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Abbreviations Used in Appendices and Notes Abbreviations Used in Appendices and Notes AH&J: An Appeal to Honour and Justice (1715). A]: Applebee's Journal. AM&C: Atlas Maritimus & Commercia/is (1728). Arber's Gamer: Edward Arber (ed.), An English Gamer (12 vols, Westminster, 1903). Bastian (1): F. Bastian, 'Daniel Defoe and the Dorking District', Surrey Archaeological Collections, lv (1958) 41-64. Bastian (2): F. Bastian, 'James Foe Merchant, Father of Daniel Defoe', N&Q, ccix {March 1964) 82-6. Bastian (3): F. Bastian, 'Defoe and Guy Miege', N&Q, ccxiv (March 1969) 103-5. BL: British Library. Boulton: J. T. Boulton (ed.), Daniel Defoe (London, 1965). Cal.S.P. (Dom): Calendar of State Papers, Domestic. Cavalier: ]. T. Boulton (ed.), Memoirs of a Cavalier (Oxford, 1972). CEG: Karl D. Bulbring (ed.), The Compleat English Gentleman (London, 1890). GET: The Complete English Tradesman (1727). CLRO: Corporation of London Record Office. Col. Jack: Samuel Holt Monk (ed.), The History ... of ... Col. Jacque (Oxford, 1965). Collection: A Collection of the Writings of the Author of the True-Born English-Man (1703). Complete History: A Complete History of the Late Revolution from the First Rise of it to this present Time (1691). DNB: Dictionary of National Biography. Ellis: Frank H. Ellis (ed.}, Poems on Affairs of State: Augustan Satirical Verse, 1697-1704 (Yale University, 1970). EuP: An Essay upon Projects (1697). Abbreviations Used in Appendices and Notes 303 Evelyn, Diary: E. S. de Beer (ed.), The Diary of John Evelyn (Oxford, 1955). Grimblot: P. Grimblot (ed.), Letters of Wz"lliam III and Louis XIV and of their Min-isters . .. 1697 to 1709 (London, 1848). Hardwicke: P. Yorke, Earl of Hardwicke (ed.), Miscellaneous State Papers from 1501 to 1726 (1778). Hazlitt: William Hazlitt (ed.), The Works of Daniel De Foe (London, 1841-3). Healey, Letters: George Harris Healey (ed.), The Letters of Daniel Defoe (Oxford, 1955). History of Apparitions: An Essay on the History and Realz"ty of Apparitions (1727). History of the Devil: The History of the Devz"l, in Henry G. Bohn (ed.), The Novels and Miscellaneous Works of Daniel De Foe, vol. iii (London, 1854-6). HMC: Historical Manuscripts Commission. JD: Jure Divino (1706). JPY: Louis Landa (ed.), A Journal of the Plague Year (Oxford, 1969). Lee: William Lee, Daniel Defoe: His Lzfe and Recently Discov­ ered Writings (London, 1869). Luttrell: Narcissus Luttrell, A Brief Relation of State Affairs from September 1678 to April1714 (Oxford, 1857). Matthews, Calamy Revised: A. G. Matthews, Calamy Revised (Oxford, 1934). Meditations: G. H. Healey (ed.), The Meditations of Daniel Defoe (Cummington, Mass., 1946). MF: G. A. Starr (ed.), Moll Flanders (Oxford, 1971). MJ: Mist's Journal. Moore: John Robert More, Daniel Defoe, Citizen of the Modern World (Chicago, 1958). Moore, Checklzst: John Robert Moore, A Checklist of the Writings of Daniel Defoe (Bloomington, 1960). New State: The New State of England (1691). Newton: Theodore F. M. Newton, 'The Civet Cats of Newington Green', RES, xiii (1937) 10-19. N&Q: Notes and Queries. PCC: Prerogative Court of Canterbury. PRO: Public Record Office. Ramkins: The Memoirs of Majr. Alexander Ramkins, in James 304 Defoe's Early Lzfe T. Boulton (ed.), Memoirs of an Engl£sh Officer ... (London, 1970). RC: J. Donald Crowley (ed.), Robinson Crusoe (Oxford, 1972). RES: Review of English Studies. Review: A. W. Secord (ed.), Defoe's Review Reproduced from the Original Editions ... (New York, 1938). Roxana: Jane Jack (ed.), Roxana (Oxford, 1964). Secord: A. W. Secord (ed.), Daniel Defoe: A Journal of the Plague Year and Other Pieces (Garden City, NY, 1935). Serious Reflections: G. A. Aitken (ed.), Serious Reflections dun·ng the Lzfe and Surpn·sing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (London, 1895). Somers Tracts: Walter Scott (ed.), Somers Tracts (13 vols, London, 1809-15). State Tracts: A Collection of State Tracts. Publish 'd during the Reign of King William III (3 vols, 1 705-7). Story: R. H. Story, W£lliam Carstares, 1649-1715 (London, 1874). Sutherland (1): J. R. Sutherland, 'Some Early Troubles of Daniel Defoe', RES, ix (1935) 275-90. Sutherland (2): J. R. Sutherland, 'A Note on the Last Years of Defoe', Modern Language Review, xxix (1934) 137-41. Sutherland (3): James Sutherland, Daniel Defoe: A Critical Study (Boston, 19 71). TC: Term Catalogue. Tour: A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (Everyman, 1962). True Collection: A True Collection of the Writings of the Author of the True Born Englz"sh-man (1703). VCH: Victoria County History. Wing: D. G. Wing, Short-title Catalogue of Books printed ... 1641-1700 (New York, 1945-51). Appendix A: Defoe and Somers Defoe's assoctatwn with Montagu (Halifax) has documentary support, though from a slightly later date (1705-6) than is covered by this book (Healey, Letters (30), (33), (38) and (62), p. 14 7); but, perhaps as a result of a fire which destroyed most of Somers's papers in 1752, his connection with the latter remains purely a matter of inference. Defoe's admiration, however, is obvious from his advice to Harley in November 1704 to try to come to an understanding with him (Healey, Letters (22), pp. 68-9), and from the 22 lines in his praise in Jure Divino, Book XII, p. 4 ( 1 706), where he is given pride of place among contemporary statesmen. If the Sunderland-Somers correspondence of September/ October 1701 has been correctly interpreted above (chap. 12, pp. (256-8), Defoe must have been in touch with Somers at that time. It is significant that neither Sunderland nor Somers suggested that the latter should himself write the pamphlet which both agreed to be necessary, even though he had several pamphlets to his credit, some of them highly esteemed. The typical Somers pamphlet tends to be legally erudite, lengthy and with little popular appeal; and perhaps others which made more impact were 'ghosted' for him by Defoe, or written by the two men in collaboration. · If so, the first example may well have been the famous Balancing Letter (1697) which appeared early in the Standing Army controversy (see above, chap. 11, p. 207. In the opinion of his biographer, William L. Sachse (Lord Somers (1975), pp. 130-1) this was certainly his work, though the question is not actually discussed; but, as well as being uncharacteristically short for Somers, it seems to contain a fair sprinkling ofDefoeisms (State Tracts, ii, pp. 585-9). 306 Defoe's Early Life The clearest instance of collaboration seems to be Jura Populi Anglz"cani(pp. i-xiv and 15-64), which on internal evidence must have been written about August 1701, shortly before the Sunderland-Somers correspondence. The bulk of the tract deals with two legal issues raised by the case of the Kentish Petitioners- the power of the Commons to imprison (pp. 17-30) and the right of subjects to petition (pp. 30-53)- and must have been mainly the work of Somers; but the Preface and the last ten pages dealing with the political issues which had prompted the petition, read very much like Defoe - and incid­ entally cover very much the ground suggested by Sunderland as the basis of a separate tract. It has already been suggested that both Somers and Defoe were in some way involved with William's last speech to Parlia­ ment (30 December 1701), described by Gilbert Burnet as 'the best speech that he, or perhaps any other prince ever made to his people'. The well-authenticated statement in his History of my Own Times [1823 edition, iv, 532-3, footnote (p)], that the 'original' was in Somers's own hand, is compatible both with a combined effort, or with a speech originally written by Defoe but channelled through Somers for the sake of appear­ ances. See also chap. 12, pp. 263-4 above, and Appendix B (24). Writing to Halifax on 16 July 1705 (Healey, Letters (38), p. 94 ), Defoe discussed the possibility that The Memorial of the Church of England might have been written by Dr James Drake: 'I Can Not forbear Assureing your Ldship, That however he Might be The Drudge or Rather Amanuensis in the work- his Master The Duke of Bucks is as plainly Pictur'd to me with his Pen in his hand Correcting, Dictating and Instructing, as if I had been of the Club with Them.' Perhaps this is a reflection of Defoe's own earlier dealings with Somers. Appendix B: New Attributions It has sometimes been claimed that Defoe's use of the English language was so idiosyncratic that pieces can be identified as his purely on the strength of words or expressions peculiar to him; but no one has ventured into print with a comprehensive list of such expressions, an undertaking that would call for a superhumanly extensive reading, not only of Defoe himself, but also of his contemporaries. But though such claims may have been overstated, this does not entirely invalidate the method. My friend's red hair, though far from unique, still helps to identify him. There are certainly many phrases and stylistic tricks that are characteristic of Defoe, without necessarily being exclusive to him (e.g. 'fire and faggot', 'under a necessity', 'in order to this', 'and the like'). There are also characteristic mis­ spellings {e.g. 'Goal' for 'Gaol') and grammatical solecisms (e.g. 'neither ... or'); favourite similes and metaphors ('like the dog in the fable', 'gilded pills'), or those drawn from his known interests (trade, seafaring); references to some of his hobby­ horses (begging as a trade, natives who 'barter gold for glass beads'); and the use of his favourite French phrases or Latin tags. Occasionally a longer passage can be closely matched in a known piece of his.
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