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ted with Krishna Deva Ray a, because of his granting of liberal ptronage to

The Vijaynagar Empire • Abhinav Bhoja Telugu literature. 1. Amaram Land with a fixed revenue given to • Andhra Pitamah Nayaks. l5. Amuktamalyada A Telugu work on 2. Manyam Tax free land. polity by K. D. Raya 3. Sist Land tax - 1/6 16. Car Festival The concluding event of a festival 4. Valangais ‘Right — handers’, a celebration in a group of industrial temple in which the class idol of the deity was 5. Idangais ‘Left handers’ a taken out in a group of industrial chariot. class 17. Amaranayakas Feudatories who 6. Ayagars 12 hereditary village held lands of Icings unctionaries who and were bound by took over the military ties functions of the I8. Raichur Doab The region between village assembly. the rivers Krishna & 7. Rajya/Mandaam/ChavadiProvince Godavari, the bone of contention between 8. Nadu District the Bahamanis and 9. Astadiggajas Eight eminent scho- the Vijaynagar a lars in the court of rulers. Krishna Deva Raya. 19. Chaturvedimangalams Villages given in 10. Varahas Gold coins issued by grants to the Viajyanagara rulers, Brahmins. of 56 grains, issued 20. Brahmadaya Villages given in in their haf and grants to the quarter denomina- Brahmins. tions. 21. Mandalam Province (in Tamil 11. Pagodas Gold Varahas ter- region) med as by the foreigners parti- 22. Nayankara Military Chiefs who cularly the portu- were granted guse amaran lands by kings. 12. Rirupkasha God Shiva, the main God of the early Nayakara They had to pay a Vijayanagara rulers. fixed annual finan- cial contributions to 13. Lord Venketswara of Associated with God imperial exchequer Vishnu, who re- which was generally placed Virupkasha 14 (Reference from during the origin of NUNTZ). Maintained Venkata II, as the troops to assist kings Tirupati principal in times of war. They deity were guardian of law 14. Andhra Bhoja The names associa- and order and

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administration in (ii)Kaumudi Mahotasava:- A drama written by their areas. Office Kishorika or Vajika. became hereditary (iii)Devichandraguptam and Mudrarakshas of later on when the Vishakhddutta. Mudrarakshas gives us the kings became weak. details of religion of Cluptaperiod. 23. Devadana Land grant to (iv)Setubandh Kavya written by Pravarsen II. temples (v)Ravan Badh written by Bhatti. This is also The Pallavas called Bhatti Kavya. 1. Damirike / LimerikeThe Southern region of (B) Description of Foreign Travellers India mentioned in (1) Fa-hein of China (399-414 A.D) Ptolemy’s writings • He Came India during Chandraçupta 2. Vishnugopa King of Kanchi, men- Vikrarnaditya is period. tioned in Allahabad • He gives the details description of exchange Prashasti system during Gupta period, which were 3. Kinchipulo Kanchipuram, referred done by kaudi. to by Hieun Tsang. • He describes about Chandal. Although 4. Talopicha The Dravida region Chandal were emerged in Indian society (country), referred to by in 5 B.C. But in 5th century A.D. their Hieun Tsang number were very high. The Cholas (2)It-Sing (675 A.D) 1. Vellala Agriculturists • He describes about Srigupta who was founder of Gupta period. 2. Variyam Committee • He claims that he had seen the Ashokan 3. AlunGanam Executive Committee statue as a Buddhist Monk. 4. Salabhoga Tennures meant for (C)Inscriptions educational purpose (a)Allahabad Inscription:- This was incription of 5. Manigramam Great Nagaram Samudragupta. The writer were Harisena, who 6. Nanadesis Merchant guild was the minister of war and peace called having wide network Sandhi-vigrahi. 7. Valanjiyar Merchant guild (b)Iron pillar inscription of Mehraulli:- This was considered as inscription of Chandragupta 8. Anjuvanam Foreign merchant Vikramaditya organization (c)Udalyagiri Cave inscription:- 9. Taniyur A very large village, • This was inscription of Chandragupta administrated as a Vikramaditya. Single unit • This was written by Virsen Saba, who was 10. Mandalam Province also minister of war and peace. 11. Valandu District (d)Bhitary Inscription:- 12. Nadu/Kurram/KottamGroup of villages • This was inscription of Skandagupta. Sources • This gives as the details of Huna attack. (A) Literary (e)Indore pillar Inscription: (i)Purana. • It was inscription of Skandagupta. • Nitishastra of Kamandak- This book was (f)Eran Inscription:- 510 Ad. equivalent to Arthasastha of Kautilya. • This was inscription of Bhanugupta. First • Book was written by Sikhar, Prime Minister epigraphica1 record of Sati system was of Chandragupta Vikarmaditya. found in this inscription.

(D) Coins War Policy of Samudragupta Guptas issued hightest number of gold coin in 1.In Northern India Digvijaya. India. 2.In Southern India Dharmavijaya. • Chandragupta Vikramaditya issued first • Allahabad Inscription of Samudragupta silver coin among all Gupta ruler. gives the details of war. • This coin was based on Saka’s coin. • According to Chinese sources • Firstly this type of coin were in use in Samudragupta was contemporary of Saurastra state. Kumar Gupta distributed Meghvarman of Sri Lanka. in who Gupta Dynasty. • He was very good violin player. • Samudra Gupta issued 8 types of coins. • According to some scholor he has written • On Sumudra Gupta’s coin lion was shown. Krishnacharitam. • On Surnudra Gupta’s coin picture of • He patrnoised two Buddhist monk Ashwamegh Yagya was shown: Vasubandhu and Asang. • On Sumudra Gupta’s coin the picture of Chandragupta II chandragupta Bikramaditya. playing violin was shown because he himself played violin very well. (389-412 A.D) • On Chandragupta Vikramaditya’s coin tiger • TitIe- Sakari, Sahshank, Devraj, were shown. Rajrajarshi, Param Bhagwat. • Ox were shown on Skandhgupta’s coin. • Chandragupta II was also called the lord of Ujjain and Patliputra. It seems that his Coin of Gupta periods another capital was Ujjain. Gold coin - Nishka, Pala • His Wife was Druvadevi. Silver coin - Rupak, Satmana, Panna • Son Kumargupta. Copper - Kakini, Kasharpan. • His daughter Prabhayati was married to • Highest number of remnant coins of Gupta Vakatak ruler Rudrasen II. a e was found in Bayana (Rajasthan). • During his tenure Fa4iien came India. Political History Nine gems of Chandragupta II court. • Founder - Srigupta (275A.D) 1.Kalidasa • Capital - Prayaga 2.Amar Singh • State language - Sanskrit 3.Varahmihir • Religion - Neo vaishnavism. 4.Dhanvantari Chandra Gupta I (319-335 A.D) 5.Betal Bhatta • First Indian ruler who has taken title of Maharajadhiraj. 6.Sanku • He issued Gupta Samvat. (319-20A.D). 7.Ghatt-Karpar • He was married with Kumaridevi Princess 8.Var-ruchi of Lichehavi ruler. 9.Kshapanak • On the coin of Chandragupta 1. One side Chandragupta patronised Dignaga. Dignaga was had the picture of Kumaridevi and Chatidra considered as father of Justice. He written the book Gupta I and on the otherside picture of Nyaya Prakash. Lakshmi and Lichawayah were written. Samudra Gupta: (335-380 A.D) Kumaragupta I. (415-455. A.D) • V. A. Smith called him Napolian of India. • He was follower of Kartikeya. • Title:- Kacha, Kaviraja, Kridant Parsu, • He founded Na1nda University. Sarv-raja. Hero of 100. wars. • First Huna attack happened in his period.

• Lord Shankar and Parvati were shown as • Samudragupta was considered as God, who wife husband on Kumargupta’s coin. came to life on earth. Skandhgupta (455-467 A.D) • Gupta ruler started appointing their • Titles:- Vikrarnaditya, Sakraditya, Lord of successor as king, hundred ruler. • During Gupta period officers post was • Lord Vishnu and Laxmi were shown as wife heridatory. husband on Skandh Gupta’s coin. Administrative Setup • His vaisya officer Prandutta reconstract the State (Country) Bhukti Sudarshana Lake. District Vishay • Bhitari inscription his victory over Hunas. Sub-District Vithi Purugupta — (4 72-4 73 A.D Group of village Pethak Narsingh Gupta Baladitya — (473-476 A.D) • Buddh Gupta:- He was last great Gupta Village Gram ruler. • Head of country called Gopa. • Title- Avanisingh, Prithvipati • Head of Bhukti called Uparika. • Jivak Gupta: He was last Gupta ruler. Other important officer Religion of Gupta Mahabaladhikrita Head of Army • Guptas were the follower of Vaishnav Bhattaswapti Head of Cavalery religion. During Gupta period two important change came into Vaishnav religion. Mahapihipati Head of Elephant Army (1)Concept of Incarnation- Ten incarnation of Ranbhandarika Chancellor of Military Vishnu. exchaquer (a)Matasaya Dandapasika Head of police (b)Kuruma (a)Varah Mahadandanayak Head of Judiciary (d)Narsingh Kanchuki Head of Queen’s Haram (e)Vamana Mahaandhivigrahika Minister of war and (f)Rama (Parsurama) peace (g)Rama - Dashrathi (Rama) Tikina Head of Roadways. (h)Rama Bhargava (Krishna) Dhruvadhikarna Revenue Department (i)Buddha. (j)Kalki - yet to come. Vishaypati was head of vishay (District). Following persons helped him in completion of his work. (2)Concept of wife of God. (a)Nagar sresthi — Head of his work (a)Parvati wife of Shankar. (b)Sarthvaha — Chief of traders. (b)Laxmi & Vaishnavi wife of Vishnu. Sakti Pooja was evolved after evolution of concept (c)Kulika — Chief Architect. of wife of God. Later on Durga, Kali were worshiped (d)Pratham Kayas a — Chief ceribe as Goddess. ci Earlist structure of Hindu temple Village head were called Bhojak, Gramika was first made in Gupta period. Army — Three part of Army • Shiva was also worshiped in Gupta period. • Infantry • In this age Shiva was also worshiped as Ardhnarishwar. • Cavalery Administration of Gupta • Elephantry • Gupta ruler believes the king as a God. General army were called Chat. Small group of

army were called Chamu and head of them were (d)Dignaga - Praman Samuchaya, Nyaya called as Chamupa. Pravesh. Judiciary (e)Amar Singh - Amarkosh (Dictionary of • King was the chief of judiciary. Sankrit). • Mahadandanayak also see the work of Science judiciary. (a)Aryabhatt- Aryabhattium, Suryasiddhanta. • Diwani and faujdari law were first separated • He calculated the value of (n) which was in Gupta period. 3.142. Economy • He calculated perimeter of earth. 40,232 km. • During Gupta period the trade tax was reduced and land tax were increased. • He also discovered the location of status on the basis of Babilonians. • There were mainly 18 taxes in Gupta period. • He also finded out the causes of solar and Lunar eclipses and said sun is fixed at point Main taxes and earth is revolving around the sun. (a)Udranga - tax on permanent peasants. • He also said that earth is round. (b)Uparikara - tax on temporary peasants. (b)Varahmihir:- Written Brihatjatak, Laghujatak (c)Hiranaya - the villages pay the tax in form and Panchsiddhantika. of Gold, (c)Brahmgupta: (d)Purastha - tax given to the officer who were He discovered that due to natural reason all the collecting land tax. goods falls, down from upper level to lower level. Type of land • He Written Brahmasphutta. Kshetra - Fertile land • Khand — Khandayanka. Khil - Unfertile land (d)Palakalpa:- Written book Hasti Ayurveda. This Aprabata - Forested land was written on Animal Husbandary. In field of Vastu - Habitable land. Mathematics the Ancient Indians ‘have three contribution Literature 1.Use of notation system. Special features of Gupta Literature 2.Use of Decimal system. • Book were written mainly secular type. 3.Use of zero. • All most all the books have good ending except Mirchkatikam written by Sudrak. Architecture: • Higher class male used Sanskrit language. • Structural architecture of Gupta’s period was not in good stage. • But lower class people and generally females used Prakrit language. • Important architecture was Dashawatar Temple of Devgarh. • Both epic Mahabharat and Ramayana were written in Gupta Age. Painting • The collection of many Purana had taken • Painting was highly developed in Gupta place in Gupta age. period. Main Poets • Highest quality of painting was Ajanta. (a)Kalidasa Malvika Agnimitra, Ritusanghar, • Total cave in Ajanta - 29. Kumarsambhava. Abhigyan Sakuntlam, • 16 & 17th caves are very important. Vikramovarshium, Raghuvansha • Ajanta cave was built between I AD- 7th (b)Vatsayan - Kamsutra, Nyaybhasya. AD. But mostly built in Gupta Age. (c)Ishwarkrishna - Sankhya Karika. • Name of Painting in Ajanta — Fresco.

• Colour — Blue. Rajyavardhan (ii) Harshvardhan, and one daughter • Other were painting of Ellora & Bagh. - Rajyasree. Society Title of Prabhakav Vardhan — Huna / Harinkesari. • Gupta age is considered as Rennaissance of Hindu age that’s why Brahmana were Rajyavardhana: (696 AD) — Gaur-ruler Shashank dominating in that age. killed him by deceive. • During Gupta age many sub-castes Harshavardhan:- (606447 A.D) emerged. Title- Rajputra, Siladitya, Ruler of five country • Tribals were incorporated in Hindu society (Punjab, Gaur, Mithila, Orissa, Kankubjya). in Gupta age. • When he came as a ruler his first task war • During Gupta age women & Sudra’s to release his sister from Gaur ruler position were little bit uplifted. Shashank of Bengal. Marriage • In 612 A.D. Harsha became ready to take Love marriage system had gone down in Gupta age. over the charge of Kannouj, which was the kingdom of his sister. • Widow remarriage was prevalent in society. Religion of Harsha • Sati system was known in Gupta age. (I)Harsha was a Shaiva. • Slave system was known in Gupta age. • Later on he shifted to Budhism of Hinyana. Pushyabhuti Dynasty Finally with influence of Hiuen-sang he Sources:- (A) Huen-Sang (629-644. A.D.). shifted to Mahayan. • Huen-Sang is considered as prince of (II)Harsha organised a Sabha in 643 A.D. pilgrims & Sakya Muni. (A)Kannauj • His book was- si-yn-ki. Aim:- • He indicated sudra as peasant, who were • To honour Hiuen-sang. important person in society. • In this Sabha there was attack on Marsha • According to Hiuen-sang there were 60,000 and Bluen-sang. elephant in Harsha’s army, (B)Prayag Sahha • According to Hiuen-sang all the works of king were accounted and for this Harsha • This was also organised in 643 AD., which established one Archive. was known as Mahanioksha. • Indians were vegetarians. They never had • Harsha describes that he organises this taken betal. type of Sabha every five years and this was (B)Vanbhatta:- Harsheharit, Kadarnbari, Parvati the sixth Sabha. Parinaya, Chandi-satak. • Harsha was the first-ruler established (C)Harsha:- political relationship with China. He send his anthassdor to China in 641 AD. • Harshvardhan had written three plays. Priyadarshika, Nagananda, Ratnavali. Administration of Harsha • He had also written two Buddhist poems. • Harsha administration was feudal. Harsha (a) Suprabhat (b) Astamahasree Chaitya. payed his officers in form of land. Harsha’s Banskhera Inscription:- This gives the • Harsha followed administration of Guptas. account about Harsha that his writing was very State nice. He was Khutswis. Bhukti According to Vanbhatta:- This dynasty was established by Pushyabhati. After that h describes Vishaya about Prabhakar Vardhan. Pethan Prabhakar Vardhan:- He has two sons- (I) Gram

• Governor of state was called as Lokpal. • Village head were called as Ashaptalika. Vanbhatta- Describes about the officers. (1)Avanti — Foreign Minister (2)Mahabaladhikrit Head of Army. (3)Koutuk — Head of Elephantry. (4)Videshwar — Head of Cavalery General army were known as chatta or Bhatta. Economy Three Taxes (1)Bhage—Land tax l/4 to 1/6 (2)Bali — (3)Hiranaya — This tax were paid by agriculturist and traders in form of cash. Huen-sang discussed that income generated from Crown land were distributed among- (a)Forking. (b)For scholars. (c)For payment of officers. (d)For religious work. • During Harsha's age the head of Nalanda University was Shibhadra. • Harsha Donated 200 villages for look after of Nalanda University. • Hiuen-sang described that capacity of Nalanda university was 10,000. • Bhaskarvarman ruler of kamrup was very good friend of Harsha. • Southern expedition of Harsha were stopped by Pulkesin II. • Last expedition of Harsha was Ganjam (Orissa). • Nepal and Kashmir were out of Harsha kingdom. • Harsha received the remnant of Budha's teeth from Kashmir and the established that in Kannauj.

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