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The Holocaust and the American Culture: the Perception of the Holocaust in Novick’S the Holocaust in American Life

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The Holocaust and the American Culture: the Perception of the Holocaust in Novick’S the Holocaust in American Life People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Larbi Ben M’hidi University-Oum El Bouaghi Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English The Holocaust and the American Culture: The Perception of the Holocaust in Novick’s The Holocaust in American Life A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Anglo-American studies by: BOUTABBA Halima Supervisor: Mr. FILALI Billel Examiner: Dr. MAAMRI Fatima 2014-2015 I undertake that all materials presented for examination in my own work have not been written for me, in a whole or in part, by any other person(s). I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished works by another person has been duly acknowledged. Accordingly, I assume liability for any mistakes or inadequacies that may appear in any part of the final product. Oum el Bouaghi ……./ ……./ 2014 The condidate’s name and signature: ABSTRACT The perception of the Holocaust in the American life traces the American attitudes towards the Holocaust from the immediate post WWII Era until the 1990’s. Unquestionably, the American reception of the Holocaust endured a drastic shift due to a set of factors that shaped and crystallized the American public memory concerning the Holocaust. Certainly, the Holocaust has always been addressed as the world’s bloodiest devilish events of all times and consequently became the paradigm of ultimate evil. The uniqueness of the American acuity of the Holocaust lays in the fact that the Holocaust eventually became a part of the American collective memory especially after the establishment of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum as the indictor of the Americans’ absolute commitment to the remembrance and commemoration of the Jewish legacy. Essentially, the most important outcome of the examination of the American outlook of the Holocaust is that the Holocaust would remain valid, as long as, the Jews would exist and possess the power to control the human minds and shape their awareness about anything they desire. Key Words: Holocaust, Perception, Americans, Attitudes, Memory, Awareness, Jews, Examination. RÉSUMÉ La perception de l'Holocauste dans la vie américaine retrace les attitudes américaines envers l'Holocauste du période après la Seconde Guerre mondiale jusqu'à ce que les années 1990. Incontestablement, la réception américain de l'Holocauste enduré un changement drastique, en raison d'un ensemble des facteurs qui ont façonné et cristallisé la mémoire public américain de l'Holocauste. Certainement, l'Holocauste a toujours été abordé dans les plus sanglantes manifestations diaboliques du monde de tous les temps et par conséquent est devenu le paradigme du mal ultime. L'unicité de l'acuité américain de l'Holocauste réside dans le fait que l'Holocauste est devenu finalement une partie de la mémoire collective américaine, en particulier; après la création du Musée de Mémorial d’holocauste Des États-Unis comme l'indicateur de l'engagement absolu des Américains pour le souvenir et la commémoration de l'héritage juif. Essentiellement, le résultat le plus important de l'examen des perspectives américain de l'Holocauste est que l'Holocauste resterait valable, aussi longtemps que les Juifs seraient existés et posséder le pouvoir de contrôler les esprits humains et façonner leur prise de conscience à propos de tout ce qu'ils désirent. Mots clés: Holocauste, Perception, américains, les attitudes, la mémoire, la sensibilisation, les juifs, examen. ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ان ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺤﻮر ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻗﺔ ﻛﻈﺎھﺮة ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ اﻻھﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺮور اﱞﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﺮن ﻣﺎ زاﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ رﻣﺰا ﻟﻠﺸﺮ وﻧﻤﻮذﺟﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺸﯿﺔ .ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻠﻠﻤﺤﺮﻗﺔ ّ اﱞھﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻻﱞﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اّراء اﻻﱞﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﯿﻦ و ﻣﻮاﻗﻔﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﻨﺎت. ﻣﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﯿﮫ اﱞن ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ اﻻﱞﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻗﺔ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮا ﺟﺬرﯾﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﱞ اﻟﺴﻨﯿﻦ و ﯾﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﻚ اﱞﻟﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ و اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ دورا اﱞﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﻮرة اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻻﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺮﻗﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ اﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺟﺰءا ﻻ ﯾﺘﺠﺰأ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ . ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ اﱞن اﱞﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻻﱞﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮﻗﺔ و ﻧﻈﺮﺗﮭﻢ اﱞﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ اﱞﺻﺒﺤﺖ ذﻛﺮاھﺎ ﺧﺎﻟﺪة ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﯿﺎم اﱞﻣﺮﯾﻜﺎ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺘﺤﻒ اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎ ت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻻﱞﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻠﯿﺪ ذﻛﺮى اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻗﺔ و ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻻﺳﺎس ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل اﱞن ذﻛﺮى اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻗﺔ ﺳﺘﻈﻞ ﺧﺎﻟﺪة ﻣﺎ دام اﻟﯿﮭﻮد ﻗﺎدرﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ و اﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ ﺑﻌﻘﻮل اﻟﻨﺎس . ii DEDICATION To my endearing mother, sister and brother. And To the spirit of my Father Abd El-Wahab. ACKNOLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Mr. Filali Billel who gave up his time and support, his kindness and continuous encouragement were effective throughout my support. The most important acknowledgements that must be made go to all my teachers of English Department especially, the Anglo-American studies. Really, I feel blessed to study under the supervision of such competent teachers. My warmest and deepest gratitude is directed to my beloved, the one and the only, my precious mother Houria. I love you so much, you are the reason behind everything I have without you I have nothing. My world revolves around you. I would like to thank my only sister and brother Chahrazed and Aniss for help and support. To all of family and cousins especially Malek Nor el-Houda I love you sweetie. I thank from the bottom of my heart my intimate friends Fedou, Kouki, Rahma, Nour, Zamen, and Bouthina I love sisters, it has been a pleasure to know such lovely devoted friends I will never forget all of the memories we have together. I would like to thank the special one in my entire life Walid. Getting to know you is blessing for me, I would never forget everything you have done and still do for me. I feel happy every single time I am around you. I love you more than I can express. LIST OF ACRONYMS ANP American Nazi Party HRP Historical Review Press IHR Institute of Historical Review KKK Ku Klux Klan MAUP Interregional Academy of Personal Management NAZI Nationalist Socialist German Workingmen’s Party NF National Front NPD Nazi Democratic Party PFLP Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine RAF Red Army Faction SA Sturmabteilung: Storm Troopers SNWPP National Socialist White People Party SS Schutzstaffel: The Internal Security Force of Nazi Germany USHMM The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum WRB War Refuge Board WWII The Second World War Yad Vashem The World Center of Holocaust Research iv iv LIST OF TABLES Table I: The Major Headlines of The American News papers in 1945 Census……66-67 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Résumé ﻣﻠﺨﺺ Dedication………………………………………………………………………….........ii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………..iii List of Acronyms………………………………………………………………………..iv List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………….v Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….vi General Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1 CHAPTER 1: The Holocaust: A Historical Overview…………………….5 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...5 I. The Holocaust, Definitions, Etymology, and Use of the Term……………………….6 II. Nazism: Leadership, Political Beliefs, and Ideology……………………………….12 III. The Nazi Rise to Power and the Persecution of the Jews…………………………20 1. Timeline of Persecution (1933-1945)………………………………………20 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...30 CHAPTER II: Holocaust Distortions: Holocaust Denial……………….31 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….31 vi vi I. The Official Version of the Holocaust………………………………………………32 II. The Categories of Holocaust Distortions…………………………………………...33 1. Holocaust Justification……………………………………………………...33 2. Holocaust Promotion……………………………………………………….34 3. Holocaust Deflection and Whitewashing…………………………………..34 4. Holocaust De-Judaization…………………………………………………..34 5. Holocaust Equivalence……………………………………………………..35 6. Holocaust Inversion………………………………………………………...35 7. Holocaust Trivialization……………………………………………………36 8. Holocaust Denial…………………………………………………………....36 9. Motivations of the Distorters……………………………………………….37 III. Holocaust Denial/ Revisionism…………………………………………………....37 1. The Revisionist Thesis……………………………………………………....39 2. The Claims of the Revisionists……………………………………………...40 3. Holocaust Denial: A Historical Survey……………………………………..41 IV. Holocaust Denial: An International View…………………………………………44 1. Holocaust Denial in the Middle East ( The Muslim World)………………..44 2. Holocaust Denial: Major European Countries……………………………...48 a. Germany…………………………………………………………..............................48 a. 1. Main Figures of Holocaust Denial in Germany……………………….....50 a. 1. 1. Horst Mahler……………………………………………………...50 vii a. 1. 2. Germar Rudolf………………………………………………………...51 b. France………………………………………………………………..........................52 b. 1. Main Figures of Holocaust Denial in France……………………............53 b. 1. 1. Jean-Marie Le Pen…………………………………………………….53 b. 1.2. Robert Faurisson……………………………………………………….54 c. Britain………………………………………………………………………………..55 c. 1.Main Figures of Holocaust Denial in Britain…………………………….55 c. 1.1.The David Irving Case……………………………………………........55 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...57 CHAPTER III: The Perception of the Holocaust in the United States.59 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….59 I. The Holocaust in the American Life………………………………………………...60 1. The American Attitudes towards the Holocaust from 1945-1960s………....60 2. Scholarships on the Holocaust between 1945 and the 1960s………………..65 3. The American Attitudes towards the Holocaust from the 1960s Upwards….71 II. Towards a Holocaust-Aware Majority in the United States………………………..77 III. Holocaust Denial in the United States…………………………………………….79 1. Main Figures
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