Science, international law anti relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright hy Kai Olaf Lie 1967 AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGING ROLE OF NORWAY IN THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER AND PEACE IN THE NORTH SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR by Kai Olaf Lie Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Signatures ofCommLttoe: Chairman: D ate: Dqfin of the School >ate: 'I; June, 1967 AMERICAN Ui'xi'/Erdrjp The American U n iv ersity Washington, D. C* 1 ? 196? PREFACE This dissertation was written in the United States and Norway during the period 1962-1966 and is based mainly on Norwegian source material. I should like to record my indebtedness and grati­ tude to Dean Charles 0. Lerche, who inspired, guided, and encouraged me in my endeavor u n til h is sudden death in 1966. Professor Abdul A. Said deserves not only my grati­ tude because he inspired me to enroll at The American University, in the first^place, but because it was upon him that the burden fell of talcing over the chairmanship of the dissertation committee. I am most grateful for the aid and advice extended from the other members of the committee; Professor Nary E. Bradshaw, P ro fe sso r Oliver Peterson, and P ro fessor Lawrence W. Wadsworth. The expert advice of Mr. Ketil B6rde of the Norwegian Embassy in g o in g through the fin a l d r a ft o f the d issertation has been most valuable. Mrs. Virginia E. MacHale has been of great help in editing, typing, and proofreading the dissertation. Miss Inger Anchersen, Miss Olaug Bjerland, Miss Karin Johnsen, and Miss Trine Walther also deserve my thanks for the typing of the draft. r I 4 i l l Lastly, but not the least, I would like to express my appreciation to my wife, Suzanne Lie, whose interest, patience and, perhaps above all, impatience made the comple­ tion of the dissertation possible. table of contents CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ..... ......................................................... 1 The Major Problems Defined . .............................. 1 Major Assumptions of the S tu d y ................... 5 Limitations of the Study ......................................... 6 Importance and Value o f the Study ...... 8 Methods ....... ........................................... ... 8 Primary Sources ............................................... 9 Organization of the Study.................................... 11 I I . THE BACKGROUND TO THE REORIENTATION OF NORWAY’S ROLE IN THE POSTWAR WORLD................................... 16 Introduction ................................................................... 16 Towards Independence ......................................................... 19 The Problem of N e u t r a l i t y ............................... 20 The Formulation of a New Foreign Policy . 24 The Period of "Bridgebuilding" .............................. 32 Conclusion ..... ....... 41 I I I . THE SCANDINAVIAN DEFENSE NEGOTIATIONS .................... 55 Introduction .......................... 55 The Departure from the Bridgebuilding Role , 58 The Swedish I n i t i a t i v e ........... 61 The Scandinavian Defense Committee .................... 64 The Scandinavian Meetings at Karlstad, Copenhagen and Oslo in January 1949 .... 71 V CHAPTER PAGE C o n c l u s i o n .................................................................................... 80 IV. NORWAY'S ADHERENCE TO THE NORTH ATLANTIC PACT . 93 Introduction ............................................* ............................. 93 The Approach to Washington and London February 5-14, 1949 .......................................................... 97 The Question o f Timing .................................... 101 The Role of the N ational Labor Party Congress February 17-20, 1949 ................................ 104 Norway Joins NATO..........................................................................114 Conclusion ..........................................................................117 V. A CRITICAL REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF CLOSER SCANDINAVIAN INTEGRATION IN 1949 ............................................................... 126 Introduction ............................................................................... 126 Soviet Reactions to the Idea of a Scandina­ vian Defense P act .....................................................................130 American Policy toward the Scandinavian Defense Pact E ffo rts ...........................................................140 The Nori^egian Reaction to the I n i t i a l _ Proposals for Closer Cooperation in the W e s t ............................... 148 The Impression of Imminent Danger to Norway ...... .......................................................... 151 v i CHAPTER PAGE The Norwegian Rejection of the Swedish O f f e r .....................................................................................................158 A Question of American Military Supplies or of Norwegian Policy .......................................................... 163 Conclusion .................................... 171 VI. AFTER NATO; NORWEGIAN BASE AND ATOMIC POLICY .....................................................................................................169 Introduction ................................................................... 189 Norwegian Base Policy ......................... 190 The Bulganin-Gerhardsen Exchange of Letters in 1957 ......................................................... 199 S oviet Air Space and Norwegian T erritory . 207 The Rejection in 1961 of Atomic Weapons on Norwegian Territory .......................................................... 214 The Norwegian R eaction to the Kekkonen Plan . 219 The Special Problem of Spitsbergen ....................... 222 C o n c l u s i o n ...........................................................................................236 VII. NORDIC BALANCE.....................................................................................255 Introduction ............................................................................... 255 The Paasilcivi Line of Finnish Foreign I P o l i c y ................................................................................................256 The Fenno-Soviet Friendship Pact o f1948 . 259 Soviet-Finnish Relations After the 1948 P a c t .....................................................................................................261 vii CHAPTER PAGE Kekkonen's Foreign Policy .......... 264 The 1961 C r i s i s ............................................................................266 The Kekkonen P l a n ......................................................................271 The Baltic: Mare Clausum or Mare Liberum? . 2 79 C o n c l u s i o n ...............................................................................................286 V III. CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................... 306 BIBLIOGRAPHY - . , . 316 APPENDIXES..............................................................................................................361 I. Declaration by the Soviet Embassy, Oslo, of January 29, 1949 ....................................................................... 362 II. The Norwegian Reply of February 1, 1949, to the Soviet Declaration of January 29 .... 364 III. Note to the Norwegian Government from the Soviet Ambassador of February 5, 1949, Con­ stituting the Soviet Answer to the Norwegian N ote of February 1, 1949 ........................................................ 366 IV. The Norwegian Government's Reply of March 5, 1949, to the Soviet Note of February 5, 1949 . 368 V. The Svalbard Treaty Signed February 9, 1920 . 371 VI. Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the Republic of Finland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Signed on April 6, 1948 ........................................................ 380 v i i i APPENDIXES PAGE VII. Statement by the President of the Republic of Finland Urho Kekkonen at the Meeting of the P a a sik iv i S o c iety on May 28, 1963 384 " CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION I . THE MAJOR PROBLEMS DEFINED The decisive battles in the struggle for mastery in Europe in the last centuries have usually taken place in C en tral and Eastern Europe. With the growth o f the United States as a world power and the development of technology, especially air and submarine warfare, new strategic factors have been brought to bear upon the fate of Europe. The supply lines across the Atlantic and the control of them have made previously outlying regions of Europe important strategically. This has been especially true of the Nor­ wegian coast and adjoining regions. Thus, after the Second World War, it was clear that fundamental changes had taken place in the strategic impor­ tance o f Norway and of Northwestern Europe gen erally. A r e l a t i v e l y o u tly in g corner of Europe before th e turn of the century, Norway became, especially since 1940, a region that attracted great attention in the political and mili­ tary planning of the powers. The development of transpolar flights and missiles after the war added to the strategic importance of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Den Skjulte Makten
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Den skjulte makten Ingjald Nissen og hans samfunnskritikk Av Haakon Flemmen Masteroppgave i idéhistorie Institutt for filosofi, idé- og kunsthistorie og klassiske språk UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Våren 2010 ii Sammendrag Filosofen og psykologen Ingjald Nissen (1896–1977) var i flere tiår en markant skikkelse i norsk offentlighet. Han var kjent for sine oppsiktsvekkende teorier, omstridte bøker og hissige polemikker. Gjennom mellom- og etterkrigstiden satte han sitt preg på flere viktige samfunnsdebatter, og han regnes i dag som en tidlig representant for feministisk filosofi. Likevel er Nissens store og uvanlige forfatterskap blitt stående uutforsket og upåaktet av historikere. Med denne oppgaven kastes det for første gang lys over denne originale og kontroversielle figuren i norsk idéhistorie. Denne oppgaven viser at Ingjald Nissen var en sentral aktør i flere av sin tids mest intense offentlige ordskifter – om Freuds psykoanalyse, nazismens natur, de kontroversielle Kinsey-rapportene, mannssamfunnet og den «usedelige» litteraturen. Hans teorier om skjult og psykologisk manipulasjon har dessuten satt varige spor. Det var Ingjald Nissen som etablerte begrepet hersketeknikk som en del av den norske offentlighetens vokabular. Et mål med oppgaven er å forklare hvordan Nissen i slutten av tjueårene kunne tilhøre et verdikonservativt miljø, for senere å bli en utpreget radikal stemme i samfunnsdebatten. Jeg argumenterer for at denne radikaliseringen ble drevet frem både av Nissens teoretiske utvikling, hans rolle som samfunnsdebattant og hans forhold til ulike miljøer. Oppgavens første kapittel tar for seg en tidlig fase av Nissens forfatterskap, da han tilhørte den konservative kretsen rundt nyhumanisten A.H.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Laser Lightcraft Propulsion System (Preprint) 5B
    This document is made available through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: The Black Vault The Black Vault is the largest online Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of hundreds of thousands of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth at: http://www.theblackvault.com Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 16-10-2007 Technical Paper 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Review of Laser Lightcraft Propulsion System (Preprint) 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Eric Davis (Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin); Franklin Mead (AFRL/RZSP) 48470159 5e.
    [Show full text]
  • Internasjonal Politikk [2·07]
    [2·07] politikk Internasjonal Forord: Internasjonal politikk 70 år [2·07] Internasjonal Birgitte Kjos Fonn Internasjonal Politikk i Norge. En disiplins fremvekst politikk i første halvdel av 1900-tallet Halvard Leira & Iver B. Neumann Internasjonal politikk og Forsvaret. Internasjonalisering IP-fagets norske historie og akademisering av den militære utdanningen Nina Græger IP i forsvarsutdanningen Tekst og kontekst. John Sanness om Vietnam og Afghanistan Oddbjørn Melle Tekst og tolkning hos John Sanness Da Diez de Abril kom til verden – og menneske- rettighetene kom til Diez de Abril Nye nettverk, ny internasjonal politikk Roy Krøvel Aktuelt: «Sakkyndig og objektiv oplysning – og skrevet i Internasjonal politikk 70 år en populær form» – Internasjonal politikk 70 år Birgitte Kjos Fonn Debatt: Helhetsperspektiver på norsk utenrikspolitikk Sverre Lodgaard Norske selvbilder – norsk utenrikspolitikk Halvard Leira Selvbilder med begrensninger Morten Aasland Bokspalte Nr. 2 - 2007 65. Årgang Summaries Norwegian Institute Norsk of International Utenrikspolitisk ISSN 0020-577X Affairs Institutt Internasjonal politikk [retningslinjer for manus] Artiklene bør ikke overskride 25 sider A 4, dobbel linjeavstand, eller 45 000 tegn inkludert mellomrom. Internasjonal politikk tar ikke inn bidrag som samtidig publiseres i andre Norden- baserte publikasjoner. Kun manus på norsk, dansk eller svensk mottas. Endelige bidrag leveres formatert for PC. Oppgi system og nødvendige spesifikasjoner. I. Anbefalt format for Til kildehenvisninger brukes forfatternavn
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Neo-Liberalism? Justifications of Deregulating Financial Markets in Norway and Finland © SIFO 2015 Project Note No 6 – 2015
    Project note no 6-2015 Pekka Sulkunen What is Neo-liberalism? Justifications of deregulating financial markets in Norway and Finland © SIFO 2015 Project Note no 6 – 2015 NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH Sandakerveien 24 C, Building B P.O. Box 4682 Nydalen N-0405 Oslo www.sifo.no Due to copyright restrictions, this report is not to be copied from or distributed for any purpose without a special agreement with SIFO. Reports made available on the www.sifo.no site are for personal use only. Copyright infringement will lead to a claim for compensation. Prosjektrapport nr.6 - 2015 Tittel Antall sider Dato 48 27.10.2015 Title ISBN ISSN What is Neo-liberalism? Justifications of deregulating financial markets in Norway and Finland Forfatter(e) Prosjektnummer Faglig ansvarlig sign. Pekka Sulkunen 11201014 Oppdragsgiver Norges Forskningsråd Sammendrag Rapporten dokumenter at dereguleringen av den norske og finske økonomien først og fremst handlet om politikk og politiske prosesser, og i liten grad begrunnet i økonomisk teori. Heller ikke neoliberal filosofi slik vi kjenner den fra USA og Storbritannia spilte noen stor rolle i de to landene. Isteden handlet det om forestillingen om, og fremveksten av, en ny type velferdsstat med behov for en moralsk legitimering av autonomi. Summary The report documents that the deregulation of the Norwegian and Finnish economy primarily was about politics and political processes, and to a much lesser extent about justifications rooted in economic theory. Nor neoliberal philosophy as we know it from the US and Britain played a major role in the two countries. Instead, it was about the notion, and the emergence of, a new kind of welfare state in need of a moral legitimization of autonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Revival and Society
    REVIVAL AND SOCIETY An examination of the Haugian revival and its influence on Norwegian society in the 19th century. Magister Thesis in Sociology at the University of Oslo, 1978. By Alv Johan Magnus Grimerud 2312 Ottestad, Norway. Hans Nielsen Hauge, painted in 1800 Contents page Chapter 1: Introduction 3 Chapter 2: Hauge and his times 14 Chapter 3: Hauge and his message 23 Chapter 4: Hauge's work 36 Chapter 5: Revival in focus 67 Chapter 6: Social consequences of the revival 77 Chapter 7: The economic institution 83 Chapter 8: The political institution 95 Chapter 9: The religious institution 104 Chapter 10: Summing up 117 Literature 121 Foreword As I submit this thesis, it remains for me to give a special thank to my two supervisors, associate professor Sigurd Skirbekk and rector Otto Hauglin, for their personal involvement in my work. Our many talks and discussions have influenced this thesis. I also want to thank my fellow students for their constructive criticism during the writing periode. Rev. Einar Huglen has red the material on church history and given valuable corrections. A special thank goes to him. Elisabeth Engelsviken har accurately typed the whole manuscript, and Gro Bjerke has been of great help in drawing the figures. Thanks to both of you. Oslo, April 1, 1978. Alv J. Magnus PS: The painting above shows the only known original portrait of Hans Nielsen Hauge, probably made in Copenhagen in 1800. The English translation is done by Jenefer E. Hough, and the digital version by Steinar Thorvaldsen at Tromsø University College. A final part (Chapter 11-14) is only available in Norwegian, and is not included in this English version.
    [Show full text]
  • Finn Moe - En Utenrikspolitisk Biografi
    1 Finn Moe - en utenrikspolitisk biografi Vebjørn Kristen Elvebakk Hovedfagsoppgave i historie Universitetet i Oslo, Historisk institutt Høsten 2004 2 Forord Først og fremst vil jeg takke Knut Einar Eriksen for konstruktiv og hyggelig veiledning gjennom hele dette arbeidet. Takk fortjener også alle ved NUPI, herunder spesielt Erik Nord, Andreas Selliaas, John Kristen Skogan og personalet ved biblioteket. Sven Holtsmark ved IFS har sjenerøst stilt sitt private arkiv til disposisjon og vært en god rådgiver og samtalepartner. Min medstudent Nils August Andresen har kyndig foretatt nødvendige oversettelser fra russisk til norsk. Takk også til Guri Hjeltnes, Finn Olstad og Even Lange som har kommet med gode faglige råd og interessant informasjon. Halvard Fossheim ved Filosofisk institutt, UiO har bistått meg med oversettelse fra fransk og fortolkning av Finn Moes gullmedaljeoppgave. Beate Elvebakk har foreslått språklige forbedringer og ellers gitt mange nyttige tips og vink. Takk også til alle som i sin travle hverdag har latt seg intervjue. Endelig må jeg fremheve imøtekommenheten fra personalet ved Arbeiderbevegelsens Arkiv og Bibliotek, Nasjonalbiblioteket, Riksarkivet, Stortingsarkivet og Utenriksdepartementets arkiv. Aller mest takk til Elen. Oslo, 16.10.2004. Vebjørn Elvebakk 3 Innholdsfortegnelse Innledning 4 Oppgavens bakgrunn og problemstilling 4 Kapittel 5: Avgrensning og struktur 6 Tøvær og tro på forandring (1955-1964) 90 Betraktninger rundt metode og sjanger 8 Nye premisser 91 Litteratur 10 Konvergens og atomtrusselens perspektiver
    [Show full text]
  • Making Use of the Central Bank
    Svein Gjedrem: Making use of the central bank Speech by Mr Svein Gjedrem, Governor of Norges Bank (Central Bank of Norway), at Norges Bank’s Symposium “What is a useful central bank?”, Oslo, 17 November 2010. * * * The text below may differ from the actual presentation. In his first year as governor of Norges Bank in 1985, Hermod Skånland gave a speech entitled: “Making use of the central bank”.1 Skånland compared the independence of the Bundesbank with Norges Bank’s position in the government administration under the credit rationing policy of the time here in Norway. He said: “In Norway, where no great degree of power has been given to the central bank, it must develop other qualities.” The Bank was to be efficient in its operations and function as a sound adviser for the government authorities. But in the course of Skånland’s years as governor, Norges Bank’s role changed – the interest rate once again became an active monetary policy instrument. The Norges Bank of today is a result of its own and the country’s economic history. Although the Bank’s role is influenced by central bank developments in other countries, we also have our own legal traditions and our own way of organising government administration. The tasks assigned to the Bank are also supported by modern economic theory. A central bank is different from other public bodies in that it has its own balance sheet, independent budgetary authority and its own accounts. To build confidence in the Bank over time, the central bank must manage this form of autonomy in a sound manner.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    Notes 1 Introduction 1. Donald Macintyre, Narvik (London: Evans, 1959), p. 15. 2. See Olav Riste, The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War (London: Allen and Unwin, 1965). 3. Reflections of the C-in-C Navy on the Outbreak of War, 3 September 1939, The Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1939–45 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), pp. 37–38. 4. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 10 October 1939, in ibid. p. 47. 5. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 8 December 1939, Minutes of a Conference with Herr Hauglin and Herr Quisling on 11 December 1939 and Report of the C-in-C Navy, 12 December 1939 in ibid. pp. 63–67. 6. MGFA, Nichols Bohemia, n 172/14, H. W. Schmidt to Admiral Bohemia, 31 January 1955 cited by Francois Kersaudy, Norway, 1940 (London: Arrow, 1990), p. 42. 7. See Andrew Lambert, ‘Seapower 1939–40: Churchill and the Strategic Origins of the Battle of the Atlantic, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 17, no. 1 (1994), pp. 86–108. 8. For the importance of Swedish iron ore see Thomas Munch-Petersen, The Strategy of Phoney War (Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget, 1981). 9. Churchill, The Second World War, I, p. 463. 10. See Richard Wiggan, Hunt the Altmark (London: Hale, 1982). 11. TMI, Tome XV, Déposition de l’amiral Raeder, 17 May 1946 cited by Kersaudy, p. 44. 12. Kersaudy, p. 81. 13. Johannes Andenæs, Olav Riste and Magne Skodvin, Norway and the Second World War (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1966), p.
    [Show full text]
  • Nordic Narratives of the Second World War : National Historiographies Revisited
    Nordic Narratives of the Second World War : National Historiographies Revisited Stenius, Henrik; Österberg, Mirja; Östling, Johan 2011 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Stenius, H., Österberg, M., & Östling, J. (Eds.) (2011). Nordic Narratives of the Second World War : National Historiographies Revisited. Nordic Academic Press. Total number of authors: 3 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 nordic narratives of the second world war Nordic Narratives of the Second World War National Historiographies Revisited Henrik Stenius, Mirja Österberg & Johan Östling (eds.) nordic academic press Nordic Academic Press P.O. Box 1206 SE-221 05 Lund, Sweden [email protected] www.nordicacademicpress.com © Nordic Academic Press and the authors 2011 Typesetting: Frederic Täckström www.sbmolle.com Cover: Jacob Wiberg Cover image: Scene from the Danish movie Flammen & Citronen, 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • A Low-Cost Launch Assistance System for Orbital Launch Vehicles
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Aerospace Engineering Volume 2012, Article ID 830536, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2012/830536 Review Article A Low-Cost Launch Assistance System for Orbital Launch Vehicles Oleg Nizhnik ERATO Maenaka Human-Sensing Fusion Project, 8111, Shosha 2167, Hyogo-ken, Himeji-shi, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Oleg Nizhnik, [email protected] Received 17 February 2012; Revised 6 April 2012; Accepted 16 April 2012 Academic Editor: Kenneth M. Sobel Copyright © 2012 Oleg Nizhnik. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author reviews the state of art of nonrocket launch assistance systems (LASs) for spaceflight focusing on air launch options. The author proposes an alternative technologically feasible LAS based on a combination of approaches: air launch, high-altitude balloon, and tethered LAS. Proposed LAS can be implemented with the existing off-the-shelf hardware delivering 7 kg to low-earth orbit for the 5200 USD per kg. Proposed design can deliver larger reduction in price and larger orbital payloads with the future advances in the aerostats, ropes, electrical motors, and terrestrial power networks. 1. Introduction point to the progress in the orbital delivery systems for these additional payload classes. Spaceflight is the mature engineering discipline—54 years old as of 2012. But seemingly paradoxically, it still relies solely 2. Overview of Previously Proposed LAS on the hardware and methodology developed in the very beginning of the spaceflight era. Modernly, still heavily-used A lot of proposals have been made to implement nonrocket Soyuz launch vehicle systems (LVSs) are the evolutionary LASandarelistedinTable 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Samvirkebeskatningen I Norge På 1900-Tallet
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Samvirkebeskatningen i Norge på 1900-tallet En historisk analyse av den politiske debatten, regelverket og ligningspraksis med hovedvekt på landbrukssamvirke og forbrukerkooperasjonen av Harald Espeli Forskningsrapport 2/2003 Handelshøyskolen BI Institutt for innovasjon og økonomisk organisering Senter for samvirkeforskning Harald Espeli: Samvirkebeskatningen i Norge på 1900-tallet. En historisk analyse av den politiske debatten, regelverket og ligningspraksis med hovedvekt på landbrukssamvirke og forbrukerkooperasjonen. Harald Espeli 2003 Forskningsrapport 2/2003 ISSN: 0803-2610 Handelshøyskolen BI P.b. 580 1302 Sandvika Tlf: 67 55 70 00 www.bi.no Rapporten kan bestilles fra: Norli, avd. Sandvika Telefon: +47 67 55 74 51 Fax: +47 67 55 74 50 Mail: [email protected] 2 Sammendrag og forord Utfra en historiefaglig synsvinkel beskriver og analyserer rapporten utvik- lingen av norsk samvirkebeskatning fra slutten av 1800-tallet og frem til en høyesterettsdom i 2001. Skattelovene av 1911 innebar at samvirkeforetak innen jordbrukssektoren og forbruksforeninger (kooperasjonen) ble under- lagt et særskilt skatteregime frem til skattereformen i 1992. Skatteregimet ble utvidet til fiskerisamvirke i 1931 og salgssamvirke i skogbruket i 1949. Skatteregimet innebar at samvirkeforetak innenfor disse sektorer ble prosent- lignet, ikke regnskapslignet som andre foretak. Prosentligningen innebar at skattbar inntekt ble fastsatt til en viss andel av samvirkeforetakets skattbare formue. Den særskilte skattleggingen av samvirke var motivert utfra et politisk ønske om å fremme organisasjonsformen innenfor utvalgte deler av økonomien på begynnelsen av 1900-tallet. Samtidig erkjente politikerne at ordinær regn- skapsligning ikke uten videre kunne benytte i skattleggingen av samvirke- foretak på grunn av organisasjonsformens særpreg.
    [Show full text]
  • 0000 290347 SF Internasjonal Politikk 0904.Indb
    4 • 09 Innhold 581 Leder 585 Norden, Europa eller USA? De udenrigspolitiske overvejelser i forbindelse med købet af de danske F-16-fl y Jens Ringsmose og Laust Schouenborg 611 Hvorfor lykkes vi ikke bedre i Afghanistan? En analyse av anvendelsen av luftmakt i Afghanistan anno 2009 Dag Henriksen 645 Forskningsinstitusjon med gode forbindelser: NUPI og norsk politikk Øystein Haga Skånland Fokus: NUPI 50 år 679 Et liv i krig, fred og utvikling: NUPIs første femti år, 1959–2009 Anders C. Sjaastad 745 NUPI som forskningsinstitusjon: Institusjonell identitet og faglige bidrag Arild Underdal Hilsninger fra søsterinstitutter 755 Er NUPI der det hender? Oss femtiåringer imellom Kristian Berg Harpviken 759 Hilsen til NUPI ved 50-års jubileet Peter Johan Schei 762 NUPI er på plass! Anne Lene Dale Sandsten 00000000 229034790347 SSFF IInternasjonalnternasjonal ppolitikkolitikk 00904.indb904.indb 557777 119.10.099.10.09 110.320.32 765 Hilsning fra DIIS Nanna Hvidt 766 En ung forskers møde med NUPI Erik Beukel 769 Den nordiska balansen: ett utdrag ur den utrikespolitiska debatten Raimo Väyrynen Anmeldelser: NUPI 50 år 778 Peace-Keeping. Experience and evaluation – the Oslo papers Sverre Lodgaard 780 «The Nordic Balance. Past and Present», Cooperation and Confl ict 1(2): 30–63 og «Nordisk balanse før og nå», Internasjonal Politikk 25(5): 491–541 Halvard Leira 784 Norsk sikkerhetspolitikk i strategisk perspektiv John Kristen Skogan 787 Det politiske Europa – Europeisk integrasjon: Teori, idé og praksis Pernille Rieker og Ulf Sverdrup 790 Politikk og sikkerhet i Norskehavsområdet. Om de enkelte land og våre felles problemer Morten Skumsrud Andersen 792 The Arab-Israeli Confl ict – Psychological Obstacles to Peace Anne Marie Aanerud 794 Hjelp til selvhjelp.
    [Show full text]