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Influence of Evacuation Walkway Design Parameters on Passenger sustainability Article Influence of Evacuation Walkway Design Parameters on Passenger Evacuation Time along Elevated Rail Transit Lines Using a Multi-Agent Simulation Zihua Pan 1,2,* , Qingchao Wei 1, Olav Torp 2 and Albert Lau 2 1 School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; [email protected] (O.T.); [email protected] (A.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-152-0134-3069 Received: 30 September 2019; Accepted: 29 October 2019; Published: 31 October 2019 Abstract: Passenger evacuation on elevated railway lines has always been an important issue for elevated rail transit safety management, because it is challenging to evacuate passengers efficiently in the event of man-made calamities and natural disasters. Therefore, an evacuation walkway has been designed as a primary solution to assist passenger evacuation during an emergency on elevated rail transit lines. However, investigations on how evacuation walkway designs influence passenger evacuation time are still limited. This study established two evacuation scenarios of interval evacuation on elevated rail transit lines and put forward a new evacuation time measurement method, based on the concept of ‘evacuation time for passengers leaving the evacuation walkway risk zone’. Then, the evacuation time for 90 combinations of entrance widths and walkway widths was simulated by a multi-agent evacuation simulator, Pathfinder, considering 1032 passengers being evacuated both unidirectionally and bidirectionally. The results show that the entrance width and walkway width have a combined effect on passenger evacuation time. An increase in the walkway width from 0.7 m to 1.5 m may potentially reduce the evacuation time by 54.5% in unidirectional evacuation, and 35.2% in bidirectional evacuation. An increase in the entrance width results in a noticeable evacuation time fluctuation when the walkway width is 0.7 and 0.8 m for both evacuation scenarios, while in a bidirectional evacuation, a noticeable fluctuation also can be observed when the walkway width is within the range of 1.4–1.5 m. According to the study, a potentially good design parameter combination for a newly built evacuation walkway is 1.3 m and 1.4 m for the walkway width and entrance width, respectively. The findings from this study may provide a useful reference in the optimization of the design of evacuation facilities and improvement of passenger evacuation safety in rail transit systems. Keywords: passenger safety; Maglev transit; evacuation time; multi-agent simulation; evacuation walkway; parametric design 1. Introduction Due to the increase in man-made accidents and natural disasters, passenger evacuation in a rail transit system has became a more prominent research issue for emergency response planners, transport engineers and policymakers [1–6]. It is challenging to evacuate a mass volume of passengers in a well-organised and highly-efficient way in a rail transit system because of the uncertainty of accidents and complex nature of individual characteristics [7–9]. Passenger evacuation in rail transit systems can be hard to predict, because the types and locations of accidents that occur in rail transit are unpredictable [10]. In many cases, passengers are required to evacuate quickly in a difficult-walking Sustainability 2019, 11, 6049; doi:10.3390/su11216049 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019, 11, x 6049 FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of of 18 17 walking environment, e.g., through a tunnel with low visibility or a viaduct with limited walking spaceenvironment, [11,12]. The e.g., tendency through a for tunnel passengers with low to visibilitybe caught or in a viaductdanger, withe.g., falling limited over walking or panicking space [11 in,12 a]. congestedThe tendency and forunfamiliar passengers place, to beis caughthigh. Furthermore, in danger, e.g., distance falling to over safety or is panicking an uncertain in a congestedfactor for passengers.and unfamiliar While place, the priority is high. is Furthermore, to evacuate passenger distances to to safety the nearest is an uncertainstation in case factor of foran emergency, passengers. itWhile remains the prioritya possibility is to evacuatethat a train passengers will be forced to the to nearest stop at station interval in sections case of an due emergency, to a train itfire, remains train collision,a possibility power that failure, a train etc. will [13,14]. be forced In this to stopcase, at people interval might sections need dueto walk to a for train a long fire, distance train collision, to get awaypower from failure, the etc. dangerous [13,14]. Inaccident this case, site people before might they re needach tothe walk safety for exits. a long Therefore, distance to it getis essential away from to providethe dangerous a user-friendly accident and site beforehighly-efficient they reach evacuation the safety facility exits. Therefore, for passengers’ it is essential safety in to rail provide transit a systemsuser-friendly [15]. and highly-efficient evacuation facility for passengers’ safety in rail transit systems [15]. The evacuation walkway for Elevated Electrom Electromagneticagnetic Suspension (EMS) Maglev transit may be one typical evacuation facility for rail transit systems. The EMS maglev track structure is known for having less space for evacuation in comparison to a conventional ballast or ballastless rail track structure (see Figure 11).). TheThe solutionsolution toto thatthat isis thereforetherefore anan extraextra elevatedelevated evacuationevacuation walkway,walkway, nextnext to the rail transit systems. It It is is worth worth noting noting that that an an elevated elevated walkway walkway that that is is high high from from the ground might pose a problematic evacuation condition for passengers who are acrophobicacrophobic [[16].16]. Figure 1.1. AA track track structure structure comparison comparison of a metroof a systemmetro andsystem an Elevatedand an ElectromagneticElevated Electromagnetic Suspension Suspension(EMS) Maglev (EMS) system: Maglev (a) system: a typical (a rail-track) a typical structurerail-track ofstructure a traditional of a traditional metro system metro [17 system]; (b) EMS[17]; (Maglevb) EMS trackMaglev structure track structure of the Beijing of the Maglev Beijing Express.Maglev Express. Some research hashas shownshown that that an an appropriately appropriately designed designed evacuation evacuation walkway walkway could could improve improve the theevacuation evacuation conditions conditions in rail in transit rail transit constructions. constructi Forons. instance, For instance, Habicht Habicht et al. [18 ]et proposed al. [18] proposed a definition, a definition,together with together a method, with to calculatea method, the to eff ectivecalculate width the reductions effective underwidth variousreductions conditions, under basedvarious on conditions,pedestrian distributionbased on pedestrian observations distribution in a pedestrian observat tunnel.ions in They a pedestrian found that tunnel. the actual They efoundffective that width the actualof the passagewayeffective width is generally of the widerpassageway than that is assumedgenerally in wider some designthan that practices. assumed Lundstrom in some et design al. [19] practices.discussed theLundstrom relationship et al. between [19] discussed a raised walkwaythe relationship width and between people’s a raised evacuation walkway behaviour width in and rail people’stunnels using evacuation a model behaviour of a tunnel in walkway.rail tunnels They using found a model that aof walkway a tunnel widthwalkway. of around They found 1 m leads that toa walkwaya higher moving width of speed, around and 1 there m leads is a linearto a higher relationship moving between speed, the and dynamic there is flow a linear of the relationship crowd and betweenthe walkway the dynamic width. Moreover, flow of the the crowd evacuation and the walkway walkway width width. consideration Moreover, the is a evacuation mandatory walkway aspect of widthevacuation consideration regulations is a in mandatory many countries. aspect of For evacuation example, theregulations minimum in walkwaymany countries. width inFor a example, tunnel of <the20 minimum km should walkway be at least width 0.75 in m, a whiletunnel that of <20 for km tunnels should>20 be km at least should 0.75 be m, at while least 1.1that m for according tunnels >20to EU km regulations should be at [20 least]. According 1.1 m according to the designto EU re codegulations of the [20]. Metro According of China to and the the design design code code of the for MetroMedium of andChina Low-Speed and the Maglevdesign Transitcode for in China,Medium the and minimum Low-Speed evacuation Maglev walkway Transit width in China, should the be minimum0.7 m, which evacuation is the same walkway as the recently width builtshould Copenhagen be 0.7 m, Metrowhich [ 21is –th23e]. same as the recently built CopenhagenThe research Metro mentioned [21–23]. above is useful for designing the evacuation walkway width, while the connectingThe research parts betweenmentioned the above train is and useful the for evacuation designing walkway the evacuation may result walkway in a bottleneckwidth, while eff theect connectingduring the evacuationparts between process the train [23]. and For the example, evacuati Fridolfon walkway et al. [24 may] found result that
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