DOCSLIB.ORG

Bd2ac6f45100747fa1a60b8242f

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bd2ac6f45100747fa1a60b8242f molecules Article Structural Characterization of Cholestane Rhamnosides from Ornithogalum saundersiae Bulbs and Their Cytotoxic Activity against Cultured Tumor Cells Tomoki Iguchi, Minpei Kuroda *, Rei Naito, Tomoyuki Watanabe, Yukiko Matsuo, Akihito Yokosuka and Yoshihiro Mimaki School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; [email protected] (T.I.); [email protected] (R.N.); [email protected] (T.W.); [email protected] (Y.M.); [email protected] (A.Y.); [email protected] (Y.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-42-676-4575 Received: 30 June 2017; Accepted: 17 July 2017; Published: 25 July 2017 Abstract: Previous phytochemical studies of the bulbs of Ornithogalum saundersiae, an ornamental perennial plant native to South Africa, resulted in the isolation of 29 new cholestane glycosides, some of which were structurally unique and showed potent cytotoxic activity against cultured tumor cell lines. Therefore, we aimed to perform further phytochemical examinations of methanolic extracts obtained from Ornithogalum saundersiae bulbs, isolating 12 new cholestane rhamnosides (1–12) and seven known compounds (13–19). The structures of the new compounds (1–12) were identified via NMR-based structural characterization methods, and through a sequence of chemical transformations followed by spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds (1–19) and the derivatives (1a and 6a) against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells was evaluated. Compounds 10–12, 16, and 17 showed cytotoxicity against both HL-60 and A549 cells. Compound 11 showed potent cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 0.16 µM against HL-60 cells and induced apoptotic cell death via a mitochondrion-independent pathway. Keywords: Ornithogalum saundersiae; Asparagaceae; Liliaceae; cholestane rhamnoside; cytotoxicity; HL-60 cells; A549 cells; apoptosis 1. Introduction Ornithogalum saundersiae (Baker), of the Asparagaceae (formerly Liliaceae) family, is an ornamental perennial plant native to South Africa. Our systematic phytochemical examinations of a methanolic extract of Ornithogalum saundersiae bulbs resulted in the isolation of 29 new cholestane glycosides including 16,23-epoxy-5β-cholestane glycoside [1], 22-homo-23-norcholestane glycosides [2–6], and polyoxycholestane glycosides [7–12]. Some cholestane glycosides, especially those with an aromatic acyl group, showed potent cytotoxic activity against cultured tumor cell lines, including HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. We first isolated 3β,16β,17α-trihydroxycholest-5-en-22-one 16-O-(2-O-4-methoxybenzoyl-β-D- xylopyranosyl)-(1!3)-(2-O-acetyl-α-L-arabinopyranoside), an acylated cholestenol glycoside commonly called OSW-1, from O. saundersiae bulbs in 1992 [9]. The cytotoxic activity of OSW-1 against tumor cells was approximately 10–100 times more potent than that of clinically used anticancer agents, with low toxicity against healthy cells [10]. The structural diversity and potent cytotoxic activity of the cholestane glycosides obtained from O. saundersiae bulbs prompted us to carry out a further Molecules 2017, 22, 1243; doi:10.3390/molecules22081243 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2017, 22, 1243 2 of 21 Molecules 2017, 22, 1243 2 of 21 phytochemical examination of the plant. As a result, 12 new (1–12) and seven known cholestane glycosidesphytochemical (13–19) (Figureexamination1) were of isolated.the plant. The As newa result, compounds 12 new ( (1–112–12) and) were seven identified known viacholestane NMR-based structuralglycosides characterization (13–19) (Figure methods, 1) were isolated. and through The new a sequence compounds of chemical(1–12) were transformations identified via NMR- followed by spectroscopicbased structural and characterization chromatographic methods, analysis. and through The cytotoxic a sequence activity of chemical of 1–19 againsttransformations HL-60 cells followed by spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis. The cytotoxic activity of 1–19 against HL-60 and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells, and the apoptosis-inducing properties of 11, were cells and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells, and the apoptosis-inducing properties of 11, were also investigated. also investigated. FigureFigure 1. 1.Structures Structures of 11––1919, ,1a1a, and, and 6a6a. 2. Results and Discussion 2. Results and Discussion 2.1. Isolation and Structure Determination of 1–19 2.1. Isolation and Structure Determination of 1–19 Fresh bulbs obtained from O. saundersiae were extracted with hot MeOH. The MeOH extract was Freshpassed bulbs through obtained a porous from polymerO. saundersiae polystyrenewere resin extracted (Diaion with HP-20) hot MeOH. column. The The MeOH EtOH-eluted extract was passedfraction through was a then porous subjected polymer to column polystyrene chromatogr resinaphy (Diaion (CC) HP-20) using silica column. gel and The octadecylsilanized EtOH-eluted fraction was then(ODS) subjected silica gel, to columnand preparative chromatography high-performan (CC) usingce liquid silica gelchromatography and octadecylsilanized (HPLC), yielding (ODS) silica gel, andcompounds preparative 1–19 high-performance. The structures of liquid the known chromatography compounds (HPLC),were identified yielding as compounds (22S)-3β,11α1–,22-19. The structurestrihydroxycholest-5-en-16 of the known compoundsβ-yl α-L-rhamnopyranoside were identified as ( (2213)S [7],)-3β (22,11Sα)-3,22-trihydroxycholest-5-en-16β,11α,22-trihydroxycholest-5- β-yl α-L-rhamnopyranosideen-16β-yl 2-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (13)[7], (14) [11], (22(22SS)-3β,11,11αα,22-trihydroxycholest-5-en-16,22-trihydroxycholest-5-en-16β-yl β-yl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (15) [7], (22S)-3β,11α,22-trihydroxycholest-5-en-16β-yl 2-O- 2-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (14)[11], (22S)-3β,11α,22-trihydroxycholest-5-en-16β-yl acetyl-3-O-p-methoxybenzoyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (16) [7], (22S)-3β,11α,22-trihydroxycholest-5- 2,3-di-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (15)[7], (22S)-3β,11α,22-trihydroxycholest-5-en-16β-yl en-16β-yl 2-O-acetyl-3-O-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (17) [7], (22S)-3β,11α,22- 2-O-acetyl-3-O-p-methoxybenzoyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (16)[7], (22S)-3β,11α,22-trihydroxycholest- trihydroxycholesta-5,24-dien-16β-yl α-L-rhamnopyranoside (18) [7], and (22S)-3β,11α,22- β α L 5-en-16trihydroxycholesta-5,24-dien-16-yl 2-O-acetyl-3-O-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl-β-yl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside- -rhamnopyranoside (19) [7]. (17)[7], (22S)-3β,11Compoundα,22-trihydroxycholesta-5,24-dien-16 1 was obtained as an amorphous solid,β-yl withα- La -rhamnopyranosidespecific rotation of −7.1 (MeOH), (18)[ and7], the and (22S)-3molecularβ,11α,22-trihydroxycholesta-5,24-dien-16 formula C41H68O14 based on the high-resolutionβ-yl 2,3-di- electrosprayO-acetyl-α ionization-L-rhamnopyranoside mass spectrometry (19)[ 7]. Compound(HRESIMS, m/1z was807.4518 obtained [M + Na] as+, ancalcd. amorphous for 807.4507) solid, and 13 withC-NMR a specific spectra. rotationThe 1H-NMR of − spectrum7.1 (MeOH), and theof 1 molecularshowed signals formula for five C 41steroidalH68O14 methylbased groups on the at high-resolutionδH 1.31 (s, Me-19), electrospray 1.23 (d, J = 6.8 ionizationHz, Me-21), mass spectrometry1.05 (d, J = (HRESIMS, 6.3 Hz, Me-26),m/ 1.03z 807.4518 (d, J = 6.3 [M Hz, + Me-27), Na]+, calcd. 0.99 (s, for Me-18); 807.4507) an olefinic and proton13C-NMR at δH spectra. 5.44 (br The 1 d, J = 4.9 Hz, H-6); and two anomeric protons at δH 5.09 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, H-1 of β-D-glucopyranosyl H-NMR spectrum of 1 showed signals for five steroidal methyl groups at δH 1.31 (s, Me-19), 1.23 (Glc)) and 5.05 (br s, H-1 of α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (Rha)). Furthermore, the presence of an acetyl (d, J = 6.8 Hz, Me-21), 1.05 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, Me-26), 1.03 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, Me-27), 0.99 (s, Me-18); an group in 1 was revealed via IR (1729 cm−1), 1H-NMR (δH 2.03, s, 3H), and 13C-NMR (δC 170.4 C=O and olefinic proton at δ 5.44 (br d, J = 4.9 Hz, H-6); and two anomeric protons at δ 5.09 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 21.0 Me) spectroscopyH (Tables 1 and 3). Treatment of 1 with 3% NaOMe in MeOH affordedH a deacyl H-1 of β-D-glucopyranosyl (Glc)) and 5.05 (br s, H-1 of α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (Rha)). Furthermore, derivative (1a), and subsequent acid hydrolysis of 1a with 1 M HCl in dioxane/H2O (1:1) yielded (22S)- −1 1 the presencecholest-5-ene-3 of anβ,11 acetylα,16β,22-tetrol group in [7]1 aswas the aglycone, revealed and via D-glucose IR (1729 and cm L-rhamnose), H-NMR as the carbohydrate (δH 2.03, s, 3H), 13 and C-NMR (δC 170.4 C=O and 21.0 Me) spectroscopy (Table1 and Table 3). Treatment of 1 with 3% NaOMe in MeOH afforded a deacyl derivative (1a), and subsequent acid hydrolysis of 1a with 1 M HCl in dioxane/H2O (1:1) yielded (22S)-cholest-5-ene-3β,11α,16β,22-tetrol [7] as the aglycone, Molecules 2017, 22, 1243 3 of 21 and D-glucose and L-rhamnose as the carbohydrate moieties. The identification of D-glucose and L-rhamnose, including their absolute configurations, was carried out by direct HPLC analysis of the hydrolysate. These data implied that 1 was a (22S)-cholest-5-ene-3β,11α,16β,22-tetrol diglycoside bearing an acetyl group. In the heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) spectrum of 1, long-range correlations were observed between the anomeric proton (H-1) of Glc at δH 5.09 and C-3 of the aglycone at δC 78.2, between H-1 of Rha at δH 5.05 and C-16 of the aglycone at δC 82.7, and between H-2 of Rha at δH 5.66 and the carbonyl carbon of the acetyl group at δC 170.4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eucomis Bicolor Baker) an Ornamental and Medicinal Plant
    Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 110 (2018) 159-171 EISSN 2392-2192 Chitosan improves growth and bulb yield of pineapple lily (Eucomis bicolor Baker) an ornamental and medicinal plant Andżelika Byczyńska Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT The wide demand for natural biostimulants encourages the search for new, alternative sources of substances with high biological activity. Chitosan can promote plant growth and root system development, enhance photosynthetic activity, increase nutrient and metabolite content. Eucomis bicolor, commonly known as the ‘pineapple lily’, is not widely known in terms of cultivation and biological activity. The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of chitosan on growth of Eucomis bicolor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the effect of chitosan on morphological features of Eucomis bicolor. The results showed that soaking Eucomis bicolor bulbs in a chitosan solution before planting has stimulated the growth, flowering and yield of bulbs. Treating the plants with chitosan at 50 mg/L had the most beneficial effect on the number of leaves per plant, the relative chlorophyll content in the leaves as well as the number of bulbs per plant. Chitosan has a multi-directional, positive effect on plant growth and can be used as a potential biostimulant. Keywords: biostimulants, Eucomis bicolor, geophytes, ornamental crops, polysaccharides ( Received 31 August 2018; Accepted 14 September 2018; Date of Publication 15 September 2018 ) World Scientific News 110 (2018) 159-171 1.
    [Show full text]
  • ~Gazine American Horticultural
    'I'IIE ~ERICA.N ~GAZINE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL 1600 BLADENSBURG ROAD, NORTHEAST. WASHINGTON, D. C. For United Horticulture *** to accumulate, increase, and disseminate horticultural information Editorial Committee Directors JOHN L. CREECH, Chairman Terms Expiring 1964 R. C. ALLEN W. H. HODGE Ohio P. H. BRYDON FREDERIC P. LEE California CONRAD B. LINK CARL "V. FENNINGER Pennsylvania CURTIS MAY JOHN E. GRAF District of Columbia FREDERICK G. MEYER GRACE P. WILSON Mm'yland WILBUR H. YOUNGMAN Terms Expiring 1965 HAROLD EpSTEIN New York Officers FRED C. GALLE Georgia PRESIDENT FRED J. NISBET North Carolina RUSSELL J. SEIBERT J. FRANKLIN STYER Kennett Square, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania DONALD WYMAN FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT Massachusetts RAy C. ALLEN Terms Expiring 1966 Mansfield, Ohio J. HAROLD CLARKE Washington SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT J AN DE GRAAFF MRS. JULIAN W. HILL Oregon Wilmington, Delaware CARLTON B. LEES Massachusetts RUSSELL J. SEIBERT ACTING SECRETARY'TREASURER . Pennsylvania GRACE P. WILSON DONALD WATSQN Bladensburg, Maryland Michigan The American Horticultural Magazine is the official publication of the American Horticultural Society and is issued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, July and October. It is devoted to thCl dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural knowledges of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are welcomed and will be published as early as possible. The Chairman of the Editorial Committee should be consulted for manuscript specifications. Reprints will be furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices, plus post­ age, and should be ordered at the time the galley proof is returned by the author: One hunclred copies-2 pp $6.60; 4 pp $12.10; 8 pp $25.30; 12 pp $36.30; Covers $12.10.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 Emes RESPONSE of Ornithogalum Saundersiae Bak. TO
    ISSN 1644-0692 www.acta.media.pl Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 15(1) 2016, 123-134 RESPONSE OF Ornithogalum saundersiae BAK. TO SALINITY STRESS Piotr Salachna, Agnieszka Zawadzi ńska, Cezary Podsiadło 1 West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Abstract. Most of the studies on the effects of salinity stress are conducted on ornamental bedding plants and perennials but little is known on flower bulbs response to this stress factor. Ornithogalum saundersiae is an attractive bulbous plant recommended for grow- ing in pots, gardens and green areas. The study conducted in the years 2013–2014 investi- gated the effects of NaCl on the growth, flowering, photosynthetic activity, pigment con- tent, and macro- and micronutrient content in the leaves of O. saundersiae . The plants were grown in pots in a plastic tunnel. NaCl was applied once a week for six weeks at concentration of 100 mM or 200 mM. The salt treatment did not cause chlorosis and did not affect flowering rate and number of inflorescences. The plants exposed to salinity stress had lower fresh weight of leaves, inflorescences and bulbs and their flowering be- gan later than in the control plants. Photosynthesis and transpiration intensity decreased as NaCl concentration increased. The content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in NaCl treated plants was significantly higher than in the control plants. Salinity stress increased the leaf content of nitrogen, potassium, sodium and chlorine and reduced the concentration of cal- cium, zinc and iron. Key words: Giant Chincherinchee, NaCl, gas exchange, mineral content, photosynthetic pig- ments INTRODUCTION The issue of salinity stress in the cultivation of ornamental plants is receiving global attention [Niu and Cabrera 2010, Cassaniti et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Ornithogalum L
    Sistemática del género Ornithogalum L. (Hyacinthaceae) en el Mediterráneo occidental: implicaciones taxonómicas, filogenéticas y biogeográficas Mario Martínez Azorín Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Sistemática del género Ornithogalum L. (Hyacinthaceae) en el Mediterráneo occidental: implicaciones taxonómicas, filogenéticas y biogeográficas Tesis Doctoral Mario Martínez Azorín Abril 2008 Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales MANUEL B. CRESPO VILLALBA, CATEDRÁTICO DE UNIVERSIDAD, Y ANA JUAN GALLARDO, PROFESORA CONTRATADA DOCTORA, MIEMBROS DEL ÁREA DE BOTÁNICA DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES Y RECURSOS NATURALES, Y DEL I.U. CIBIO, DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE, C E R T I F I C A N: Que la presente memoria titulada “Sistemática del género Ornithogalum L. (Hyacinthaceae) en el Mediterráneo occidental: implicaciones taxonómicas, filogenéticas y biogeográficas”, que para aspirar al grado de Doctor presenta el Licenciado en Biología D. Mario Martínez Azorín, ha sido realizada bajo nuestra dirección en este Departamento, y considerando que reúne los requisitos necesarios a tal efecto, autorizamos que siga los trámites preceptivos para su exposición y defensa. Y para que así conste donde convenga al interesado, y a petición suya, expedimos el presente certificado en Alicante, a veinticinco de febrero de dos mil ocho. A mis padres, Encarna y Antonio a Adrian y a Almudena Agradecimientos AGRADECIMIENTOS Ante todo, deseo agradecer a todas las personas que con su ayuda, apoyo y comprensión han hecho posible este trabajo. En primer lugar, quiero dar mi más sincero agradecimiento a mis directores de Tesis, los Drs. Manuel B. Crespo Villalba y Ana Juan Gallardo, por haberme animado a emprender el largo camino que culmina con la realización del presente trabajo.
    [Show full text]
  • Threats to Australia's Grazing Industries by Garden
    final report Project Code: NBP.357 Prepared by: Jenny Barker, Rod Randall,Tony Grice Co-operative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management Date published: May 2006 ISBN: 1 74036 781 2 PUBLISHED BY Meat and Livestock Australia Limited Locked Bag 991 NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059 Weeds of the future? Threats to Australia’s grazing industries by garden plants Meat & Livestock Australia acknowledges the matching funds provided by the Australian Government to support the research and development detailed in this publication. This publication is published by Meat & Livestock Australia Limited ABN 39 081 678 364 (MLA). Care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However MLA cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information or opinions contained in the publication. You should make your own enquiries before making decisions concerning your interests. Reproduction in whole or in part of this publication is prohibited without prior written consent of MLA. Weeds of the future? Threats to Australia’s grazing industries by garden plants Abstract This report identifies 281 introduced garden plants and 800 lower priority species that present a significant risk to Australia’s grazing industries should they naturalise. Of the 281 species: • Nearly all have been recorded overseas as agricultural or environmental weeds (or both); • More than one tenth (11%) have been recorded as noxious weeds overseas; • At least one third (33%) are toxic and may harm or even kill livestock; • Almost all have been commercially available in Australia in the last 20 years; • Over two thirds (70%) were still available from Australian nurseries in 2004; • Over two thirds (72%) are not currently recognised as weeds under either State or Commonwealth legislation.
    [Show full text]
  • April 1964 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL
    TIIE .A.~ERIC.A.N ~GAZINE April 1964 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL 1600 BLADENSBURG ROAD, NORTHEAST. WASHINGTON, D. C. For United Horticulture *** to accumulate, increase, and disseminate horticultural information Editorial Committee Directors Terms Expiring 1964 JOHN L. CREECH, Chairman R. C. ALLEN W. H . HODGE Ohio P. H. BRYDON FREDERIC P. LEE California CARL W. FENNINGER CONRAD B . LINK Pennsylvania CURTIS MAY JOHN E . GRAF District of Columbia FREDERICK G . MEYER GRACE P. WILSON Maryland WILBUR H . YOUNGMAN Terms Expiring 1965 HAROLD EpSTEIN New YOI'k Officers FRED C . GALLE Georgia PRESIDENT FRED J. NISBET North Carolina R USSELL J. SEIBERT J. FRANKLIN STYER Kennett Square, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania DONALD WYMAN FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT Massachusetts RAy C . ALLEN Terms Expiring 1966 Mansfie ld, Ohio J. HAROLD CLARKE Washington SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT JAN DE GRAAFF MRS. JULIAN W. HILL Oregon Wilm ington, Delaware CARLTON B . LEES Massachusetts RUSSELL J. SEIBERT ACTING SECRETARY-TREASURER . Pennsylvania GRACE P. WILSON DONALD WATSON Bladensburg, Maryland Michigan The American Horticultural Magazine is the official publication of the American Horticultural Society and is issued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, J~ly and October. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growmg ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural know ledges of plant mate~ials of economic and aesthetic importance are welcomed and will be published as early as possible. The Chairman of the Editorial Committee should be consulted for manuscript specifications. Reprints will be furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices, plus post­ age, and should be ordered at the time the galley proof is returned by the author: One hundred copies-2 pp $6.60; 4 pp $12.10; 8 pp $25.30; 12 pp $36.30; Covers $12.10.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONAL HORTICULTURE POLICY June 2012
    REPUBLIC OF KENYA NATIONAL HORTICULTURE POLICY June 2012 © 2012. Government of Kenya Agricultural Sector Coordination Unit (ASCU) Kilimo House, Cathedral Road PO Box 30028–00100. Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 2046856. Fax: +254 20 2046985 Email: [email protected]. website: www.ascu.go.ke Contents Contents.........................................................................................................................iii Foreword......................................................................................................................v Preface..........................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgement..........................................................................................................viii Executive Summary.....................................................................................................ix Abbreviations and Acronyms.....................................................................................xi 1. IntRoDUCtIon................................................................................................1 1.1 Background............................................................................................................1 1.2 The Role of Horticulture in the Kenyan Economy .............................................1 1.3 Justification..........................................................................................................8 1.4 Objectives....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential of South African Indigenous Plants for the International Cut flower Trade ⁎ E.Y
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com South African Journal of Botany 77 (2011) 934–946 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb The potential of South African indigenous plants for the international cut flower trade ⁎ E.Y. Reinten a, J.H. Coetzee b, B.-E. van Wyk c, a Department of Agronomy, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag, Matieland 7606, South Africa b P.O. Box 2086, Dennesig 7601, South Africa c Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa Abstract A broad review is presented of recent developments in the commercialization of southern Africa indigenous flora for the cut flower trade, in- cluding potted flowers and foliages (“greens”). The botany, horticultural traits and potential for commercialization of several indigenous plants have been reported in several publications. The contribution of species indigenous and/or endemic to southern Africa in the development of cut flower crop plants is widely acknowledged. These include what is known in the trade as gladiolus, freesia, gerbera, ornithogalum, clivia, agapan- thus, strelitzia, plumbago and protea. Despite the wealth of South African flower bulb species, relatively few have become commercially important in the international bulb industry. Trade figures on the international markets also reflect the importance of a few species of southern African origin. The development of new research tools are contributing to the commercialization of South African plants, although propagation, cultivation and post-harvest handling need to be improved. A list of commercially relevant southern African cut flowers (including those used for fresh flowers, dried flowers, foliage and potted flowers) is presented, together with a subjective evaluation of several genera and species with perceived potential for the development of new crops for the florist trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Summer Bulbs
    TheThe AmericanAmerican GARDENERGARDENER® TheThe MagazineMagazine ofof thethe AmericanAmerican HorticulturalHorticultural SocietySociety May / June 2012 Butterfly Gardening Versatile Native Vines All-American Herbs Spectacular Summer Bulbs contents Volume 91, Number 3 . May / June 2012 FEATURES DEPARTMENTS 5 NOTES FROM RIVER FARM 6 MEMBERS’ FORUM 8 NEWS FROM THE AHS Controlled burn of the André Bluemel Meadow at River Farm, AHS represented in workshop on climate and gardening in North Carolina, paperback edition of the AHS’s Homegrown Harvest book available in May, the AHS President’s Council members visit gardens in Arkansas. 11 AHS MEMBERS MAKING A DIFFERENCE Kurt Van Dexter. 4o TRAVELER’S GUIDE TO GARDENS Gardens of Cantigny. page 30 42 GARDEN SOLUTIONS Invasion of the stinkbugs. 12 20 YEARS OF YOUTH GARDENING BY AHS STAFF 44 HOMEGROWN HARVEST Preview of the American Horticultural Society’s National Children Refreshing mint. & Youth Gardening Symposium this summer in Washington, D.C. 46 BOOK REVIEWS Natural Companions, Waterwise Plants for 14 NATIVE VINES BY CAROLE OTTESEN Sustainable Gardens, and Heirloom Make use of vertical space in the garden with one or more of Gardening in the South. these North American vines. Special focus: Regional gardening books. 50 GARDENER’S NOTEBOOK 20 SUSTAINABLE HARDSCAPING BY BETH O’DONNELL YOUNG USDA turns 150, circadian rhythms trigger Environmentally responsible gardening includes considering eco- plant self-defense, kudzu bugs threaten friendly choices for the non-plant features of a landscape. crops, new ornamental cherry tree honors First Lady Helen Taft, breakthroughs in understanding how plants tolerate drought, 24 ALL-AMERICAN HERBS BY DONALD HUMPHREY understanding plant invasiveness, unusual For a non-traditional herb garden, try some of these American winter affects bird count, Logee’s native plants with a long history of medicinal or culinary use.
    [Show full text]
  • (Endemic/Non Endemic) Species - 3107
    Karagüzel – Özkan: Soil and plant relations of some Ornithogalum (endemic/non endemic) species - 3107 - SOIL AND PLANT RELATIONS OF SOME ORNITHOGALUM (ENDEMIC/NON ENDEMIC) SPECIES KARAGÜZEL, Ü. Ö. – ÖZKAN, C. F.* Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey *Corresponding author e mail: [email protected] (Received 31st Oct 2018; accepted 25th Jan 2019) Abstract. The study was carried out to determine the soil properties of the Ornithogalum L. species in the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey and their effects on plant morphology. Plant and soil samples concerning species Ornithogalum umbellatum L., O. oligophyllum E.D. Clarke, O. narbonense L., O. pyrenaicum L., O. lanceolatum Labill., O. pamphylicum (endemic) O.D. Düşen & Sümbül, O. montanum Cirillo, O. armeniacum Baker, O. neurostegium Boiss. & Blanche, O. orthophylum Ten. and O. chetikianum (endemic) Uysal, Ertugrul & Dural were collected from 32 different populations between March and June in 2012. The soils of the plant taxa were textured with sandy loam, loam, silty loam, and sandy clay loam; their EC values were in the range 71-741 µmhos cm-1; and their pH values varied between 6.9 and 8.3. The highest organic matter content was in O. orthophylum, whereas the lowest value was in O. chetikianum (endemic) and O. pamphylicum (endemic). According to the means, the highest values of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were determined in the soil samples belonging to O. lanceolatum (106.0 mg kg-1), O. lanceolatum (657.5 mg kg-1), O. montanum (6552 mg kg-1) and O. pyrenaicum (746.8 mg kg- 1), respectively. Keywords: Ornithogalum, ecology, habitats, soil properties, morphological characters, Turkey Introduction Asparagaceae is a family of flowering plants containing 143 plant genera and 3632 species.
    [Show full text]
  • FOLIA POMERANAE UNIVERSITATIS TECHNOLOGIAE STETINENSIS Folia Pomer
    FOLIA POMERANAE UNIVERSITATIS TECHNOLOGIAE STETINENSIS Folia Pomer. Univ. Technol. Stetin., Agric., Aliment., Pisc., Zootech. 2015, 318(34)2, 57–64 Piotr SALACHNA, Agnieszka ZAWADZIŃSKA 1 COMPARISON OF GROWTH, FLOWERING AND BULBS YIELD OF FOUR ORNITHOGALUM L. SPECIES GROWN IN THE GROUND PORÓWNANIE WZROSTU, KWITNIENIA I PLONU CEBUL CZTERECH GATUNKÓW ORNITHOGALUM L. UPRAWIANYCH W GRUNCIE Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Streszczenie. Celem badań przeprowadzonych w latach 2009–2010 w warunkach klimatycznych Szczecina było porównanie cech morfologicznych, przebiegu kwitnienia oraz współczynnika przyrostu liczby i masy cebul czterech gatunków: śniedka arabskiego ( Ornithogalum arabicum L.), śniedka wątpliwego ( Ornithogalum dubium Houtt.), śniedka Saundersa ( Ornithogalum saundersiae Bak.) i śniedka wiechowatego ( Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq.). Cebule sadzono do gruntu co roku 10 maja, a zbiór cebul przeprowadzono w pierwszej dekadzie października. Stwierdzono, że oceniane gatunki śniedków różniły się istotnie cechami morfologicznymi, kwitnieniem i plonem cebul. Uprawiane w gruncie gatunki O. arabicum, O. saundersiae i O. thyrsoides co roku kwitły i tworzyły cebule przybyszowe. Spośród uprawianych gatunków, O. saundersiae cechował się najdłuższym okresem kwitnienia, miał najdłuższe liście i szypuły kwiatostanowe, a jego kwiatostany zawierały najwięcej kwiatów. Ponadto cebule mateczne O. saundersiae wytworzyły najwięcej cebul przybyszowych. Rośliny O. dubium nie wytworzyły kwiatostanów i cebul przybyszowych
    [Show full text]
  • Researches in Landscape and Ornamental Plants
    RESEARCHES IN LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS EDITOR PROF.DR. MURAT ZENCİRKIRAN Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 2 Ġmtiyaz Sahibi / Publisher • Gece Kitaplığı Genel Yayın Yönetmeni / Editor in Chief • Doç. Dr. Atilla ATİK Kapak & İç Tasarım / Cover & Interior Design • Didem Semra KORKUT Sosyal Medya / Social Media • Arzu Betül ÇUHACIOĞLU Birinci Basım / First Edition • © Aralık 2019 Yayıncı Sertifika No: 15476 ISBN • 978-625-7958-27-1 © copyright Bu kitabın yayın hakkı Gece Kitaplığı’na aittir. Kaynak gösterilmeden alıntı yapılamaz, izin almadan hiç bir yolla çoğaltılamaz. Gece Akademi Gece Kitaplığının yan kuruluşudur. Copyright © 2019 by Gece Kitaplığı All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission from the publisher. Gece Akademi is a subsidiary of Gece Kitaplığı. Gece Kitaplığı / Gece Publishing ABD Adres / USA Address: 387 Park Avenue South, 5th Floor, New York, 10016, USA Telefon / Phone: +1 347 355 10 70 Türkiye Adres / Turkey Address: Kocatepe Mah. Mithatpaşa Caddesi No: 44/C Çankaya / Ankara / TR Telefon / Phone: +90 312 431 34 84 +90 555 888 24 26 web: www.gecekitapligi.com e-mail: [email protected] Baskı & Cilt / Printing & Volume Sertifika / Certificate No: 42539 3 • Murat Zencirkıran, Elvan Ender Altay, Gamze Altun Researches In Landscape And Ornamental Plants • 4 RESEARCHES IN LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS EDITOR PROF.DR. MURAT ZENCİRKIRAN CONTENTS PREFACE ........................................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER: 1 A RESEARCH ON ATTRACTIVE FLOWERED EXOTIC WOODY LANDSCAPE PLANT SPECIES USED IN URBAN GREEN SPACES IN BURSA ........................................................................ 9 Murat ZENCĠRKIRAN, Elvan Ender ALTAY, Gamze ALTUN ................
    [Show full text]