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Effects of Sodium Chloride on Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Purpletop Vervain

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Effects of Sodium Chloride on Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Purpletop Vervain Journal of Ecological Engineering Volume 17, Issue 2, Apr. 2016, pages 148–152 DOI: 10.12911/22998993/62311 Research Article EFFECTS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON GROWTH AND MINERAL NUTRITION OF PURPLETOP VERVAIN Piotr Salachna1, Rafał Piechocki1 1 Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Papieża Pawła VI 3 Str., 71-459 Szczecin, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] Received: 2016.02.16 ABSTRACT Accepted: 2016.03.04 There is a rising demand for salt-tolerant species for landscaping. Purpletop vervain Published: 2016.04.01 is an excellent landscape plant for gardens and parks, with fragrant lavender to rose- purple flowers. However, little is known concerning the effect of sodium chloride on morphological characteristics, flowering and mineral uptake of purpletop vervain. In this study, carried out in 2013–2014, the plants of purpletop vervain were grown in pots in an unheated plastic tunnel. The plants were watered with 200 mM NaCl solution four times, every seven days. Salinity-exposed plants were characterized by slightly reduced plant height, weight of the aboveground part and visual score. Salt stress caused also an increase in leaf content sodium, chlorine and manganese. Salin- ity had no effect on earliness of flowering and content in leaves of phosphorus, potas- sium, magnesium, copper, zinc and iron. Purpletop vervain seems to be plant species able to tolerate salt stress under controlled conditions. Keywords: ion concentration, salinity stress, Verbena bonariensis, clustertop vervain. INTRODUCTION larly effective as a ornamental plant [Armitage and Laushman, 2008]. This species is annual or Salinity is one of the most serious environ- herbaceous perennial, with fragrant lavender to mental problems in cultivation of ornamental rose-purple flowers in tight clusters located on plants in urban areas [Wrochna et al., 2010; Cas- stems with very long internodes [Grossman et saniti et al., 2012]. It is well-known that salinity al., 2014]. Purpletop vervain is an excellent land- causes stunting, chlorosis and necrosis, leading scape plant for gardens and parks. However, little to a reduction in plant quality [Marschner, 1995]. is known about the response of purpletop vervain Salt stress affects all major processes and plant to salt stress. metabolism such as growth, flowering, photo- The objective of this study was to investigate synthesis, respiration, water potential, enzymatic the effect of sodium chloride on the growth, flow- activity, absorption of minerals and nutrient bal- ering, ecophysiological parameters, visual quality ance [Cassaniti et al., 2013; Parihar et al., 2015]. relative, and nutritional status of purpletop vervain. However, for ornamental plants, visual quality is more important than growth rate [Niu and Cabre- ra, 2010]. There is a rising demand for landscape MATERIALS AND METHODS plants whose aesthetic values are not or are only slightly affected by salt stress [Niu et al., 2013]. The experiment was carried out in the years Verbena (Verbena L.) is a genus in the Ver- 2013–2014 at the West Pomeranian University of benaceae containing 211 species indigenous to Technology in Szczecin (53° 25’ N, 14° 32’ E, Americas and Europe [Erhardt et al., 2014]. Of 25 m a.s.l.). Seeds of purpletop vervain (Verbena all the verbenas, purpletop vervain (V. bonarien- bonariensis L.) were purchased from the W. Le- sis L.) is among the tallest species and particu- gutko Breeding and Seed Company Ltd., Jutrosin, 148 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 17(2), 2016 Poland. On 10 March 2013 and 12 March 2014 nutrient content according to standard methods seeds were sown into boxes filled with substrates. [Ostrowska et al., 1991]. Seeds were germinated under dark conditions in Each treatment was replicated four times and an environmentally controlled glasshouse (21/17 each replicated included 10 plants. The pots were ºC day/night; RH 80–90%). After germination, arranged in a completely randomized design. The the seedlings were planted in the pots with a ca- mean values were calculated using the analysis of pacity of 0.4 dm3 containing a deacidified peat variance ANOVA using the Statistica 10.0 soft- (pH 6.5), supplemented with 1 g·dm-3 of a fertil- ware (Statsoft, Poland), and the significance of izer Azofoska (Grupa INCO S.A., Poland; con- differences between means was tested using Dun- taining 8.1% N-NH4, 5.5% N-NO3, 6.4% P2O5, can’s multiple range test at a P ≤ 0.05. 19.1% K2O, 4.5% MgO, 23.0% SO3, 0.045% B, 0.18% Cu, 0.17% Fe, 0.27% Mn, 0.04% Mo, 0.045% Zn, and Cl >0.4%). On 15 May 2013 and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16 May 2014 one plant was maintained in each PCV pot with a capacity of 5 dm3. The pots were Statistical analysis of the results showed that filed with a deacidified peat substrate (pH 6.5) NaCl treatment reduced plant height, compared with a mixture of fertilizer Azofoska (3 g·dm-3). with the control by 6% in the first and 16% in The plants were grown in an unheated plastic the second year of the study (Table 1). Measure- tunnel under natural photoperiod. The pots were ments of plants indicated that the fresh weight of watered three times a week using tap water. The aboveground part was decreased under saline ir- mean ion concentration (mg·dm-3) in tap water rigation in both seasons. In comparison with the were: 1.53 N-NO3, 1.5 P, 6.2 K, 97.4 Ca, 16.6 control, NaCl treatment was reduced fresh weight Mg, 24.0 Na, 24.0 Cl, 0.62 Cu, 0.42 Zn, 1.3 Fe, of plants by 10 g in 2013 and 9 g in 2014. Growth -1 194 HCO3, EC 0.65 mS·cm . The plants exposed inhibition of salt-treated plants was also reported to salinity stress were watered with 200 mM for other species use in urban landscaping such NaCl solution four times, every seven days from as Salvia splendens ‘Flare Path’, Coleus blumei 1 June 2013 and 2014. Each time one plant in a ‘Xenia Field’ [Ibrahim et al. 1991], Tagetes pat- pot was watered with 500 ml of the salt solution. ula ‘French Vanilla’, Tagetes erecta ‘Flagstaff’, Control plants were treated with tap water. The T. erecta ‘Yellow Climax’ [Valdez-Aguilar et al. beginning of plant flowering was determined by 2009], Lobelia erinus [Escalona et al. 2013], and counting the number of days from sowing to the Plectranthus forsteri ‘Nico’ [Krzymińska and Ul- day of opening of the first flower in inflorescence. czycka-Walorska 2015]. For ornamental plants, At the beginning of flowering the ecophysiologi- being compact and free foliar damage is more sig- cal parameters were assessed. The relative chlo- nificant than maximum growth [Niu et al. 2013]. rophyll content was measured with the N-Tester Therefore, sodium chloride may have a potential chlorophyll meter (Yara International ASA, Oslo, benefit of acting as a growth retardant [Lee and Norway). The measurements included ten leaves Iersel 2008]. located in the middle of a plant and three readings Salinity effect on the number of inflores- were taken per each leaf. Stomatal conductance cences per plant varied with years of experiment was assessed with SC1 porometer (Dekagon De- (Table 1). In 2013 salinity treatment had no ef- vices, USA). The measurements were performed fect on the number of inflorescences per plant. only on sunny days between 10 a.m. and 12 p.m., In 2014 NaCl treatment significantly reduced and included six leaves per plant. The plants the number of inflorescences. According to the were cultivated under natural photoperiod until results presented in a few studies, the number 20 August 2013 and 17 August 2014. Total plant of inflorescences in ornamental plants may in- height, number of inflorescences, fresh weight of creases under salt stress [Shillo et al. 2002], de- aboveground part and visual plant quality (on a creases [Veatch-Blohm et al. 2012] or remains rating scale 1–5, where 5 was the best ornamen- unchanged [Salachna et al. 2016]. tal value, and 1 was poor ornamental value) were In 2014, the negative effects of salt on the estimated on the last day of the cultivation. The ecophysiological parameters were observed. The collected leaves were dried, ground and sent to an stomatal conductance ranged from 96.8 mmol -2 -1 -2 accredited laboratory of the Chemical and Agri- H2O m s in the control to 77.9 mmol H2O m cultural Station in Szczecin for determination of s-1 in the NaCl treatment and the value of N-tes- 149 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 17(2), 2016 Table 1. Effect of sodium chloride on plant height, fresh weight of aboveground part, earliness of flowering, number of inflorescences, stomatal conductance, N-tester values, and visual score of purpletop vervain Verbena( bonariensis L.) Treatment Trait 2013 2014 Control NaCl Control NaCl 161 a 151 b 164 a 138 b Total plant height (cm) ± 1.41 ± 0.71 ± 0.71 ± 1.41 Fresh weight of aboveground 283 a 273 b 231 a 222 b part (g) ± 0.78 ± 0.71 ± 6.22 ± 0.57 114 a 116 a 124 a 124 a Earliness of flowering (days) ± 3.51 ± 4.04 ± 4.09 ± 5.26 Number of inflorescences per 9.00 a 8.50 a 8.00 a 7.25 b plant ± 0.00 ± 0.71 ± 0.00 ± 0.35 Stomatal conductance 121 a 113 a 96.8 a 77.9 b -2 -1 (mmol H2O m s ) ± 8.01 ± 5.87 ± 5.44 ± 6.29 409 a 404 a 394 a 374 b N-tester values ± 4.24 ± 6.36 ± 6.36 ± 2.83 5.00 a 4.70 b 5.00 a 4.13 b Visual score ± 0.00 ± 0.27 ± 0.00 ± 0.25 Values are means (n = 24-40) ± standard deviation.
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