Dans L'économie Des Rendements Croissants

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Dans L'économie Des Rendements Croissants À PROPOS La présente étude a été réalisée par TheFamily en partenariat avec l’Institut Montaigne, Terra Nova, le Groupe Caisse des Dépôts et le GESEC. Cette version d’étape, datée du 20 juin 2016, sera enrichie avant la publication de la version définitive en septembre 2016. Vous pouvez contribuer à cet enrichissement en envoyant un message à [email protected] Merci à Charlotte Baratin et Lionel Ferreira, qui ont contribué aux travaux de recherche et de rédaction. Merci également à Fanny Anor, Laurent Bigorgne, Jeanne Carrez-Debock, Franck Chaigneau, Philippe Dewost, Daniel Jubert, Bernard Leroy, Pauline Mispoulet, Benoît Parizet, Thierry Pech, François-Xavier Priollaud, Laetitia Vitaud. Le contenu de ce document peut être réutilisé et diffusé sous réserve de respecter les règles de la« Licence Creative Attribution - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 3.0 non transposé » (CC BY-SA 3.0). En particulier, pour la réutilisation, la copie ou la modification de tout ou partie du document, vous devez : • indiquer que le contenu réutilisé, copié ou modifié est sous CC BY-SA 3.0 ; • indiquer par tous moyens raisonnables les éventuelles modifications apportées au rapport ; • permettre l'identification des auteurs, en fournissant, s’il existe, un lien vers le rapport ; • laisser tous les travaux dérivés sous la même licence (partage à l'identique). Directeur de la publication NICOLAS COLIN Textes & infographies CHARLOTTE BARATIN / NICOLAS COLIN / LIONEL FERREIRA Mise en page MANON VAN DORSSELAERE (STUDIO LIKEDESIGN) Couverture CAMILLE DUBREUIL (THEFAMILY) Imprimeur PRINT & WEB [Imprimé en juin 2016] TheFamily TheFamily, société privée d’investissement basée à Paris et Londres, fait grandir un portefeuille de participations dans des entreprises numériques. Elle en intègre le capital idéalement dès l’amorçage, avant, le cas échéant, d’investir aux côtés d’autres investisseurs en capital-risque lors des levées de fonds ultérieures. TheFamily se positionne en actionnaire stratégique, minoritaire et de long terme, allié avec les fondateurs. Son marché cible est l’ensemble du continent européen. Grâce à ses activités de production d’événements et de contenu, TheFamily attire ou inspire des projets portés par des entrepreneurs ou des entreprises. Les plus prometteurs, sélectionnés par les associés de TheFamily, sont intégrés au portefeuille et ont ainsi accès à une infrastructure qui leur permet de grandir à l’échelle globale. L’opération de cet écosystème propriétaire permet à TheFamily de maximiser le retour sur capital investi par elle comme par ses co-investisseurs. TheFamily a été fondée en mars 2013, autour d’une dizaine de startups en amorçage. Depuis, plus de 350 startups ont intégré le portefeuille de TheFamily. Près d’une centaine d’entre elles sont aujourd’hui en croissance. Membres de TheFamily, elles bénéficient de ressources (éducation, privilèges, capital) qui sont mobilisées pour elles à tous les points d’inflexion. SYNTH- La transition numérique affecte l’ensemble de notre nombre réduit de centres économiques — ainsi, par ÈSEéconomie. Loin de se réduire à une technologie, le exemple, d’une plateforme de réservation qui capte la numérique bouleverse nos manières de consommer et valeur ajoutée par les hôtels. Les effets sont délétères de produire. Il en résulte une recomposition globale pour les entreprises locales, soumises à une concurrence des chaînes de valeur, la mise en place de nouvelles intense. institutions et l’émergence de nouvelles entreprises Les effets de cette transition numérique sur le marché dominantes, les entreprises numériques. La France du travail sont profonds et soulèvent des inquiétudes. peine à trouver ses marques dans ce nouveau para- L’automatisation croissante des tâches, le « travail gratuit » digme. Dans la course mondiale qui est engagée, nos des internautes, voire la concurrence des amateurs, faci- champions numériques nationaux sont souvent dépas- litée par les technologies numériques, contribuent à la sés. Le risque, réel, est que la valeur ajoutée continue disparition d’un certain nombre de métiers routiniers de déserter nos territoires. Ces derniers ont pourtant ou réglementés. En même temps, notre système d’en- un rôle crucial à jouer pour déjouer cette tendance. La seignement, issu de l’économie fordiste, ne parvient pas transition numérique est avant tout un phénomène à former aux nouveaux métiers, encore mal identifiés et local. Le recul dont nous disposons aujourd’hui par connus, ce qui accroît les inquiétudes. Avec la transition rapport aux principaux foyers de l’économie numé- numérique, le marché du travail se polarise : d’un côté, rique, en particulier la Silicon Valley, nous permet de des emplois créatifs ou managériaux, peu nombreux et mieux comprendre les mécanismes à l’oeuvre derrière bien rémunérés, de l’autre, des emplois peu qualifiés et le nouvelle géographie de la valeur ajoutée et des nombreux, en particulier dans les services. Ces emplois emplois. Cette compréhension permet de cerner les peu qualifiés, créés par des entreprises numériques, écueils à éviter et les pistes d’actions pour s’engager devraient être plus précaires mais aussi mieux valorisés, dans une démarche de développement numérique. grâce à des technologies qui améliorent la productivité NOUVELLE ÉCONOMIE, et la qualité du service rendu. NOUVELLE GÉOGRAPHIE Au-delà, la transition numérique bouleverse également les institutions, les infrastructures, les entreprises elles- Trois éléments caractérisent distinguent les entreprises mêmes. Les institutions du paradigme fordiste sont nées numériques des entreprises fordistes : des modèles dans le sillage de l’industrie automobile et ont trouvé leur d’affaires à rendements croissants ; une volatilité due équilibre au cours des années 1960, avec la rencontre de à la pression constante de la concurrence et des clients la production de masse et la consommation de masse. finaux ; et une innovation continue, grâce au suivi Mais des bouleversements sociétaux (émancipation des régulier et systématique de l’activité des utilisateurs. individus) et économiques (chocs pétroliers des années Les entreprises numériques, moins protégées par des 1970) ont fragilisé l’ensemble. L’optimisation est deve- barrières à l’entrée, doivent sans cesse trouver d’autres nue la priorité des entreprises, souvent aux dépends relais de croissance, plus intensifs en capital (diversifica- de la qualité comme de l’innovation. Parallèlement, la tion, déploiement de plateformes). L’une des principales généralisation de l’informatique personnelle a précipité conséquences de cette croissance continue de quelques l’avènement de l’économie numérique. La multitude entreprises dominante est que, contrairement à ce qui des utilisateurs est devenue accessible pour les entre- se passait avec les entreprises fordistes, la valeur ajoutée prises. L’ouverture d’Internet aux applications civiles, la localement se réalise majoritairement ailleurs, dans un diffusion des premiers navigateurs web graphiques, la 5 mise en place d’un cadre économique et juridique favo- PEUT-ON RÉPLIQUER rable, tout comme les centaines de milliards de dollars LA SILICON VALLEY ? de la bulle spéculative des années 1990, ont permis de e concrétiser le basculement du paradigme fordiste vers Au milieu du XX siècle, la vallée de Santa Clara présen- le paradigme numérique. Les entreprises numériques taient plusieurs atouts : une culture et des institutions et les rendements croissants de leurs modèle d’affaires se favorables à l’innovation, héritières d’une tradition disséminent progressivement dans toute l’économie. À progressiste ; une immigration soutenue ; une forme de mesure qu’elles apprennent à tirer parti de la puissance radicalité aidée par son éloignement des grands centres de la multitude de leurs milliards d’utilisateurs, la distinc- de décision ; enfin, une université en plein épanouisse- tion entre production et consommation se brouille. La ment, Stanford. Contrairement aux universités de la côte transition numérique s’accélère. Est, Stanford n’avait pas été particulièrement sollicitée au cours de la seconde guerre mondiale. Afin d’assurer La déformation des chaînes de valeur conduit à une la supériorté technologique des État-Unis dans le second nouvelle géographie de la richesse. La transition conflit mondial, l’armée américaine avait alloué d’impor- numérique touche les filières par l’aval, au plus près des tants budgets aux universités de la côte Est, et notam- clients finaux, là où la valeur se concentre de plus en ment au MIT. Après guerre, les tensions croissantes avec plus. En amont, les entreprises fordistes se regroupent, l’Union soviétique ont convaincu les pouvoirs publics dans un mouvement de repli. Pour les entreprises numé- américains d’intensifier leur soutien à la recherche et riques, l’intégration verticale est l’étape suivante. Cette développement dans le monde académique. Devenu déformation des chaînes de valeur traditionnelles est président de l’Université Standford, Frederick Terman, particulièrement cruelle pour les territoires phares de l’une des figures de l’effort de guerre sur le front scien- l’économie fordiste. D’un côté, l’économie numérique tifique, a ramené du MIT une équipe de collaborateurs peine à remplacer les emplois dont elle hâte la dispa- talentueux. Sous son impulsion, un écosystème entrepre- rition, c’est-à-dire les emplois routiniers au sein des neurial s’est développé autour de Stanford. L’approche grandes organisations, qui constituaient le principal originale de Terman consistait
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