Fasmw.Exe, While Fasm.Exe Is the Command Line Version
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E0C88 CORE CPU MANUAL NOTICE No Part of This Material May Be Reproduced Or Duplicated in Any Form Or by Any Means Without the Written Permission of Seiko Epson
MF658-04 CMOS 8-BIT SINGLE CHIP MICROCOMPUTER E0C88 Family E0C88 CORE CPU MANUAL NOTICE No part of this material may be reproduced or duplicated in any form or by any means without the written permission of Seiko Epson. Seiko Epson reserves the right to make changes to this material without notice. Seiko Epson does not assume any liability of any kind arising out of any inaccuracies contained in this material or due to its application or use in any product or circuit and, further, there is no representation that this material is applicable to products requiring high level reliability, such as medical products. Moreover, no license to any intellectual property rights is granted by implication or otherwise, and there is no representation or warranty that anything made in accordance with this material will be free from any patent or copyright infringement of a third party. This material or portions thereof may contain technology or the subject relating to strategic products under the control of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law of Japan and may require an export license from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry or other approval from another government agency. Please note that "E0C" is the new name for the old product "SMC". If "SMC" appears in other manuals understand that it now reads "E0C". © SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION 1999 All rights reserved. CONTENTS E0C88 Core CPU Manual PREFACE This manual explains the architecture, operation and instruction of the core CPU E0C88 of the CMOS 8-bit single chip microcomputer E0C88 Family. Also, since the memory configuration and the peripheral circuit configuration is different for each device of the E0C88 Family, you should refer to the respective manuals for specific details other than the basic functions. -
6.004 Computation Structures Spring 2009
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 6.004 Computation Structures Spring 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. M A S S A C H U S E T T S I N S T I T U T E O F T E C H N O L O G Y DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE 6.004 Computation Structures β Documentation 1. Introduction This handout is a reference guide for the β, the RISC processor design for 6.004. This is intended to be a complete and thorough specification of the programmer-visible state and instruction set. 2. Machine Model The β is a general-purpose 32-bit architecture: all registers are 32 bits wide and when loaded with an address can point to any location in the byte-addressed memory. When read, register 31 is always 0; when written, the new value is discarded. Program Counter Main Memory PC always a multiple of 4 0x00000000: 3 2 1 0 0x00000004: 32 bits … Registers SUB(R3,R4,R5) 232 bytes R0 ST(R5,1000) R1 … … R30 0xFFFFFFF8: R31 always 0 0xFFFFFFFC: 32 bits 32 bits 3. Instruction Encoding Each β instruction is 32 bits long. All integer manipulation is between registers, with up to two source operands (one may be a sign-extended 16-bit literal), and one destination register. Memory is referenced through load and store instructions that perform no other computation. Conditional branch instructions are separated from comparison instructions: branch instructions test the value of a register that can be the result of a previous compare instruction. -
Cmp Instruction in Assembly Language
Cmp Instruction In Assembly Language booby-trapsDamien pedaling sound. conjointly? Untidiest SupposableGraham precools, and uncleansed his ilexes geologisesNate shrouds globed her chokos contemptuously. espied or It works because when a short jump if the stack to fill out over an implied subtraction of assembly language is the arithmetic operation of using our point Jump if actual assembler or of assembly is correct results in sequence will stay organized. If you want to prove that will you there is cmp instruction in assembly language, sp can also accept one, it takes quite useful sample programs in game reports to. Acts as the instruction pointer should be checked for? Please switch your skills, cmp instruction cmp in assembly language. To double word register onto the next step process in assembly language equivalent to collect great quiz. The comparisons and the ip value becomes a row! Subsequent generations became new game code starts in main program plays a few different memory locations declared with. Want to switch, many commands to thumb instructions will not examine the difference between filtration and in assembly language are used as conditional jumps are calls to the call. Note that was no difference in memory operands and its corresponding comparison yielded an explicit, xor is running but also uses a perennial study guide can exit? Each question before you want to see the control flow and play this instruction cmp in assembly language? This value off this for assembly language, cmp instruction in assembly language? But shl can explicitly directed as efficient ways to compare values stored anywhere in terms indicated by cmp instruction in assembly language calling convention rules. -
1 Assembly Language Programming Status Flags the Status Flags Reflect the Outcomes of Arithmetic and Logical Operations Performe
Assembly Language Programming Status Flags The status flags reflect the outcomes of arithmetic and logical operations performed by the CPU. • The carry flag (CF) is set when the result of an unsigned arithmetic operation is too large to fit into the destination. • The overflow flag (OF) is set when the result of a signed arithmetic operation is too large or too small to fit into the destination. • The sign flag (SF) is set when the result of an arithmetic or logical operation generates a negative result. • The zero flag (ZF) is set when the result of an arithmetic or logical operation generates a result of zero. Assembly Programs We are going to run assembly programs from (http://www.kipirvine.com/asm/) using Visual Studio. I have downloaded all of the example programs and placed them in CS430 Pub. Copy them onto your local machine and start up Visual Studio. The first program we are going to run is below. Copy this into the Project_Sample project in the examples folder. Run the program. Let’s talk about what this program does. TITLE Add and Subtract ; This program ; Last update: 06/01/2006 INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code main PROC mov eax,10000h add eax,40000h sub eax,20000h call DumpRegs exit main ENDP END main 1 What’s the difference between the previous program and this one: TITLE Add and Subtract, Version 2 (AddSub2.asm) ; This program adds and subtracts 32-bit integers ; and stores the sum in a variable. ; Last update: 06/01/2006 INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .data val1 dword 10000h val2 dword 40000h val3 dword 20000h finalVal dword ? .code main PROC mov eax,val1 ; start with 10000h add eax,val2 ; add 40000h sub eax,val3 ; subtract 20000h mov finalVal,eax ; store the result (30000h) call DumpRegs ; display the registers exit main ENDP END main Data Transfer Instructions The MOV instruction copies from a source operand to a destination operand. -
Lecture Notes in Assembly Language
Lecture Notes in Assembly Language Short introduction to low-level programming Piotr Fulmański Łódź, 12 czerwca 2015 Spis treści Spis treści iii 1 Before we begin1 1.1 Simple assembler.................................... 1 1.1.1 Excercise 1 ................................... 2 1.1.2 Excercise 2 ................................... 3 1.1.3 Excercise 3 ................................... 3 1.1.4 Excercise 4 ................................... 5 1.1.5 Excercise 5 ................................... 6 1.2 Improvements, part I: addressing........................... 8 1.2.1 Excercise 6 ................................... 11 1.3 Improvements, part II: indirect addressing...................... 11 1.4 Improvements, part III: labels............................. 18 1.4.1 Excercise 7: find substring in a string .................... 19 1.4.2 Excercise 8: improved polynomial....................... 21 1.5 Improvements, part IV: flag register ......................... 23 1.6 Improvements, part V: the stack ........................... 24 1.6.1 Excercise 12................................... 26 1.7 Improvements, part VI – function stack frame.................... 29 1.8 Finall excercises..................................... 34 1.8.1 Excercise 13................................... 34 1.8.2 Excercise 14................................... 34 1.8.3 Excercise 15................................... 34 1.8.4 Excercise 16................................... 34 iii iv SPIS TREŚCI 1.8.5 Excercise 17................................... 34 2 First program 37 2.1 Compiling, -
ARM Instruction Set
4 ARM Instruction Set This chapter describes the ARM instruction set. 4.1 Instruction Set Summary 4-2 4.2 The Condition Field 4-5 4.3 Branch and Exchange (BX) 4-6 4.4 Branch and Branch with Link (B, BL) 4-8 4.5 Data Processing 4-10 4.6 PSR Transfer (MRS, MSR) 4-17 4.7 Multiply and Multiply-Accumulate (MUL, MLA) 4-22 4.8 Multiply Long and Multiply-Accumulate Long (MULL,MLAL) 4-24 4.9 Single Data Transfer (LDR, STR) 4-26 4.10 Halfword and Signed Data Transfer 4-32 4.11 Block Data Transfer (LDM, STM) 4-37 4.12 Single Data Swap (SWP) 4-43 4.13 Software Interrupt (SWI) 4-45 4.14 Coprocessor Data Operations (CDP) 4-47 4.15 Coprocessor Data Transfers (LDC, STC) 4-49 4.16 Coprocessor Register Transfers (MRC, MCR) 4-53 4.17 Undefined Instruction 4-55 4.18 Instruction Set Examples 4-56 ARM7TDMI-S Data Sheet 4-1 ARM DDI 0084D Final - Open Access ARM Instruction Set 4.1 Instruction Set Summary 4.1.1 Format summary The ARM instruction set formats are shown below. 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9876543210 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Cond 0 0 I Opcode S Rn Rd Operand 2 Data Processing / PSR Transfer Cond 0 0 0 0 0 0 A S Rd Rn Rs 1 0 0 1 Rm Multiply Cond 0 0 0 0 1 U A S RdHi RdLo Rn 1 0 0 1 Rm Multiply Long Cond 0 0 0 1 0 B 0 0 Rn Rd 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Rm Single Data Swap Cond 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Rn Branch and Exchange Cond 0 0 0 P U 0 W L Rn Rd 0 0 0 0 1 S H 1 Rm Halfword Data Transfer: register offset Cond 0 0 0 P U 1 W L Rn Rd Offset 1 S H 1 Offset Halfword Data Transfer: immediate offset Cond 0 -
Microprocessor's Registers
IT Basics The microprocessor and ASM Prof. Răzvan Daniel Zota, Ph.D. Bucharest University of Economic Studies Faculty of Cybernetics, Statistics and Economic Informatics [email protected] http://zota.ase.ro/itb Contents • Basic microprocessor architecture • Intel microprocessor registers • Instructions – their components and format • Addressing modes (with examples) 2 Basic microprocessor architecture • CPU registers – Special memory locations on the microprocessor chip – Examples: accumulator, counter, FLAGS register • Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) – The place where most of the operations are being made inside the CPU • Bus Interface Unit (BIU) – It controls data and address buses when the main memory is accessed (or data from the cache memory) • Control Unit and instruction set – The CPU has a fixed instruction set for working with (examples: MOV, CMP, JMP) 3 Instruction’s processing • Processing an instruction requires 3 basic steps: 1. Fetching the instruction from memory (fetch) 2. Instruction’s decoding (decode) 3. Instruction’s execution (execute) – implies memory access for the operands and storing the result • Operation mode of an “antique” Intel 8086 Fetch Decode Execute Fetch Decode Execute …... Microprocessor 1 1 1 2 2 2 Busy Idle Busy Busy Idle Busy …... Bus 4 Instruction’s processing • Modern microprocessors may process more instructions simultaneously (pipelining) • Operation of a pipeline microprocessor (from Intel 80486 to our days) Fetch Fetch Fetch Fetch Store Fetch Fetch Read Fetch 1 2 3 4 1 5 6 2 7 Bus Unit Decode Decode -
X86 Assembly Language Syllabus for Subject: Assembly (Machine) Language
VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava Department of Computer Science, FEECS x86 Assembly Language Syllabus for Subject: Assembly (Machine) Language Ing. Petr Olivka, Ph.D. 2021 e-mail: [email protected] http://poli.cs.vsb.cz Contents 1 Processor Intel i486 and Higher – 32-bit Mode3 1.1 Registers of i486.........................3 1.2 Addressing............................6 1.3 Assembly Language, Machine Code...............6 1.4 Data Types............................6 2 Linking Assembly and C Language Programs7 2.1 Linking C and C Module....................7 2.2 Linking C and ASM Module................... 10 2.3 Variables in Assembly Language................ 11 3 Instruction Set 14 3.1 Moving Instruction........................ 14 3.2 Logical and Bitwise Instruction................. 16 3.3 Arithmetical Instruction..................... 18 3.4 Jump Instructions........................ 20 3.5 String Instructions........................ 21 3.6 Control and Auxiliary Instructions............... 23 3.7 Multiplication and Division Instructions............ 24 4 32-bit Interfacing to C Language 25 4.1 Return Values from Functions.................. 25 4.2 Rules of Registers Usage..................... 25 4.3 Calling Function with Arguments................ 26 4.3.1 Order of Passed Arguments............... 26 4.3.2 Calling the Function and Set Register EBP...... 27 4.3.3 Access to Arguments and Local Variables....... 28 4.3.4 Return from Function, the Stack Cleanup....... 28 4.3.5 Function Example.................... 29 4.4 Typical Examples of Arguments Passed to Functions..... 30 4.5 The Example of Using String Instructions........... 34 5 AMD and Intel x86 Processors – 64-bit Mode 36 5.1 Registers.............................. 36 5.2 Addressing in 64-bit Mode.................... 37 6 64-bit Interfacing to C Language 37 6.1 Return Values.......................... -
Asmc Macro Assembler Reference Asmc Macro Assembler Reference
Asmc Macro Assembler Reference Asmc Macro Assembler Reference This document lists some of the differences between Asmc, JWasm, and Masm. In This Section Asmc Command-Line Option Describes the Asmc command-line option. Asmc Error Messages Describes Asmc fatal and nonfatal error messages and warnings. Asmc Extensions Provides links to topics discussing Masm versus Asmc. Directives Reference Provides links to topics discussing the use of directives in Asmc. Symbols Reference Provides links to topics discussing the use of symbols in Asmc. Change Log | Forum Asmc Macro Assembler Reference Asmc Command-Line Reference Assembles and links one or more assembly-language source files. The command-line options are case sensitive. ASMC [[options]] filename [[ [[options]] filename]] options The options listed in the following table. Set CPU: 0=8086 (default), 1=80186, 2=80286, 3=80386, 4=80486, /[0|1|..|10][p] 5=Pentium,6=PPro,7=P2,8=P3,9=P4,10=x86-64. [p] allows privileged instructions. /assert Generate .assert(code). Same as .assert:on. /bin Generate plain binary file. Push user registers before stack-frame is created in a /Cs proc. /coff Generate COFF format object file. /Cp Preserves case of all user identifiers. /Cu Maps all identifiers to upper case (default). Link switch used with /pe -- subsystem:console /cui (default). /Cx Preserves case in public and extern symbols. Defines a text macro with the given name. If value is /Dsymbol[[=value]] missing, it is blank. Multiple tokens separated by spaces must be enclosed in quotation marks. /enumber Set error limit number. /elf Generate 32-bit ELF object file. /elf64 Generate 64-bit ELF object file. -
Assembly Language
Assembly Language University of Texas at Austin CS310H - Computer Organization Spring 2010 Don Fussell Human-Readable Machine Language Computers like ones and zeros… 0001110010000110 Humans like symbols… ADD R6,R2,R6 ; increment index reg. Assembler is a program that turns symbols into machine instructions. ISA-specific: close correspondence between symbols and instruction set mnemonics for opcodes labels for memory locations additional operations for allocating storage and initializing data University of Texas at Austin CS310H - Computer Organization Spring 2010 Don Fussell 2 An Assembly Language Program ; ; Program to multiply a number by the constant 6 ; .ORIG x3050 LD R1, SIX LD R2, NUMBER AND R3, R3, #0 ; Clear R3. It will ; contain the product. ; The inner loop ; AGAIN ADD R3, R3, R2 ADD R1, R1, #-1 ; R1 keeps track of BRp AGAIN ; the iteration. ; HALT ; NUMBER .BLKW 1 SIX .FILL x0006 ; .END University of Texas at Austin CS310H - Computer Organization Spring 2010 Don Fussell 3 LC-3 Assembly Language Syntax Each line of a program is one of the following: an instruction an assember directive (or pseudo-op) a comment Whitespace (between symbols) and case are ignored. Comments (beginning with “;”) are also ignored. An instruction has the following format: LABEL OPCODE OPERANDS ; COMMENTS optional mandatory University of Texas at Austin CS310H - Computer Organization Spring 2010 Don Fussell 4 Opcodes and Operands Opcodes reserved symbols that correspond to LC-3 instructions listed in Appendix A ex: ADD, AND, LD, LDR, … Operands registers -
(PSW). Seven Bits Remain Unused While the Rest Nine Are Used
8086/8088MP INSTRUCTOR: ABDULMUTTALIB A. H. ALDOURI The Flags Register It is a 16-bit register, also called Program Status Word (PSW). Seven bits remain unused while the rest nine are used. Six are status flags and three are control flags. The control flags can be set/reset by the programmer. 1. DF (Direction Flag) : controls the direction of operation of string instructions. (DF=0 Ascending order DF=1 Descending order) 2. IF (Interrupt Flag): controls the interrupt operation in 8086µP. (IF=0 Disable interrupt IF=1 Enable interrupt) 3. TF (Trap Flag): controls the operation of the microprocessor. (TF=0 Normal operation TF=1 Single Step operation) The status flags are set/reset depending on the results of some arithmetic or logical operations during program execution. 1. CF (Carry Flag) is set (CF=1) if there is a carry out of the MSB position resulting from an addition operation or subtraction. 2. AF (Auxiliary Carry Flag) AF is set if there is a carry out of bit 3 resulting from an addition operation. 3. SF (Sign Flag) set to 1 when result is negative. When result is positive it is set to 0. 4. ZF (Zero Flag) is set (ZF=1) when result of an arithmetic or logical operation is zero. For non-zero result this flag is reset (ZF=0). 5. PF (Parity Flag) this flag is set to 1 when there is even number of one bits in result, and to 0 when there is odd number of one bits. 6. OF (Overflow Flag) set to 1 when there is a signed overflow. -
Multiplication and Division Instructions
MultiplicationMultiplication andand DivisionDivision InstructionsInstructions • MUL Instruction • IMUL Instruction • DIV Instruction • Signed Integer Division • Implementing Arithmetic Expressions Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 1 MULMUL InstructionInstruction • The MUL (unsigned multiply) instruction multiplies an 8-, 16-, or 32-bit operand by either AL, AX, or EAX. • The instruction formats are: MUL r/m8 MUL r/m16 MUL r/m32 Implied operands: Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 2 MULMUL ExamplesExamples 100h * 2000h, using 16-bit operands: .data val1 WORD 2000h The Carry flag indicates whether or val2 WORD 100h not the upper half of .code the product contains mov ax,val1 significant digits. mul val2 ; DX:AX = 00200000h, CF=1 12345h * 1000h, using 32-bit operands: mov eax,12345h mov ebx,1000h mul ebx ; EDX:EAX = 0000000012345000h, CF=0 Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 3 YourYour turnturn .. .. .. What will be the hexadecimal values of DX, AX, and the Carry flag after the following instructions execute? mov ax,1234h mov bx,100h mul bx DX = 0012h, AX = 3400h, CF = 1 Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 4 YourYour turnturn .. .. .. What will be the hexadecimal values of EDX, EAX, and the Carry flag after the following instructions execute? mov eax,00128765h mov ecx,10000h mul ecx EDX = 00000012h, EAX = 87650000h, CF = 1 Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 5 IMULIMUL InstructionInstruction • IMUL (signed integer multiply ) multiplies an 8-, 16-, or 32-bit signed operand by either AL, AX, or EAX • Preserves the sign of the product by sign-extending it into the upper half of the destination register Example: multiply 48 * 4, using 8-bit operands: mov al,48 mov bl,4 imul bl ; AX = 00C0h, OF=1 OF=1 because AH is not a sign extension of AL.