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Title Study on Landslide Dam Failure Due to Sliding and Overtopping Study on Landslide Dam Failure Due to Sliding and Title Overtopping( Dissertation_全文 ) Author(s) Awal, Ripendra Citation 京都大学 Issue Date 2008-09-24 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k14136 Right Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion author Kyoto University Study on Landslide Dam Failure Due to Sliding and Overtopping By Ripendra Awal 2008 Abstract Landslides and debris flows due to heavy rains or earthquakes may block a river flow and create landslide dam naturally. Formation and failure of landslide dam are one of the significant natural hazards in the mountainous area all over the world. Recent predictions of climate change suggest that many part of world will experience a higher frequency of extreme rainfall events and increase in the number and intensity of typhoons, cyclones and hurricanes will produce a rising danger of landslides in future. So, the formation and failure of landslide dams and flash flood events in mountains area will be also increased by global climate change. Landslide dam may cause inundation in the upstream area and potential dam failure may cause downstream flooding. The comparisons of peak discharge for some events of natural dam failure in Nepal indicate that the peak discharge may be many times greater than that triggered by any normal rainfall. Since the failure of landslide dam may be catastrophic to downstream area, the resulting outflow hydrograph has to be predicted in order to determine possible inundation area and other hazards. Prediction of outflow hydrograph plays a vital role in both structural and non-structural countermeasures including evacuation to cope with landslide dam failure. Predicted outflow hydrograph can be used as an upstream boundary condition for subsequent flood routing. Landslide dam may fail by erosion due to overtopping, abrupt collapse of the dam body or progressive failure. However, in-depth knowledge of the mechanism of the landslide dam failures and measured data are still lacking. Landslide dam failure has been frequently studied as an earthen dam failure despite of their differences in geometry, dimensions and material properties. Very few models are developed for landslide dam failure that can treat the flow as both sediment flow and debris flow. Most of the existing models are applicable to overtopping failure of landslide dam. In this context, an attempt is made to integrate three separate models (i.e. seepage flow model, slope stability model and dam surface erosion and flow model) to predict the outflow hydrograph resulted from failure of landslide dam by overtopping and sudden sliding. The seepage flow model calculates pore water pressure and moisture content inside the dam body. The model of slope stability calculates the factor of safety and the geometry of critical slip surface according to pore water pressure and moisture movement in the dam body. The model of the dam surface erosion and flow calculates dam surface erosion due to overflowing water. Infiltration process is incorporated in the integrated model although this process is neglected in almost all available models. The model can predict the time at which landslide dam may fail and i also detect failure mode due to either overtopping or sliding based on initial and boundary conditions. Outflow hydrograph is calculated according to failure mode. The model can predict both total discharge and sediment discharge hydrographs. The model is capable of treating all types of flows according to sediment concentration. Experimental studies are carried out to determine graphical relationship for the prediction of failure mode based on dimensional analysis. Critical channel slope for sediments Mix 1-6 (Silica sand S1 to S6 mixed in equal proportion) and Mix 1-7 (Silica sand S1 to S7 mixed in equal proportion) are derived from flume experiments. For particular discharge and dam height we can determine critical channel slope. If the channel slope is close to the critical channel slope the dam may fail due to instantaneous slip failure. If the channel slope is flatter than critical channel slope, progressive failure may occur. And if it is steeper, then overtopping flow may occur. Set of flume experimental data is used to compare the peak discharge for different failure modes. It is found that progressive failure produced maximum peak discharge comparing with other failure modes. Infiltration into variable saturated porous media is governed by the Richards’ equation. The pressure based Richards’ equation descritized by finite differences technique is used in both 2D (Two-dimensional) and 3D (Three-dimensional) seepage flow models. Sudden failure of landslide dam was studied in experimental flume for constant head and steady discharge in the upstream reservoir. A high and constant water level or a gradual rise of water level in the reservoir causes water to penetrate into the dam body, increasing mobilized shear stress and causing dam to fail by sudden collapse after it becomes larger than resisting shear stress. The seepage model is combined with transient slope stability model. The limit equilibrium method is employed to evaluate the transient slope stability. It involves calculating the factor of safety and searching for the critical slip surface that has the lowest factor of safety considering temporal variation of both pore water pressure and moisture content inside the dam body. The numerical procedure used for the identification of critical noncircular slip surface with the minimum factor of safety is based on dynamic programming and the Janbu’s simplified method. A 2D analysis is only valid for slopes which are long in the third dimension. However, failure of natural slopes and landslide dams confined in a narrow U- or V-shaped valley occurs in three dimensions. Therefore 3D approach is more appropriate to analyze such stability problems. The 3D slope stability analysis based on dynamic programming and random number generation incorporated with 3D simplified Janbu’s method is also used to determine minimum factor of safety and the corresponding critical slip surface for landslide dam in the V-shaped valley. The 3D seepage flow model is coupled with 3D slope stability model so the combined model is capable for ii transient slope stability analysis. Numerical simulations and flume experiments are performed to investigate the mechanism of landslide dam failure due to sliding for both 2D and 3D cases. The lateral slope of the flume bed is horizontal for 2D case and is inclined for 3D case. Water content reflectometers (WCRs) are used in the flume experiments to measure the temporal variation of moisture content during seepage process. The shape of the slip surface during sliding of the dam body is measured by analyses of videos taken from the flume sides. Comparisons show that results of numerical simulation and experimental measurement are quite close in terms of movement of moisture in the dam body, predicted critical slip surface and time to failure of the dam body. Dam surface erosion and flow model is developed for simulation of outflow hydrograph due to landslide dam failure by overtopping. The proposed model is tested for different experimental cases of landslide dam failure for overtopping over full and partial channel width. The model is able to reproduce the resulting hydrograph reasonably. The simulated overtopping time and dam surface erosion at different time steps are also in good agreement with experiments. The simulated breach width depends on inflow and reservoir volume. The incised channel is almost vertical for both simulations and experiments in small inflow discharge and small reservoir volume. In the case of larger inflow discharge and larger reservoir volume, slumping occurred at irregular time steps. The peak discharge is highly influenced by sliding of breached channel bank at crest. An integrated numerical model is developed by combining seepage flow model, slope stability model and dam surface erosion and flow model for simulation of outflow hydrograph due to landslide dam failure by overtopping and sliding. The main advantage of an integrated model is that it can detect failure mode due to either overtopping or sliding based on initial and boundary conditions. The proposed model is tested for experimental case of landslide dam failure due to overtopping and sliding. The model reproduced reasonably similar hydrograph as that of experiment. The numerical simulation and experimental results of movement of moisture in the dam body, predicted critical slip surface and time to failure of the dam body are also in good agreement. Key Words: landslide dam, seepage flow, slope stability, overtopping flow, flood/debris flow hydrograph, integrated model iii iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank all people who have helped and inspired me during my doctoral study. I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Hajime Nakagawa, Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, for his continuous guidance, support and encouragement throughout my study period. I am deeply grateful to my thesis reviewers, Professor Hideo Sekiguchi and Professor Masaharu Fujita, DPRI, Kyoto University, for their valuable comments and suggestions to refine the thesis. I am also grateful to other faculty members, Dr. Kenji Kawaike, Dr. Yasuyuki Baba and Dr. Hao Zhang, for their guidance, suggestions in all aspects of my study. My appreciation also goes to Dr. Yasunori Muto and Dr. Tetsuo Ueno for their support in many aspects. I appreciate Dr.
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