Spring 2011 Volume Xvi - Number 1
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How the Death of 'King Cotton' Led to Increased British Interest in India
ENGL1101 Student: John Mays Instructor: Nathan Camp “Maharaj Cotton” How the Death of “King Cotton” Led to Increased British Interests in India In the 1830s, the Southeastern states were developing as a new economic power. The new growth was due to one crop — cotton. By 1860, nearly sixty percent of the total United States export was cotton. This cash crop pushed the young nation onto the world economic stage. In 1861, the nascent Confederacy was totally dependent on this “King” of the economy, and it played a major role in the Confederacy's downfall. As the American War Between the States dragged on and the Union blockade on Confederate ports remained in place, cotton exports decreased from a mighty river to a trickle. British textile mills, dependent on this supply, ground to a halt, and an alternative source of cotton had to be found. The eyes of a desperate Britain fell on India, and as “King Cotton” destroyed one country, it gave birth to another. Though the sphere of influence of cotton during the War Between the States is normally restricted to the United States, the deficit of southern cotton caused an increased British interest in the governing and development of India as a cotton producer. Prior to the invention of the cotton gin in 1794, large-scale production of long-staple cotton in the South was largely impractical. Long-staple cottons are known and named for their long fibers and high quality, and these varieties were desired by textile mills in Britain because they could be made into high-quality cloth. -
King Cotton and Its Impact on Foreign Intervention in the War ❧ ❧ King Cotton
King Cotton and its impact on foreign intervention in the War ❧ ❧ King Cotton ❧ The phrase was commonly used by Southern politicians and authors. ❧ Saying “king” cotton instead of just “cotton” showed the political and economic importance of cotton production. ❧ In 1793 the cotton gin was invented. ❧ After the invention, cotton exceeded tobacco as the dominant cash crop in the South. King Cotton ❧ This compromised more than half of the U.S. exports. ❧ Southerners argued the importance of cotton in the international marketplace ❧ They believed the industrial powers of Europe could not long afford to allow the northern navy to enforce its blockade. The importance of the Trent Affair of 1861 ❧ ❧ Trent Affair of 1861 ❧ The Trent Affair reflected the uneasy state of international relations created by the war. ❧ The Confederacy hoped that England or France, even both, would come to its aid. ❧ The Trent affair was settled through diplomatic evasion and maneuvering, but the international situation remained tense throughout the war. Trent Affair of 1861 ❧ Leaders of both the north and the south could imagine situations in which England or France would intervene with the weapons and supplies ❧ Foreign intervention loomed as an intense hope for the confederacy and a great fear of the north. ❧ Anger over the Trent Affair was balanced by resentment of southern assumptions about British dependence on cotton. Battle of Antietam ❧ ❧ Battle of Antietam ❧ September 17, 1862 ❧ The bloodiest single day of the Civil War ❧ Four times more soldiers killed and wounded than in the campaign’s other fights combined Approximate Numbers Union Confederate Total Killed 2,100 1,550 3,650 Wounded 9,550 7,750 17,300 Missing/Captured 750 1,020 1,770 Total 12,400 10,320 22,720 Battle of Antietam ❧ Most well-known of the battles in Lee’s first invasion of the North, has the most battlefield land preserved and attracts the most battlefield visitors. -
CHAPTER 11 the SOUTH, SLAVERY, and KING COTTON 1800-1860 Objective
CHAPTER 11 THE SOUTH, SLAVERY, AND KING COTTON 1800-1860 Objective • This chapter explores how dependence on agriculture and slavery shaped the distinctive economy and culture of the old south. I-THE DISTINCTIVENESS OF THE OLD SOUTH What set the Old South apart are its regional climate, geography in shaping its culture and economy. Its warm and humid climate was ideal for cultivating profitable crops such as tobacco, cotton, rice, and sugar cane, which led to the plantation system of large commercial agriculture and its dependence upon slave labor. Unlike the North, the South had few large cities, few railroads, few factories, and few schools. I-1 A Biracial Culture The most distinctive feature of the south was its race-based slavery. The majority of southern Whites did not own slaves, but they supported what John C. Calhoun called the South’s “Peculiar Institution” because slavery was so central to their society’s way of life. The Old South also differed from other sections of the country in its high proportion of native-born Americans, both whites and blacks. I-2 Many Souths Three distinct sub-regions with quite different economic interests and diverging degrees of commitment to slavery. The seven states making up the lower south (south Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and, Texas) = intensive cotton production and slave labor. The middle southern states (Virginia, north Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas) had diversified agricultural economies including large area without slavery. In the upper or border south (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri) slavery was beginning to decline by 1860. II-The Cotton Kingdom II-1 King Cotton During the first half of the 19th century, cotton surpassed rice as the most profitable cash crop in the South. -
The Port of New Orleans: an Economic History, 1821-1860. (Volumes I and Ii)
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1985 The orP t of New Orleans: an Economic History, 1821-1860. (Volumes I and II) (Trade, Commerce, Slaves, Louisiana). Thomas E. Redard Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Redard, Thomas E., "The orP t of New Orleans: an Economic History, 1821-1860. (Volumes I and II) (Trade, Commerce, Slaves, Louisiana)." (1985). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4151. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4151 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction Is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages In any manuscript may have Indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques Is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When It Is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to Indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap pears to Indicate this. -
Confederate Delusions: “King Cotton” and the Dream of Intervention
Best Integrated Writing Volume 3 Article 6 2016 Confederate Delusions: “King Cotton” and the Dream of Intervention Shane Hapner Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/biw Part of the Business Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Hapner, S. (2016). Confederate Delusions: “King Cotton” and the Dream of Intervention, Best Integrated Writing, 3. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Best Integrated Writing by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact library- [email protected]. SHANE HAPNER HST 4650 Confederate Delusions: “King Cotton” and the Dream of Intervention SHANE HAPNER HST 4650: Civil War, Spring 2015 Nominated by: Dr. Drew Swanson Shane is a senior majoring in History with a focus on early-modern European history. He tends to focus on diplomatic and political history. He states that this is his first paper “outside that aegis.” Shane notes: I’m not fond of American history, and from the start of this project, I consciously made every effort to tie in European perspectives to increase my interest. This required my topic to be economic; however, it is the first paper of that kind I’d written, and it necessitated a use of microfilm sources for the figures I required. This paper, therefore, represents a synthesis of political, economic, and diplomatic perspectives. Dr. Swanson notes: Mr. Hapner’s research paper examines the Confederacy’s efforts at cotton diplomacy in France and Britain during the Civil War. -
Great Britain and King Cotton: the Lancashire Cotton
GREAT BRITAIN AND KING COTTON: THE LANCASHIRE COTTON FAMINE AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR RYAN D KELL The Colorado College Department of History-Political Science Copyright © by Ryan D. Kell 2015 GREAT BRITAIN AND KING COTTON: THE LANCASHIRE COTTON FAMINE AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR by RYAN D KELL THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Undergraduate School of The Colorado College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of HISTORY-POLITICAL SCIENCE Department of History-Political Science THE COLORADO COLLEGE 2015 Acknowledgments I cannot express enough thanks to my thesis advisor, Lindsey Flewelling, Visiting Professor of History at Colorado College. Lindsey Was alWays Willing to help me With this project, Whether it Was With research or editing, while working a busy schedule of her own. I am extremely grateful for all the assistance she provided, and I could not have completed this task Without her. I would also like to thank David Hendrickson, Professor of Political Science at Colorado College. David helped me to polish my final product, making sure that I Was accurate and as persuasive With my argument as possible. My completion of this project Would not have been possible Without the help of my tWo academic advisors, Bryant “Tip” Ragan and Peter Blasenheim, both Professors of History at Colorado College. Tip, as my primary academic advisor, helped me navigate my four years of college and I Would not have been in position to graduate without him. Peter, my major advisor, has helped me to complete both my thesis and all my major requirements, always willing to give his honest opinion. -
King Charles to King Cotton South Carolina 1670-1860
King Charles to King Cotton South Carolina 1670-1860 Explore where it happened… King Charles to King Cotton is an educational field program hosted by three historic museum properties located within Charleston, SC. Designed for South Carolina Public Schools Grades 3rd & 8th Have questions? Call (843)724-8491 or visit www.HistoricCharleston.org Table of Contents Program Overview……………………………………….………………..…......2 Museums & Program Standards……….…………………………………..…….3 Scheduling, Rates, & Logistics………………….……………………………....6 Area Map (Arrival/Departure/Parking)……….................…………………………..….8 Program Overview Dear Educators, King Charles to King Cotton: South Carolina 1670-1860 is a South Carolina 3rd and 8th Grade program designed by educators affiliated with the following museum properties: The Powder Magazine - South Carolina’s Oldest Public Building, c. 1713 Historic Charleston Foundation’s Nathaniel Russell House Museum, c. 1808 Old Slave Mart Museum- Part of South Carolina’s Inter-State Slave Trade, c. 1856 The purpose of King Charles to King Cotton is to immerse students in South Carolina history by visiting three authentic properties located in historic Charleston. Program content includes the political, economic, and social transformations that shaped South Carolina between 1670 and 1860. Students will gain historic perspectives by walking in the footsteps of those who lived through the state’s Colonial, Revolutionary, and Antebellum periods. Participating museums are interconnected as a tangible timeline revealing South Carolina’s evolving political and economic history. Students will review how the institution of slavery served as a foundation for South Carolina throughout these transformative years. Thank you for considering this program for your students. We are confident that after experiencing King Charles to King Cotton, you will agree this field experience is the perfect method to either preview or reinforce what is being learned in your classroom. -
Rethinking King Cotton: George W. Lee, Zora Neale Hurston, and Global/Local Revisions of the South and the Nation
5HWKLQNLQJ.LQJ&RWWRQ*HRUJH:/HH=RUD1HDOH +XUVWRQDQG*OREDO/RFDO5HYLVLRQVRIWKH6RXWKDQG WKH1DWLRQ 6FRWW+LFNV Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory, Volume 65, Number 4, Winter 2009, pp. 63-91 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\8QLYHUVLW\RI$UL]RQD DOI: 10.1353/arq.0.0052 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/arq/summary/v065/65.4.hicks.html Access provided by The University of North Carolina at Pembroke (4 Dec 2015 19:23 GMT) scott hicks Rethinking King Cotton: George W. Lee, Zora Neale Hurston, and Global/Local Revisions of the South and the Nation It was in the Bodleian Library, while rummaging among the quaint and musty index papers of the Upper Reading Room, that I heard one capped and gowned librarian muttering to another, as with an air of offended dignity: “Writing on cotton! Why on earth should he want to write on such a subject as that?” James A.B. Scherer, Cotton as a World Power n 1940, a u.s. department of agriculture Ipamphlet titled The Negro in American Agriculture called “the story of the Negro in agriculture . a challenging chapter in the story of farm- ing in America, a tale of impressive achievements and of great misery and need.” It continues: Agriculture means more to more American Negroes than does any other industry or occupation. The welfare of most Negroes in the South rises and falls with the welfare of south- ern agriculture. The status of the Negro farmer is one of the major factors in the southern agricultural situation. It is of vital interest, not only to the South but to the entire nation. -
Confederates and Cotton in East Texas
East Texas Historical Journal Volume 48 Issue 1 Article 8 3-2010 Confederates and Cotton in East Texas Judy Gentry Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Gentry, Judy (2010) "Confederates and Cotton in East Texas," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 48 : Iss. 1 , Article 8. Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol48/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EASTTEXA.s HISTORICAL JOURNAL CONFEDERATES AND COrTONINEAST TEXAS by Judy Gentry The Union naval blockade of the Confederate coastline severely disruptedexisting marketing practices. Cotton producers east ofthe Brazos found their efforts to market their crops disrupted by the unavailability of shipping and the accelerating breakdown ofthe factorage system that had served their needs since the 1830s. The Union blockade, distance from the Mexican border and the main blockade--running port at Galveston, and the unavailability ofenough wagons and teams for overland transport ofcrops kept the gold value of their cotton in the low range. Government policies originating from the Confederate capital in Virginia and implemented by the Confederate army also affected the production and marketing of cotton in Texas east of the Brazos. The Confederate Produce Loan in 1861, a government cotton purchasing agent in 1863, Cotton Bureau policies in 1864 and early 1865, and in the last few months of the war, new Confederate Treasury Department rules greatly impacted the lives of cotton producers. -
Cotton, the Oil of the Nineteenth Century
Cotton, the Oil of the Nineteenth Century Gene Dattel’s new book is Cotton and Important lessons of history. Race in the Making of America (Ivan R. Dee, 2009). hat if you discovered that a foreign country had deliberately attempted to jeopardize millions of jobs in one region of the country? No, this was Y ENE ATTEL B G D not an OPEC oil embargo designed to counteract American support of Israel. The target was in fact England, the instigator was the Confederacy, and the strategy involved the curtailment of cotton Wexports during the Civil War. In 1861, the newly formed Confederate States of America, attempting to force England into the Civil War as an ally or as the THE MAGAZINE OF instigator of a compromise that would acknowledge Southern inde- INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY pendence, unanimously adopted King Cotton diplomacy. The South 888 16th Street, N.W. cut off England’s supply of cotton, the essential fuel for the British Suite 740 textile manufacturers. Washington, D.C. 20006 In the nineteenth century, cotton was comparable in power to oil Phone: 202-861-0791 Fax: 202-861-0790 in today’s global economy. Its political clout paralleled that of oil as www.international-economy.com described in Daniel Yergin’s Pulitzer Prize-winning book, The Prize: Gene Dattel is a financial historian, author, lecturer, government and private sector advisor on American and Asian financial institutions, media commentator, and former international capital markets investment banker at Salomon Brothers and Morgan Stanley. 60 THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY WINTER 2010 D ATTEL The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power. -
Propaganda Use by the Union and Confederacy in Great Britain During the American Civil War, 1861-1862 Annalise Policicchio
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Duquesne University: Digital Commons Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 2012 Propaganda Use by the Union and Confederacy in Great Britain during the American Civil War, 1861-1862 Annalise Policicchio Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Policicchio, A. (2012). Propaganda Use by the Union and Confederacy in Great Britain during the American Civil War, 1861-1862 (Master's thesis, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1053 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PROPAGANDA USE BY THE UNION AND CONFEDERACY IN GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, 1861-1862 A Thesis Submitted to the McAnulty College & Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Degree of Masters of History By Annalise L. Policicchio August 2012 Copyright by Annalise L. Policicchio 2012 PROPAGANDA USE BY THE UNION AND CONFEDERACY IN GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, 1861-1862 By Annalise L. Policicchio Approved May 2012 ____________________________ ______________________________ Holly Mayer, Ph.D. Perry Blatz, Ph.D. Associate Professor of History Associate Professor of History Thesis Director Thesis Reader ____________________________ ______________________________ James C. Swindal, Ph.D. Holly Mayer, Ph.D. Dean, McAnulty College & Graduate Chair, Department of History School of Liberal Arts iii ABSTRACT PROPAGANDA USE BY THE UNION AND CONFEDERACY IN GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, 1861-1862 By Annalise L. -
The Globalization of Cotton As a Result of the American Civil War
SEEDS OF DESTRUCTION: THE GLOBALIZATION OF COTTON AS A RESULT OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR by RICKY-DALE CALHOUN B.I.S., Murray State University, 2002 M.A., Murray State University, 2005 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2012 Abstract Cotton was the most important commodity in the economy of the industrialized Western world in the mid-nineteenth century, as vital then as petroleum is today. It was widely believed that a prolonged interruption of the cotton supply would lead not merely to a severe economic depression, but possibly to the collapse of Western Civilization. Three quarters of the world’s cotton supply came from the Southern states of the United States. When the American Civil War erupted and cotton supplies were cut off, the British Cotton Supply Association was faced with the difficult task of establishing cotton cultivation in other locations. In order for the effort to succeed, the British had to obtain and distribute millions of pounds of American cotton seeds. The United States government, the Illinois Central Railroad, and a number of organizations and individuals cooperated to obtain the necessary seeds that the British had to have. American farm equipment manufacturers assisted by designing, making, and distributing portable cotton gins and other implements needed by cotton growers overseas. U.S. consuls overseas sometimes assisted the Cotton Supply Association with seed and equipment distribution. This dissertation is about the implementation of the grand economic strategies of the United States and Great Britain.