Canada's Sovereignty Over the Northwest Passage
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Transits of the Northwest Passage to End of the 2019 Navigation Season Atlantic Ocean ↔ Arctic Ocean ↔ Pacific Ocean
TRANSITS OF THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE TO END OF THE 2019 NAVIGATION SEASON ATLANTIC OCEAN ↔ ARCTIC OCEAN ↔ PACIFIC OCEAN R. K. Headland and colleagues 12 December 2019 Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 1ER. <[email protected]> The earliest traverse of the Northwest Passage was completed in 1853 but used sledges over the sea ice of the central part of Parry Channel. Subsequently the following 314 complete maritime transits of the Northwest Passage have been made to the end of the 2019 navigation season, before winter began and the passage froze. These transits proceed to or from the Atlantic Ocean (Labrador Sea) in or out of the eastern approaches to the Canadian Arctic archipelago (Lancaster Sound or Foxe Basin) then the western approaches (McClure Strait or Amundsen Gulf), across the Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean, through the Bering Strait, from or to the Bering Sea of the Pacific Ocean. The Arctic Circle is crossed near the beginning and the end of all transits except those to or from the central or northern coast of west Greenland. The routes and directions are indicated. Details of submarine transits are not included because only two have been reported (1960 USS Sea Dragon, Capt. George Peabody Steele, westbound on route 1 and 1962 USS Skate, Capt. Joseph Lawrence Skoog, eastbound on route 1). Seven routes have been used for transits of the Northwest Passage with some minor variations (for example through Pond Inlet and Navy Board Inlet) and two composite courses in summers when ice was minimal (transits 149 and 167). -
Northwest Passage Trail
Nunavut Parks & Special Places – Editorial Series January, 2008 NorThwesT Passage Trail The small Nunavut community of Gjoa Haven Back in the late eighteenth and nineteenth is located on King William Island, right on the centuries, a huge effort was put forth by historic Northwest Passage and home to the Europeans to locate a passage across northern Northwest Passage Trail which meanders within North America to connect the European nations the community, all within easy walking distance with the riches of the Orient. From the east, many from the hotel. A series of signs, a printed guide, ships entered Hudson Bay and Lancaster Sound, and a display of artifacts in the hamlet office mapping the routes and seeking a way through interpret the local Inuit culture, exploration of the ice-choked waters and narrow channels to the the Northwest Passage, and the story of the Gjoa Pacific Ocean and straight sailing to the oriental and Roald Amundsen. It is quite an experience lands and profitable trading. The only other to walk the shores of history here, learning of routes were perilous – rounding Cape Horn at the exploration of the North, and the lives of the the southern tip of South America or the Cape of people who helped the explorers. Good Hope at the southern end of Africa. As a result, many expeditions were launched to seek a passage through the arctic archipelago. Aussi disponible en français xgw8Ns7uJ5 wk5tg5 Pilaaktut Inuinaqtut ᑲᔾᔮᓇᖅᑐᖅ k a t j a q n a a q listen to the land aliannaktuk en osmose avec la terre Through the efforts of the Royal Navy, and WANDER THROUGH HISTORY Lady Jane Franklin, John Franklin’s wife, At the Northwest Passage Trail in the at least 29 expeditions were launched to community of Gjoa Haven, visitors can, seek Franklin and his men, or evidence of through illustrations and text on interpretive their fate. -
Arctic Marine Transport Workshop 28-30 September 2004
Arctic Marine Transport Workshop 28-30 September 2004 Institute of the North • U.S. Arctic Research Commission • International Arctic Science Committee Arctic Ocean Marine Routes This map is a general portrayal of the major Arctic marine routes shown from the perspective of Bering Strait looking northward. The official Northern Sea Route encompasses all routes across the Russian Arctic coastal seas from Kara Gate (at the southern tip of Novaya Zemlya) to Bering Strait. The Northwest Passage is the name given to the marine routes between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the northern coast of North America that span the straits and sounds of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Three historic polar voyages in the Central Arctic Ocean are indicated: the first surface shop voyage to the North Pole by the Soviet nuclear icebreaker Arktika in August 1977; the tourist voyage of the Soviet nuclear icebreaker Sovetsky Soyuz across the Arctic Ocean in August 1991; and, the historic scientific (Arctic) transect by the polar icebreakers Polar Sea (U.S.) and Louis S. St-Laurent (Canada) during July and August 1994. Shown is the ice edge for 16 September 2004 (near the minimum extent of Arctic sea ice for 2004) as determined by satellite passive microwave sensors. Noted are ice-free coastal seas along the entire Russian Arctic and a large, ice-free area that extends 300 nautical miles north of the Alaskan coast. The ice edge is also shown to have retreated to a position north of Svalbard. The front cover shows the summer minimum extent of Arctic sea ice on 16 September 2002. -
Wolf-Sightings on the Canadian Arctic Islands FRANK L
ARCTIC VOL. 48, NO.4 (DECEMBER 1995) P. 313–323 Wolf-Sightings on the Canadian Arctic Islands FRANK L. MILLER1 and FRANCES D. REINTJES1 (Received 6 April 1994; accepted in revised form 13 March 1995) ABSTRACT. A wolf-sighting questionnaire was sent to 201 arctic field researchers from many disciplines to solicit information on observations of wolves (Canis lupus spp.) made by field parties on Canadian Arctic Islands. Useable responses were obtained for 24 of the 25 years between 1967 and 1991. Respondents reported 373 observations, involving 1203 wolf-sightings. Of these, 688 wolves in 234 observations were judged to be different individuals; the remaining 515 wolf-sightings in 139 observations were believed to be repeated observations of 167 of those 688 wolves. The reported wolf-sightings were obtained from 1953 field-weeks spent on 18 of 36 Arctic Islands reported on: no wolves were seen on the other 18 islands during an additional 186 field-weeks. Airborne observers made 24% of all wolf-sightings, 266 wolves in 48 packs and 28 single wolves. Respondents reported seeing 572 different wolves in 118 separate packs and 116 single wolves. Pack sizes averaged 4.8 ± 0.28 SE and ranged from 2 to 15 wolves. Sixty-three wolf pups were seen in 16 packs, with a mean of 3.9 ± 2.24 SD and a range of 1–10 pups per pack. Most (81%) of the different wolves were seen on the Queen Elizabeth Islands. Respondents annually averaged 10.9 observations of wolves ·100 field-weeks-1 and saw on average 32.2 wolves·100 field-weeks-1· yr -1 between 1967 and 1991. -
Icebreaker Booklet
Ideas... Students as Partners: Peer Support Icebreakers Produced by: Teaching,Students Learning as and Partners, Support Office 2 Peer Support Icebreakers Peer Support Icebreakers 31 . Who Is This For? as.. Ide This booklet will come in handy for any group facilitator, but has been primarily designed for use by PASS Leaders, Mentors and Students as Partners staff. Too often we see the same old ice-breakers and energizers used at training courses/first meetings; the aim of this booklet is to provide you with introductory activities that you might not have used or taken part in before! This booklet is an on-going publication– if you have an icebreaker that you think should be included then send an email with your ideas to [email protected] so that future students can benefit from them! Why Use Icebreakers? Icebreakers are discussion questions or activities used to help participants relax and ease people into a group meeting or learning situation. They are great for learning each other's names and personal/professional information. Icebreakers: • create a positive group atmosphere • help people to relax • break down social barriers • energize & motivate • help people to think outside the box • help people to get to know one another Whether it is a small get together or a large training session, we all want to feel that we share some common ground with our fellow participants. By creating a warm and friendly personal learning environment, the attendees will participate and learn more. Be creative and design your own variations on the ice breakers you find here. -
Transits of the Northwest Passage to End of the 2020 Navigation Season Atlantic Ocean ↔ Arctic Ocean ↔ Pacific Ocean
TRANSITS OF THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE TO END OF THE 2020 NAVIGATION SEASON ATLANTIC OCEAN ↔ ARCTIC OCEAN ↔ PACIFIC OCEAN R. K. Headland and colleagues 7 April 2021 Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 1ER. <[email protected]> The earliest traverse of the Northwest Passage was completed in 1853 starting in the Pacific Ocean to reach the Atlantic Oceam, but used sledges over the sea ice of the central part of Parry Channel. Subsequently the following 319 complete maritime transits of the Northwest Passage have been made to the end of the 2020 navigation season, before winter began and the passage froze. These transits proceed to or from the Atlantic Ocean (Labrador Sea) in or out of the eastern approaches to the Canadian Arctic archipelago (Lancaster Sound or Foxe Basin) then the western approaches (McClure Strait or Amundsen Gulf), across the Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean, through the Bering Strait, from or to the Bering Sea of the Pacific Ocean. The Arctic Circle is crossed near the beginning and the end of all transits except those to or from the central or northern coast of west Greenland. The routes and directions are indicated. Details of submarine transits are not included because only two have been reported (1960 USS Sea Dragon, Capt. George Peabody Steele, westbound on route 1 and 1962 USS Skate, Capt. Joseph Lawrence Skoog, eastbound on route 1). Seven routes have been used for transits of the Northwest Passage with some minor variations (for example through Pond Inlet and Navy Board Inlet) and two composite courses in summers when ice was minimal (marked ‘cp’). -
Thermodynamic and Dynamic Ice Thickness Contributions in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in NEMO-LIM2 Numerical Simulations
The Cryosphere, 12, 1233–1247, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1233-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Thermodynamic and dynamic ice thickness contributions in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in NEMO-LIM2 numerical simulations Xianmin Hu1,a, Jingfan Sun1,b, Ting On Chan1,c, and Paul G. Myers1 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada anow at: Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada bnow at: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA cnow at: Skytech Solutions Ltd., Canada Correspondence: Xianmin Hu ([email protected]) Received: 6 September 2017 – Discussion started: 10 October 2017 Revised: 16 March 2018 – Accepted: 19 March 2018 – Published: 10 April 2018 Abstract. Sea ice thickness evolution within the Canadian is found in the northern CAA and Baffin Bay while a de- Arctic Archipelago (CAA) is of great interest to science, as cline (r2 ≈ 0:6, p < 0:01) is simulated in Parry Channel re- well as local communities and their economy. In this study, gion. The two main contributors (thermodynamic growth and based on the NEMO numerical framework including the lateral transport) have high interannual variabilities which LIM2 sea ice module, simulations at both 1=4 and 1=12◦ hor- largely balance each other, so that maximum ice volume can izontal resolution were conducted from 2002 to 2016. The vary interannually by ±12 % in the northern CAA, ±15 % in model captures well the general spatial distribution of ice Parry Channel, and ±9 % in Baffin Bay. -
Two US Navy's Submarines
Now available to the public by subscription. See Page 63 Volume 2018 2nd Quarter American $6.00 Submariner Special Election Issue USS Thresher (SSN-593) America’s two nuclear boats on Eternal Patrol USS Scorpion (SSN-589) More information on page 20 Download your American Submariner Electronically - Same great magazine, available earlier. Send an E-mail to [email protected] requesting the change. ISBN List 978-0-9896015-0-4 American Submariner Page 2 - American Submariner Volume 2018 - Issue 2 Page 3 Table of Contents Page Number Article 3 Table of Contents, Deadlines for Submission 4 USSVI National Officers 6 Selected USSVI . Contacts and Committees AMERICAN 6 Veterans Affairs Service Officer 6 Message from the Chaplain SUBMARINER 7 District and Base News This Official Magazine of the United 7 (change of pace) John and Jim States Submarine Veterans Inc. is 8 USSVI Regions and Districts published quarterly by USSVI. 9 Why is a Ship Called a She? United States Submarine Veterans Inc. 9 Then and Now is a non-profit 501 (C) (19) corporation 10 More Base News in the State of Connecticut. 11 Does Anybody Know . 11 “How I See It” Message from the Editor National Editor 12 2017 Awards Selections Chuck Emmett 13 “A Guardian Angel with Dolphins” 7011 W. Risner Rd. 14 Letters to the Editor Glendale, AZ 85308 18 Shipmate Honored Posthumously . (623) 455-8999 20 Scorpion and Thresher - (Our “Nuclears” on EP) [email protected] 22 Change of Command Assistant Editor 23 . Our Brother 24 A Boat Sailor . 100-Year Life Bob Farris (315) 529-9756 26 Election 2018: Bios [email protected] 41 2018 OFFICIAL BALLOT 43 …Presence of a Higher Power Assoc. -
Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved: John V
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF MIAH ALLAN BEAL for the Doctor of Philosophy (Name) (Degree) in Oceanography presented on August 12.1968 (Major) (Date) Title:Batymety and_Strictuof_thp..4rctic_Ocean Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: John V. The history of the explordtion of the Central Arctic Ocean is reviewed.It has been only within the last 15 years that any signifi- cant number of depth-sounding data have been collected.The present study uses seven million echo soundings collected by U. S. Navy nuclear submarines along nearly 40, 000 km of track to construct, for the first time, a reasonably complete picture of the physiography of the basin of the Arctic Ocean.The use of nuclear submarines as under-ice survey ships is discussed. The physiography of the entire Arctic basin and of each of the major features in the basin are described, illustrated and named. The dominant ocean floor features are three mountain ranges, generally paralleling each other and the 40°E. 140°W. meridian. From the Pacific- side of the Arctic basin toward the Atlantic, they are: The Alpha Cordillera; The Lomonosov Ridge; andThe Nansen Cordillera. The Alpha Cordillera is the widest of the three mountain ranges. It abuts the continental slopes off the Canadian Archipelago and off Asia across more than550of longitude on each slope.Its minimum width of about 300 km is located midway between North America and Asia.In cross section, the Alpha Cordillera is a broad arch rising about two km, above the floor of the basin.The arch is marked by volcanoes and regions of "high fractured plateau, and by scarps500to 1000 meters high.The small number of data from seismology, heat flow, magnetics and gravity studies are reviewed.The Alpha Cordillera is interpreted to be an inactive mid-ocean ridge which has undergone some subsidence. -
Coastal State's Jurisdiction Over Foreign Vessels
Pace International Law Review Volume 14 Issue 1 Spring 2002 Article 2 April 2002 Coastal State's Jurisdiction over Foreign Vessels Anne Bardin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr Recommended Citation Anne Bardin, Coastal State's Jurisdiction over Foreign Vessels, 14 Pace Int'l L. Rev. 27 (2002) Available at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol14/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace International Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTICLES COASTAL STATE'S JURISDICTION OVER FOREIGN VESSELS Anne Bardin I. Introduction ....................................... 28 II. The Rights and Duties of States in the Different Sea Zones Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ............................. 30 A. Internal W aters ............................... 30 1. Jurisdiction Over Foreign Merchant V essels ..................................... 30 2. Jurisdiction Over Foreign Warships ....... 31 3. The Right of all Vessels to Free Access to P ort ........................................ 32 B. The Territorial Sea ............................ 33 1. Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea .... 34 2. Legislative Competence of the Coastal State ....................................... 35 3. Implementation of its Legislation by the Coastal State .............................. 36 4. Criminal Jurisdiction of the Coastal State ....................................... 37 5. W arships .................................. 39 C. The Contiguous Zone .......................... 39 D. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) ........... 40 1. Rights of the Coastal State in its EEZ ..... 41 2. Artificial Islands and Scientific Research .. 41 3. Rights of Foreign States in the EEZ ....... 43 4. -
Article 9 ATT a Law of the Sea Perspective
Article 9 ATT A Law of the Sea Perspective ATT Working Group on Effective Treaty Implementation Sub-Working Group on Article 9, Meeting of 27 April 2021 Prof. Dr. Anna Petrig, LL.M. (Harvard) [email protected] Article 9 ATT Why law of the sea? Article 9 – Transit and trans-shipment Each State Party shall take appropriate measures to regulate (…) the transit and trans-shipment under its jurisdiction of conventional arms (…) through its territory in accordance with relevant international law. Who has Only land or jurisdiction at also sea? sea (inter alia Limits on over foreign regulation and ships)? enforcement? ATT WGETI Anna Petrig Law of the sea The basics Law of the sea Where is to be found? customary international other treaties law United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) UN Security Council Resolutions … and so on! ATT WGETI Anna Petrig United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea What is it about? UNCLOS jurisdictional substantive provisions provisions “all issues relating to maritime zones the sea” resources, crime, categories of states environment, … ATT WGETI Anna Petrig Jurisdictional provisions of the UNCLOS Maritime zones and categories of states categories of maritime zones states internal waters port / coastal states (ports) Which state(s) can do territorial sea flag states what where? exclusive economic zone high seas ATT WGETI Anna Petrig Article 9 ATT Internal waters Internal waters (ports) Maritime zone Source: <https://sites.tufts.edu/lawofthesea/chapter-two/> ATT WGETI Anna Petrig Internal waters (ports) 9 ATT: «territory»? Definition and importance in ATT context . waters on the landward side of the baseline (art. -
Arctic Offshore Development Concepts – History and Evolution
Arctic Offshore Development Concepts – History and Evolution By Roger Pilkington and Frank Bercha Presented by Roger Pilkington At the SNAME AS Luncheon: March 19, 2014 Presentation • Systems and structures used in Beaufort Sea from 1970 to 1990 • Some concepts for Beaufort Development 1980s • Production systems currently in use in Arctic • Some interesting new concepts Rough Timetable • 1960s Panarctic drilled on Arctic Islands • In late 1960s Land sales in Beaufort Sea • Esso acquired land from 0 to ~15m Water Depth • Gulf acquired land from about 15 to about 30 m WD • Dome acquired land from about 30 to about 60m WD • From 1972s and 1989, Esso built sand and spray ice islands • ~1974 Canadian Government brought in Arctic drilling incentives • 1976 to about 1980 Dome brought 4 drillships, 8 support boats, super tanker, and floating dry dock into Arctic. 1980 Kigoriak. Rough Timetable (Cont) • 1981 Dome built Tarsuit Island • 1982 Dome brought SSDC into Arctic • 1983 Esso brought in Caisson Retained Island (CRI) to operate in deeper waters • 1983 Gulf brought Kulluk barge, Molikpaq GBS and 4 support vessels into Arctic • 1984 oil price went down and Government ended drilling incentives • All activity stopped in about 1994 Dome Gulf Esso The 3 Major Ice Zones in Arctic Esso ‐ Nipterk Ice Island Made from flooding ice with water from large pumps Shallow water only Esso sand and gravel island construction in summer and also winter by hauling sand and gravel in trucks over ice Artificial Islands • Ice islands – typically 0 to 3m • Sand and