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An Honours System for Ireland

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An Honours System for Ireland UCD GEARY INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES An Honours System for Ireland David Barrett UCD Geary Institute for Public Policy Geary WP2018/24 December 11, 2018 UCD Geary Institute Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of UCD Geary Institute. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. An Honours System for Ireland David Barrett Acknowledgements This study was completed while the author was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the UCD Geary Institute for Public Policy. The research was conducted under the guidance of Professor Philip O’Connell, Director of the Geary Institute and Professor David Farrell, UCD School of Politics and International Relations. Several civil servants provided valuable technical advice on honours and awards in an Irish context. The research was funded by a grant from the UCD Foundation. Contents Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................... 0 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Methodology............................................................................................................................................ 2 3. The Situation in Ireland in Comparison ....................................................................................... 3 3.1 History of Irish Reform Efforts ..................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Legal Issues ........................................................................................................................................... 5 3.3 Types of Honours ............................................................................................................................... 7 3.3.1 Civilian Awards ........................................................................................................................... 7 3.3.2 Exceptional Merit Awards ....................................................................................................... 9 3.3.3 Diplomatic Awards .................................................................................................................. 11 3.3.4 Military Awards......................................................................................................................... 12 3.4 Goals of an Irish Honours System .............................................................................................. 13 4. Kinds of Awards Systems ................................................................................................................. 15 4.1 Internal Recognition ................................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Old Monarchical ............................................................................................................................ 16 4.3 Nation-Building............................................................................................................................. 17 5. Case Studies ........................................................................................................................................... 19 5.1 Case Selection .................................................................................................................................... 19 5.2 United Kingdom ................................................................................................................................ 19 5.2.1 History of UK Honours ........................................................................................................... 19 5.2.2 Process of Honour Receipt .................................................................................................... 26 5.2.3 Honours Committee ................................................................................................................ 27 5.2.4 Composition of Awards .......................................................................................................... 27 5.2.5 What can Ireland learn from the United Kingdom? .................................................... 29 5.3 Canada .................................................................................................................................................. 31 5.3.1 History of Canadian Honours............................................................................................... 31 5.3.2 Process of Honour Receipt .................................................................................................... 35 5.3.3 Honours Committee ................................................................................................................ 36 5.3.4 Composition of Awards .......................................................................................................... 37 5.3.5 What can Ireland learn from Canada ................................................................................ 39 6. Recommendations for Ireland........................................................................................................ 40 7. Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 44 Executive Summary This report examines the case for the establishment of an honours system in Ireland. An honours system is a series of formalised awards given by the state. The report begins by examining the history of attempts to establish an honours system in Ireland and includes a discussion of the legal constitutional issues relating to such a system. It then identifies a range of different types of honours systems in different countries and finds that each of them has Irish counterparts. We then examine the kind of system, in generalised terms, that might be considered for Ireland. Following this we look at the specific cases of awards offered in the United Kingdom and Canada, going into the history and structure of awards in both countries to determine whether they offer any lessons for Ireland. Finally, the report returns to Ireland and offers recommendations on creating an Irish honour system based on international best practice. The report also provides a detailed appendix outlining the various awards offered by OECD countries, differing kinds of nomination forms and detailed graphics showing how an honour is awarded in various countries. The report first examines the history of the Irish case, through parliamentary debates and a number of constitutional reports. These reports found that there is no impediment in the Irish Constitution to establishing an honour system. We then outline a methodology for examining awards in an Irish context, where restricting the awards we examine to state awards alone is justified. The report notes that Ireland provides a wide range of awards informally, but that these do not have official state sanction. Nonetheless there are similarities between these awards and those provided by other countries. The report divides honours into four categories: civilian awards, exceptional merit awards, diplomatic awards and military awards. The report notes that there are multiple relevant Irish awards, but that nevertheless Ireland still lacks an honour that could show state recognition. The report also notes areas where this has caused problems for Ireland. The standard structure for awards in other OECD countries is also explored. The report then analyses award systems more generally. We suggest for Ireland an internal recognition system that is focused on the recognition of individuals for their achievements. Following the establishment of these general recommendations two case studies are chosen and examined. Both case studies offer policymakers similar lessons for the establishment of awards. Both Canada and Britain prioritised two particular areas – diversity and inclusiveness – and structured their award systems around these principles. In both cases pursuing these principles seems to have led to broad public support for the honours systems established. Finally, the report outlines policy recommendations for Ireland. Appendices available at: http://www.ucd.ie/geary/static/publications/Honours_System_for_Ireland_Appendices .docx 1. Introduction Awards have long had a role in society. They provide status and are a mark of distinction for those who have achieved great things. Many societies have awarded symbols of merit or distinction over the centuries. A Roman Triumph, in acknowledgment of the conquest of a new nation, and the elevation of a commoner to the nobility in medieval Europe, share this in common: they aimed to show that someone had done something extraordinary. They also did not usually involve direct monetary gain. Almost all modern states provide some sort of recognition for individuals who have performed extraordinary service, although the degree and frequency of these awards varies. Bestowing awards may have consequences for the individuals involved and for wider society. Awards are of benefit to
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