Arctic Icebreaker Expedition: Extreme Greenland
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Matthew Henson (August 8, 1866 – March 9, 1955) “First African-American Artic Explorer”
The Clerk’s Black History Series Debra DeBerry Clerk of Superior Court DeKalb County Matthew Henson (August 8, 1866 – March 9, 1955) “First African-American Artic Explorer” Matthew Henson was born August 8, 1866, in Nanjemoy, Maryland, to freeborn black sharecropper parents. In 1867, his parents and three sisters moved to Georgetown to escape racial violence where his mother died when Matthew was seven years old. When Matthew’s father died, he went to live with his uncle in Washington, D.C. When Matthew was ten years old, he attended a ceremony honoring Abraham Lincoln where he heard social reformer and abolitionist, Frederick Douglas speak. Shortly thereafter, he left home, determined to find his own way. After working briefly in a restaurant, he walked all the way to Baltimore, Maryland. At the age of 12, Matthew went to sea as a cabin boy on the merchant ship Katie Hines, traveling to Asia, Africa and Europe under the watchful eye of the ship’s skipper, Captain Childs. After Captain Childs died, Matthew moved back to Washington, D.C. When Matthew was 21 years old, he met Commander Robert E. Peary, an explorer and officer in the U.S. Navy Corps of Civil Engineers. Impressed with Matthew’s seafaring experience, Commander Peary recruited him for an upcoming voyage to Nicaragua. After returning from Nicaragua, Matthew found work in Philadelphia, and in April 1891 he met and married Eva Flint. But shortly thereafter, the two explorers were off again for an expedition to Green- land and the marriage to Eva ended. Matthew and the Commander would cover thousands of miles across the sea and the world, exploring and making multiple attempts to reach the North Pole. -
Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol
J. Blunden, D. S. Arndt, and M. O. Baringer, Eds. Associate Eds. K. M. Willett, A. J. Dolman, B. D. Hall, P. W. Thorne, J. M. Levy, H. J. Diamond, J. Richter-Menge, M. Jeffries, R. L. Fogt, L. A. Vincent, and J. M. Renwick Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 92, No. 6, June 2011 www.whoi.edu/beaufort) show that the pack ice in the e. Land central Canada Basin is changing from a multiyear to 1) veGetation—D. A. Walker, U. S. Bhatt, T. V. Callaghan, J. a seasonal ice cover. C. Comiso, H. E. Epstein, B. C. Forbes, M. Gill, W. A. Gould, G. H. R. Henry, G. J. Jia, S. V. Kokelj, T. C. Lantz, S. F Oberbauer, 3) Sea ice thickness J. E. Pinzon, M. K. Raynolds, G. R. Shaver, C. J. Tucker, C. E. Combined estimates of ice thickness from sub- Tweedie, and P. J. Webber marine and satellite-based instruments provide the Circumpolar changes to tundra vegetation are longest record of sea ice thickness observation, begin- monitored from space using the Normalized Differ- ning in 1980 (Kwok et al. 2009; Ro throck et al. 2008). ence Vegetation Index (NDVI), an index of vegetation These data indicate that over a region covering ~38% greenness. In tundra regions, the annual maximum of the Arctic Ocean there is a long-term trend of sea NDVI (MaxNDVI) is usually achieved in early Au- ice thinning over the last three decades. gust and is correlated with above-ground biomass, Haas et al. -
[BA] COUNTRY [BA] SECTION [Ba] Greenland
[ba] Validity date from [BA] COUNTRY [ba] Greenland 26/08/2013 00081 [BA] SECTION [ba] Date of publication 13/08/2013 [ba] List in force [ba] Approval [ba] Name [ba] City [ba] Regions [ba] Activities [ba] Remark [ba] Date of request number 153 Qaqqatisiaq (Royal Greenland Seagfood A/S) Nuuk Vestgronland [ba] FV 219 Markus (Qajaq Trawl A/S) Nuuk Vestgronland [ba] FV 390 Polar Princess (Polar Seafood Greenland A/S) Qeqertarsuaq Vestgronland [ba] FV 401 Polar Qaasiut (Polar Seafood Greenland A/S) Nuuk Vestgronland [ba] FV 425 Sisimiut (Royal Greenland Seafood A/S) Nuuk Vestgronland [ba] FV 4406 Nataarnaq (Ice Trawl A/S) Nuuk Vestgronland [ba] FV 4432 Qeqertaq Fish ApS Ilulissat Vestgronland [ba] PP 4469 Akamalik (Royal Greenland Seafood A/S) Nuuk Vestgronland [ba] FV 4502 Regina C (Niisa Trawl ApS) Nuuk Vestgronland [ba] FV 4574 Uummannaq Seafood A/S Uummannaq Vestgronland [ba] PP 4615 Polar Raajat A/S Nuuk Vestgronland [ba] CS 4659 Greenland Properties A/S Maniitsoq Vestgronland [ba] PP 4660 Arctic Green Food A/S Aasiaat Vestgronland [ba] PP 4681 Sisimiut Fish ApS Sisimiut Vestgronland [ba] PP 4691 Ice Fjord Fish ApS Nuuk Vestgronland [ba] PP 1 / 5 [ba] List in force [ba] Approval [ba] Name [ba] City [ba] Regions [ba] Activities [ba] Remark [ba] Date of request number 4766 Upernavik Seafood A/S Upernavik Vestgronland [ba] PP 4768 Royal Greenland Seafood A/S Qeqertarsuaq Vestgronland [ba] PP 4804 ONC-Polar A/S Alluitsup Paa Vestgronland [ba] PP 481 Upernavik Seafood A/S Upernavik Vestgronland [ba] PP 4844 Polar Nanoq (Sigguk A/S) Nuuk Vestgronland -
Ilulissat Icefjord
World Heritage Scanned Nomination File Name: 1149.pdf UNESCO Region: EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Ilulissat Icefjord DATE OF INSCRIPTION: 7th July 2004 STATE PARTY: DENMARK CRITERIA: N (i) (iii) DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Excerpt from the Report of the 28th Session of the World Heritage Committee Criterion (i): The Ilulissat Icefjord is an outstanding example of a stage in the Earth’s history: the last ice age of the Quaternary Period. The ice-stream is one of the fastest (19m per day) and most active in the world. Its annual calving of over 35 cu. km of ice accounts for 10% of the production of all Greenland calf ice, more than any other glacier outside Antarctica. The glacier has been the object of scientific attention for 250 years and, along with its relative ease of accessibility, has significantly added to the understanding of ice-cap glaciology, climate change and related geomorphic processes. Criterion (iii): The combination of a huge ice sheet and a fast moving glacial ice-stream calving into a fjord covered by icebergs is a phenomenon only seen in Greenland and Antarctica. Ilulissat offers both scientists and visitors easy access for close view of the calving glacier front as it cascades down from the ice sheet and into the ice-choked fjord. The wild and highly scenic combination of rock, ice and sea, along with the dramatic sounds produced by the moving ice, combine to present a memorable natural spectacle. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS Located on the west coast of Greenland, 250-km north of the Arctic Circle, Greenland’s Ilulissat Icefjord (40,240-ha) is the sea mouth of Sermeq Kujalleq, one of the few glaciers through which the Greenland ice cap reaches the sea. -
Icebreaker Booklet
Ideas... Students as Partners: Peer Support Icebreakers Produced by: Teaching,Students Learning as and Partners, Support Office 2 Peer Support Icebreakers Peer Support Icebreakers 31 . Who Is This For? as.. Ide This booklet will come in handy for any group facilitator, but has been primarily designed for use by PASS Leaders, Mentors and Students as Partners staff. Too often we see the same old ice-breakers and energizers used at training courses/first meetings; the aim of this booklet is to provide you with introductory activities that you might not have used or taken part in before! This booklet is an on-going publication– if you have an icebreaker that you think should be included then send an email with your ideas to [email protected] so that future students can benefit from them! Why Use Icebreakers? Icebreakers are discussion questions or activities used to help participants relax and ease people into a group meeting or learning situation. They are great for learning each other's names and personal/professional information. Icebreakers: • create a positive group atmosphere • help people to relax • break down social barriers • energize & motivate • help people to think outside the box • help people to get to know one another Whether it is a small get together or a large training session, we all want to feel that we share some common ground with our fellow participants. By creating a warm and friendly personal learning environment, the attendees will participate and learn more. Be creative and design your own variations on the ice breakers you find here. -
The Maritime Dimension of Csdp
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES OF THE UNION DIRECTORATE B POLICY DEPARTMENT STUDY THE MARITIME DIMENSION OF CSDP: GEOSTRATEGIC MARITIME CHALLENGES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION Abstract The global maritime security environment is in the midst of an important transformation, driven by a simultaneous intensification of global maritime flows, the growing interconnectedness of maritime regions, the diffusion of maritime power to emerging powers, and the rise of a number of maritime non-state actors. These changes are having a profound impact on the maritime security environment of the EU and its member states and require an upgrading of the maritime dimension of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). This study analysis the impact that the changing maritime security context is having on the EU’s maritime neighbourhood and along the EU’s sea lines of communications (SLOCs) and takes stock of the EU’s existing policies and instruments in the maritime security domain. Based on this analysis, the study suggests that the EU requires a comprehensive maritime security strategy that creates synergies between the EU’s Integrated Maritime Policy and the maritime dimension of CSDP and that focuses more comprehensively on the security and management of global maritime flows and sea-based activities in the global maritime commons. EP/EXPO/B/SEDE/FWC/2009-01/Lot6/21 January 2013 PE 433.839 EN Policy Department DG External Policies This study was requested by the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Security and -
Transits of the Northwest Passage to End of the 2020 Navigation Season Atlantic Ocean ↔ Arctic Ocean ↔ Pacific Ocean
TRANSITS OF THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE TO END OF THE 2020 NAVIGATION SEASON ATLANTIC OCEAN ↔ ARCTIC OCEAN ↔ PACIFIC OCEAN R. K. Headland and colleagues 7 April 2021 Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 1ER. <[email protected]> The earliest traverse of the Northwest Passage was completed in 1853 starting in the Pacific Ocean to reach the Atlantic Oceam, but used sledges over the sea ice of the central part of Parry Channel. Subsequently the following 319 complete maritime transits of the Northwest Passage have been made to the end of the 2020 navigation season, before winter began and the passage froze. These transits proceed to or from the Atlantic Ocean (Labrador Sea) in or out of the eastern approaches to the Canadian Arctic archipelago (Lancaster Sound or Foxe Basin) then the western approaches (McClure Strait or Amundsen Gulf), across the Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean, through the Bering Strait, from or to the Bering Sea of the Pacific Ocean. The Arctic Circle is crossed near the beginning and the end of all transits except those to or from the central or northern coast of west Greenland. The routes and directions are indicated. Details of submarine transits are not included because only two have been reported (1960 USS Sea Dragon, Capt. George Peabody Steele, westbound on route 1 and 1962 USS Skate, Capt. Joseph Lawrence Skoog, eastbound on route 1). Seven routes have been used for transits of the Northwest Passage with some minor variations (for example through Pond Inlet and Navy Board Inlet) and two composite courses in summers when ice was minimal (marked ‘cp’). -
Report on the Availability of Whale Meat in Greenland
1 Greenland survey: 77% of restaurants served whale meat in 2011/2012 Greenland claims that its current Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling (ASW) quota of 175 minke whales, 16 fin whales, nine humpback whales and two bowhead whales a year is insufficient to meet the nutritional needs of Greenlanders (people born in Greenland). It claims in its 2012 Needs Statement that West Greenland alone now requires 730 tonnes of whale meat annually. Greenland has around 50 registered restaurants used by tourists, including several in hotels, plus another 25 smaller "cafeterias, hot dog stands, grill bars, ice cream shops, etc.” which are licensed separately.1 WDCS, the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, visited Greenland in May 2011 to assess the availability of whale meat in registered restaurants. In September 2011, WDCS and the Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) visited again. In June 2012, AWI conducted (i) a telephone and email survey of all restaurants (31) for which contact information (phone/email) was available and (ii) extensive internet research in multiple languages of web entries referencing whale meat in Greenland’s restaurants in 2011/2012. Whale meat, including fin, bowhead and minke whale, was available to tourists at 24 out of 31 (77.4%) restaurants visited, contacted, and/or researched online in Greenland in 2011/2012. In addition, one other restaurant for which there was no online record of it serving whale meat indicated, when contacted, that though it did not currently have whale meat on the menu it could be provided if requested in advance for a large enough group. Others that did not have whale meat said that they could provide an introduction to a local family that would. -
Road Construction in Greenland – the Greenlandic Case
THIS PROJECT IS BEING PART-FINANCED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN GREENLAND – THE GREENLANDIC CASE October 2007 Arne Villumsen Anders Stuhr Jørgensen Abdel Barten Janne Fritt-Rasmussen Laust Løgstrup Niels Brock Niels Hoedeman Ragnhildur Gunnarsdóttir Sara Borre Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN GREENLAND – THE GREENLANDIC CASE October 2007 Arne Villumsen Anders Stuhr Jørgensen Abdel Barten Janne Fritt-Rasmussen Laust Løgstrup Niels Brock Niels Hoedeman Ragnhildur Gunnarsdóttir Sara Borre Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen Translation: J. Richard Wilson CONTENTS 1. GEOLOGY, NatURE AND CLIMate OF GREENLAND ........................... 4 1.1. GEOLOGY. 4 1.2. CLIMate . .5 1.3. Weather AND CLIMate IN AND AROUND GREENLAND . .5 1.4. Precipitation . .5 1.5. Weather- AND CLIMate REGIONS IN GREENLAND . .6 1.6. PERMAFROST. .9 1.7. Vegetation. .10 2. Relevant INFORMation FOR ROAD-BUILDING PROJECTS IN GREENLAND ........................................................................................... 11 3. EXISTING ROADS IN towns AND VILLAGES IN GREENLAND ......... 17 3.1. EXAMination OF EXISTING ROADS IN towns AND VILLAGES IN GREENLAND. 19 3.1.1. ROADS IN SISIMIUT town. .19 3.1.2. SISIMIUT Airport . 19 3.1.3. THE ROAD FROM KANGERLUSSSUAQ to THE INLAND ICE. 20 3.1.4. KANGERLUSSUAQ Airport. 21 3.2. STUDIES OF ROADS ELSEWHERE IN GREENLAND. .22 3.2.1. SOUTH GREENLAND . 23 3.2.2. ILLORSUIT. .27 4. THE SISIMIUT-KANGERLUSSUAQ ROAD ............................................ 32 4.1. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL overview. .32 4.2. SUitable Materials FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND PERMAFROST. .35 4.3. GEOLOGICAL MODEL FOR THE AREA. 39 4.4. SUMMARY. .55 4.5. ENVIRONMental AND conservation ASPECTS. .55 4.6. ROUTE PROPOSAL – GENERAL ASPECTS. -
Canada's Sovereignty Over the Northwest Passage
Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 10 Issue 2 1989 Canada's Sovereignty Over the Northwest Passage Donat Pharand University of Ottawa Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the International Law Commons, and the Law of the Sea Commons Recommended Citation Donat Pharand, Canada's Sovereignty Over the Northwest Passage, 10 MICH. J. INT'L L. 653 (1989). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol10/iss2/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CANADA'S SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE Donat Pharand* In 1968, when this writer published "Innocent Passage in the Arc- tic,"' Canada had yet to assert its sovereignty over the Northwest Pas- sage. It has since done so by establishing, in 1985, straight baselines around the whole of its Arctic Archipelago. In August of that year, the U. S. Coast Guard vessel PolarSea made a transit of the North- west Passage on its voyage from Thule, Greenland, to the Chukchi Sea (see Route 1 on Figure 1). Having been notified of the impending transit, Canada informed the United States that it considered all the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago as historic internal waters and that a request for authorization to transit the Northwest Passage would be necessary. -
Natural Resources in the Nanortalik District
National Environmental Research Institute Ministry of the Environment Natural resources in the Nanortalik district An interview study on fishing, hunting and tourism in the area around the Nalunaq gold project NERI Technical Report No. 384 National Environmental Research Institute Ministry of the Environment Natural resources in the Nanortalik district An interview study on fishing, hunting and tourism in the area around the Nalunaq gold project NERI Technical Report No. 384 2001 Christain M. Glahder Department of Arctic Environment Data sheet Title: Natural resources in the Nanortalik district Subtitle: An interview study on fishing, hunting and tourism in the area around the Nalunaq gold project. Arktisk Miljø – Arctic Environment. Author: Christian M. Glahder Department: Department of Arctic Environment Serial title and no.: NERI Technical Report No. 384 Publisher: Ministry of Environment National Environmental Research Institute URL: http://www.dmu.dk Date of publication: December 2001 Referee: Peter Aastrup Greenlandic summary: Hans Kristian Olsen Photos & Figures: Christian M. Glahder Please cite as: Glahder, C. M. 2001. Natural resources in the Nanortalik district. An interview study on fishing, hunting and tourism in the area around the Nalunaq gold project. Na- tional Environmental Research Institute, Technical Report No. 384: 81 pp. Reproduction is permitted, provided the source is explicitly acknowledged. Abstract: The interview study was performed in the Nanortalik municipality, South Green- land, during March-April 2001. It is a part of an environmental baseline study done in relation to the Nalunaq gold project. 23 fishermen, hunters and others gave infor- mation on 11 fish species, Snow crap, Deep-sea prawn, five seal species, Polar bear, Minke whale and two bird species; moreover on gathering of mussels, seaweed etc., sheep farms, tourist localities and areas for recreation. -
Arctic Policy &
Arctic Policy & Law References to Selected Documents Edited by Wolfgang E. Burhenne Prepared by Jennifer Kelleher and Aaron Laur Published by the International Council of Environmental Law – toward sustainable development – (ICEL) for the Arctic Task Force of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law (IUCN-CEL) Arctic Policy & Law References to Selected Documents Edited by Wolfgang E. Burhenne Prepared by Jennifer Kelleher and Aaron Laur Published by The International Council of Environmental Law – toward sustainable development – (ICEL) for the Arctic Task Force of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICEL or the Arctic Task Force of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of ICEL or the Arctic Task Force. The preparation of Arctic Policy & Law: References to Selected Documents was a project of ICEL with the support of the Elizabeth Haub Foundations (Germany, USA, Canada). Published by: International Council of Environmental Law (ICEL), Bonn, Germany Copyright: © 2011 International Council of Environmental Law (ICEL) Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non- commercial purposes is authorized without prior permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: International Council of Environmental Law (ICEL) (2011).