Researches in Landscape and Ornamental Plants

RESEARCHES IN LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

EDITOR

PROF.DR. MURAT ZENCİRKIRAN

Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 2

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3 • Murat Zencirkıran, Elvan Ender Altay, Gamze Altun

Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 4

RESEARCHES IN LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

EDITOR

PROF.DR. MURAT ZENCİRKIRAN

CONTENTS

PREFACE ...... 7

CHAPTER: 1 A RESEARCH ON ATTRACTIVE FLOWERED EXOTIC WOODY LANDSCAPE PLANT SPECIES USED IN URBAN GREEN SPACES IN BURSA ...... 9

Murat ZENCĠRKIRAN, Elvan Ender ALTAY, Gamze ALTUN ...... 9

CHAPTER: 2 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW VARIETIES FROM TURKEYS ENDEMIC SPECIES – Fritillaria michailovskyi FOMIN ..... 27

Meral ASLAY, H. Murat ÜNLÜ, Zakine KADIOĞLU, Serdar TUNCER, Erdal KAYA ...... 27

CHAPTER: 3 UNUSUAL AESTHETIC: CHANGING THE CRITERIA FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS SELECTION IN LANDSCAPE ...... 49

Mohammad Mehrabani GOLZAR, Feran AġUR, ġevket ALP ...... 49

CHAPTER: 4 EVALUATION OF BESIKTAS ABBASAGA PARK PLANTS IN THE CONTEXT OF ECOLOGICAL TOLERANCE CRITERIA ...... 63

Doğanay YENER, Mesut GÜZEL ...... 63

CHAPTER: 5 USAGE OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION ...... 83

Betül GÜMÜġ, Makbule BAYRAK, Hakan ÇELĠK ...... 83

Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 6

CHAPTER: 6 SOIL DRENCH OF FLURPRIMIDOL AND ANCYMIDOL TREATMENTS AFFECT PLANT HEIGHT OF TULIP (Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’) ...... 109

Sevim DEMĠR, Fisun Gürsel ÇELĠKEL ...... 109

CHAPTER: 7 MINERAL ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIALIZED HERBAL TEAS IN TURKEY ...... 131

Hacer Sibel KARAPINAR, Fevzi KILIÇEL ...... 131

CHAPTER: 8 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PGPR FORMULATIONS ON COMPACT FORM OF POINSETTIA (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch.) ...... 139

Fazilet PARLAKOVA KARAGÖZ, Atilla DURSUN ...... 139

CHAPTER: 9 DETERMINATION BY USING DIFFERENT EQUATIONS OF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENTS OF NATURALLY GROWN OLD GARDEN ROSES (ROSA ssp.) IN VAN, TURKEY ..... 167

Füsun GÜLSER, ġevket ALP ...... 167

CHAPTER: 10 THE EFFECTS OF EPIBRASSINOLIDE AND SOME OTHER PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON MICROPROPAGATION OF Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill...... 179

Leyla EKEN, Merve KABAKCI, Ismail DAYAR, Uğur ġĠRĠN, Mustafa Ercan ÖZZAMBAK ...... 179

CHAPTER: 11 NATURAL GARDEN DESIGN ...... 197

Doğanay YENER, Nilüfer SEYĠDOĞLU AKDENĠZ ...... 197

7• Murat Zencirkıran, Elvan Ender Altay, Gamze Altun

PREFACE

In recent years, landscape and ornamental plants trade and their used reached great economic value and started to be named as a sector. In parallel with the increase in the acceleration of this sector, scientific researches, congresses and dissemination tools have been developed in the same direction. In our country, a large number of studies are carried out and finalized in the fields of landscape and ornamental plants, especially universities and research institutes. It is of utmost importance that the studies carried out and the projects finalized are shared internationally and communicated to those concerned. In this context, in order to enable the sharing of the results obtained from the studies, an international book study named ―RESEARCHES IN LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS― was put forward and a platform was created where all researchers could come together. This book series, which is thought to be published once a year, has a total of 11 chapters in which researchers from different countries are present as authors.

I wish the work will be useful to all stakeholders.

Prof.Dr. Murat Zencirkıran CHAPTER: 6 SOIL DRENCH OF FLURPRIMIDOL AND ANCYMIDOL TREATMENTS AFFECT PLANT HEIGHT OF TULIP (Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’)

Sevim Demir*1, Fisun Gürsel Çelikel1

ABSTRACT

In this study, the effect of flurprimidol and ancymidol as soil drench on plant height of tulip (Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘) grown in pots were investigated.

When plants were 7-10 cm tall, 0, 1, 2 mg/pot flurprimidol and 0, 0.5, 1 mg/pot ancymidol were applied as soil drench. Effect of gibberellin inhibitor treatments on the time of flowering, leaf length, plant height, flower life and diameter, chlorophyll content of leaves were determined. In addition, after tulips were grown in pots in the greenhouse arrived at the sales stage to determine the changes that occur in the plant height, plants were taken to the laboratory which was temperature held constant at 20°C.

The shortest plant height was obtained from the 1 mg/pot ancymidol treatment with 13.9 cm and were 34% shorter than control (21.1 cm). Flurprimidol and ancymdiol shortened leaf lenght and there was no difference among applications for flower life. The gibberellin inhibitor treatments were resulted higher chlorophyll content per unit area in the leaves. The highest chlorophyll contetnt was obtained from the 1 mg/pot ancymidol treatment with 80.98 CCI, while the control was 59.33 CCI. The effects of treatments on plant height has been preserved in conditions laboratuary (home-office).

Keywords: Ancymidol, flurprimidol, plant height, soil drench, tulip

* [email protected] 1 Ondokuz Mayis University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Ata- kum, Samsun-TURKEY Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 110

TOPRAK ISLATMA ġEKLĠNDE FLURPRĠMĠDOL VE ANYCMĠDOL UYGULAMALARININ LALE (Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’) ÇĠÇEĞĠNDE BĠTKĠ BOYUNA ETKĠLERĠ

ÖZET

Bu çalıĢmada kültür çeĢidi (Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘) lale çiçeğinin saksıda yetiĢtiriciliğinde toprak ıslatma Ģeklinde uygulanan flurprimidol ve ancymidolün bitki boyu üzerine olan etkileri incelenmiĢtir.

Serada saksılı olarak yetiĢtiriciliği yapılan ‗Saigon‘ çiçeklerine bitki boyunun yaklaĢık 7-10 cm olduğu dönemde 0, 1, 2 mg/saksı dozlarında flurprimidol ve 0, 0.5, 1 mg/saksı dozlarında ancymidol uygulamaları toprak ıslatma Ģeklinde yapılmıĢtır. Uygulanan giberellin inhibitörlerinin çiçeklenme zamanı, bitki boyu, yaprak boyu, çiçek ömrü ve çapı ile yaprakların klorofil içeriği üzerine olan etkileri incelenmiĢtir. Ayrıca yapılan uygulamaların üretim sonrası (ev-ofis) koĢullardaki etkisini belirleyebilmek amacıyla, serada yetiĢtirilen laleler satıĢ aĢamasına geldikleri dönemde sıcaklığı 20°C‘de olan laboratuvar ortamına alınıp burada ölçümlere devam edilmiĢtir.

Yapılan uygulamalar sonucunda en kısa bitki boyu 1 mg/saksı ancymidol uygulamasından elde edilmiĢ, bitki boyu 13.9 cm ile kontrole (21.1 cm) göre %34 oranında daha kısa olmuĢtur. Flurprimidol ve ancymidol uygulamalarının yapıldığı bitkilerden daha kısa yaprak boyu elde edildiği, çiçek ömrü açısından ise uygulamalar arasında bir fark olmadığı tespit edilmiĢtir. Ayrıca giberellin inhibitörlerinin yapraklarda birim alandaki klorofil miktarını arttırdığı belirlenmiĢtir. En yüksek klorofil içeriği 80.98 CCI ile 1 mg/saksı ancymidol uygulamasında tespit edilmiĢ, kontrol bitkilerinde ise 59.33 CCI olarak saptanmıĢtır. Uygulamaların üretim sonrası (ev-ofis) koĢullardaki etkisi devam etmiĢtir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ancymidol, bitki boyu, flurprimidol, lale, toprak ıslatma

111• Sevim Demir, Fisun Gürsel Çelikel

INTRODUCTION

Tulipa species are from the Liliaceae family (Van Raamsdonk and De Vries, 1995), very important ornamental plants (McDaniel, 1990). Tulipa flowers are used as cut flowers due to their long flower stems and outdoor ornamental plants. In addition, Tulipa species are also used as potted plants for indoors. However, it is important to have knowledge about growing techniques of indoor plants such as plant height control especially in bulbous flowers (Çelikel, 2015). Because well grown tulips in pot are suitable market height in the greenhouse often become excessively tall when placed in interiors condition such as shops or home (McDaniel, 1990; Çelikel, et al., 2016). Excessive elongation of these bulbous and herbaceous plants after greenhouse production in consumer conditions due to the low light and warmer temperatures makes their usage as indoor plants difficult. In addition their stem elongation also often causes lose their upright form with weaker flower stem and heavy inflorescence (De Hertogh, 1974; McDaniel, 1990; Çelikel et al., 2016). For all these rea- sons, plant height control is very important. It is possible that maintaining compactness and preventing damage during transportation and marketing due to stem elongation, as well as obtaining aesthetic appearance by plant height control (Çelikel et al., 2016). Excessive plant height of tulips may be prevented by shortening the length of low-temperature programming, increasing light intensity or applying plant growth retarding (De Hertogh, 1974; McDaniel, 1990; Çelikel et al., 2016). The gibberellin inhibitors are mostly used as growth retarding for preventing the excessive elongation of plant height (Miller, 2012; Çelikel et al., 2016). These gibberellin inhibitors are; ancymidol, flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, chlormequat chloride and daminozide (Currey and Lopez, 2017; Demir and Çelikel 2013). Ethephon is also used for plant height control, that releases ethylene production in plants (Miller and Olberg, 2016; Demir and Çelikel, 2019).

Paclobutrazol of giberellin inhibitor at 2 mg/pot concentration shortened the plant height 65 % compared to the control in Narcissus tazetta (Demir and Çelikel, 2019). In a study 20 mg.L-1 flurprimidol, 200 mg.L-1 paclobutrazol and 10 mg.L-1 flurprimidol were given as bulb soaks showed excellent control the plant height and these plants were found Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 112

52%, 51%, 48% shorter than untreated control in Narcissus cv. ‗Ice Fol- lies‘ (Demir and Çelikel, 2018a). Soil drench of flurprimidol application controlled the stem and leaf growth of different Hyacinthus cultivars in postproduction period (Miller, 2010). Flurprimidol and paclobutrazol soil drench resulted in adequate plant height control in tulips (Krug et al., 2005). Stem of Narcissus pseduonarcissus was controlled with flurprimidol soil drench ≥0.05 mg/pot during postproduction evaluation (Krug et al., 2006). Soil drench of paclobutrazol (0.25 and 0.50 mg/pot) and ancymidol (0.50 and 0.75 mg/pot) were effective in limiting stem height at colored bud stage and senescence in ‗Paul Richter‘ tulips (McDaniel, 1990).

Effects of flurprimidol and ancymidol were investigated in some tulip cultivars and other species before. However there is no previous study on height control of Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘ in Turkey. Therefore, the effects of ancymidol and flurprimidol as substrate drench on plant height and other properties of Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘ grown in pots were investigated.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Plant material; Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘ bulbs with circumference of 10-12 cm from Asya Lale (Turkey) were used in this study. Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘ are with a single large flower per stem (Figure 1).

Chemical materials; Gibberellin inhibitors of ancymidol (A-rest, Sep- ro) and flurprimidol (Topflor, Sepro) were used.

Treatments; Bulbs of Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘ were planted in plastic pots (15 cm diameter) as one bulb per pot, on 4 November 2016. The growth media were containing peat, soil and perlite (1:1:1). The tulips were grown in a polyethylene greenhouse, irrigated with hydroponic drip irrigation system (Figure 1). Substrate drench of ancymidol (AC) at 0, 0.5, 1 mg/pot and flurprimidol (FP) at 0, 1, and 2 mg/pot were applied 150 mL per pot when the tulip shoots were 7–10 cm (1 March 2017).

Postproduction evaluation; When tulips reached to the harvest (sales) stage (Demir and Çelikel 2019), four replicate plants randomly selected 113• Sevim Demir, Fisun Gürsel Çelikel from each treatment were taken to the laboratory (Figure 2). Postproduc- tion quality of pot plants were evaluated in the laboratory at 20°C, under cool white fluorescent light of 1000 lux and a diurnal cycle of 12 h day/12 h night as standard conditions described by Çelikel (1993) and Çelikel et al. (2011).

Flowering time, flower diameter and life; Flowering time was counted as day‘s number from planting time to opening of the flower. The flower diameter was measured by a caliper at anthesis time (Figure 3). Flower life was determined as the day‘s number from the opening to the wilting of the flower.

Chlorophyll content; Chlorophyll content of leaves was measure by chlorophyll meter (Apogee) at anthesis time (28 March, Figure 4). It was determined as Chlorophyll content index (CCI).

Plant height and leaf length; The leaf length (the longest leaf) and plant height (from the pot surface to the uppermost of the inflorescence) were started to measure respectively 81 days (24 January 2017) and 116 days (28 February) after planting (Figure 5), when they were started to emerge. Measurements were made weekly.

Data Analysis; Data were tested by ANOVA using SPSS package program. The experiment was conducted with 10 replications except 4 replications for postproduction evaluation. The means and standard errors (SE) were determined. Differences among means were separated by Dun- can's multiple range tests (P ≤ 0.01).

Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 114

Figure 1. Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’ were irrigated with hydroponic drip irrigation system.

115• Sevim Demir, Fisun Gürsel Çelikel

Figure 2. Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’ in laboratory for postproduction evaluation

Figure 3. Flower diameter measurement of Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’.

Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 116

Figure 4. Chlorophyll content measurement of Figure 5. Plant height measurement of Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘. Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘.

RESULTS

Flowering time and flower diameter and life

Flurprimidol and ancymidol delayed the flowering time of Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘. There was significant (P ≤0.01) difference among the treatments. The latest flowering was obtained from 1 mg/pot AC and 2 mg/pot FP with 140 days in ‗Saigon‘ cultivar, while control 136 days after planting. Applications delayed the flowering 4 days. There was significant (P ≤ 0.01) difference for flower diameter of ‗Saigon‘ tulips. The smallest flower diameters were 57.55 and 57.95 mm from 2 mg/pot FP and 1 mg/pot AC treatments, respectively while untreated control plants were 60.62 mm. Gibberellin inhibitor treatments caused reduction in flower diameter of Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘. Treatments did not affect the flower life of ‗Saigon‘. There was not found statistically significant difference (P>0.05) among the treatments for flower life (Table 1).

117• Sevim Demir, Fisun Gürsel Çelikel

Table 1. The effects of FP (flurprimidol) and AC (ancymidol) substrate drench on flowering time, flower diameter and flower life in Tulipa cv.

‘Saigon’ Mean ± SE ( X  Sx )

*Different letters in the same columns show differences among applications according to Duncan multiple range test (1%). SE: Standard Error

Plant height, leaf length and chlorophyll content

In our study the ancymidol and flurprimidol applications decreased the plant height (Table 2). There was significant (P ≤ 0.01) difference among treatments for plant height (Table 2). Ancymidol (AC) at 1 mg/pot concentration gave the shortest plant with 13.9 cm, while untreated control plants were 21.1 cm (Table 2). Plants treated with 1 and 2 mg/pot flurprimidol (FP) were 16.9 and 16.1 cm, respectively. Effect of FP and AC applications on plant height of Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘ during greenhouse production period are given in Figure 6. The effects of treatments on plant height during postproduction (lab) conditions are given in Figure 7. The shortest plant height was obtained from 2 mg/pot flurprimidol and 1 mg/pot ancymidol application with 30 and 31.5 cm, respectively, whereas the untreated control plants was 41.5 cm in the postproduction period.

Statistically significant difference was found for leaf length of ‗Sai- gon‘ cultivar (Table 2). Ancymidol and flurprimidol decreased the leaf length. The shortest leaf length were 9.05, 9.25 and 9.35 cm from 1 Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 118 mg/pot AC, 0.5 mg/pot AC and 2 mg/pot FP, respectively (Table 2). Ef- fect of ancymidol and flurprimidol applications on leaf length of Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘ during greenhouse production period are given in Figure 8. The continuing effects of gibberellin inhibitor treatments on leaf length during postproduction conditions are given in Figure 9. The shortest leaf length was obtained from 1 mg/pot ancymidol treatments with 9.8 cm, while the untreated control plants were 12.13 cm (Figure 9). The differences in leaf lengths among the treatments were maintained in the postproduction period. Plants treated with flurprimidol and ancymidol are shown in Figures 10, 11. These photos were taken 139 days after planting.

There was significant difference (P ≤ 0.01) in chlorophyll content of unit area in Tulipa cv. ‗Saigon‘ leaves (Table 2). Ancymidol and flurprimidol treatments caused an increase in chlorophyll content of leaves (Table 2). The highest chlorophyll content of unit area was obtained from 1 mg/pot ancymidol treatments with 80.98 CCI, while untreated control plants were 59.33 CCI (Table 2). In addition the lower doses (0.5 mg/pot) of ancymidol also increased the chlorophyll content of tulips. Chlorophyll content of tulips treated with 0.5 mg/pot ancymidol was 75.05 CCI.

119• Sevim Demir, Fisun Gürsel Çelikel

Table 2. The effects of FP (flurprimidol) and AC (ancymidol) substrate drench on plant height, leaf length and chlorophyll content in Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’ Mean

± SE ( X  Sx )

* Different letters in the same columns show differences among applications according to Duncan multiple range test (1%). SE: Standard Error

Control 20 1 mg/pot FP 2 mg/pot FP 15 0.5 mg/pot AC (cm) 1 mg/pot AC 10

5 Plant Plant height 0 1 Time2 (week)3 4 5

Figure 6. Effect of FP (flurprimidol) and AC (ancymidol) applications on plant height of Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’ during greenhouse production period. The plant height was started to measure 116 days after planting (1. week). Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 120

40 1 week 2 weeks

36 (cm) 32

Plant Plant height 24

20 Control 1mgFP 2mgFP 0.5mgAC 1mgAC

Figure 7. Effect of FP (flurprimidol) and AC (ancymidol) applications on plant height of Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’ during postproduction period. The plant height was started to measure 139 days after planting (1. week).

121• Sevim Demir, Fisun Gürsel Çelikel

Control 10 1 mg/potFP

2 mg/pot FP

8 0.5 mg/pot AC

(cm) 1 mg/pot AC

4 Leaf Leaf length 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Time (weeks)

Figure 8. Effect of FP (flurprimidol) and AC (ancymidol) applications on leaf length of Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’ during greenhouse production period. The leaf length was started to measure 81 days after planting (1. week).

Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 122

1 week

2 weeks

(cm)

10 Leaf Leaf length

9 Control 1mgFP 2mgFP 0.5mgAC 1mgAC

Figure 9. Effect of FP (flurprimidol) and AC (ancymidol) applications on on leaf length of Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’ during postproduction period. The leaf length was started to measure 139 days after planting (1. week).

123• Sevim Demir, Fisun Gürsel Çelikel

Figure 10. Effect of FP (flurprimidol) soil drench on plant height of Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’

Figure 11. Effect of AC (ancymidol) soil drench on plant height of Tulipa cv. ‘Saigon’

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Ancymidol and flurprimidol treatments delayed the flowering 2-4 days in ‗Saigon‘ tulips (Table 1). Demir and Çelikel (2018b) reported that gibberellin inhibitors of paclobutrazol delayed the flowering of ‗Blue Magic‘ iris. Francescangeli, (2009) reported that paclobutrazol delayed the visible appearance buds in some Iris cultivars. Flurprimidol treatments caused flowering delay of Ornithogalum saundersiae (Salachana and Zawadzińska, 2013). It is known that the gibberellin is a hormone and has role in the control of flowering in various species (Blazquez et al., 1998). It was reported that exogenous GA2 promote the flowering in a variety of plants by Wilson et al., 1992. Therefore the gibberellin inhibitors of ancymidol and flurprimidol used in this study, effected flowering. Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 124

In another study flurprimidol slightly delayed flowering time of lilies (Pobudkiewicz and Treder, 2006).

In our study the gibberellin inhibitor treatments decreased the flower diameter of tulips (Table 1). It was reported that the tepal size of plants applied FP were smaller than the untreated control in lily (Pobudkiewicz and Treder, 2006). Paclobutrazol decreased the flower diameter of ‗Frans Hals‘ iris cultivar (Demir and Çelikel, 2018b). Inflorescence and flower diameter of Ornithogalum saundersiae were reduced by flurprimidol treatments (Salachana and Zawadzińska, 2013). Uniconazole reduced the flower size of Fuchsia x Hybrida (Kim, 1995). In our study gibberellin inhibitors of ancymidol and flurprimidol didn‘t affect the flower life of tulips.

In this study ancymidol and flurprimidol decreased the plant height (Table 2). The shortest plant was obtained from 1 mg/pot ancymidol treatments and these plants were found 34% shorter than control plants. It was reported that ‗Frans Hals‘ iris cultivar applied with 15 and 30 mg.L-1 paclobutrazol were 20.9 and 21.5 cm, while the control 41.5 cm (Demir and Çelikel, 2108b). Paclobutrazol substrate drenches control plant height of and Narcissus tazetta (Demir and Çelikel, 2019) and ‗Tete a Tete‘ narcissus (Krug et al., 2006) during greenhouse forcing. Uniconazole as soil drench retarded petiole and shoot elongation in Brassaia actinophylla (Wang et al., 1990). Application of paclobutrazol was significantly reduced plant height and crown diameter of Xanthostemon chrysantus (Ah- mad Nazarudin et al., 2015). It was reported that gibberellin inhibitors of uniconazole and paclobutrazol application reduced stem length and plant size of Kalanchoe (Lee et al., 2003). In another study uniconazole, paclobutrazol and flurprimidol controlled the height of some Impatiens hawker cultivars (Currey et al., 2016) and soil drench of paclobutrazol suppressed the vegetative growth of Mangifera indica (Yeshitela et al., 2004). The plant height of ‗Freedom Salmon‘ and ‗Classic Red‘ Poinsettia cultivars was controlled by 10% to 19% and 11% to 30%, respectively, as flurprimidol concentration at 0.05 to 0.15 mg L–1 (Currey and Lopez, 2011). Plumbago plants treated with 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg/pot of flurprimidol were 41%, 51%, 60%, and 64% smaller in diameter, respectively, when compared with the nontreated controls (Barker et al., 2016). 125• Sevim Demir, Fisun Gürsel Çelikel

Tulipa plants treated with gibberellin inhibitors in this study were shorter than the untreated control during the postproduction period (Figu- res 7, 10, 11). These results showed that the effects of gibberellin inhibitors on plant height continued in the lab conditions during the postproduction evaluation. The differences of plant height between treated plants control and were continued in the postproduction period. Flurprimidol at 80 mg.L-1 concentration were found effective to control the plant height of tulips during postharvest evaluation (Krug, et al., 2005). Narcissus tazetta treated with 2 mg/pot paclobutrazol were found 9.5 cm, whereas control was 24.5 cm in postproduction evaluation (Demir and Çelikel, 2019). We found that ancymidol and flurprimidol effectively controlled plant height of tulips both in the greenhouse and post production (Figures 10 and 11).

In our study plant growth regulators reduced the leaf length. Ancymi- dol and flurprimidol affected the leaf length of ‗Saigon‘ by decreasing (Table 2). The shortest leaf length was obtained from 1 mg/pot ancymidol, 0.5 mg/pot ancymidol and 2 mg/pot flurprimidol treatments and these plants leaves were found 17%, 15% and 14% shorter than control leaves, respectively. Soil drench of paclobutrazol, flurprimidol and ethephon decreased the leaf length of Narcissus tazetta (Demir and Çelikel, 2019). Foliar spray of uniconazole decreased the leaf width and length of Fuch- sia x hybrida (Kim, 1995). Flurprimidol decreased the leaf size of plants ‗Mona Lisa‘ lilies (Pobudkiewicz and Treder, 2006), controlled the leaf length in Zantedeschia aethiopica (Gonzalez et al., 1999) and Ornithoga- lum saundersiae (Salachana and Zawadzińska, 2013). Similarly in our study ancymidol and flurprimidol caused a reduction in the leaf length of tulips during greenhouse and postproduction periods. Leaves of tulips treated with 1 mg/pot ancymidol (9.8 cm) was 28% shorter than the control plants (Figure 9). The differences of leaf lengths among the treatments were maintained in the postproduction period. Miller (2010), reported that Topflor (flurprimidol) application suppressed the elongation of leaves in hyacinths cultivars.

Chlorophyll content in unit area of leaves was increased by flurprimidol and ancymidol treatments in ‗Saigon‘ tulips (Table 2). The highest chlorophyll contents (80.98 CCI) was found in 1 mg/pot ancymidol tre- Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 126 atments, while control plants were 59.33 CCI. Paclobutrazol and flurprimidol treatments increased the chlorophyll content of leaves in Narcissus cv. ‗Ice Follies‘ (Demir and Çelikel, 2018a), gibberellin inhibitor of paclobutrazol application for cuphea and uniconazole application for petunia produced compact and high quality plants (Ahmad et al., 2015). The use of flurprimidol resulted plants with an increased chlorophyll content of Ornithogalum saundersiae (Salachna and Zawadzińska, 2013). Similarly in our study ancymidol and flurprimidol application resulted in compact plants and more chlorophyll content of leaves in Tulipa.

As conclusion gibberellin inhibitors controlled the plant height in tulips both during greenhouse and postproduction period. Flurprimidol and ancymidol decreased the leaf length, flower diameter and increased chlorophyll content of leaves. We found that there was no difference in flower life among the applications. As a conclusion, we suggest 1 mg/pot ancymidol or 1 mg/pot flurprimidol treatment as substrate drench in order to provide plant height control and maintain post production quality of Tuli- pa cv. ‗Saigon‘ grown in pots.

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by Project Management Office of Ondokuz Mayıs University (Project No: PYO.ZRT.1904.17.039).

127• Sevim Demir, Fisun Gürsel Çelikel

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