From Welfare Dependency to a Practical Nursing Career. Ruth Dworkin Sherman University of Massachusetts Amherst
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University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1992 Educating women for development : from welfare dependency to a practical nursing career. Ruth Dworkin Sherman University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Sherman, Ruth Dworkin, "Educating women for development : from welfare dependency to a practical nursing career." (1992). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 4943. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/4943 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EDUCATING WOMEN FOR DEVELOPMENT: FROM WELFARE DEPENDENCY TO A PRACTICAL NURSING CAREER A Dissertation Presented by RUTH DWORKIN SHERMAN Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION May 1992 School of Education (c) Copyright by Ruth Dworkin Sherman 1992 All Rights Reserved EDUCATING WOMEN FOR DEVELOPMENT: FROM WELFARE DEPENDENCY TO A PRACTICAL NURSING CAREER A Dissertation Presented by RUTH DWORKIN SHERMAN Approved as to style and content by: Maurianne Adams, Chairperson .^Anfi Sheridan, Member ey Jackson, Deal ol of Education DEDICATION To Martin Eric and Rachel ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the past two decades my professional work has provided me with the distinct privilege of developing educational and training programs for poor and undereducated women who were committed to improving their lives and those of their children through furthering their education. The courage, fortitude, and determination of these women were the inspiration for this study. I want to express my sincere appreciation to all of the women who through the course of this study generously shared with me their own personal journey of self-discovery and self-development. These women contributed greatly to my own growth and development and their personal stories were a continuing source of inspiration and support to me throughout this study. Tremendous appreciation and gratitude is owed to my committee whose guidance shaped this project and made its completion a reality. Maurianne Adams, the Chair, who generously provided wisdom and encouragement throughout this project; E. Ann Sheridan who read each page of this project with an exacting eye and an insightful mind; and Jay Carey, who provided his thoughtful expertise. Finally, the support and interest of colleagues, as well as the prodding of friends and especially family were, of course, vital to the completion of this undertaking. v ABSTRACT EDUCATING WOMEN FOR DEVELOPMENT: FROM WELFARE DEPENDENCY TO A PRACTICAL NURSING CAREER MAY, 1992 RUTH DWORKIN SHERMAN, B. A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AT AMHERST M. ED., NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY Ed. D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AT AMHERST Directed by: Professor Maurianne Adams Using the qualitative methodology of grounded research, this study sought to discover whether or not internal developmental changes are fundamental to the transformation process of moving from welfare dependency to self-sustaining, economic self-sufficiency among welfare dependent mothers who enroll in highly structured academic and career related training programs to become practical nurses. To realize their goal of welfare independence, subjects entered a grant-funded, community college Career Access Program in Nursing which offered a progressive hierarchy of career ladder steps including Patient Care Assistant training, Developmental and Academic coursework, and Licensed Practical Nurse preparation. Utilizing eight welfare dependent mothers as subjects and an interview protocol modeled on developmental vi principles, the researcher tracked the transformation process as indicated by changes in self-identity, movement towards autonomy, and cognitive growth, and analyzed situational, economic, and other demographic themes. Within the context of the study is an analysis of the potency of gender, class, and socioeconomic status on issues of female dependency and empowerment; the impact of age and stage on readiness patterns of welfare dependent mothers; and the relationship of gender related themes of affiliation and interdependence on women's career choices, maternal relationships, and learning preferences. The study's most important finding emerged within the realm of psychosocial change. The results indicated that a welfare dependent mother's ability to reconstruct her gender role to encompass a self-identity which is both psychologically and economically autonomous is core to her successful transformation process. This dissertation presents a "process model of change which depicts four discrete, invariant, domain specific stages of change which are embedded within the transformation process: Precondition, Transition, Reconstruction, and Independence. This model subsumes the multiple changes acquired by the subjects in the external arena of skills and knowledge competencies, as well as within the internal domains of psychological and cognitive functioning. This model contains constructs from which intervention strategies may be developed aimed at reducing welfare dependency through education and empowerment, as well as for evaluating the effectiveness of intervention programs proposed to promote long term, economic self- sufficiency among welfare dependent women. vm TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v ABSTRACT. vi LIST OF TABLES.xiii LIST OF FIGURES.xiv Chapter I. THE PROBLEM Background of the Problem . 1 Statement of the Problem . 4 Purpose of the Study. 9 Significance of the Study. 11 Research Questions . 13 Description of the Career Access Program in Nursing. 14 Limitations of the Study. 20 Definition of Terms. 21 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Organization of the Chapter. 24 Section One: Characteristics of Welfare Dependent Women . 26 Demographic Characteristics of Welfare Dependent Women . 26 Employment Efforts and Work Motivation of Welfare Dependent Women . 30 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Long and Short Term Welfare Dependent Women . 35 Psychological Aspects of Welfare Dependent Women. 39 Historical Roots of Negative Attitudes Toward Welfare Dependency . 48 Federal Responses to Reduce Welfare Dependency. 51 Barriers to Economic Self-Sufficiency for Welfare Dependent Women . 58 ix Implications for Long Term Change and Development. 65 Section Two: Introduction . 68 Theoretical Foundations of Women's Development . 69 Psychosocial Development . 72 Cognitive Development . 78 Moral Development. 83 Change Theory Related to Women's Development . 88 Section Three: Adult Learning Environments . 91 Enablers and Inhibitors to Female Learning ... 98 Practical Nurse Career Preparation . 105 Section Four: Summary and Integration of Literature Review . 113 III. METHODOLOGY Introduction . 118 Section One: Grounded Theory Method . 118 Population of the Study. 122 Human Subjects Review Procedures . 122 Data Collection Procedures . 123 Naturalistic Observation . 125 Participant Observation . 126 Researcher's Role and Orientation . 126 Interviewing Techniques . 127 Reference Group . 128 Data Analysis Procedures . 129 Trustworthiness Criteria . 131 Section Two: Description of Study Participants . 133 Section Three: Chronology and Description of Study Participant Interviews . 135 Introductory Contacts . 136 The Interview Process . 137 Data Interpretation and Analysis . 137 Inductive Analysis . 138 Validation and Verification . 138 Summary. 139 x IV. FINDINGS Introduction . 140 Section One: Analysis of Nondevelopmental Findings. 142 Demographic Influences on Study Participants . 142 Prior Educational Experiences . 148 Workforce Attachment and Related Disincentives . 150 Psychosocial Reality of Welfare Dependent Women. 153 Impact of Role Strain Conflicts on Psychological Readiness . 159 Intergenerational Affiliation and Interconnectedness . 166 Section Two: Analysis of Developmental Findings. 175 Manifestations of Cognitive Growth . 175 Manifestations of Psychosocial Growth .... 184 Process of Gender Role Reconstruction .... 187 Change from a Longitudinal Programmatic Perspective. 191 Section Three: A Process Model of Change: From Welfare Dependency to Self-Sustaining Economic Independence . 199 Summary. 203 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction . 205 Summary of the Study. 205 Primary Study Findings . 208 Genesis and Analysis of the Process Model of Change. 208 Relationship of Field Theory to the Process Change Model . 214 Secondary Study Findings . 216 Common Attributes of Participant Success ... 216 Predictive Value of Prior Educational Experience. 217 Relevance of Moral Domain to Change Process . 217 Themes of Interconnectedness and Affiliation . 218 Impact of Maternal Thinking . 219 xi Conclusions of the Study. 220 Critique of the Research Method. 221 Implications of the Study. 222 Recommendations for Further Research . 225 APPENDICES A. INTRODUCTORY LETTER TO POTENTIAL STUDY PARTICIPANTS . 229 B. INFORMED CONSENT FORM: AGREEMENT TO PARTICIPATE IN THE STUDY. 231 C. INFORMED CONSENT FORM: USE OF AUDIOTAPES .... 233 D. GENERAL INTERVIEW GUIDE . 235 E. CAREER ACCESS PROGRAM CLINICAL EVALUATION FORM FOR PATIENT CARE ASSISTANTS. 238 F. ANALYSIS OF THE SKILL MASTERY REQUIREMENTS AND THE