321 M. Naum and J.M. Nordin (Eds.), Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity: Small Time Agents in a Global Arena

Index

A Swedish iron Almenn landskipunarfræði , 40 Board of Mines , 55 Amina revolt global integration , 55 Aquambo nation , 266 market economy , 54 ethnic networks , 264 metal trades , 54 French soldiers , 264 Moravian mission , 265 rebels , 264 B 1733 revolt , 265 Bankhus site , 288–289 Slave Coast , 265 Berckentin Palace , 9 St. Thomas , 263 Brevis Commentarius de Islandia , 39 Atlantic economy Gammelbo to Calabar African traders , 59 C European slave trade and New World Charlotte Amalie port slavery , 60 archaeological exploration , 280 Gammelbo forgemen , 58 Bankhus site , 288–289 slave ships , 59 Caribbean market , 276 voyage iron , 58 cast iron , 279 ironworks Danish trade , 275 Bergslagen region , 55 historical documents , 276 bergsmän , 56 housing compounds, Government Hill , 279 bruks , 56 Magens House site Dannemora mine , 57 ceramics , 284 Dutch and British consumers , 58 Crown House , 283 osmund iron , 56 Danish ﬂ uted lace porcelain , 284 pig iron , 56 excavated material remains , 285 Leufsta to Birmingham’s steel furnaces high-cost goods , 286 British manufacturers market , 64 ironwork , 286 common iron , 61 Moravian ware , 284 international market , 63 terraces , 285 iron quality , 64 urban garden , 287 järnboden storehouse , 63 nineteenth-century gates , 281 Öregrund Iron , 62 spatial analysis Walloon forging technique , 61 Blackbeard’s Castle , 282 Swedish economy , 64–66 bone button blanks , 283

M. Naum and J.M. Nordin (eds.), Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity: 321 Small Time Agents in a Global Arena, Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology 37, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6202-6, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 322 Index

Charlotte Amalie port (cont.) Greenland , 107–108 cultural meaning and intentions , 281 illegal trade interisland trade of goods and alcoholic beverages , 109 wares , 282 British faience plate , 109 social relations , 281 buy and discard practice , 110 transhipment/redistribution centre , 283 Disko Bay , 108 St. Thomas’s harbour , 277 European iron artefacts , 109 trading networks , 275 foreign whalers , 109 Waterfront wharfs , 277 glass beads , 110 welcoming arms entry ways , 278 Greenlandic transculturation , 111 Colonial encounter RGTD and colonial census lists , 111 acculturation , 311 intermarriage and trading women Dutch mercantile capitalism , 312 cultural traditions and distribution entanglement , 311 rights , 120 Nordic gangstas , 307–308 Egedesminde and Christianshaab , 119 race and place, longitudinal perspectives European commodities , 120 European mentality , 314 Instruks , 116 Greenlanders , 313 marriage contracts , 116 indigenous agency , 315 mixed families , 117 RGTC , 313 RGTD employees , 117 St John slave revolt , 314 sales record , 118 small-time agents servants , 119 ceramic vessels , 310 material cultural encounter , 124–126 colonial complicity , 311 trade administration European colonial powers , 308 Christianshaab , 115 indigenous peoples , 310 commodities , 114 postcolonial confession , 308 Danish colonists , 114 primitive technology , 309 economic reasoning , 112 slavery , 309 Egedesminde , 114 trading posts , 309 ethical and economic intentions , 115 transnational communities , 312 foreign whalers , 113 Colonialism insinuations glass beads , 113 asymmetrical power relations , 297 historical sources , 113 Brafferton Indian School , 299 marine mammals , 112 Caribbean colonial powerhouse , 298 price lists , 114 Delaware Valley , 298 RGTD management , 115 English settlements , 299 Complying with Colonialism: Gender, identities , 302–303 Race and Ethnicity in the Nordic iron bars , 297 Region , 30 materialities African merchants , 300 colonial pancake house , 301 D consumerism , 300 Danish Gold Coast racism and oppression , 304 African and Euro-African spaces Colonial policies plantations , 251 Ane Thorin stone buildings , 250 consumer behaviour , 124 Atlantic enclaves and multinational spaces coopers , 120 Christiansborg , 246 European-style house , 121 European forts , 245 Greenlanders , 121 European personnel, Danish West Grønlænderbøger account book , 122 Africa , 248 missionary census record , 123 extraterritorial enclaves , 245 shopping activities , 124 fort slaves , 247 consumption and family life , 106–107 payrolls , 247 Index 323

remidors , 249 New Sweden salaried personnel, Danish West colonial dystopia , 197 Africa , 249 copper and brass kettles , 201 urban settlements , 246 garments , 201 Danish Africans gift reciprocity , 198 Atlantic goods , 253 land tenure system , 198 christian norms , 252 Lenape customs , 197 Euro-African merchants , 253 map of , 199 mulattos , 251 wampum , 200 Negroes , 251 roof framing , 177 sexual regulation , 252 Scandinavian settlers , 175 Danish West Africa settlers and Native American groups Atlantic consumer goods , 253 Fort Christina , 178 European cultural norms , 255 legal purchase and settlement , 178 hats , 255 Lenape family , 180 powder kegs and fl intlocks , 256 material exchanges , 177 slave population , 254 multicultural environment , 180 wooden containers , 254 pelt trade , 179 Dannemora mine , 57 Printzhof site , 179 Delaware Valley spatial and temporal symbolism , 174 artefact distribution , 202 still-standing rooms , 177 borderlands Strickler Site , 181 geography and political economy , 190 Susquehannock site , 181 interaction process , 191 Sweden postcolonial theories , 191 allegorical themes , 195 civilised and recognisable space , 174 Augsburg cabinet , 194 colonial hybridity , 176 Central medallion , 197 colony Dutch shipbuilders , 194 colonial plan , 170 Renaissance ideas , 193 Dutch involvement , 170 Skokloster Castle , 196 economic and territorial growth , 171 Vasa ship , 193 geography , 170 homesickness and longing , 173 nostalgic feelings , 173 E petty criminals , 172 Early modern Sápmi recruitment , 171 colonial and Saami education settlement , 172 catechisers , 135 shipping and long-distance Christianity lessons , 133 seafaring , 169 consciousness , 136 Tinicum Island , 173 fi nances , 134 transatlantic venture , 169 indoctrination and acculturation , 136 drying house , 175 pietist pedagogy , 135 Eastern U.S. map , 190 School Instruction , 134 European objects , 182 shamanistic rites , 133 Fort Casimir , 202 Skyttean school, Lycksele , 134 imperial–colonial Sweden , 189 colonial education and Saami resistance imperialism , 204 catechetical knowledge , 139 jasper biface tools , 203 charting activities , 141 middle ground , 191–192 christian ideology , 138 Morton Homestead , 176 drum , 140 nationalist identity and imperial hunting and fi shing luck , 140 power , 204 language and reasoning , 138 New Amstel , 202 long-term fi nancial support , 142 New Castle , 202 Vapsten community , 139 324 Index

Early modern Sápmi (cont.) Frettablaðið , 101 vocabulary , 141 conversion acculturation , 138 G intra-religious motive , 137 Grønlænderbøger , 114 missionary reports , 136 vision , 137 cultural heritage , 143 H imperial colonialism , 132 Hauksbók (The Book of Haukur) , 39 Lapland Bill , 131 Heritage tourism Lutheran missionaries and school cross-disciplinary Danish survey team , 73 masters , 133 cultural tourism , 74 Nomad School reform , 144 Danish tourists , 71, 73 restricted and evangelical curriculum , 143 guest books , 72 Swedish Laplands , 132 imperialism/neocolonialism , 74 King Street , 72 mental province , 73 F numismatics , 75 Forest Finns Historisk Tidskrift , 22 copper and iron industries , 154 Huuhta technique , 149 Delaware Valley , 148 ethnicity and cultural identity , 147 ethnicity and material culture , 149 I house Finns , 155 Iceland map of , 150 Algerian society , 40 New Sweden colony , 160 blámaður (blue man) , 39 slash-and-burn agriculture , 148 civilisation and savagery , 41 Sweden colonial project and crypto-colonialism agricultural transition , 154 Chinese style , 89 building traditions , 152 clay tobacco pipes , 89 cultural mobility , 153 cultural heritage , 100 double houses , 153 European historiography , 91 grain-drying sheds , 154 glass bottle, sun tanning lotion , 90 huuhta technique , 149 national self-identity , 101 kaski , 151 oriental porcelain , 89 macrofossils and pollen samples , 151 pan-Scandinavian heritage , 100 rye cultivation , 150 political geography , 101 smoke ovens , 152 racial and cultural hierarchy , 90 tradition and changes colony bathhouses , 159 civilising missions , 92 dispersed settlement pattern , 157 colonialism and nationalism , 94 Finnish sauna culture , 160 economy , 93 harsher laws , 156 independent nation , 91 log construction , 158 national mythology , 93 lower Swedish cabin , 158 political colonialism , 92 slash-and-burn techniques , 157 Danish material presence, archaeology of smoke saunas , 160 alcohol , 95 taxation , 156 German stonewares and Dutch clay vagrant Finns , 155 pipes , 94 written sources and architectural nationalism and the temperance remains , 148 movement , 96 Fort Casimir , 202, 204 timber houses , 94 Fort Dansborg , 71 whisky ﬂ ask , 96 Fort Trefaldighet , 204 Eskimos , 37 Index 325

Hans Jonatan, “Mulatto” N Borgargarður , 48 Naturalis Historae , 39 Caribbean slave , 47 New and old Sweden Constitution Hill , 42 Algonquian language , 219 Copenhagen , 45 Atlantic world Danish Court , 46 biographical chains , 213 Danish law , 45 colonial transcript , 211 Djúpivogur, trading station of , 48 commodities, exchange of , 212 freedom and human dignity , 45 exotic objects , 211 Head Tax List , 43 Native American objects , 213 Holsoe’s analysis , 42 transatlantic colonisation , 212 personal names , 44 colonialism , 224 plantation business , 44 colonial praxis St. Croix , 47 copper and brass kettles trade , 217 sugar and slavery , 41 Native American communities , 217 human diversity , 40 savage coats , 218 Kalmar Union , 38 wampum , 218 Laki eruption , 39 ﬁ ne arts and furniture , 221 nationalism, colonialism and Frösthult parish church , 210 archaeology grave slab , 210 civility and cultural superiority , 100 Johan Printz, probate record of , 220 illusory antithesis , 98 material artefacts , 219 literary and linguistic heritage , 99 Printzhof archaeology Northern Dwellers , 97 clay pipes and stone pipes heads , 216 religion , 98 cultural traditions , 216 topographic literature , 99 European objects , 215 western discourse , 97 excavations , 214 Norwegian rule , 38 ﬁ eldwork , 214 proto-racism , 38 habitation pattern , 215 racial differences , 38 hybridisation process , 216 slavery , 41 wigwam , 214 social and intellectual developments , 37 Skokloster Castle , 221–223

K O Kongelige Grønlandske Handel (KGH) , 107 Öregrund Iron , 62 “Our Old Tropical Colonies,” 74

L Lapland Regulations , 132 R Leufsta bruk , 57 Råsjö site , 152 Royal Greenlandic Trading Department (RGTD) , 107, 108, 111, 112, M 114–117, 121 Magens House site ceramics , 284 Crown House , 283 S Danish ﬂ uted lace porcelain , 284 Scandinavian colonialism excavated material remains , 285 colonial ideologies high-cost goods , 286 African slaves , 10 ironwork , 286 Carl Linnaeus , 11 Moravian ware , 284 cruelty and pejorative attitudes , 10 terraces , 285 human species , 11–12 urban garden , 287 plantation slavery , 11 326 Index

Scandinavian colonialism (cont.) Caribbean , 1784, 230 colonial ventures colonialism and historiographical African slaves , 9 possibilities Berckentin Palace , 9 colonial relations , 24 Dutch entrepreneurs and investors , 6 ethnohistory and historical Gold Coast , 8 anthropology , 22 international markets , 9 fi nancial liability , 23 military confl icts and economic historical landscape , 21 antagonism , 8 internal colonisation , 24 national economies , 5 non-alliance and mediation , 24 overseas colonies , 6 North American colony , 21 St. Barthélemy , 7 overseas possessions , 20 St. John, windmill tower ruins , 7 Sámi history , 22 trade regulations , 5 scholarship , 19 cultural consequences , 12–13 St. Barthélemy , 19 economic strategies , 4 textbooks survey , 23 global and colonial politics , 4 Vega expedition , 20 methodological nationalism , 4 cultural values , 26 policymaking , 4 Delaware Valley , 27 small agents , 14 European expansion and colonialism , 18 Skírnir , 40, 41 friendly relations , 28 Skokloster Castle , 196 global fi nancial crisis , 18 Slash-and-burn technique , 151 globalisation discourses , 29 St. John imperialism , 29 African Caribbeans , 270–271 indigenous populations , 27 American slave societies , 261 integration Amina revolt American War of Independence , 234 Aquambo nation , 266 iron industry , 233 ethnic networks , 264 lucrative slave trade , 235 French soldiers , 264 mercantile exchanges , 233 Moravian mission , 265 revolutionary American colonies , 235 rebels , 264 Swedish merchants , 234 Slave Coast , 265 transatlantic commerce , 233 St. Thomas , 263 integration/internal colonisation , 25 Coral Bay map , 262 invasion/settlement , 26 creolised category Lenape Indians , 31 Accra nation , 266 Nordic self-perceptions , 30 ethnic categories , 267 offi cial commemorative stamps , 29 Gold Coast , 268 penal colony , 17 Moravian mission , 267 Saami sovereignty , 25 slavery and colonialism , 268 share holders , 30 Danish West Indies , 263 slave trade , 232 rebels , 269–270 St. Barthélemy, acquisition of Svenska Folkets Underbara Öden , 18 fi nancial and demographic Sweden requirements , 239 African colony , 28 French government , 238 Afrikakompaniet , 232 Gustavia , 239 Atlantic trade and political economy St. Thomas island , 237 Caribbean navigation , 236 West Indies coastal shipping , 240 physiocrats , 235 Tobago project , 231 salted herring and hardware items , 236 trade and alliance , 31 trade agreement , 237 violence , 32 Baltic region , 24 West India Company , 231 Barima territory , 232 Systema Naturae , 11 Index 327

T guest books , 72 Tranquebar imperialism/neocolonialism , 74 anti-conquest King Street , 72 British rule , 80 mental province , 73 business ventures , 80 numismatics , 75 colonial relationship , 83 Danish postcolonial narratives to development aid , 81 postcolonial encounters , 75–77 economic success , 82 Fort Dansborg , 71 Indian and Danish archaeologists , 81 Indo-Danish heritage , 70 narrative strategy , 82 negotiating (post)colonial relations , trading colony , 83 78–79 colonial heritage , 70 Tamil and colonial architecture , 69 colonial nostalgia town gate of , 70 cross-disciplinary Danish survey team , 73 cultural tourism , 74 V Danish tourists , 71, 73 Vasa ship , 193