Lithologic Controls on Karst Groundwater Flow, Lost River Groundwater Basin, Warren County, Kentucky Christopher Groves Western Kentucky University
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Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School
1-1987 Lithologic Controls on Karst Groundwater Flow, Lost River Groundwater Basin, Warren County, Kentucky Christopher Groves Western Kentucky University
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Recommended Citation Groves, Christopher, "Lithologic Controls on Karst Groundwater Flow, Lost River Groundwater Basin, Warren County, Kentucky" (1987). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 1554. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1554
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LO~T RI\'EH GHOl\I)\\ ,\TEII IIA . I~ . \\AI!III COl '\1" . I\E.\rlCI\'
i'r >t>nled to
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\\e tprn l\ nluck) t nhN~il)
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This form 'Will be filed with the origlDal of the thesis and will control future u.e of the the.h. L1T1 10LOCI 'O' T ROL:, 0 '\ KAR T GROl',\OWATER FLO \\ ,
LOST RIV ER C ROl',\OWATEH BA51'\, WARR E:-' Ol''\n', KE'\Tl'CKY
Recommoodod ______December 28. 1986 _ (Dato) 72;,jL c. ~brd '(Director of Th.. is) , ~W, ~ \t' " \ ()\\ I ~: D( ;t \I~ . \ T~
\tan} propl.. ha\(> madt' contributions to Ihi~ \\ork. and it is It composite of l"('~r (>r(orh First. I 140uld li~p to thank nl) part'nus. Gordon and Jane GrOH"S, for lh .. ir ("un.,tanl "IUpport and pnC'our&gf'rut'nt of 111) academic fud 3\Or o\('r a period no\lo "'pannlllg rnall) ) rars.
Thi projf'C"t rl"Ct"hrd rinanrial ... upport from the ('6\ Rf> ~arch Foundation, the Cradual .. ~Iudent Il. Sf>arrh Grant Cornmiltt' at \\ (,5t ro Kentuck) L' nhersity, anti thf> ('t'Flt r for Ca\f> and Karst Sludit's at \\('stern Kt'ntuck) l ' nl\Prsity.
The gt>neraJ idt'A ~hind the re arch "Nt d .. \t~ lofWd mer St' \tral )ear durin, man) dis(,u ssions and field rambling v.hh m) thesis ad,isor, Dr. "'ie hol rawford. lie has gr(,311) encouraged my inter~t in the gwlogical end of th research efrorts of thf:> nter for ave and Karst tudi~s. and it is primaril) Dr. ra'4ford that haq· 10 thank for '4halt\u kill as a sc:ientist that I ha\'e d~\f'lo~. I ha\f' also It>arned much about the sinkhole plain from discu ions '4 ith my f".nd Dr. Ron Oil"mart... Looking back no"'. it m. thAt much of th. ,..,mor. pholog) (particularly of th. Ponn)ro)al) that I know cam. not ... much from th. eI sroom &5 from lengthy discu ions. and perhaps even gentle arguments, at the chalkboard of Dr. Oil.mart.. ·, clUll red " ork lab, which w,,", al"'ays open ""h.n I had an idrA to di u . Th mo t difficult parts of planning (hi, project, th. d ..· .lopm.nt and c:::ompari$On ,," 1-D urfAre with computer graphic::: , '4ere '4orked out in a ri of di cu ,ion Vio •• r~ !'Ion" ;th Ur Ja) Sloan and Krn K Ut: hn. Dr. C; loan pent an inordinate amolJnt of ltmf' '4 ith m) projKt and me (which he did not ha\e to
pare) and our IIIAny hour of \Ioork tog ther \10 r hared ,,'ith a constant stream of
Pfflplf' through his officf' nt>t"
'\1 ral igraph) . along \10 ith making '( n i\ r r \ if"" o( my pro po al and lhHis, I also thank ~1r . Cion on nor. K.ntucky·s ta •• Climatologi t. for hi h.lp and ad\ ict'. nd (or making &\ ilable the limatf' Center's ~u i pmt>nl and personnel. \lr. \ ·.rnon p) ... of th. lim" nt.. staff unlocked th. DI. SPLA packace'. po.. ..,rul cartographic capabiliti ... riting man) application program tha t made the graphics of lhi projec( possibl • . In the field. man) fri.nd h lped rn gath .. d la, some .uff.rinK lhrouKh lh Sf'\t"rt· drought And heat \Ioa\e that plaKuffl the- South~a.st L', " . durins the ummer of 19 6. The.. i"clud.d Phil Rel'd ... Aryan Kinkl •. Jim \\ eb l r, Tony Able, Tom F. n ) . Be" K.II r. and m) primar) fi.ld ... i!lanl. my "if•. 0 ana Cro... . Apart from h r long. hOl da), in the fi.ld. Deana also "orked by my sid.
III d uring other phAM' of th~ project. at th. rornputf'r t~rnll n al A..'i \Io ell as thr draftinl labl.. \ Iosl important!) , sh. kept our liv goinS during a poriod " h.n I conrrntratM on IiLLlr other than this project. Du rin g th long wr iting prO(' D.ana gently prodd.d whil. / pJodd.d. It i to he r most of .U that this " ork i. 10\ ingl) d.dicatro. T<\IlI.f: OF ('O\ T E\ T~
AC'K\"O\\ LEDGE~IE\T S ...... ii i
TABLE OF' C()"rE\T~ ......
LIST OF' F'IGl'RE ...... vii
All. TRACT ...... ,iii
HAPTER
I. 11\ TRODl' 1'10.\" ......
II . THE T L' DY REA ...... 7 Location...... ; tratigraph) ...... i Th. Losl Ri"r h'r! Bod ...... II Th or)don ~1,rnbor of lh. l. Loui Lim Ion ...... 13
III. REVIE\ OF' LITER TLRE ...... 14 Inlrodu(tion...... I. Th ri of Cavern Df'\·t"Jopnlt'nl...... 1. L;t it II rlf'rogf" ntit) r.l Crou ntl ", .. tt r Flo",
/I har t Aqulf,.r ...... IS
I\'. IfYPOTIfES~_ S.-\ \"D RESt:: RC'II DESIG\ ...... 21 H)polh...... 21 Jf)polh i ... 1...... 21 II) polh ..i . ,,2...... 22 II) pol h. is "3...... 22 Research D.. ign ...... 22 on lruction of Ceo logic StruclUr ~Iap ...... 23 ourc ~s or Data...... 23 Surfarf> ('xposures...... 23 Exposur.. " ilhin e&", pas g ...... 25 E.iSling ".11 log illform&l ion...... 27 G...,ph) ieol ",II loggillg ...... 27 t:l.iSl ing grologir rnaps...... 2S .\Iap I'rodu
RH E R E \ C f; ~...... 44
Af'PE\ DfX R,'<'ord of Geoph) · ".1 \\ ell fogging...... 50 ~ igurf' Pag..
I. Locat ion (If ~ttld~ \ rf'it ...... 2
2. :'tratigraphic St-'f't iull uf I.unsl \ re'd ...... "...... 3
3. Th LCht Rhf'r Cmllnd~itt(>r " "'''lin ...... 4
4. Location of lhr ~lud) .\ rt·a ~ lIh Hesperl to Hf'gional Ph)siographir S('tling ......
5. Gwlog) or Ih LOM Hher Ground" 3lf'r Ba'iin ...... IU
6. G n... lizod Dia8 ,am of elas ical a\O ,n Thw,i...... 15
i . C('ologic Structure 'onl rol Point ...... 26
\\ at., Tabl Cont,ol Points...... 31
9. Geologic 51 ruetur" of the Lost R i \l~ r ~hert Bed 'A ithin the Lo t Ri, er GroUndl4 81t'r Basin ...... 34
10. lrologir Structurf' or tht' o r)don hp rl ~1 rnm.r " ithin lhf' Lost Ri' ('r C roundl4 81c>r 8a in ...... 3
I I. \\ to, Tabl •. 1.0 .. Rhor G,ound"' a,., lIa in ...... •••..... 37
12 . l VlltolJrt'd I...If'HSliuli l)irrt'rell lJell4t..-n th ... \\ ater Tabl. and th. Lo,t Rh., h.,. ned ...... 39
13. Contoured EI .. ,ation D ir~ r("ncps t:Wt ~ ('('n thf.' \\ eln Tabl. and ,h. or)don Ch.rt \t.m""' ...... 40
1 I. Gt>nf'ralizt'<.l e rO!!!'" :O;(,C'l iofi . Lost n iH" Ground" ater Ba'Sin ...... 41
I.. Location, of Groph) sica I \\ .11 Loggin g...... • I LITIIOLOCI ' O' T ROI.S 0 ' KARST G ROl ' 0\\ ATER FI.O\\ . 1.0 T RIYER CROC:->OWATER B SI .... . Wo\RRE' ·Ol·' TY. Kt .... nCKY
69 pag Christoph .. C . Cro'" Janu&<) 198; ra.. ford. Ronald H. OiI8I11a ..... and Kenn.th W. Kuehn OirKtt' icholas
" ' .. stern I\ pntucky l nht'rsit)' Department of C_raphy and Ceolor;y
The Lo l Ri\t'r Ground.. aler Orainagr n asin in " 'arr .. " Count). KenlUck) . i a kar t drainage )Slrm encompas ing ~3 squar tOiles ( 11t3 sq ullre kilomt'lt'rs) de\ eloped .... hhin lh ~'1 i i ippian l. Louis and let C nevieve Limestones. ;\ear lh contact bel .... ~n these l'l4O formations ar t .... o bedded chert unit. the Lost 99) within th St.. Cen.. i., and th Cor) don Ch... Riv.. h.rt Bed (Elrod. ~t mber (Woodson, 19 3) of th t. I.oui . . .. hich app" r to be p"rchinK la).r. to
hallow kant groundwater noV. . Ground¥. at r may be seen no V. iog on top of these
beds in various cave str ams and at s't'alleu and spring throughout the basin. la).. to hallow karst In order to compare lh vutical po ilion of lh ,ro lef no ..... &rotogic trurtun map of thf' L l Ri\'f'r hert fW and th~
or)don hert M mbt>r ¥.fr~ pre-pared for lh b io, aloog "Ith a (onlOUr m P of umt'
urfa.ce "Nt' digitized , l hen (ontoured and take place) over the m. rPa. Th.
compart'
" a.ccepl~ for points ¥.hfrf the y.ater table i f" it her :W fe l (6. 1 m tfrs) abo\,
or belo ... the top of tho t .. o ch.rt lay.. . Th... ater tabl (at bas. no.. condition)
¥.'&S found to correlate ¥. ith the Lost Hh r hf'rt ~ OYf'r 42 .6« of the basin, as
... 11 as 40.7"< for th. Cor)don ~I mber. . hallow k rst ground .. ater now i found
to corr.lat with b..ddt'
is conclud~ that chert IA) pr he' e a dominant .. (fr
i. ("II \I'n:H I
I\THODlTTIO\
Th,. L~I Ilhl'r Cruund"' atn Drdin>' B~jn I!) B kar t drainBgf' ) tell!
encompassing aa square rnilMi ( 14 3 square iiomett"r) IOC81f'd 011 thf.' Penn) t o) AI
Plateau in southt>rn \\ arrton OUlII). Kf'n1urk) (Fi ~ur .. I ). A in ottit'r pari s of the>
plateau. most drainagt> occur through solulionall) enlarg~ subsur(acp conduits
.... il hin t.hf' ~ti - is,,"lp pian SIt'. Cene\ it> \'e and toppt> r St. Louis Linwstont" formation
(Figure 2). Surfact' drdinagt" is rare. and u~uall~ is inlt'rrniuelll .... her it dOPS OCf'ur . 8ecau mo I ground"AIU recharg .. to th,. S) If'rn occur qu irkl) through
swallet in put at discrete poinLs. rather lh&n through diffuse rKhafl~e , the system
may be charact.riud a conduit-no .. aquifer ( mith, A,kinson, and Drew, 1976).
Th. headwater of ,h. Los, Ri'er are 1000a,ed in ,h. sou,h.. n pari of 'h basin
( Figur 3) .. hf'rf' \f'raJ urfan' Ir am noV. anos a som .. wh l r i lant rnantl~ of
A ch . ub· '.niau tr aats
no .. northward lh~) com r&t> to ~om the Lost Rher .. hich ma) be- ob ned al
'he hurch Karst \\ indo .. (Figure 3) in .h. ren.ral pari of the basin. Th. river
resu rg do",nSlream a. 'h Lost Rh er nit.. 1I 01e. and af,., 400 f..... ( 121 n",... ) of
urf&c f' no"" inks into th mas.,i,,> t'ntranC"f' t" I.o~l Ri't'r '8\f". Th .. ri\t'r lhf'n
no .. , btoll 8lh thl' it) of Bov.l i n~ CrNn 10 f'\f'ntlJall~ r urfac- al tlw Lo I Hi \er Rise. Flo" continu~ 011 lh su rface into lhf' Ba rr .. n Hi\er. lhf' major b
t rram for lh ar.. a.
Thf" h)droloJl:) of tilt' Lo I Hi" 'r C round"atf'f lia.. in ha.. ·\ lwen inlf'n~h('l) mon ;- lored infO ch la .. 197tf. (Cra .. ford. 19 la. 19 Ib, 19~2 . 19 5b). Mur h of.b ka ... rt"Sf"arrh that h~ Illk .. " plact. .. it hilt t tw htL'llI hd..." lwi>n uf an aplJlit'd nal ur.. . · ...... -
GREEN R IVE R
"
1- 6 5 BOWLI G ! GREEN I I I
\ \ \ \ ,, '" 3
:( .0...... "'" e 00 .....,.., MAP :; SYMtol ..... --- QaI T_ou~." ore
'0.. _ III
z ... < ..> Cl...... ;;l l __ Cl. .c.. ~ l_ ... U M ~ (J)- .. 0 ... ".·lOO (J) ...l ..... (J)- III (J) C 0 '0 ~ t 0 u ...... l_,,....,,,-- 100 I" M. f '''''.-,--- I' I~ -
~ i~uu' 2. SlraliKraphic SKlion or 10("&1 are&. Source: ~h' Grain and Sullon ( 1973). LOIT .''1' ••11. ITATION WATER MONITORING STATIONS
LOST RIVER GROUNDWATER BASIN I V·."II C" 'II WARREN COUNTY. KENTUCKY
I
W. U , ..... WILL. ..aNITO'UNO IT AT ION
.'.
''''O.T• WE.&..L, "•'NG WILL • .. ILII •
C•• ,_.... . W.,., O1I .llty ....It ... I •• I'a .... • ... • IIl.C.,'" _ Iwt. c • ., 1~ . w"C ' I" ••• w." w.,., l • • • , ...... , J I", • • v,"c. ,,,•• .• '''. lfte • 0,."" •••••, L• •••••c., •• , L• ••• " (,.,e, ., C".t.,. Ulf~" ...... C . ... • .. ""'.,., ... • •• Q, •••• " .... , W•• • , "", . 11 "'.".cU". I.n • • I,,,, ", •• ' ....i • • ••'v" ., • Iv•• w •• c. 'U • • • "'O. ",t. C. I" ••• • •• c., ."'e .,.C'.' ..... " •• • • 0 It.,., ."'•• •
Fi,ur. 3. Th Lost R" r CrOUnd,,&1 r I in. urn": Cra'4 ford and ro\ f' (19 i ). .,
t\, d fit\ of
(war!) 50.DO() lu("""Hi .. nl in>l ) upun a ... inkholt> plain. UO'4linK Crf'f'n Orrrr\ a nat ural
laborator) for th litud) of fOnlami1l8tion of karst ground .... ater 0) agrlfuhural.
urban. and induo;;trial ftrthiti s '4('11 as sinkholr nooding and inkholr ('ollap... •.
In 19 1 I h. l . S. C.nl .. · ror I>i".. ("onl rol ( 'DC) i.. urd a h.alt h ad. isor) ror
lht' Bo .... ling Grf'f'u arf'8 in r~pUIiM' tu pole.llId,I\ to if 811d f'xplo i\f" fuOIf"'oi ri ing
from ('ft\f'~ tw'W8lh th .. f i t) into hOIllf's. Mi ioois. a lld busillf'~~'~ . Tht' furn(' hB\P
bf-C'n fuund 10 ronl ain bt-nz.elle. 101url1(" rnf't h) 1(>11f> rhloricir. "<) Irnf', 8nd otht'r
\olatilt' organiC' rhcmifal and hlt.\ r rhed ('\plo h .. rOIl('t'nu8Iion on ~'\rral
occasion ( .ra"rord. 19 4). " a r.-ult or th. ("I) h allh ad.isor). in Jun •. 1 '>
th .. l . S. Ern ironrnenlal ProtKlion Agpnq (E P.\ , init iatrd '" .. ~"' uperrund' pmrrgrnn
r . pon .. hieh included an iO\e"Iti~ation into thr relation hip or tht' rum to tho
ubsurrace Lost Riyer.
\\ hil. lhi fesnrrh h r ultrd in a gr lPr und rstandinl: or hydrogrolog} of
t hr 'i • trIO and ~sociat rd karst t>n\ irolllllf"lltal problems. lherfl' art' till fru HAling
informational gap . One of th e gaJ) , alld th area w¥.ard .... hich this re arch i
di,. !. i. a d.tail~ under tanding or the relation or litholOl}" to groundwater no ..
with n the basin.
Ithoullh IIround ..' ater now und r n area or 55 squaro mil (1 ~3 squar
kilomNff ) "ilhin Ih. ba in. much or Ih. no" (and a'lSOCi.lrd ra\frn d ..· .l0l'm.nt)
concutratrd within Ih 10"orn""1 75 ~ t (23 m.I r) or th , Ie. Gene. i ..
Lim tone. Within. and al tho base or. tI,i. 10n ar t "'0 b.-dd~ che" unit "hid
"p.,.,ar to innuf>f1cf' ground .... at.., no.... and rA\Nn d"\'f>lopmrnt { ra .... rllrd. I O~2 :
(;rO\. and ("radord, 19 b) . Th. l"or)doll ' lIall Ch.,,· ~I ..n""r or Ih. SI. Loui
Lilllf'oIuunf> ( \\ ood'Wln . 19 1 and I) 3) prtHidr a ba.·.... fur the> lont' and ron.,i'-'ll of it lim.ston. m If" pMkrd """ irrr&ular1) hap<'d ch." nodul (~illur. 1) Th 1.0,1
Ri"r ( 'hrrl IIrd (Elrod. 1~OO). the tor lOr .. hirh i abo"1 III f.", ( 11 n ..1.,,) abo.. tho top of tho ( 'or dOll \lrtllbt>r . IS a III 10 n foot (3 to i 5 tilt! r) thtrk
(ossilirf"ruu~ bt-d that rangl'" in compolloilion from rhf'rt to partiall} -;ilicifif>d limf'5ton lim lont' Itl lim,...,toflf" . It j.~ "-Ol1lt· .... hat ironiC' that lhf' Lo"" Ri\ r Chf'n IW. ",hich app"BrS to ha'p .urh an innuence on the h)drog,olog~ of tho Lost Riy.,
GroumJ .... at r Basin in K "luck). i actually namf"d (or .. \po . ur~ along chf' (amou
Lost Ri- r of Indiana (Elrod. I 99).
\\ jlhin lhp Lost RiYf>r 'round .... lt.lf't Ba.. ·,in Itlt (ht>rl ran be . n in \ariou rit \t' ~'(('am pa...",-,ag(' and appt'ar to ha \ p trong IIlnu(>n('~. I I('ast locall). on gruund .... alrr no",. Outcrop" of th .. ' .... 0 rhrrl~ art' oftf>" \ ' i~iblf> at liipring and
...... aUN . alld atf' \t>r) difficuh to find at olhf't lOCAtion .... ithin th .. basin . ra" ford
( 19 2) IIb""".d t hi. and hH,oth ..i.ed that t h. t" n chert confining units should form a preferred lOOt" for r3\ern d(>\('lopm nL
Th,. importancf' of lithologiC' hNProllt'nrit) 01\ "'lraligraphir control or ground .... atf'r flo .... And ra\f> pas!Mlg" d \t> loplIlt>nl in karM areAS (including lh rol of th~ Lost Ri-rr Ch.rt and ( 'or)don ~l rl11b1'r "he" th.) o
1111111 r rol, ttl th.ir importan« (Paln.. r. 19 I; Quinlan nd 1:,,,,.,,. 19 I: \ lis.
1976) nd i, th. goal of th tud) '0 .. "mine th "Iatioo_hip " ilhin th. 1.0 ,
Hh pr Basin . Thilli n· .... ·arch will proyidf' a
Ground .... ater lJ~ill . CII \I' n II II
Tllb,fllH REA
LOCAl iUIi
J'hf' 1.0 l Hi" .. r Cround .... at .. r Basi n rorn pri,f" an rt'3 f"n("ornpas ing 55 squar mil e, (l43 squa .. ~ ilomN.r ) " ithin >oulh ..n \\ arron ("ounl). Kenlurk) (Figur alld 3) . II ....lids frolll Ih lo" n of \\",Klburll lIorlh"ard for bout 12 mil. (19
ilomNers) 10 Bo"ling (;r... n "h... Ih. oUII .. for Ih basin. Ih. Losl Hi, r Hi .
into Jennin~!S its '4 idht. lht' basin j about 9 mil ( 14 kilom... ,,) "id • from ju I e I of Rockfidd ill Ihe" I 10 near Dr k.'. reek in
Ih •• I. Th. Slud) arra romllri parts of 'he flo"ling Cr... n :'\orlh. fla"ling
.r.. n South, Woodburn, Drak . and Rockfield L. ;;. C . . 7. minute topogr Ilhic
In f'S of Kenturky.
Ph) siograllhirall). the b in Ii " ithm th r.nn)ro)al Plateau of Ih Inl ..ior
1.0" I I Pro' i r (Figur ,.,. Th. Penn) ro) al (&Ion& "ilh th djn .nt \1itrh.1I
Jl lain III Indiana and High land R im 111 rl .. nn ) I a rI ....1< In h"l. plalO. ""h g.nll rolhnJ!; to""grallh) domin ted b) an abundan« of in hoi and oth.. ar I f.alllr..... Thi land al h d".loped on th nearl) hOrIZontal Lal. ~t.. i IPIl"'" lim . lOOP of thf> .'t LOlli ;0;1 ... Cf'IW\ I.'\{'. and Gir in formalion Thf' f" unih ha .. a gentle north". IPrl) dip of al~Jul 30 f''''1 pt'r mile (5.6 """r per kilolll .... ) .
.... hen nwasurf'd from th .. lIIp of thl' Chaltalluoga ~halp. to .... ard th .. a'4:j., or th ..
IIhnoi ... Basin. Loclt.liu'd .. uurfur .. ..,. hu .... p\rr. ftld.~ ('au~ di~ 10 \&r) f'onliildf>rabl) from lhl~ r"Klonal I rt'ntl
Slrali rA t"
Tilt' ~l. Loui I.imt"tIUllt' l"t lilt' uld I or th., !tUN' rOrfll&tiuII"t r,JX''fii 'A ilhill \ ~
1 \ ) 'I; ) / ( 14 r s ..5 . r r
.... It 1I " '1-"(1 10 rt KICHIAI ilfC"d B ro'A II ." .( t Lflllll.H 'rt ( 101.3) 9
ttlt' ... t u d~ urNl (~ I lt u n " '1 and ~) ). II ,.. ~( ' fI(ra l l _\ Ii light III rlar~ ~rr~ . \"r) nOt· Iu roan... ' grained. 1 hill to nwti iurn bt>ddPd . ('hpr l) lirn~lonr (!\1 cCrain and Sutton.
1973). Onl) th UPP"'llIost Iwd of th. t . Louis a .. Hp,,,ffi; th ..... consi .. of 20
(f>xposro) fN'1 (6 I melf'r.,) of dololl1itp and dolomitiC' lime 10m' parkf'd .... ilh a gn'at number of irrf'gulllrl) "thllpt>d ('h . rl nodule!'! and discuntinuous rh .. rt ~s . Th .. unit
wlTle,illl~ inforlllllll) callf'd Ih .. St. Loui ... 1l.1I (,hert (Badiei. 19 t; \\'00<.1 011.
19 1: ('r8\11 foret. 19 2; GrU\f·... and ,av. fo,d. I 6b). In Indiana it h"" ~n dcsignatf'd (along .... ith a lonr jJst abo\(' ron i ling of 4 to f.." (1.2 to 2.4 rnf'tf'rs) of bro\o\" dolomilf' or dolomitiU'd minit .. ) th .. Cor)don .\1 embt>r ("'ood,,,.m.
19 I and 19 3) . .\ hhough lIsag. of th oQdon htu h nol been eXlendt>d to indud th(>~ b4>d .... ithin th .. stat .. of Kentucky. lht" l("rm is usro hf'rein, bt-c-allSf' the unit i clear!) rt"fogniz.able throughout th tud) rtll and it i felt that this formal nllmf' prtferabl. to the info,mal . I. Louis n.. 11 Chert. Th. Co,)don Chert
the lo~er of 1~'" bedded cherl units thllt rna) llff..cl th .. \t'rtiral position of g,oundwat.. noV. within th, Lost Ri ..r G,oundv.". , Basin (Figure 2). w II
o,h., are ",·ithin th. I'.nn ,oyal Pla,eau. !\1itchell I'lain, and Il il\hland Rim.
lf' lOCAtion of thf> contact hfotw~n tht> St. Louis and thp overl yinl lp.
G,n vi ... Lim ton. h '-n th ubJec' of a lenl\th) debate among "atig'.phe,
",o,king within 'h lIIinoi llasin. Va,ious <,ite,i ha, b«n (and art still) us.o to
dt.finf' and identlf~ t hi s boundar}. ba .. t>d on bot h lithologic and fossil characterislin.
~10M ~ork('r ha\p used th ... easil} idt"lltifiabl .. Lost niH'r Ch .. rt Oed a marker.
thougtl tlll'ir U'!i h~ bf· .. n subj t>t,t tu \a.rious intf'rprN&tion I ) fet" (4.2 mOle'
abo". ,h. 1.0' ll iH' Chert (I'ohl. 1970). 2) J(~3i f.... t (3 to II ",.te,s) ""Iov. th.
L""t II i.. , Chert (!\IcC,ain. 1912). 3) '" .h. top of th. I."" Rhe, Chert (Moo,•.
19(3) and 4) HI. IS f.... (3 to 4: , " ...., .) ""I"v. .h 1.0' R" .. Ch,rt (!\1i11 ... 19(9). I'ohl ( 1971)} Ii.. fhe addi.ional intrrpre ...,ioll< of tilt' hound .. ,) arc p.ffi b) a
nUlillwr of diffrr... llt "ork .. r" II .. ril""t mirrofaunal {'\·idt>nf .. to upporl hi .. nitf'ria. ill
GEOLOGY OF THE LOST RIVER GROUNDWATER BASIN \', "RRE COI,.... TV i\[N1'uCKY
~ ...... , . -··t · ~ I
GIRKIN
LIMESTONE
-----• " ~,
All LImestones Are 01 Late Mississipp ian A ge '---
, iK'art'" (If'U''I~\ fir II r 1. .... 1 HI\I r ( ;rOIIlI" "" ., 11 r It,,"m '0 H(I . \h( ;rftlJl dlHI ' 11114111 114i3 1. II
but adllllh that ttw df'ri.;;ioll I'" o;,ornf' .... hat llrbltrar) . For ,hi .. study. th ('onl3('1
twt't\een lht! ''AO formation "lLS (hosen !M) that it .. auld be (ansi tent .... ilh mappin«
of th. local aru by tho K.nttlck, (;rolo~ieal • un,) ( \kGrain and . ullon. 1973)
and is (onsidt>rt"d to be at lh .. top of lht' Cor)don ~t('JI)hfor of lht' S .. Loui
Lim.ston . This plac.s th. contart 40 f.tt ( 12 met.,.) belo", the top of th. Loot
R iver hert Bed .... ithin the stud) area.
Th SU', Cf'npvit'\t' Lirnestollf> is a whilf' to li ght grt'y. fin .. to COlI.rSf> grainf'd.
rIIvdium to lhif'k bfiidf'd. commonly oolitic- limf'SlOn .. hich is t'),.pos~d at the urfac-e
0\ N a larg... pari of t ht' 1 ud~ ar .. a (MeGr.... and ·tlllon. 1913). It 10", a
thickn ... of about 200 feN (61 10..... ) "'ithin th. ar... (. h." •. 1963a).
Th Cirkin I.imeslonp i., P),POSt-d onl) in Sf'\'tral small pal('ht'S in the rxlremt>
"estern part of the stud) areA (FilUrf' 5). It IS a eoar I} cr)stallin. oolitic.
fossilir.. rous. massivt' to thin lwddrd. light &re) to tan lim tonf" (~1 cCrain and
SUllon, 1913).
Th. Losl Ri. r Ch." u..d
Th. Lost Ri> er he" IW (Figu.. 2) .. named b) Elrod (I 99) for
.. ~po .It: ' ..long tht' Lo .. t Hi\(>f or OranK (ount). Indiaua !t h
imporlotd role as a stratigraphiC" marker in Indiana, Krnl tJck). Tpnnps~, and
labama (Ferguson and Stearn •. 1961: ~1[Cr. in. 9: \\ ood'l(,". 19 I) boCAUS<' it i
f>asil) rN'ognizablp in outcrop. " idf' prrad. and in lIIan) plaet's pro\idf'S th .. onl} du
to th location or th contact lwtv."f>1l Ih .. "'1. Loui and St.. . Gt'nf"\i.,\(' LilllC'!'Itonp
(however one choo to ..lat<· tho mntar' to tho ch.rt bed). ~1rGr.in (1969)
r{"cognized that Ih .. Lost Hh('r (,hNt 1\4·d could l:w ,\:tend .. d throughout parts or
Kplitucky, inrluding a probabl.. I rati~raphiC" Pqui\ alf'nt .. ast of t ht' ~ni of I hf'
('inrinllat i rC"h in I'ulaski and \\ It) rw Count if'S. ,",pll as O\4'rton ( ·uunl) .
Tf'nneSSf>r. Prt'\' inu 'l) , all di~u5!iion of th .. Lost Hi\pr ChNI had bt..... n f{"t\lrirtffi to
&rf'a." 011 thf' ~e ... l bit.lt· flf {tit' inC"innali \ rrh. F"rgu"",,,, and St.arn. (1967) 11
... unIlIlHrllt'd 1,)("81 iun.. 1 hruu~hoUI r. 'lilt ...... ' '" ht,rt 1 h .. {"h t rt had Itu' n Iran·d. nlHJ
IlIdudt'd \t ()nl~ofllPr) ("ount). t ht" \\ t'll. Crt'f'~ arf'a uf lIouston and .... (."'arl
("uunltt .... dud lHt>a.r along th .. Cumb.rland Plalt'au E""farptllf'f1t It ha.. al..., I"",n
rffognilt"d in Ala bama npar It unts\ illf'.
Thr LO'it RhN ("h rt Bf>d i ... a highl~ fo , ... ilift rou~. u'-.t'unlinuou'il) Iwddrd
rt'V lacf'lIIf'nl dlPrt that Of curs ", ith "' hilf' "'paritf' ill a l HIt~ lhal u ... uall) \ ori~ from
about 10 to 15 fH't (3 tu '1.5 1Ilf'If'rt') thk~ throughout t h..... tud~ art"a. In Hobin'illll
('ayf'. hO'4P\l'r. Ih~ ('hert h bt-en found to rrarh a thickn.'.,. of 20 to 2. f... t (6 to
7 ..) fllfltrrs)(GrO\r., and ('ra",ford. 19~6a) . ~ illglf> ehf'r1 lwd range from fa (e",
inrhf'1Ij; to Sf'\f"ral f~1 lhide. but 2 to 6 inches (5 10 I· ct'ntinlf'u>rs) is ty pical. Th,.
rhNt rf'l\chf's the surfatt' nrar lhe epntrr or thr Iud) ar('a. East or th,. outcrop.
tht> thick. rNfdish. cla)t") soil contain \Briou I) si zed block or lhf' ilict'Ou portion
of th. chert. ".ath... d so that man) fos il (including spirifrr brachiopods and
abundant rennf>lilellid br)ozoans) arf' "ASil~ reco&nilablf' . \\,ilhin th stud) arpa. and
in olht'r arras of th,. si nkholf' plain '" huf' th soil contain a plethora. or these
'4f'athert'd chert blocks. the piecf"S ar rt>r ... rred to b) rarmers (,,,,ho he\f' remo\Pd
en h,. c itif' of t h(> nlocks rrom planlf·d firld., to ('(('a I pil{'~ '" hich dOl 'hr
in khol. pi in) ' burr-rocks' (l'.t ....I1. 193: \\ u.xj"oI1. 19 I). Wh ... the chrrt
outcrops at hill id and along the slop. of 'In ~ hol . large blocks can bt- found.
Frf'Sh l) brokf'n u rrllC~ or thr ch .. n C"onHnonl~ ar.. \('r~ " hilt> to bluish gr) .
"hN" lh,. chf'rt i f',(PO
.. it hin ea\ r p~s.agh . particularl) .. her .. it hll!> hffn .. edttlf'red b) ..,t ream erosion, a dark bro'4" 10 black rolor is (ommon. and oru>n rontrasts ~re.tl) "' ith th light gr.. ) or '4hit .. sparitl' host roc k. Ft'rgusoll and !'\Iearns (1967) rlairnf'd lhat ,hl' fhNt ilt & .. eal hrring r(,ht ur of lh li 1ll ..,ton li nd lht'ft>rorr dOf's not r,i , in th ..
ub!turfar . Thi!!l i not so. as Ih .. ct..." h~ ~n identifif'd .. ithin (orf'S taken rrom
".11. drill.-d ill 1I.. "ling Gn.n. t\,"t llck) «'r "ford, 19~'h) . and Indiana ( rr And lit tlt' po . I ~'7"" L ttl! tlO llKh II b fII.1( h IIIOr. ltifri'llit 10 rt I uRni lt in (".... h • OIulllltili 111.111 i n Hutfr0P
Th.> ('()r~dtlll "I rulw r of th .. ,,~ I uu,,, l ,i rllt' .. tUlII'
\ buul W ff't'l twlu"" It" Itlp of thf' I u"l HI\f'r ('11f'rl HHI i .. Ihf' ( 'or)dufl
"t>lIIbt'r of Itlf' 'I Loul" Linu·,lurw ",hi.. h "'~ n flwd for I 'pu"Iur..., mar ( · ur~dun. lfarr i~tHl ( 'ollnl). Indiana ( \\cJ(Ki"lon . 19 .... 3) \\!thin I tw \icinil) uf th.· 1.0 I Hhrr
<:round"'Mt>r 1\3.,in. ground\\dlf'r ('an tw t>u nO\\U1g al (lr flt .. r tlit> lOp of Ihl hl)f'r in ,*\rr8.1 planMil, ilirludlll~ tht" (,hurrh n. IU" \\ indo", . (;Iarit' r Cd\ . And
\\ uodhurn ('a \f' lu Ih.. lOth of Iht' ba'iln.
Tht> run"l important Jldrt of th Cor)don ,t«'nlb4 r in {fOrm .. of tht' h)dro'f'Olo~) of tht> lud~ Arpa i a dolornitir ton runu,ining prufu~' .. phf'rical. irrt'gular. aud lentkular (h .. n~ . On or mort' twd of block). nOIl-fOOt .. ilift·rou rht'rl al~ (K"fur 10
'h fi,h, f , (2.5 m Ifr ) "hich I.. abo .. ,h. !Up IOf ,h profu 'ball \\ ood<011 (19 I) nOI..! tha, ,h. b.d ,or ,or) simll r '0 ".a,h.. ..! Losl Ri"r Ch .., b.>d . bposur of ,hi. ·.,...udo· Los, Rh.. h... ar. found III G r ..n " ood Ca\f', ",h~r .. a mall \\at~rrall I ~rrhNl upon thi. I,,~ r. 14 ( II WTI.Il III HI \ If. \\ OF 1.1'1'111 \ Tlilf Inlrociuftion Tht" f'rr~('t u( lil hologir h .. tf"ro~t'n .. il ~ UI ground", &1 t>r no,," and ('.""rn ll('\f>luprnent ..... ilhin J..arM aquift'r'i. th .. r .. ntral roc u~ of this r ("8rrh. h con"tidE'rabl .. attention but t ill appears to l:M- a ronl ro\ rr ial topir amon8 karst h)drologl IS. Th purpo"f' of t hi s rt' \ if'''' to pro\ Id r a ba(kground of prr\'iou ,",ork. in ''''0 sections: I) a .ummar) of lht' most important ideAS In th dt'\t'loprnent of a gt'nt>ral Iheor) of CB\ern df>\f>lopment . and 2) a r .. \ ie ¥. of 1n\ f' Mi galions into the effKt of \ar)lng litholog) on ground .... 1l1 r no", route and ell \ ('rn d('\ rlopment in ar t art'llS. parlicularl) thosp '" it h h) drogf'Ologic sell ing "Imilar 10 thai of lh Lost RI\f'r Ground"'ater I'la .. in. Tht'Ories of a\t~ rn De\ rlopm III ~Ia.n ) earl) (and connictins) ideas on ra\t'rn df'\f'loprnent centered on 70n e. t h phrt'at ic lOllf'. or at thE' "'at r tablr itself. TheM ideas were ad\ Gnred in a rit> . of y, ork som lImf> rt'ft'rrf'5: \110 hirh sough t g nt-ral mod,.l for ra\ .. formadon thaI (ould be applif'd to a majority of Mluallon . D", rrr~ hou,.. ( 1OOj ) propoS(>d that e8\t' passagf'S \\ f'r can Nt largel} .... it hin t h,. \ ado..lIiO(' 10n.. b) '" alfr n10 \ ing doYo n'" ards to" ard a 10 .... fOr . prff>.isl ing .... ater tablf> (Figur,. 6a). TheSE' Idt'a5 Yo .. re basf>d on ob .. r\ation .. b} f>\plorn., of f t running undt>rground st rt>alns. dilution indiC' ting that s trt>am5 did not lIti\. y,ith th" ·ground .... atf.'r' ( \\' hit • 1976). ~. arl "ritt'r found thf'sr idf'as ill trart h lH-raulliO I ) Yo AI t' r noY, ing into fa\' 15 A \' adose Theory SPRING 8 Theory ---r-SPRING___ c Water Table Theory Figure 6 . G~nf'rlf.lind seclion sho'A ing ('8\ ern d \ f"lo,)m~nt proposed by the \ adosr, deep phreatiC' . and '" a ' Pf tablt' I hf'urif'toJ . Suurcf>: Ford and E".r. {I918}. Ih f'1IC-Cluntf'rf'd lht, \ado~t , HUlf' fir", "hf>rf" 'h,' "atf'r "ft.$ mosl a~Kf('''fiO i \f>. ur ahlp to 0'''''01,,' IiIllP.. tunt". and 1 ) th., hi~h \t'locitlP"t of \arlo~ ('RH' "lrf'arn~ rnadt> tht'ln 1Il0r(' rapaul,. of rn('rhallie-al C'urra..·.. lon. or f'nlarging of tht' r8\ b th .. rnf"rhanu-al "ork of th str am ...dim'"t load (rord and E"er . 197). I'",,,, (1 932) ad,an a I ht'or) of \ adOSC" ra\ r dt·, t'lopll1t'nt bast'd on an application of tht' Goographi(' C)r1t' (Da\is. 1~99 ) to karst It>rran('s. Tht' (;('ographic C)clf' .... as a lhf'or. of land~aPf' dp\ rlopmf'm thaI in\ oJ, t>d fC'CurrinK q ('Ie ... " il h three recognizabl slage ... buuth. rnaluril~. and old agf') .... hiC'h could be- used to inlerprN the hi slOQ of d landscape. PI~r (1932) d.finPd )outhful. onatu... and old age tag. of dt'\ f'loprnt'nt of underground drainage> S) stems. complete> with an underground ~n.pla in to d.fine th. old age part of th <)eI.. Cardner ( 193.) nd ~ta loll (193;) proposed similar lhrorif's .... hich .... eft> largel) r lricled to liOlt' tone' of \er) gentl. dip. Cordner (l935) emphasized do" ndip no" along favorabl bedding plan ••. and ~Ialoll ( 1937). "ho did mu .... aler tabl . also allac::hing major irnpon&nclt to lh rr.~ct of nood .... alflrs in can.jng out CA\ f' P sag . 'ijic ( I 93) and Grund (1903) ~ropo,~d that co .. form tion took plac d p In thr phrf'lllic zont" (Figurt' b) as .... alt. circulated through bt>dding plant" . jcints and fracture .... jlhin the liTllt>sI0nf' just as it did in olht"r l)pe. of aquifers. Da\ i ( 1930). and Bretz ( 19·12) also publi.hPd phreatic thoori • • that a .. do I) tiPd to DB\is' Geographic <':)cl«". In thr DB\ is '1 " 0 C')cif' theor) ' ca\'f' (ormation look pi aCt> during the landscape's old agt" stagf'. rar belo .... lht" "atf'r labl along deep. cuning no .... lin.. alit "alt'r rno\f>d to .... ard it oUllt'l. Flo ...... 8 driH>n b) lhf' h)droslatic head i>t>t"f"t"n the "ater tabl .. in interstreall1 art'a and bas.. If'\el. In the next r)dr. r('lional uplirt f'auSf'd a rrlath.· IO"f'ring of thf> "'Un ta~I,. . alJo"ing th ra\('rnc; to f>\t'nlualJ) drain to bffol1lr air·fillt>d pa~ agM. \\ at r Ihf'n frHf'rrd thf' 17 \ maJur f"alurf' u( t hi.. t hf"()r~ v. a '" t f.al " pro\ idrd a lIu~hani~1I1 "'hf'r.. b~ "'at r ('ould at CHilI' d, .. ol\!" limf'SIOnf' and at oth(>r Ilmr... drpo-,It lime lunp ( a ~ tra\ll.rti,u ) l\"u', (19 12 ) ph"alir Ihl'Or) is illlilar 10 1).\1" mod.1. .... ilh Iht" addition of a third slagt· (ifI b'-' I\\f't>n solution and dtp05ition of limt'Slont') Y,hNf' fa\prn bf- lo\4 pt'nt'plain ... bt'('amf' Blur tNt v.ith . tagna'l1 \o\8 tf'r. rr ultllli in a cia) fill thill .... as rf'rno\('d aflt'r rrjuH' II&lioll of the areo. ""onN' ., (l93l) .rgu.d Ihal "hil. Davis prupo.ro drop no" palh. rna) h8\ .. lwen fOrrf"C1 for porous aqui(rr. nO\\ path 8tt' much difT: rem in fraflured limf'SIOnf' . It .. propost"d that onct" \ado ground\lio8ler reac-hed lh phreatic lone. it lra"lIfiI aloog Iho "at.. labl. (Figur Ge) . a\Oro d., lopmoot th n took pla« along th ... "'ater lablt" and in th nood\48t r lont" just abo\ . the rntrenrhtd sur(act" strf'am continued Ih if do .. nfUlting. hi,her le\f'1 .. re abandonNi and cave Ir 8m "r piratfil inlo 1o"" ( .. al r lablt) rout \I hit. (197 ) point.d out that .. hilt" th theorie of both S .... innerlon and Da\i had ti to Iho C..,graphic (")el:o. ('a\ rormation in DB\ IS' fjchf"mf' look pI art during old .1 o( a previous ('yelt". S .. inne-rton pi et'd thf'ir lalion 10 thr )outh and maturit) tag o( th .. p ..... nt (ormation near tht> .... ater tabl ... Sin(,e t h cia ical I ht"orif' on lh origin o( fa\ f'~ .. r publi hfil. in\ t gAlor ha\ trird to rf'lalf' e3\f' (ormation .. ith Kround .... ater motion and m.r.1I h)drolog) or drainag. ba In ( \I hitt. 19i6). Thl IO'oh. r oKn'llOg a sangl ca\(" as but a mall spgment o( It larger draina~t> ~ ,pm, and attempting to undf'r.;;tand tht" ('a\ In It''rm o( it (('urrent or past) rolf' in th d Ih r) o( ground", atn. pprhap the mo.,t important ('hang from the da.!J\ical id.. th ob "allOo (Ford. 5 and 1971 : Ford and f;"trs. 19; ) thaI ntllh r 'adOS<". phreatic. or watN t.blf' thf"Orif" ('an bt> IhoUkht o( I hf' gf'nf'ral r Th pdrtif'ular ('B\I in 'I'It·... t lllll. partkularl~ \\ ond"'ftrd ( 1%1 ) a nd Dd\U' ( 19<»<') , \\.lio ... a id of tu .. (1\\.11 ... rhlrnf' 'ttu tht'ur~ of nl\l' nriltiu IHUI)()"t·d hf'u' i", alJplirllbl IU all t'lw' of ... olution rll't'.. in all t~ l-"'''' of roc .. trurl nr., .. , The> lIft'd for !I }>('C'ial dt'\ floprII.,"1 area b) arf'ft i", nul In lht' 1..0".1 Ri\('r Ground" att'r IlMlin. it rrgihn of R('t1II~ dipping, \l1"i!'i"'''ii ppian plan('~ as inil ial no" pal h~ . tlominatt> in Ihi~ l .. rran ... it that mo..,1 gwund"'81t'r no"" and thf'rffort' c.!t.\t'rn dE'\'..Jopmf'nt. la~f'S plac(' in do'... proximJl~ 10 the- "at .. r labl .. a"i ground"alt"'f no", ... .!t.lolIg tht' path of If'a ... t r.. ..,i ... taucf' from input poilu 10 spring, In lh"ir r , if'''' of thE' ('E'ntral " ('ntuck) h ar .. \. \\ hilt' and othf'r. ( 19jO) S18tf'd that major pas..,ag("'" lhrrf' al" a~ ~ form at, or jU'it bc-Io"'. rf'gional ba f' In,.1 \ .!t.r~ in g p s gf' t ~ Pf'S along continuou linf'~ indiratt> that a "\.£'a .. onall) nU('tuating ba.sf> )('" .. 1 " ould n('atf' ('ondit ion ading ~unulirn t..., to 'adoSt"' no\\. alld dl othf'r Ilm{'~ to phr al ic no ", . LUholo if' itrlt'ro f"nf' ;l\ and Gruur. 11 r no.. in Kar t \ 9ui f~r ' no", paths and ,hf'reforf". un gmulld"'lllf'f no\\. '! Ttli' qU~l i c.Hl b a IIIAt tfOr of some Including th .. 1' (,lIn~ ro\ al ,in"hCJIf' " Iail! uf " "Ill uC"k~ . ItrOUnd"Atf'r n o ",," II. Hannibal or Devonian hal • lhou&h lhin, p robably art as an .mei.nl COY r to rirrulallng .".aler of 'hf" ambro- Ordovician rock and limit lht downwArd mo\em~nt of tht 0' rl yi n, ~1 i issippian. ~OL only the shAles, but &11 relatively impervious rock. M wf'lI . sef\' ~ to retain and direct the 1'1 ... irrulMlun of ,h ..... dU·r ... ilf'Jlf'dlh . " "'IMfiall~ dtl llu IIl1rrrullirHi ,IIfrl filllfifh' I Itt 1110\ IIIU ut ;t l un~ t ht' twdcflllK .. Ialu ... "'rurlurf>, llnd kar I phf'IJolllf"nft .... ilhul th Pf'nn)ro\al .. inkholt' phun \\ it h rt' 10 ground""Atf'r no .... roulp<.,. hf' o~f'nt'd that dut' to chrrt <;;trlnKf'r".. dud bf>d (a.. ...... 11 a~ argilla('t'Ou and dolmnitif' zont>!\ ) .... ithin diP lime' 1011(''' ur tll.- "to Loui" and 10 .... rr SIP. C.-nf>\ if'\ t> , .. SOOlf' portions of thfO lilraligraphic column Art> morf' solublf' lhan olher . Thi should r ult in .n anisolrop) in th. '.freeth. prrm•• biht) ' of th Ii mt> Ford and I::".,s ( 197) also ugg ttd thaL som f atur rna) e plain p,.f.,.nt ial ..Ieet ion of btdding plan during C8\ formation. Th indudtd (among others) shah~ p8rting~ or discontinous rht'rt fillings. Rauch and White (1970) ho.. td that differ nt solubihti of 'ariou btds .. ithin a formation rna) I.ad to pref.,.ntial rit'Ction of bt-dding plan for ra" dev.lopm.nt. \\ hit. (1976, pA8) "II ~ and lit ruCl urr that df'l rn1ll1 th location. orientation. and pattPrll of ca\t' .' Palmer (19 I), aftt'r conducting an f'xlensi\(" program of tratigraphic description and transit I("\pling v.lthin th ~tammoth.rIUlt Hidg .. Ca\ concludfd that major P~sakP I(>\fli did not form .... ithin particularl) ,olubl.. lwd or at lh .. top of r , lanl la)f'rs. II .. ob n d that major passag(' If'\rl v. ithin Ihf' ca\e can occur through a \.rif'l) of lime tont' t)pes. " ·hil,. r(> si~tant rht'rt lwd of thr lo .... er St. Ct'nevi(>\f' and upJWr SI. Louis (inrluding lhf' Lo I Rhf'f ( ' h rt ) rna) noor pa'iSage.. for hurl distanrr, t hf') dn not rxrrt a major ronl rol un p ~ ~(-'I C"hNt n.-d j, nOI a signifif"ant .. naugh barrirr 10 'rauw rnaJur di ruption of th .. 1(1 .... wndl, ... (IB"-" llit'" ob... I'n,d Ihrtl " hhi" ('rump ~prlng ... C'H\f' ( liart ('nlllll\, "( 'nlurk~l Ihd! tb, 1.0 "" HiH' f ( 'Ilin j ... flot a harrif'r In pa., ... ag.' df'\t'lopmrllt. ahhou~h anothtr chf'rl h.'d :•••. U) f"f'1 (J(t,) to 12 mNt"r~) tw lu y. (tht> Cor~don ('ht-rt ) &pJ)(·ar., 10 IN' mur(> uf it harri" 11 .. ",s (1!JiS) also conrlud d lh t \8r1alloIlS in litholog) ar.' of .. rcondar~ importancf> ill cuntrolling the \ ('flical }Xl lion of nu.... p~u h dr\ eloplII(>11 I. Rt'garding ink holt> plain port ion... of t hI' I)(>nn~ ro) 81 and ~1 ilchrll Plains. in\r~Lig81or (Palmer. 19iG: \\ elb. 19; ) taB\t> conduded that tructur is discordant to both th .. land urfacf' and groundv.atN noY. path h " ouh noting, ho" ... ,er. that most studir on tht> sink holt> plain haH' r('lit'd upon structure contour dra .... " on lOp of th.. De\'onian hattanooga Shal~. v. hich lit! s~\"~ ral hundred fe~t ~to" th. su rf... throughout th. ar... lIo".rd ( 196~ ) and " oodoon ( 19 I) ugg ..tod that the> "hattanooga Shalf" probabl) dOt' nul ac(uralf"l} renect that of the> lov. rr SIt', C nf.'\ ie\ f', \\ ithin th Lost Ri\u l:roundv.atrr Sa in. both the or)don ~t f.'mbc>r and lh L.o t Ri\t>r Cht>rl Bed ap~ar to pia) significan t wi 5 in lh df'\ lopmrnt of groUndv.alu now route and eA'" ~ ge d"Hdoprnt'nt (Crav.ford. 19 2: rO\'es and ("r." ford. 19 6). nd '" id.l) spacf"d obsen alion This rt"sfarrh v.i ll shuv. the> t"rrH't that theSt" la)NS ha\ lhrou~hoUl the ~in. and b) romparison. sh"d light un the irnportancf.' of thest' effecls throughout similar portions of the in~holf' plain. 21 ("II \ 1'1'1.11 1\ II \ !lUI hf>St's Throughout tht- Lo~t Ilhf'f Crouud"Bl r Bit"" "' Ollt' can ob~n localions-- v. ithin ('8\t' . at bprings. and at s,",allt'lSo-"her "aler I nov.ing upon lh~ "lati ..l) Insolubl. chert b.d of th. Lo" Hi\ r Chert Ikd and th. ('or)don ('he" \1ember of lht> ~t. Louis Lim tone. It cannot b. denied that th lOp of th. rf>Si,lal1t bed do (8\Or. al I &.!ott in "'Gmt" areas. tht> d,\plopment of groundWalf'r now routes. A groUlldv.A1N nlO\ e doy, "v.ard under the innuenre of gra, it). it meets theSE' rC' i~t&n t ~trata and i dirf'C'lffi (mor.. or I ) horizontall) down lhr &f'nllf' dip of tht> ~s . lio"t'\t'r. the location .... hrre groundv.atf"r rna) lw n n wing on lh chrrts ("on'itilutf' onl) a small (ra,clion of th lOti,1 Irngth of ground-.alt>r noV. path . &\t' sir am can also bt> obsened that do nol ap~ar to lw , .. laird to a partlC'ularl) in!tOlublr or resi lanl 1ft) . orne in \f> ti~IHOI' (Palm"r, J981 : Quinlan and E".,. 19~1 : 11 .lls. 1976) ha .. concluded thaI oth., in nu.ncos. particularl) th. po ilion and mO\emenls of th ba f' leu"l stream to'tl.8rds v.hich tht' S}Slem drain. out".igh the th ••ffpcts of \ar)ing Iitholog) (.Hept in local and limited c"-",,s) and arf' dominant in controlling lht' \ertiral position and gradif"nt of groundv.ater flov.. It the purpo of thi!! research to dt'termin(> th .. importance of th Lost innuf"ncf"S in thf" rontrol of thr \ finical position of ground'tl.alt"r flo"" v.ithin lhf" Lost RhPr (;roUndv.81t"r Ba... in ~r.M'dfi('all). th. folio" in g to) poth,.. s "ill b. tested: lI )poth is " I: Th ... Lo t Rht'r Cht'rl I\(.d Bnd lhp ('or~doll Chf"rl art> pt>rrhing la~ f"r., throughout I hi hd,.. n Bfld art I h. dOlllHlttfll H1nU f' nn in 1' 1 COl1l ro flf I ht \ Nt If it ••0"'111 0 1\ of ... hallu" ar .. 1 Xru UIl(t " ~I . r no" " 11"1f! Ih .. 10..,1 Hi'!-r (,ruund"811'r Ba in If H)()t h(' .. i~ u 'l Innu! n(' .. on hallo" kar t ground" atN no" a nd ('a\ "rn dt'\ t>lopmc>nt b) t h 1" 0 Tht' KrBdit'nt uf ground"att'r no" aud It \ .. rl l('81 po"iliull "ithiu Itlf" ..,lntIIKraphl(' ;;;f>('tion art' in nut'll(,ro prilllBril) b) otlwr farlor,,_ lI~po lh~ i u3: Ground"3tu no" I.., .fff'(tNi b) is cumbination of rt"Spo n. '0 ,h. ""rchinK f'ffKI of th 1"0 ('hf'rt la) f'r and othn in nuf'nc . The e (,(feci are f.. 1t to SOIlW df'grp throughuut thf' ba in. although th .. dominant .. rrH't rna) ,a.r) from plan· 10 pla(" .. " ithin Ih.. ba in . R.. "' .. ar("h Dhi 11 In order to test Iht'... h)polht'S('s. t"o struclurr map of t h .. basin "U preparod: on. ha, ing Ih lOp of Ih. Lo I Ri'.r Ch rt Bod d lum and on. of th tup of tht> Condon \1 rntw- r '\ ronul" 'AP of lh "BtN tahl#' for th hallo" :';arst aquiff'r benf'ath th "'Iud) ar... "as a lso ('on~truclf'd and ('ompllrf'd 10 th cht"rt Mru("ture map Th amount of arf'a Ihal ('urrf' pond bfot"rrn ach of the eh rt la) rand th "Iller tabl "a... ~pr ... ~ as a pt"rcC'ntagf' of lht> lotal ar a "ilhin th .. basin. lhf'n th .. pt>rrfntag for Ihf' 1"0 rhf'rl la~ r " r ummf'd perrt"nl ge or ana " ilhin Ih hll~in O\f'r "hi('h ground"aln no"" i eorr.. latrd to Ih chf'rt bf.d "'as lhc>n u'Wd to aCCf>pt or rt"jt'el thf' appropriatf' h~ poth Th,. folio" ing rangf' ,alut'~ '" rrr u'f'd a .. C'rllf'fia: .... ;0(1 ('orrpsoondpn('t'; ac(' pIAn(,f> of h)pollir'li a I. Hf'si tant chprt bf-d art> Ih dominant innu Il("c> 011 th \ ('(1 I('al po ilum of gruund"atpr no" .... 30~ ('orr pond n(" : 8(,(,Pptllll(," or h) pot 11 .... 1... u 2. Chf'rl bNt~ ha\ .. limilrd or nu IlInUf'flff' nn Ih( 'Nllcal 1)(.... itUUl of gfcmndlA8tN fl u v. 30« but • j()' j COrrf"HlOndulCf': arCf'pt8IU°(> of h~ pothf'"i., n 3 \th,ro ('onlrolling innuf'Jlcf'''' art' rNpon~iblr (or tht> \f'rlifal poo;ilion of ground"' At r no¥.. Con. true1 ion of It·ologie' Strurlur \taJ)S E~isling lruclure conlour maps of the arta ( ~tcCra in and Sutton. J9i3: 5h." •. 1963 •.. 963b. 1963<: ~Ioo ... 1963: and Raine) . 1 4) u lh lOp of th. hatlanooga Shale. 8 Dc\onian unit that oc('ur se\eral hundred r~t belo" thE' Lo I Rhrr Chf'rt. as datum. Thf'M maps are not dequalf' for the df'laiJ r~uir (or this stud~. Although the 5l . Cen~\ie\e Lim lone and the hattanooga Shalt' art" .rr"""d b) similar regional innuonce (genll) dipping no,h",.. , lo"ards the ..is of lht' Illinois Basin}. considrrablf' \8ri lion~ in th thicknes of thE' lhret' formation ~l""'t'en lhf> la) .. rs mf'an that the truetur i!' not precisel) translatf'd upYo ards lhrough lho .... clion. I\ oodson (l9 I) found lhal diff... "c.s ~l" ...n dip of lho Ot"\ onian and ~Ii i ippian t rata (au.sed di re-panci as much 60 f.. t (I meters) bet Yo f'en inferrpd (from lh hall noog. - hal ('It'\alion) and actual f>1t!'\Alion . of In Lo I Ilh .. r ht"rt iTi Centl tructural tl mt"n 'ftithin the Ste. Cen("\ir\p that III ) h.l\r Ig"iricant i"nutnee on groundYoater no", could n~ rlainl) bt- ab .... nt on a 'itructurt' map of thp ~hattanooga ~hale . SourC't>s of Data It. problem in conllructinc uch a map '" it hin I he 51 ud) art'8 is that th .. Penn) ro) al sinkhol plain I) pirall) oITt"rs fe'" rock oUICrop at which to gather rlf'\31ion data. The follov. ing ~uurCH of dala "'Nt' utilizrd: I ) ~urfact' Exposur Althou~h nol pl .. ntiflii. OUlfr0P of tht' rhf>rl la)f>r arr lOCAted throughout the ' I ud) ana. Tht' first ph of thi reSf'arch '" a to make an in\entor) of no'" n rhf'r t O lllfrOp.... fmlll prf'\HIU" fi f ld " Cl r " llhln thr ltff -a ('ra" fnrd. 19"'~ "' rh i r l( t~ 1. 19··.. ld and 19'" h; ( ; r(n f'" arut ( ' ra" fu rd . 19t.16 h ) a looR .. It h ideht if) i ng Of>" f'\ pn.. urf't;; &C pJaces 10 and around t hf be in b} lirld chpcking arrft ~ that had not bf'f'n OUlrro p '" "Nf' o fUn locatf'd at prings. s"BIlf'lS. and karst "ind () ,,~ . and a ff"" "ere found in rerf"nt .,inkholf' collap ('s and storm "BtN rN(lnt ion ba~ i n 5 . Hoadruts. q uarrif' !; , and ( on li lrurtion it('!! "ert> also chN'kpd for r hf'rt o Ulnops. bUI "hh litt l.. "I UCCf-' O utcrops of the Lost Rht"r 'hen "ere more common than those of lhe Cor)don ~1ember v.ilhin the s tud) area. Fortunatel). lhf> top of th.. or)don li es cor i tentl) about 40 feet below the top of the Lo t Ri,., h rt ( \\'oodson. 19 I). ~ th ele\ ation of one of thr cht'rt bed can t:w USM to infrr the elevation of the othu. Although onl) a fe-v. location!-l "t>rf' found to check this relationship. the assumption "lU supported. The e-I('\ at ions of th top of th chert bed a. outrrops throughout the study area .. ., found • hrough I.. rling b) tran it from the "eare t point of kno" n ele\'ation to ea~h outcrop, th.-It ba ("l(,\At ions marked at road intt"rSf:ctions on l . ~ . G. ~ . 7.5 minut" topographic maps. Ilenchm rks \\ Ne u~ v. h r l hp) "ere 8\ ailabl~ . and "ithin t he cit) limits of Bo .. ling Creen kno" n .. Ie\ at ion Cii "ert> found usi ng t hf' f'\rellenl Atlas of 130" ling r~n . Kt'ntuck) ( (, i l~ . Cou n t) '"llanning C'ommis IOn of \\ arrt'n ('ount). Kt'nlUck), 1974 ) .. hiC'h depicts the f'ntir cit) a1 1:2.400 scalt' .. ith a COntour intenal of 2 f~t (61 (t'ntimN .. r ... ). Tht' elp\At ion"l of maul point located "ilhin the cit) art' hov.n to thp "f"are I I 10 of a foot (2.·) rf'n1 inlf'tt'r ) an {hi., ~ tla . Additional du~ rl plpHilion .. AI OIJlC'rOPS ,,"u· dHfOrnllJlrd u'!iing an altinlf'l r. Th~t' "pr found b~ (alibral ing thf" ahimPIPr dt a nen('hmark. mo\in~ to and mt>"''ourtng th,> ulltrwp. Ih,'" (11I1(k. I\ rl'lllrllinf( to ttlt' tH fl f' hmark rhang in hamlllt'trtr prt'''I"urt' thaI (ould afffft rrading" y,t>r(> df'lt'Clf'd anri [nrrf'rll'd for. Tf>tnJ>f'ral Urf' rorn'cl i nn ~ y, rrt' al~() applird 10 thp rt'ad in ~s . E\('n undN t h two;;t circuOislancP"l, ('INation mea u rt'rnf>nts ta~f'1I ~ ith an allinwt('f art' lrss accurat than tho"t' found b~ 1t'\t'linK. Tht' timt' ~\t>d b) it~ UM' for ouuropo;; far from kflov.n {'I("\ations. hoy, ('\(·r. A..'i y,rll 8, tht' fact thllt tht> inst rument fan bf> lISM In si tuations \l,hert> If'\f'ling i!i impractical (1it>lds of tall corn . for examplp) lIIadf' tht> inslrumf'nt ~ell worth \l, hilf' for obtaining addit ional data. 2) E).posure y, ithin ca\(l passag . In a soil-co\rred sinkhol plain, CAVt> oflt'n offt'r the b t eAp<> ures of StratA, Athough much of their Iru appearanrf' ma~ be m8sked by sedimt>nt and \l,8tt'r. In thi tud). ight of th. chert upo uro "rre found within cave (figur 7) . Ele\ alians of tht' cherts y, r .. found b~ lran it If'\ eling to a point near a particular rave' ntranct. th .. n rontinuing lO"ard u inK a Suunto h nd· held cl inol11f'tf'f and standard CAVt" ur\('ying If''C'hniqu Clinomt'ter rrading and backsighls "'er t"stimatM to on .. half of ont' dt'grfOfO. and "fOr rf"qu irf'd to gr \I, ithin ont' d~,r . 1(> ele\ alion data than al those 5>oints "hert th transit could be u'\rd right up (0 I t' uUtcrOll. but lh "IlIIdli. " ... t naturf> of man) sinkhole plain C8\f"S made (ran", Ip\f'ling impractical Th.. aUI hor".., e' sho\l, th I careful u_ e of Suunlo inllt rurnent.!! y, it h b6ck i«hh agrf>f>ing to " it hin ont> degref' ran produrt> sur \f>~ s " ith closure {'fror ... in the rangt' from 0 I to 0.2 or onf' ~rc~nt. This " ill Khe a \Ntiral error of onl) ont' 10 l y,u f,t'l (30 to GO (,f'ntimelf"r) J>f'r t .OOO ff't>t (312 rnf'tt"rs) of unp). Some of the rI('art'~t t'Apusun' ~ of thr LO"lt Ilh .. r ( 'ht'rl found " ilhin Ihf' stud) art'll occur und ... qtround. \l,hf'r(, Ihf' chert sonlf'linlf" .-.;- tand" con~p,('uou s l) OU I from pas.,agr y,al k It Ur'f'n "rathrr th a dark bro,," or bl.u·k rolur ~h.1I t' pc, ....' GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE CONTROL POINTS LOST RIVER GROUNDWATER BASIN WARREN COUNTY, KENTUCKV • ~. f. (;O"' ''I'' ItU. ' ._r . 1 + • • • • .. • • ... lllS • " , " llO"'l t EA S • • L" t Rher Ch rt • or) don h~rt • Inf.rr..d frolll b ..... of Cirkin Ls. i a\O E'!JOSur Elevation from geo"hy.ical well log Figurf> 7. Ct"Olugir lrurtur" ("'oulrol poirH~ . 27 010 t oftf'n Sf'f'n at nour It>\ pi or pt rhdJ>'" at about I hp 10\\ PSI I" 0 fir t hrf'f' ff'PI (0 6 to 1 OI .. It"r) of th Jms~A \\811 \\t,ru I ht trf'lllll ha rut do\\n\\ard into Ihi. T\\o f'xrf"ptions in ~ullhan' s ('8\1" and Hobinson 11.\ e \\ here stream nO'o\101e atop thf' rhf'rt Ill}f'r brf'B.rh it at joint rf"latNt cAnyon form,", 'o\aterfall . ~.. posur("~ of thf> or}doo ChNt lir .. found 'o\lIh in \\ oodburn Ca\(' and lhf" (,8\f' on 1 ht' do,", n Irram idf' of thr ( 'hurrh I\ a r~t \\ indo\\ nrar Rich Pond, Kentucky. 3) 1:. .. ting ",II log inrormation. \\ arrrn aunt) ha a \ aried hislor) of oil and g production stretching ba.rk to lh 'Arl) part or lhi r.ntur) . Dilamarter (19 5) note. lhal berore encountering oil hf.arinz slrata, drillhol arf" Ii f'1} to nrouotf"r shallo¥. ca\ernou 100. induding the Stt". .ene\ i \t" Lim ton, R ord on \\ ells that ha\f' bef'n 10UM art' a\ailable at th Kf'nluc::k) Ceological ... ur\ t) Ornef in L '(inglon. and \\ er in\c tigated for additional information on chrrt f'1f"\ations. Log "eft locatt'd ror 3 '0\ II in or adjarC'nt to the tud) a rta, ho\\ c\ r none " rr of an) help in prm iding ('hert t"le\alion .Man) \\ells \o\.t'r loggf"d on I) from thf" Chattanooga Shalt" (an important la)rr to oil drill. do\\n'o\i\rds. and tht' on that began at th. surface \\erf' oot in uffirif'nl dNail, ptlmaril~ l:wcauSt> the \\t'll "r loggf"d (rom rUllings. Thi~ dt>\f'loprllf'nt \\a..., particulAr!) frustrating bt-cau most of lht> \\t>II, particularl) in thr v. ~t rn lion of th .. basin ..... t'rt' slartrd in the- . If. G nf'\ip\f' or higher. and lhNt"(ort> pt>nclratf'd both rhf'rt ta}f'r . 4) (;, oph) ieal ".11 logginK. Important sourrM uf Mratigraphi(' information in th nud) area art' lht' man~ ",II. lhat ha" be.n drill,d hut orr lor ing tratigraphir log O"r 450 storm \\Alf'r drainagt> \\1'1I hB\ btot>n drill..d or dug. mostl) \\ ithin th urban parts of Uo .... ling Grrt'n and th .. rapldl) gro'o\ ing area to th .. bOuth (t'ra\\ford and Grmf'b. 19 4). \1an) \\aln uppl) .... fOlI aloq, f'",ist in Ih mort" rural pari of thf ba in. nit Ilrf'...... lr · \lla~ ( ' mnr~UI\ Hf lIl'udc>r'ttn . I\"IIIU("~ . "do' hirNJ to AIIt'mpt to ru .n bulk d.n"t) of about 1.5 g (rn (Ca .. and oth.. . 197~) and th t of calci .. (" hieh rnakf" up thf' ~rral bul of Ihr Sl Cpnr\if>\(" Linl~lOn(' .. urrouliding lh chert) i 2.i R em' (Pough. 1971» . Th." II-logging program "a on I) partiall\ uee..."ful. I \ation of lh .. Lo ... , RIH'r Cht'rl IWd .. & kno", n. sud dt'ar nrg8th .. dt'n ... it~ nomalie" oc('urf'd at lht' prtdiclt'd .. 1f"\8Iion ... in both c § . Th .. cht'rl ..... ~ foulld in muM of ,he.' other \10 fils. but since small \'oid~ 810 produ('rd negali\f' d .. n it) anomalie. thr produced similar rt·ading .. hirh oft.n m k.d th. chert. Of th.... "n ".11, that "rrr logged (not including th. t"o te t " ells) nt' .... ('hen ('1 .. \3110n "frf' cCfOpled for on I) 1"0 .... II . Thf> .. til a('ceptM .. n in rt'M of lwttt'r ('onlfol. ", h.. r ther .... as a good Idf8 of lh appro Irnat \alion of thr cht"rt. Intrrprf'tation ..... a~ al 0 aldt'd b) ~imullanf'OU (ali per loggong. " hieh id tI"li.d m of 'h \ oid 1 hat .. ould product' non·chtrt ncgall\t d n 11) anom lir ~om ...11 in art of poorer colllrol produced po5 ibl dlf~rt rf'adink!'o. hut inlf'rprt't liun .... rf' not ron idrrrd 10 rrliablt> f"nou,h to u lh data a ('ontrol penn' .. for thf' ",I ru map Th .. ap[lf'ndi\ ron,i 1 of compl~t~ r .... ord of all ".11 losgod. along " ith a map ,f th. ".11 loration (Figur I.). a) J:: , i'\l in~ KroloKi(" map.., Additional ('h rt It'\ation~ '" r tak n from ttw ('onlarl lwl"'t"t"n lh ~t. Loui and St . Gfnr' i \0 on t h. K.ologic map or t h. Drake quadrangle b) \ too.. ( 1963 ) "ho dr." thi. (Ont6ct at th. top of th Lo>t II i, r Chr" Thi procrdurr add d points to the 8rf"8 to thr f"a'\1 uf th .. drainag.. basin. Data for th far "'e""tt'fn .. dKf> of th b in "'t're laklll from th .. Uo",)ing Gr(,(>11 \ orth gwlogjl" map (Sh ..... e. 1963a). in~ rrf"d from ('If'\alia"!) at lh .. Ua'i(, of thf' Cir~in Lirnf'''itonf' 'lap ProduC"lioli Our .. th .. lirld dnlft "'HI' rollrrlt'd. th urfdr" "'f'n rlllllourf'd u~ifllt a 1'1 (Ornblf181inn nf 'l HI \ ("~ II ("'dll1p .. un If}j,,) "fin 1>1 ...... 1'1 \ ( 1IIIq;r8u·rl "' (lrt ~art !')'If'm~ Corporation. 19", 1) ("um p ut t r Kr8phir ... ~) o;;l .. m... h t nrd. r 10 in"JUI th .. control point ... into th rr-q ui rf'rl Ilumf'rical f'ncooing don .. b) plotting th point on 8 mBp of thr "'Iud) arf>a. lhe'll TIlf'A urin« (from an arblltar) POint chosen to th ~ou lh'4" I of th stud) ar a) north~&rd and f' tward to pach I)uirll . Thl" proct'durf' gB\P II unique> 'x' and ')' ('oordinal" fur ('ath f'onlrol pUi lll. dnd th., (·I ,,\atiun Iht'li !o. upplif'd Itlt' ' t ' ('nordillalf'. On(' .. it ('ompul.'r fil t, '48.. '\ rrtalftd fur tlw POiI1l", :'l HF \ ('~.. II tonk the' uUt'\f'nl) d,.,tribuu'fi data JXl inl! nr.tf'd It grid of .. \rnl) "',.an.' at f'8('h nodf'. l or this l;roJf'C'1. b ICK'al fil prOf'edurf' "'as u">C" \ I d1l'" point th ('ornJ,UIN urr"" III rontour lin"... al I h.- dr'pruprialr local ion ('hf'rl ,",u r(a('t' ""8..•• tUllluurt'fl. thf'1I Iht· ( '«,ndon \It rnbC'r .,lr\l('lur map"" produ(,f"d b) lu""rrinf( Itu' ... I.. \al iull o( Itlt' Ln I HhN ( ' tiNt b) 40 rt,.,l (12 mN .. r ). III this mannt'r a nluth·' rur Ihf' Cor dUll "'Iru turf' "'As .,rodured in &n art' ""hf'r r.. \II, HUl('rup~ ur 1hal \,:111 if,ft· arr,...... ithlt'. TI Ihr ('fill I rol points Yo rf' uSfOd in lh ('on I ru('llon or lh on "Url,on of Ih \\'al .. Tabl. \1 p S~\ ral .... aler tab! contour maps ha\f' bt-t-n con tru('tf·d ""hhifl tht> Iud) rt'a (ero, 19 3: .r." ford. 19 5a: "bl•. 1 ~6 ) and urrounding "Kion (I a'all• . 196j: Lamb.-rl. 19j6: Quin lan and Ra) . 19 I: I'I.buch. fau'l. and TO"11 nd. 19 5) Th map art" u .. t"ful for undN" nding g nf>ral d ir«tlon, of ground .... ,uf>r no"" , aft hough carbonat aquift'r It>nd to bf. hiXhl) anisol ropiC' "" it h no"" route larg4"l) ('ontrollrd b) the lorAtion .. of 8\8ilablr opt'ninJ;'" In lht> rod... (;round""alt>r no" rOUI at (or just tw lo",,) tht' ""81.'r labl,. ar.. fonlaint'Ci "" ilhin Ihf> ... urf r .;;hu .... n on \\ all'r lablt> 1118p arr 81 ) u ful (or ..... , im81 IIlIt I h drill h frUIIl 1h :111 !Zur(aft' that ft 'H II mil'" t", drill l'Ci ill nrd. , to inlU"f'Cl tilr " al lr ti1hlt Thf' "u(,f'M"ding ¥oalpr tabl .. IIIHp... of th., na ... in lift\(· lwt'n impro\f·d lSi more data pointe;; ha\ f> bc-f'n added Th,. map c-on"'lru(,lrd for thl'" st ud lun t 3111'i I :t romro) points (Figurp 8 ). and i., lhf' fir ~ t onf' Lo ~ contoured b) computer. "ontrol poin ts "t'rc> gat h nod largf'J) from f'xj s tin~ datil SOU r ff":ot (Lambert. 19i6: ( ' ra¥. ford. GrO\ and oth.,.. 19'!!: \ blp. 19,6) and 8 f." " ....dded b) the author. Th. man) of the stud) ArPA "Nt' a h.lp in con I (unlng the "aler tablf' map. along v. it h the man) " alt'f suppl) " .11 that t>x iSl to the south In lhe mort> rural part of the basin. Th .. in\'entor) of t hrst> drainagr " ell madr b) 'rawford, Crovf' and olhf"r (19 4) for th. l".S. Em·i ronment.1 Prolect ion geney lists lh loca tion (and " ater 1f'\Alion ) for 444 "lOlls in lh 8rt'a. l"n(ortunalel). the t> "'aler I(" \tl lOt> urem lit "'ue ta t'n At a \arif"l) or antfft'dt'nt rnoi turf' corlditlon and not all rtpre nt probabl base- Ir\rl condition. "'hich "'a ~ as umt"d for this map. In ord r to uliliz lh ~ dala, a filtering S )~l{'m "'a labli hed: the datf' of t8(h mra..sur m "I "' &5 check.d in t h. r ord. of tit. oll.g. JJe l ~hl s \\'.ath r !\lation (011 the \\ est .. n Kf'nlUck) I · ... ;\·rr it) campus in '. northern pari of thf' bASin) . and th .. Illt8 Uremf'nt y. a.s nOI uo;ed if 0. :> incht'!) ( I 2 cf'ntin~ t('r of ram had rallfl'n in tht' .""0 da) prf'\iou 10 lh .. mea""urpmf'nt or if ( "' O inch£ (.1) rcntllllf'lpn,) had fallen in t hf' pre\ iou '" et' In addition. a minimum " .11 depth of 30 feN (9 meters) " as required along y. ith 8 minimum df'pth of lhrH' fN"1 (0. mrlf'fOli ). ~lan) \o\ell~ thai "'{'n' found to be> unu abl '" re rf'mt'a urf'd du ring dr) rondition .. and 'A atf."r rn .. asur meot of ..... ell la .. n in latt>r f'ffort s y.f'rr con("pnl ralf'd during dr) ~rlod to i)re\ t'nt thi problf>ltI. Thf' ""ater tabl .. cuntrol point ""I"rf' dil(it iud and I hp 'lurfdce ("ontourt>d b~ Sl HF.o\CI:: II in It fIl nnf'r similar to thf' f"on"'truC'tion of Ihf' Ktologlc s truflUrf' map"l. 31 • • riKUr(' \\atf"r lablr control points. Sourc('s: I.amb«> rt (1976). ( ·ra .... ford . (;'0'" . a"d other. (19~4) . and Abl. (I9~6). D/lut. \ nah .. j .. Thf' pr()(f'durp~ for anal)'Ii~ arp dt>~ribf'd bt>lo ", fur thf' rompari"On of thr 1.0 t r('pt'aLl'd (or comparison of thr "8ter tablr and the oC)don Chert \1embt>r. Once the maps were contoured b) the compuler. th 3-dimensional urfBc~ of tht> Lo 1 IlhPr Chert and lhr " atfr tabl .. "'err nunwricall) de">C'ribc>d Cb '\. ). and z \alut' at e\,nl) paced grid noors "ithi" lh stud) ar('8. Earh nod" un the rhC'r1 map has a corresponding, 'partner' node on the "' ater tabl .. JOap that ocrupies th samt' x. ) po ilion " hen thf> maps are uperimposed. The t " o surfact>1 " ere then teslt"d for rorr pondenc b) comparing t he I \ alu at earh pair of partner nod A pair of \'8I u "as a id to rorrt~ pond if the ele\alion of th "'atrr ,abl at a nodr " v.,ithin 20 feN (6. 1 mrler) abo\e or beolow the el(,\Bt ian at the top of the cherl bed. Thi rang .. "as chosen because I) sam r& "e trearn have cut do"-n into lh chf'rL ~ , 2) the "'"at r table in inlerslream areas will be somev. hat hiKher. hut rna) ha\'e a vertical position controlled by tht' chrrt beds &S lhf' " &Ier nov. . dov. ngradirnt to.... ards rave Hearns lhat art> perchl'd 011 thE" rhert. :q rollap~ . ·", of rau ' roof~ ran dam th cave trearn ~nd r"u!W 1 he> v.att"r lit n r i~ lIJl"trt> rn frNn lhp brpakcfown dam, and 4) inct> a conlourf'd urfarf' i~ largf'h iflfPfred . ...ouw (olf'ralln" rnu ( be allov.ed for lh.. different b«-" 'A ~n tht> elevation on tht> map and reali t ). (IIAI'TI: II \ IIbl LT~ A\I) to\(Ll~I()\:- Th4!' re ult~ of lhi r ('arrh ar.' r-r£'wntf'd in (l ~(>rlf''''I of map productd b) Ihf' OIS. PLA rornputt'r ('arlogr ph) "oft""arf' parkagp. Thr include gf'uloKit' lruetur map or th ' .... 0 cherUi. a rontour rnap of th ...... alt»r lablf'. and map5 produ(' d b) comparison of th~ .... aLrc labl lAilh tht' cherl . Thl" pt"frenlage of th total area v.ithin lhf' basin 0\ r "'hich lht' .... ater labl is found to ('orre)al v.lth chert la)l'r i uS<'d to ace pt or r jl'Ct t h approprialt h) poth Fi,uu" 9 sho"" the grologir tructur of the Lo t Rh,t'r Cround ..... t r Basin. The hert K n.. all) "ik. northe t- uth"est. and dip north". " Io"ard the axi of the Illinois 0 in. Total tfuetural relief of th .. C;hen is ju t 0\ tr 200 f (61 m.. r ). "hich rompar "ith 320 r t (9i met r ) for t h. Ch llanooK& ~ha l OHr the 1Of' ar a ( ~ 1 ('Grail1 and Sulton. 19i3). Th. sou,hern half of 'h basin i. qu". nat. ,,"h dip" on th ord.. of 10 ~ , per mil. (I. mr'er per ilo",.... ). inrro asin& '0 2().40 f.... t per mil (3 i .2", Ius Pf'r kiiomNer) a~ on" mm .. .., IO"'8rd thp north",.- t. A rrlathf>l} 'N'P nclint' in the> north .... r t part or Ihf> bii map~d. thr eastnn nank or thi~ 'it ruClu rt' ha diJ) ' that (>XCf't>d 100 ref't JWr mil ( IQ mrtf'r ~r kiIOtnf'IN). ,\ 10 .... dom .. i"t mappt"d in th .. south",. I. :\.. ith"r or th~ realUr apparf>nl on 8lrUrlurf' map or th" Chaltanoolta !'\half'. 1~1IiiI"tJ on lhf" a urnption Ihat th WI' or th Cor)don \ 1f'mbc:> r enn iM l'nll) li(', 40 f... ( 12 m., ...) 1",10" th. 'op of ,h. L""t IIi, r Chert ( II oodM>n. I and 31 GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE, LOST RIVER CHERT BED LOST RIVER GROUNDWATER BASIN WARREN COUNTY. KENTUCKY I "'- ml ~ 1 , k .. 0 1 2 Figurt> 9. ffilogir Mrurlurf" of lhf' Lo";( Ri\e>f Chnl Iled. 1... 0 l Jl h .. r C.:round .... alt'r Bt\.'o,ill . 19~3 ) t tl t ~'Irfdcl' of Ih" 1.0 .. 1 HI\£'r ( 'htrt .... it. ... I.. "t'nd h) HI fU'1 (1'1. mrt«'r .. ) tn pr()\ id,. A 'trur url' InAp (If thf> Cur)don ( Figun 10) Th. II al., rabl. Thf> contour fIIap of ttl(' \\olttf'f lablf' for tht> LU"II Hi"'r Cround'-'lllt>r BA,in (Figurt> II) " .. imilar tu prt>\ i oll~ , hand-rontourf>d \\oalt'r tabl .. maps of th£' basin «(; rO\ 19 3: ('ra" ford. 198';0: \ hlf. 19 ). Th "ater labl. r.ach .. a hi~h of aboul 620 f.·., ( I 8 ",.,n) ., I h. oUlh • ." edge of Ih. ha in . and has a baSt' I., el .Ie'alion of 424 f•• 1 (l2~ ,"el.") al 'h l.osl Hi,., Hi"". The gener.1 gradi.", of ground" aler no" is 1()'20 f.... ' pt'r mil. (I. -3.6 melers pt'r kilomeler). nort h" ard lO\l,ard the Barren Riler, Tht" main trunk of the Lo t River has a measured a\eragf gradi.", of 16 f.rt pt'r mile (2.9 met., pt'r kilomeler) along Ih mapJ"d and inferrf'd route btol\\ot'f>f1 fhl' S\I,allf.'1 of I)ig Sinkang rpt'k and lhf' LOSl Rhrr Hise . .'\ polf'nlial problem '-'ith ronstruction of this map thal some .... at .. r levels in ...... lIs rna) repr.. ~nt elr\ ation othN than thf Iruf' .... ater labl for th .. shallo .... ka rst aquifer. Local. pe rchf'd .... ater bodit"S kno .... n to exist within thf' stud) area, .... ell as 8t least onf' fOlAN. ('onfilled aqulrer Thf're i"l Ii {'hallf". Iht"rf'rorf'. that some lAater If'\'els ma~ bt- too high. rt>presenting (he tops of minor rH'rrhf'd lAa lt>r bodi,. . or loo lOlA , rt>prf' nlin~ Ihf" pou'nlionlf'l rir ,urfart> of Ihl> lo\\o .. r ron fi nf'd aqui( r. \\'ater ele\'ation, \\o ilhin unCB t'd .... ells (as ar~ \'irluall) all drainage and \\oater su ppf) \\0 .. 11 \\o ilhin th .. stud) art>a) lhllt p~, through minor pt>rched 14atf'r lable to InterSffl tht> principal aquiff>r (as '-' ell as intt'rliif'fting good ne\'ir(>s) .... ould bf> f'\pt:'flf'd to drain cio .... n to tht' forre{'l le \t·1. \1u l I)(obl .. matif' readings lAtr .. lak .. n from tho~ ' 14('lIs '-' hich r.. Brh inll!. bu t do 110( pa'lj., through . these rH' rchf>d lAater bodie-so \\ .. lis drillrd in to ('ompit·tf'f) imJ,Wrrllt'ablf' lont' of lirnestonf' 1118) also gi\t> fal,,· ..ad ing all hough " .11 raring " il hin Ih. so uri) .rea (Cr." ford. 19 5b) indica, tbat 'iud, .... rll ... 8rt' re-Iftl h pi rar.', 36 GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE, CORYDON CHERT MEMBER LOST RIVER GROUNDWATER BASIN WARREN COUN TY KE NTUCKY ""- - -::1- / / -'" I CI:20' Filur.- 10 Ctn l u~ i ( "" rurtur of lh Cor don Chrr' \t mlwr. 1.0 I Rh .. r Ground .. a lrr B 10 37 WATER TABLE LOST RIVER GROUNDWATER BASIN WARREN COUNTY. KENTUCKY r-""'.' •• '" co .IT' ('i / v ~ - ~ ~ ~ ,-/ ' ...... v-.... ~ '-- .,,-- ...--- , ----~~ ~ '--- 1ft' 0 1 klft 0 1 2 CI:20' tl \at ion In ((' .. t abo\ 54'. 1f'\,.1 FikUft> II. \\ 8lt>r lA.blt', Lost Uht>r Cround .... alN nasin. Th.- potfnt iOlnt't rl(' .. urfaC'f uf t hf del pN. confinrd 8(Juifrr rna) tx highf'f or to",,.r than lht \Ioa t .. r tdhlt fen lhf' prlflcipal. ~h8.llo v. aquif,.r. \\ 111('r from lhp lov.t>r aquiffr IS hiKhl'r 10 di" ... uhrd olid. hov.('\{·r. and v.,.I1 ... that tap thi, ","atrr rna) oftt'n be recogniud b) an odor of h)drogen ulfid('. ompari,on and Corrpl&tion of ('hnts and "ater Table Of the 8g ~rid nod ... "ithin the stud) ar a at "hich the Lo t Rivor he" and v.atn tablt' t'lf\atiuns can be rOlllparrd . .. 2.6" sho"," a coru'lation bel","een the 1\100 . urfacf> 8.5 definf"d (or 1 his re eareh. In addition, 40.7'( of the nodes sho" correlal ion bel v. een 1hl' or) don he .. :>Iemb these Iv.o qUAntities sho.... that the .... aler tablE' correlates with bedded chert layers o> RiH'r Chert Bed and thp or)don Chl'rt ~te mber ha\e a dominan1 innul'ncl' on the \ flieal position of hallov. kar t groundv.attr flov. within th Lost RiHor Cround .... ater Drainage Basin. Figur 12 a map of thr el \Alion diff.r nee. b the Lost Rh'N Chert Btod throughout thl' fud) arPA. A valut' of uro indicates a p4'"r(t><'t rorrl'lation t>t'1\\{' 11 th .... att'r hi and ci.frt: POSltl\ \ alue:, hO \4 art' v.h~rf> th~ "aler labl is hi&hu than th~ ('hf! rl and ('on\ ersel). nt>gath't' \alut's occur v.hert' th top of th ChNl is highrr than the- .... ate( lablt'. Figure 13 I a imilar map ho .. ing comparison iwl\lof'E'n the v.at(Or labl.. and Ihe C'or)don Cht'rt. On both of th .. ow map thf> ar(Oa~ that .. ho"," corrf'spondence are shad d. Condu ions \V ith th~ rfo ult o( thi.;; anal) .. i . ont' ('an .,H> th .. rf'lat ionl\hi p bf'1 .. ~n the chnt 1X'd(j and hallo.. groundv.atpr nO" for \ariou part of th basin. :\ frO Sf'("t ion uf 1hf' basin ( Figurt' I I) 'tho" S 1ht' r{'lation'thlp twt ...... fOn ground\\ atN nO\4 and thr ('hen . At Big Sinking Crt' k. nfOBr Ihr head\loaters of tht' basin. ELEVATION DIFFERENCES WATER TABLE- LOST RIVER CHERT LOST RIVER GROUNDWATER BASIN J- ' 1'04 T" ... ~ ~•• --.. .. o· ) .." .' ~.- ------ r , .../r CI: 20 ' f J:~,rt I! ( 'lIllIollnl! , tl \d!I'" d:rfl nIICt~ lot ' '''.1 11 It;. " .t l t f 1., hl. dl,li ,I,. 1 (I~1 H \ t r ( i("1 Bt ll , I,d.t. d .Ir,,, llir'tlt.·.. fflr n-"," ,rct" ,(1 " ""'11 1, t til r' ) - - I ~---- - ml o~ ____ ~~ ____ ~~ km 0 2 CI:20' I ' $:un 1;1 t O'ltllllnd , It ',,"1111 tliffrrl lu l'" 11111-"1"11 tilt ""In tdhlf Mid 1111 ( flnd'lli ( l,j"1 \t. lld ~ ",1••• ,1 , ,1 .. rt',. iudif,'" IOrrt"l'ufltl" 'Uf ht l",".'n d i rt .tlid " •• ll r t.d • • GENERALIZED PROFILE OF THE LOST RIVER SHOWING F STRATIGRAPHY, AND STRUCTURE TO LOS 81G SINKING CAVE CREEK C HURCH KARST SUNKEN S PRING S eso WINDOW .. HYPOTHESIZED .. CO N STRICTION ~ > eo .. .. / ... c z .. lit Z Z 0 ;: ..C c 2 > .. .. > .. 0• " o 1 I • MILES ALONG GROUNDWATER FLOW ROUTE FROM .'G .,NK QUATERNAln' HOTES: l • • _ 1It1.,.r 1) Loaa of elevetlon I,om Big Sinking C,eek to Lo , c • • ,. I •• lim • en e v e , ege at,elll'" line lI,e':l ent of 111 feet pe UPPER 2) The e.plo,eble e.tent Of the Loat Ri ve, Ceve ~ .... I .. I'I'PIA. St. Louie Smellhole , Bill Be,the, Llvlnllaton, end Ale.end. L'm •• tone I KIY TO ITIJIIAnOlJllAPM'f I L-______'"OWN_ ,N '''O''ll~ Fia urt 14. Ceneral'ted noel ..-etion. LOIn Rh'.r Cround • • ler Buia, ,a.. ford -.lid G,o.," (I 7) . IVER SHOWING RELATIONSHIP OF CAVERN DEVELOPMENT, I STRUCTURE TO GROUNDWATER FLOW LOST RIVER C.VE ENTR.NCE ·LLNOLI ·.. C .VE N.SNVILLE RO.O .IG .INIIHOLE .ERTN. C.VIl O. " . T . BLUE HOLE ( LIVING.TON C.VE " O N " 0 "IHO/ I W I: L L H.RVEST".N .. , . "-.. .. . I H.VEN C.VE LOST RIVER RISE OISHII.N III LL I 0.11 5 , • , , 12 FLOW ROUTE FIIO .. 81G IINIlING CIIIIII TO LOST IIIVEII• 'liSE 'ATH OF OfIJOUNDWATIJI 'LOW IHO ... ' N '''OFtLE I from Big Sinking Cr •• k 10 lo.1 Rlv.r RI •• I. 135 f •• I, for ghl lin. gredlenl of ,. f •• 1 p.r mil • . , .Ienl of Ih. Lo.1 River Cev. S~.lem Includ•• Ih. lo.1 Rlv.r, "Ihe, living. lon, end AI •• end.r Cev ••"Ir. nc ••. co " Mellon. Loel Riv«r Ground ...t «r Bu. Source (:,o\,n (11l87 ) 11 "Il4HI ,tit ('on dOli ('Ii.'rl d"" .. dip nu\,!, nrr of d ~lIu.t1l "'Hunural dOli II (",gurr 9). In lhf' ,icinit\ of thf' Lo t RiH'r 1 \ala. th "'alt'r rno\PS up {'(lion to ernt'rg tlO top or thp Lo 1 Hi\ r Chnl. although th r II on (or thi up ('lion mo\rmf'nt j.., nul )('t dtdr (Orl( po. ibl( p\planation ,",Quid ~ high-angl,. rallhin~ in tlit' \'icinit) ur lh.' 1 \'11.. \ 0 fault ... art llIappf'd al thi ... location. hOl.l.r\t>r. and nonr ha\f' bfton lo.. atl'd during th. Up" lion jump. th LO"it Ri\t'r no" upon th L~l Rhfr ,ht"rl for sornf" distance'. ~. \nai mil of lr am p gr ",ithin lh .. Lo 1 Rher 'l\ '(>~) l(Om c n l>f' (ollo",rd ",ht"r the C3H' noor h formf>'d at or n(lar th .. lOp of th .. eh rl 13)er. The rI\ r aKaln brf"llrh lhf' ('ht"rl at an unknoYon localion (trlbutar) strf'am in thr ca\ b ..... h th. ch rt nd in ... the) join and no" out or th b in at Ih. am 1.,,1 a th Losl Ri, ... il too IIIU" b.. a .. h th la)or}. In thr \ .. r~ dov.n Irparn part 0' not repr nt I hr origln.1 p' h ... r ground" a .. r no" Thi du to I} ppro.illlatrl) 30 rret (9 I 1II,"r ) of PI.i"ocen allu, iUIn and 2} n additional or 10 reu (2 I to 3.3 m... rs) or ..rrnt fill .... hind man mad. d.m on Jenning r dov.nstr am from the HI fl. \ hhou~h th. " 8t r tabl. h", ..... n r ,I'd in th dov. n trram Kl ion. ground'4ater till nov.~ through it original pas age and flo .... s up"ard rrom a drpth or aboul 34 r•• 1 ( 10 m .. r) al th LOI Ri-or Ili. 1\1 egrrlain .nd 1> ,lIon. III-tl). 11 014 ran th rf'" ult~ uf I hi ... rp~&r('h in th .. Lost R iv~r Croundv. IN liasin tw ~t .. ndNt uut .... a.rd tu 'llh r IIrf>ll.... Itf lh .. Pf'nn~r(l\al Pillt .. "u'! art> prr"'f'nl near tilt' ""rfart' o\('r "arl elf Ih"" art'll onl) . rt Itt \11\ nat rOlnpdrf·tt In tUt nJ,";lothtl d p of (tit' qra It. III art'a ... 1u th nflrth."..",1 Iht' rhf'rt drr hurl."Ct tou cit,. pi) IU hot\" dn ("rff'<'t 011 ",)u,llo.". grnulld\o\atrr no\o\ To \long tht' outh('a ... , (updip) thr '\0\0 ('h('rt la)N'" ha\f' ht('n rt"mo\rd b) erosion t hf' ~l rike. ho .... ('\ rr. t ht> rhprt ... 3rt' prt' ('Ill O\4'r " largf> ar 8. IlS lhf') rnA) bf' on I h .. oth.. ,id of the Cincinnati Arch (\1«;rain. 1969). It) u&gPSlt-d thaI in th an'a!"> of the> I'f'nn\ ro) 81 Platf>8U .... hu hallov. ground" ater no.". occurs "ithin I hp "amf part of thE' gt'Ologlc t"clion as thf Lo." HI\t>r Cround .... alf'r Uasin that tht> reialion&hip'" b4-I\Iof.t>n lhp rht>rl!'\ and ground\o\alPr no\o\ rna) be' similar. Other beddt'd chert unil~ appt'ar In \ariou5t parb of th upper \ tis is ippian ") t,.m (Badi.i. I I) and rna) also act as porching la)ers in sam kar t drainag. s) tern - 4 1 \ blt". \ ' ,. 19~6 . l ... i l l ~ drainage " .. II't to .. tud) IllP kar"', aqu if. r twnf'ltth Uo",linX Crt'f'n . n.t'l1tU(' ' ~ . unpubli,ht>d i-Mf.Wr. \\""1 rn k rnluc ) l n l\ r it). Ilo .. lin~ (;r... n . "rnlllrk). I .. p. Uadid. J. 19 1 Corrt'ialiOlI and rompari .. un of d,,. LO,\l Hh .. r t'hNl of lht> .... 1f" . (.f'nf'\ if''-' Format ion in 'W)ulh·n-Illral India,," and norltl·(t'utral hf'nturk) : unpuhht.;hrd mMter'h tht>"Ii ... Inctiana '-IUlIf' l ni\t·r~Il). Ttrrf' II uto. Indiana. I p. Brett. J. II.. 1912 . \ado~t and phrt-alir- rf'atur~ of liuU'c,tOflf' ("It\ .. : Juurnal of Ceolog). , . so. pp. 6a· II. UfOI,\I1 . R. F. And T . \\ . Lambert. 1963. RP<'onnai'J'anrf' of ground'''' Att"r rfiOUrCf'S in th. :>.l issis>lppian Platoau Rrgion. K.nturk) : l . ~. Grological Suno) \\'ator·.,uppl) Paprr 1603. 5 p .. 16 pi Carr. 0 ., R. Lrining... and ' I Cold •. 19i . Crushed Ion. re ourro, of th. IIlu. Rhrr Croup (' Ii. i ipp,an) of Indiana: Indiana Grologl 'il) ' OUnl) Planning ommlssion of \\ arrcn Count). h t'nlUck). 197 1. Official atlas of Bo"ling Cr... n. Kenturk) , II l. 1> . Pro) I \ uOlb<>r CPA· KY(}.I·3G- 1006. CrB .. ford, \ . ., 19 la. Kars, noodinK in urban arf'~. 1lo .... ling ,r~n. Kf':nturk) ; Proceedings of th. Eighth Internal ion ·'1ngr... of -;prlooloK) , \\ "'ern k.f'nluck) l nhrr it), llo .... ling Crf"f'n. u It) . ilP 763·'7 .• _. 19~1b. Karst h)drogrolog) and .n,iranwo·ntal probl.n" in Ih. Bo .. lin g Gret'n rea: Rrporl of In\rstiK8lion -1:13: Cf'ntC'r for Ca\p and n, ar 1 Sl udir .. O.partment of Grograph) and Grolog). \\ eslern Kentuck) l ni, r il). 21 p. · 1 9~2, It)drologlt problems rt"~ullin g from dt'\('lopmrnt u}ion ~ a r "t terrain. Il".. ling Cr n. K" nl urk), Guid.book prop rrd fo r l. -;. tn\lronmental PrOlt">ClIon "" fln(") kar t tl)drogoolotO .... or~.,hoV. \ a!th\ ill." Tf"ln~ 'f>t". 3 . p · 19 ., To,tc anu (''(pin I\f' furut' fI§lIIg from ('arbona l r ac~ujf('r .. : a hazard for ",ident of inkhnl. plain : i.!! Il rc~. II ~ . (rd.). Proc ..dillg_ of the first :>.l ultid,-.ciplillar) Conf... nc. un S,"~hol ... HOllerdam. \ rtherland.: ..\ . lI al ~ mao PublISher . pp. 29;·3U I. · 191i;~. Ground .... at .. r no .. routt" .. 10,1 llh,.r Ground .... . lf'r na.. in. \\ arrf'n Count). Krntu("k, ' ( '{"ntf'r for ('a\ f' and Kdr:ott Studif' ... . Dq>artlnt'llt uf C .. o I r.ph) and (;.olog). \\, torn K.nlurkj l ni,,-r_il). I VI. · 19 5b. E'(ploralOr~ lind moni,orin~ .... plt 10K;;;: l nil t~ ~t~t1 · .. I fl\iroIllTlt'IIU.1 I'rolt'f'tion A ~f'fI(,~ ifl\f' ,'i~ation of VC'Hrnliltll) tUl.lardnu .. fllllU" ri .. inK frol11 4'\ (11.\ 4 '" ht "tdth Bn1A lit g Grt'rn. n. f'rltllf ~ ( '(filrr fnr ('ft" aud n.ar ... t ludi Urpdrtrllf>nt {If CE'ograph) and Gf'ulug\ . \\ '·... h· rn hUll tC'k~ l nh .. r ~il ~ . I:l p Cra .... ford. \ . ('. and C C ero\ ... 19~1. :-'I Orl1l\\8Irr d rainag .... t>II~ in lhp kar .. , ar as of I\t>ntuck) and Tf" nnr'i"N'~ " . tn\ Iroomentsl ProlP<'tion .\ grnr) underground .... IlIN <.,ourft' prOl(,flloli progrd m ~rant rt·pc>rt . ;2 P ra"ford. , C .. and (', C . Cr",.'. 19~7 . Ihdrogrolog) of lh. Lo I R" .. ksr I ~rou nd "al.r ba5in. " arr.n ('ounl) . " enluck) !!.! ('ra ford . , . (' (rd.) , Agricultural and urban nonpoinl SCUff{ pollutiOIl impd,C'h on kaf"!l squ irt'r .;, if! thr Prnn)w)al t\ar I Ht'giun of h l'nlU{ ). Kt'lIturk) Di,i ... ioll of \\ atC'f and Barrrn Ri\ f'r \ rr8 Df>' rlopnwnl Di .. trin . (in prrp.) ('r " ford. \ . . C . Gro\(' . and othl'r . 19~t. :--tor lll"'Ci lH drainag .... ells in t\(>n luck): 130" hng Crf'rn: l . S. Erl\ Iroom ntal l'r01t"clion \ gt'nq und rground "8tf'r ,ouref' prolt l ion program gran' rf'purt. 1. 122 p C,ijic, J.. 1893. Das K.r lphanorllon, C,og. Abhandlung ,on A. I'enck. ' . :.. pp. 21· ·319. Da' i . \\ . E .. I . Origin of ca"e' in folded Iimoslon. : ' alional 5p"1...,. logical ';OC iel) l3ullet in . ,. 22 . I"'rl I. pp. a · I ~ . Da, i . \\ . \I .. I 99, Th geographic < cl" Ceographical J ou rnal, , . 11 . pp. 4 1·504. 30. Origin of lim,. tont" ca\ ern,: C .. ultlgiral :'oci. t) of mf'rira Rull .. in. ' . 41. pp. 475-62 Dilam rlN, R. R .. 19 5. Oil ..... el1 ... an a hentuck) L- rsl r gion: nn ..1 d. la SO('u~l r G~,lo,iqUf ' (it IwIR I('u~ . \ 10 . pp. 1 I)"err)hou . <\ . R .. 1907 . Lime tOIl(> CaH'rn!; and p.nhol( and th~ir mode of origin: Journal of the York Ramblers Club. ,. 1. pp 223· 22 . Elrod. ~1.. 1 99. Thf' g{·ologic rf'lation of ~orn St. I.ouie;; Group ca\f'S and si nkhole : Indiana Acad m) of . i.nee I'roce.-ding for I 9 . pp. 25 2 i . rerguson. .. and R. . Strarn , 1967 . Los, RhN · h~rl ·- a useful ... trati- graphic Ixd: in ·mil h. W. E. (ed.). \ fi.ld guide to \Iississippian sediments in northern Alabama and soulh-cf"lIl ral Tenn£''' e{', l ni \t'r it) (Alabama)' Alabama Grologlcal "O<'i") ' p. 6 1 Ford. D. C .. 1965, Th. origin of limeslo", co\os . • llIod.1 from l h. «n" I \1endip lIillo, England: ' alional ~pel<'Ol~ i c.1 ;.ocirl) l\ullPlin. \ . 2i, pp. 109-132. 1971 . Ct'ologic strurturf' and a. Of\\ t'xplanatiun uf limf"'il 0n ca\ern gt'n . is: Transactions of lht' CltH' Rrwarch Croup of Grt'8t Untain. v. 13 . pp. 1 · 9~ . 16 Ford . D t ',. ane! H 0 l'o\tr .... 19;'. Tt,f' dnt!opnu nt nf lilllf"'Wnr r8\t' ... ~ .. t('rn III th ... dinwn,ion" nf I. ngdl ;lUll dr'ptl! - C'anadiau JotHfhtl of ~~ arlh !"oC'It'nft:. I •. PI' 17~3 · 179' Cardnf'r. J. II . 1(31). <)riR in and d('\(,lopnwnt of Iim r tonf> (3\ t'rn~ : (;rological ";o Gro\(~ .... C. G. 19 3 ..<\ pOlrnliOlIH·trlC' modrl of lht' shallo'o\ "-ar",' aquift'r. Cit) of Uo",ling Grrf'n. \\ 8rr .. n COUl1t~ . t\t"nturk) , .\ b"lraC'L of tht 14t h Re"('arrh Conferrnrf" of th,. \\"r,it~ (" Iub of Sigma Xi. lIo"ling t;r.. n. K'"lulk) . p. 11 .'O\('S . C . C .. And \ (' ('raY-Curd . 196. Robinson Cit",. \\ "rn'n ount). KenIUek) ' C.ntral K< l1luek) Ca,. ';;u"') BulI.till # 2, (in press). Cro,.,. C. G .. and \ ('. ('r."furd. 19~6h . K.", h)drolog) of Ih. :iunk.n :ipri' Drain g. Basin. \\ arren ounl). K.nlue ) (abs.)· Ceograph) Section Proc • ..dings for 1985. K.nluck Aeadem) of Sci.nce. (in pre 5) . Crund. A .. 1903, Di. Karsth)drographit: G.og. Abhandlung. \ . 7, pp. 1· 200 H . J. \\ .. 19;6, R., i." of Ih. h)drolog) of the C.ntral KtnlUek) Karsl: :\alional :';pd.ological Societ) Bullel in. \ . 3 . pp. 99-103. Ilo"ard. A. 0 .. 1968. ' traligraphic and trurtural controls on landform d"elopmenl in Ih. enlral KenlUek) Karst: :-Oa l ional ~pel.ologieal Socitl) Bulletin, \ . 30. pp. 94 · 11~ . InteKral~d , oft .... arl' '-;> t m ·o r~rallon . 191'\4 . DIS~PL us~r' s manual (,'rrslon 10.0: .. an Dirgo: I"l('grated ofr " rr 5)stf'm orporalion . Ki am. P., 1971 . :u"e) IIlg Praelict (.I.d. ): \ e" York \lrGra,,· lIill Ik>o Compan). 482 p. Lambtorl. T. \\ .. 19;6. \\ alpr In B li rnet;,lollt> lerran in lhf' Ilo.... linK Gr n art-B. \\ arren ('ounl) . t\ t'ntuck) : Ke nlUr) Cffllo~ical ~ur\f· ~. Report of Inv(' ligation II Ii. 13 p. La\all • P ~ 196i, Some asp t ' Cl~ of lint'ar kar1t1 dpprt ion df>\ploprnent in ltouth· (ent ra l Kentuck) : .\ s"cxiat ion of " mE-riean t:t'ographl'fs Annab. \ . "0. pp. 49-71. \I.eg.rI.in. S. I>" and C. D,lIon. 19 O. Final rtl>ort on Ih... ploration and 5U(\('Y of the Lost RiH'r RiW' at 1-\0"" ling Creen Krnl Uck) : Hr J>Orl su brn ittrd 10 \ iehola. ('r."ford. lI)drolog) ('on ullanl. and t:. Re)nold, \\.,kin . Con ulling £ngill(>f'r ...... p. \laIOlt. C . " . 1937 . In \ll ion thM'lf\ nr f'fI \ f' '' r nrn· 1opIIlPnl : C('ologi('al Society of America Procoedin,. for 193i, p. 323. \t('Crain. P .. 1912. Tht> . tf' . (;pnf"\if'\ and ' 1. LHUi", l.im ~ lon (' of Harr i~n 47 CU 'II" \, I"diann 1II1publi ... l,t·d f1Id"'lI rA .. du''' ,'' . hdi.u,b t ni\ t ' r., il~. BloUl1l1r ~ICJ II, l' P I<)6Q. l,\U'I I .. 1U1i of tI ", Lo"', H I \(r (,h.'rt bntl.... pan'" of k..mtu('k~ : .t\rllt'ricdu <\ .,-.0\ intioll of Pt·trul.'lIti Ct't)IO)tI,h Uullt'till . \ , j3. PI" 1501>-1- U7 . \1rGrain, )" .. and D. C. 'litton. ) i3. i.rofloll1ir g('ulug) of \\' arr(,11 Count). K .. nt uc \ : Ke nt lJ('k~ CeoloKical S U P f'~. "'t'ri, s 10, c uunt~ rt vort G. '1 p. \ 1011". H. C ., 1969. (:."Iog) of Ih. ("an" .. r quadr"ngl,'. Ke nluck) t . "; . Cpolugiral ~ur' r~ grulogir quadran~ I .· fIIilP <.Q . ... l ~I oo ... " . L.. 1963. GlOlog) of Ih L)r ak quadrangle. Ke"luck\. l' ,.;. G~lugiral ~ur\(,~ glologic quadranglr '!lap (.Q-2ii Palmer. A. \ ., 19 I. .\ geological guide to ~l al1lOlolh C ... \ olional Park: Teaneck. ' e" J ....) : Zel'h) ru, Pres,. In c., I I' Palm ... \1. , '., 197 . The ~lilch.1I Plain of ,oulh .. n Indiana. \ ational ~peleological Sociel) Bullelin. \ '. 3~. PI" 74-79. Peter n. A. 19 3. Personal communic l ion ; O«-panmf'nl of Cf"ograph) a.nd Ceolog). ".SI rn Kentuck) rn" ..sit). 110" ling Green. l'l.buch. R. 0., R. J. Fausl. and ~t. A. To" n end. I ,S. Potentiometric surfare and '4 atc>r qualit~ in tht> prinripal aqlliff'r. \ti i ippian P la1~ aus region. Ken1Urk) : t'. :'. Geological Sur"" \\'alrr- Hr~urcf' S In\t'sligations Re port 85-41 02. 45 p., 2 pI. l"l ipt"f. A. \1 .. 19:12 , Crollnd"at .... r ,nh-ff'lItrill Tconnt' ..... f'f> : r S f:f'O- logIcal ,;U" oy \\ ater - ~uppl) l'al'l'r 1>10. PI'· 69- , 9 J> ohl. E. R .. I 70. l pper ~I i ,i ,ippiall ,I.po,i" of >I,uth·c.ntr81 K.ntur l : Ke n1Uck) Acadpm) or :o'rit>nr Tran ... artiun ... . \. 3 1. pp I- t') . J'ough. F. H.. 197 . " fI.ld guide to ro< , and millt·ral. nO.lOn ; lIoughton \lifOin ompan). 317 I' Quinl.n. J. F .. and H. O. E"er•. 19~1. II jdrllgPlllog) IIf 'he \Iammolh avo ,.Sion. Kentuck) : in Ro rt . T . G. (ed.). G. ,;. \ . Cincinnati . I Fi Id Trip Guidebook . \. 3. PI' 4S7-:'(16. Quinlan. J. F .. and Raj . J . \.. 19 I. Ground" .. t., basin. in t he ~I allllnolh C.,. r"gion. K f'lltuck~ . Occ.aaional PUUIi(,Al iun n 1. Frif'nd ... of lhf' Kar ~t. I pI. lI ain.), II . C .. 1961. GeolDg) of the lI ockfi.ld 'Iuadrangl K.nlu Il uch. II.. and \\ . II .. \\ hiti'. 1970. LidlOlogir rnll!rlll, (III th. ct"elopment uf -.olut ion pnrO"ii1~ in rarhonatf' aquifrr .. : \\ atf'r R('''uurr(' Il r .... arrh. 48 &. PI' 117', 11 '11 !"o am JJson. U J .. I ; ' . ',q HI \ . ~~ II ~rllptll(, . "')Sl t rn ( re" l Ion UIH~) : I...a"'rence: Kal1.a (;rologirlal !"I ur\ >. 2 to p ~aund.". J . 19~ I. I "I.. r Il id g. C'a\p ~) .tom. lIart Count) . KenlUd) : ('rnt ral Kent uc ) t'a .. ,", ur,,) lIull !-chind.1. G. ~t. . 19 1•. Ca"rr \\ "'1 C.\C· Crntral Kentufk) ('a,,' ~u"') II IIIIetin " I. p. I 3. 19h Ih. (;rf'f'lllAood Cll\(': {,nlral Kf'nlUck) a\(> ";; unp) Bullf'tin "# 1. PI'. 194·195. Sh."., F. R, 19638, Ceolog) of the 13o"ling Greon :\orth quadrangle. KenlUck) : l . S. Crological :;lIr,,) grologic quadrangl. map GQ-231. . 1963b. Goolog) of the Bo"ling Cre n oUlh quadrangle, Kentuck) : L. Geological S""') geologic quadrangle map .Q. 235. , 1963c. Ceolog) of the \\ oodburn quadrangl •. K nlucky: l'. S. Geological Su" e) geologic quadrangle map ;Q·2 U. Smith, O. I.. T . C. Atkinson. and O. P. 0"". 1976. Th. h)drolog) of lim Lon. lerrains: in Ford, T. D. and . II. D. ·ullingford. (eds.). The Science of Speleolog) . London: Academic Prl'Ss. pp. 179-212. Smith. \\ . . T ., and . E. iebenlhal, 1907. O..... riplion of the Joplin Dis tricl: l:. . Geological Folio 14 , I p. ~"inllerton . C .. 1932. Ori~in of li m~ mericlt lIu lleLl" . , . 43. Pl" 662-693 \\tll_, '" 1976. Sinkhol. Plain .. oliltion in the Central Ken lUck) Karst. "alional Speleological :;.oriN) Bulletin. ' 3~ . PI'. 103-100. \\ hile. \\ . B .. 1960. Trrmlnations of pa ag.s in Appalachian ca'l'S .,idenc. for ~hallow phreatic origin: ~a tional SJX'It'ological SOCif'l) Uullt'lin, , . 22, pp. 43-53. 1969. onceptual moJ,1 for c rbonate aqui~ r : Cround \\atrr. , . i . PI'. 15-21. 19i6. Th. grolog) of "" • ., i!! Ceolog) and Biology of Pennsylvanian Cll"~. BUtf'3U uf Topographir and Grologir ,,"' ur\f') ,('nt>ral Ceolog) Report 66. 1'1'. 1-71. \\ hit . \\ . [\ .. R. \\ atSOIl. E. II. I'oh l. and R. IIruck ... 1970. The onlral K.Oluck) Kar t: Geographic al R , i." . ' . 60. pp. - II . W oodson. F . J .. 19~1 . lithologic' and Ci lrUrlural ("ontrol nn kar.,l landform 49 (If th., \IIHt.dl Plhill . IIlC_lidIl8. and l't ' nll~rcH(t1 '·Iatrau. Ktn ltl('k~ unpuh li'hrd rua",trr ', I)u, .. i... IlIciiHllh ~Iall' l lll'N"il~. TNr... II ut . Indidna. 132 !'. . 19,3. I PI"'", .... t S1. Lou i l.irnf'~tollf' ( ~1i "'ti"slppi an ): Thr 1I 0r p Ca\f' \1pmbfor in India",,; Procf>f'di ngs of I hf> Indiana \ ('ad~m) of .. if"nt'f'. \. 91. PI'. 419-427. \\oodv.ard. II . P .. 1001 , A ( r(l8m pir8C') ()u'On uf ra\f' formation: \ 81jonal ~p.I('()logi HH'OIW" 01 (.LOPII' ~I( ' \1 \\ Lt.!. 10(;(;1'\(; • F3-2 LOCATIONS OF GEOPHYSICAL C -3 WELL LOGGING D LOST RIVER GROUNDWATER BASIN 7-' '-...... '--~ WARREN COUN TY, KE N TUCKY C8-1· G13-8 • • RYDER . MENG "' Ilil • 0 52 Dresser Atlas C()1PENSATED .. lINS IL(E® fiLE NO . co PA Y \£STERN KENTUOO UNIVERSITY \.jELL ~TH !ilNRI!i 1«). OHS Ff'! NO . FIELD cou TY 5 ATE _K~ LOCATION: on£)! SBY!Cl:S SE:: T\.jP RGE \ :J "" e ILki ftlEN l CfH~ ~ t.b'h aEV. ElE~RTl a c, to :CI I , .- , , ... . [ " I A: lSi #. ..- .. . I I ------~ ------~-It • " T .... 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