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THE CITY of JAYAWARDENA KOTTE: Mstory, FORM and FUNCTIONS.*
THE CITY OF JAYAWARDENA KOTTE: mSTORY, FORM AND FUNCTIONS.* See friend, proud city of Jayawardena, Renowned by victories achieved, Outvying the city of the gods in luxury, Where live rich folk who adore the triple gem with faith. Salalihini Sandesa Introduction The city of Jayawardena Kotte followed the inevitable pattern of a typical defence city. It emerged due to the needs of a critical era in history, attained its zenith under a powerful ruler and receded into oblivion when its defence mechanism and the defenders were weak. The purpose of Jb.is essay is to understand this pattern with emphasis on its form and functions. In the latter respect the essay differs from the writings on Kotte by G.P. V. Somaratna' and C.R. de Silva." whose primary attention was on the political history of the city. It also differs from the writings of E.W. Perera," D.O. Ranasinghe," C.M. de Alwis' and G.S. Wickramasuriya,? whose interest was mainly the archaeological remains of the city, its architecture and the preservation of its ruins. * An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the 12th Conference of the International Association of Historians of Asia, 24 - 28 June, 1991, held at the University of Hong Kong. G.P. V. Somaratna, "Jayawardanapura: The Capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka 1400-1565", The Sri Lanka Archives vol. II. pp. I - 7, and "Rise and Fall of the Fortress of Jayawardanapura", University of Colombo Review, vol. X, pp. 98-112. C. R. de Silva, "Frontier Fortress to Royal City: The City of Jayawardanapura Kotte", Modern Sri Lankan Studies vol.II, pp. -
The Entrenchment of Sinhalese Nationalism in Post-War Sri Lanka by Anne Gaul
An Opportunity Lost The Entrenchment of Sinhalese Nationalism in Post-war Sri Lanka by Anne Gaul Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervised by: Dr. Andrew Shorten Submitted to the University of Limerick, November 2016 Abstract This research studies the trajectory of Sinhalese nationalism during the presidency of Mahinda Rajapaksa from 2005 to 2015. The role of nationalism in the protracted conflict between Sinhalese and Tamils is well understood, but the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in 2009 has changed the framework within which both Sinhalese and Tamil nationalism operated. With speculations about the future of nationalism abound, this research set out to address the question of how the end of the war has affected Sinhalese nationalism, which remains closely linked to politics in the country. It employs a discourse analytical framework to compare the construction of Sinhalese nationalism in official documents produced by Rajapaksa and his government before and after 2009. A special focus of this research is how through their particular constructions and representations of Sinhalese nationalism these discourses help to reproduce power relations before and after the end of the war. It argues that, despite Rajapaksa’s vociferous proclamations of a ‘new patriotism’ promising a united nation without minorities, he and his government have used the momentum of the defeat of the Tamil Tigers to entrench their position by continuing to mobilise an exclusive nationalism and promoting the revival of a Sinhalese-dominated nation. The analysis of history textbooks, presidential rhetoric and documentary films provides a contemporary empirical account of the discursive construction of the core dimensions of Sinhalese nationalist ideology. -
CONTENTS Chapter Preface Introduction 1
CONTENTS Chapter Preface Introduction 1. Sri Lanka 2. Prehistoric Lanka; Ravana abducts Princess Sita from India.(15) 3 The Mahawamsa; The discovery of the Mahawamsa; Turnour's contribution................................ ( 17) 4 Indo-Aryan Migrations; The coming of Vijaya...........(22) 5. The First Two Sinhala Kings: Consecration of Vijaya; Panduvasudeva, Second king of Lanka; Princess Citta..........................(27) 6 Prince Pandukabhaya; His birth; His escape from soldiers sent to kill him; His training from Guru Pandula; Battle of Kalahanagara; Pandukabhaya at war with his uncles; Battle of Labu Gamaka; Anuradhapura - Ancient capital of Lanka.........................(30) 7 King Pandukabhaya; Introduction of Municipal administration and Public Works; Pandukabhaya’s contribution to irrigation; Basawakulama Tank; King Mutasiva................................(36) 8 King Devanampiyatissa; gifts to Emporer Asoka: Asoka’s great gift of the Buddhist Doctrine...................................................(39) 9 Buddhism established in Lanka; First Buddhist Ordination in Lanka around 247 BC; Mahinda visits the Palace; The first Religious presentation to the clergy and the Ordination of the first Sinhala Bhikkhus; The Thuparama Dagoba............................ ......(42) 10 Theri Sanghamitta arrives with Bo sapling; Sri Maha Bodhi; Issurumuniya; Tissa Weva in Anuradhapura.....................(46) 11 A Kingdom in Ruhuna: Mahanaga leaves the City; Tissaweva in Ruhuna. ...............................................................................(52) -
© DLIFLC | I SRI LANKA in Perspective an Orientation Guide
SRI LANKA in Perspective An Orientation Guide © DLIFLC | i SRI LANKA in Perspective An Orientation Guide TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: GEOGRAPHY......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Geographic Divisions and Topographic Features .................................................................... 1 Knuckles Mountains ......................................................................................................... 2 Hanthana Mountains ......................................................................................................... 2 Sabaragamuwa Mountains ................................................................................................ 2 Climate ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Rivers and Bodies of Water ..................................................................................................... 3 Indian Ocean ..................................................................................................................... 3 Bay of Bengal ................................................................................................................... 3 Palk Bay ............................................................................................................................ 4 -
Sri Lankan, Low-Country, Ritual Drumming: the Raigama Tradition
Sri Lankan, Low-Country, Ritual Drumming: The Raigama Tradition Sumuditha Suraweera (88054652) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Canterbury August 2009 Principal Supervisor: Elaine Dobson Assistant Supervisor: Dr. Roger Buckton Contents List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... v Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. x System of Transliteration .................................................................................................. xii Key to Musical Transcriptions ......................................................................................... xiii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Low-Country Drumming in the Contemporary Context .................................................. 20 1.1 The traditional Sinhala Buddhist pantheon ............................................................. 20 1.2 Ritual in Sinhala Buddhism ................................................................................... -
P Art1. Framing Fieldwork in the Batticaloa Region
part 1. framing fieldwork in the batticaloa region Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/633593/9780822389187-001.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 introduction ri Lanka has been a remarkably fertile site for Sresearch in social and cultural anthropology, starting with C. G. and Brenda Z. Seligmann’s colo- nial monograph on the Veddas (1911) and continuing to this day with important ethnographic studies by Edmund R. Leach (1961), Nur Yalman (1967), Stanley J. Tambiah (1958), Gananath Obeyesekere (1967, 1981, 1984), James Brow (1978), Michael Roberts (1982), Bruce Kapferer (1983), Jonathan Spencer (1990a), R. L. Stirrat (1992), E. Valentine Daniel (1996), Rohan Bastin (2002), and many others. Despite “postcolo- nial and postempiricist” objections to anthropology in Sri Lanka (Ismail 2005), my intention was always to produce a book in the same scholarly tradition, a study that would extend understanding of the island’s remarkable sociological complexity through long- term, community-based fieldwork, as well as through critical engagement with anthropological writing on South Asia more generally. Now, however, given the brutal ethnic conflict which has consumed Sri Lan- kan society since the 1980s, this study also helps to illuminate what has become the most critical and divided conflict zone of the Eelam War—the island’s Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/633593/9780822389187-001.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Map 1. Sri Lanka and South India eastern coastal region—and the two Tamil-speaking minority communities who have lived there side by side for centuries—the Tamils and the Muslims (or Sri Lankan Moors). -
Success and Failures of Kingship and Government in Ancient Politics in Sri Lanka
Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (AJHSS) Volume 2, Issue—4, November, 2014 ISSN: 2320-9720 Success and Failures of Kingship and Government in Ancient Politics in Sri Lanka K. B. G. Shantha Kumara Gamlath School of Public Policy and Administration Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan, China E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The main purpose of this paper is explore nature of success and failure of the government and administration system of king domain regimes in Ancient Sri Lankan politics. Until end of the 19th century that world experience was there are many different kind of monarchical governing system has been activated with subject to changers in many countries in the world. Also, Sri Lanka is a one of the South Asian countries which has long historical experience about dynastical King Domain governing and administration system. There was a strong governance system with territorial unity due to centralized power of the King. Also, there was different kind of king regimes were activated in different time periods until colonized of Sri Lanka. Since, there are several external threats as well internal influences were could be shown regarding Sri Lankan King domain governance. But, governing process was strongly maintained by the Kingship without any disruption. Simultaneously, there are many monarchical systems were activated in many countries in the world. Comparatively, there are many King domain governing systems were could be indentified in many countries in the world including South Asia. There are many monarchical governance has been activated in many countries and today they have become constitutional monarchies by adjust the existing Kingship Kingdom in many countries without abolished it. -
Sri Lanka About This Guide
US Forces Pacific Culture Guide Jaffna Makassar Kandy Colombo Sri Lanka About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for success (Photo: USAF dental Sri Lankan Sri technician teaches local children to properly brush their teeth in Jaffna, Sri Guide Culture India Lanka). The guide consists of 2 parts: Part 1 “Culture General” introduces the foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any global environment with a focus on South Asia. Culture Part 2 “Culture Specific” describes unique cultural features of Sri Lankan society. It applies culture-general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment location. This section is designed to complement other pre- deployment training (Photo: US Sailor tours Sri Lankan Naval cadets on the Guide amphibious transport USS Somerset). For further information, visit the Air Force Culture and Language Center (AFCLC) website at http://culture.af.mil/ or contact the AFCLC Region Team at [email protected]. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the expressed permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources. GENERAL CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments. -
Buddhism and the Legitimation of Power: Democracy, Public Religion and Minorities in Sri Lanka
ISAS Working Paper No. 99 – Date: 26 November 2009 469A Bukit Timah Road #07-01, Tower Block, Singapore 259770 Tel: 6516 6179 / 6516 4239 Fax: 6776 7505 / 6314 5447 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isas.nus.edu.sg Buddhism and the Legitimation of Power: Democracy, Public Religion and Minorities in Sri Lanka Darini Rajasingham Senanayake1 Executive Summary Buddhism has been associated with the philosophy and practice of compassion, tolerance, pacifism and ahimsa, or the avoidance of violence. The paradox of political and nationalist violence in modern Buddhist polities is particularly acute in Sri Lanka which has historically been viewed in the Theravada Buddhist world and canon as a Dhamma Dveepa (Island of the Doctrine), where the purer doctrine was to be preserved and flourish, since in India and Nepal, the birthplace of Buddhism and the Buddha Siddharta Gautama, the religion has had fewer adherents than Hinduism or Islam, and lacked state patronage. Since the Constitution of 1972, Buddhism has had a special place in Sri Lanka and, in recent times, the state, through its overseas diplomatic missions, has consciously projected itself as a Buddhist land and national heritage site, paradoxically, while engaged in one of the South Asian region’s most violent armed conflicts. How do we explain political violence enacted under the sign of a historical religion whose doctrinal substance is ahimsa? This paper suggests that while Buddhist religiosity in Sri Lanka has historically been linked to state power and patronage, the substance and form of public Buddhism has been reconfigured both through the long moment of the colonial encounter with Christianity, as well as, the institution of democracy which has legitimated Sinhala Buddhist majoritarianism and the concomitant marginalisation of ethno-religious “others” in the post-colonial nation state in Sri Lanka. -
The Military Economy of Seventeenth Century Sri Lanka: Rhetoric and Authority in a Time of Conquest
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Military Economy of Seventeenth Century Sri Lanka: Rhetoric and Authority in a Time of Conquest A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Cenan Pirani 2016 © Copyright by Cenan Pirani 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Military Economy of Seventeenth Century Sri Lanka: Rhetoric and Authority in a Time of Conquest by Cenan Pirani Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Chair From the end of the sixteenth century, the overseas administrative arm of the Portuguese Crown, the Estado da Índia Oriental, sought to gain complete territorial control of the island of Sri Lanka and outlined the tenets of the military project dubbed in administrative letters, “the Conquest of the Island of Ceylon”. Such efforts however would be impeded by military rebellions (ie. mutinies and desertions) by native military personnel in Portuguese service, where a rebellion that occurred in 1630 severely weakened the Estado's position in the island from which it could not recover. The specific event, the death of a Portuguese general at the hands of his own Christianized native troop, left a deep imprint on Portuguese memory. Decades later, the chronicler Fernão de Queiroz claimed the event, which paved the way for the European's eventual removal from the island by 1658, bore testament to the unbridgeable cultural and religious schism between the Portuguese and the native Sinhala people, an established viewpoint in current historiography. This study focuses attention on the documentation in Portuguese, English, Spanish, and ii Sinhalese written during the more active moments of the conquest period (1580-1640) in order to test such well-established views. -
Indian+Cabinet+On+SL+Civil+War+BG.Pdf
A Word from your Chair and Director… Welcome to the Indian Cabinet on the Sri Lankan Civil War at VAMUN XXXIX. We’re really excited to have all of you here and we’re looking forward to a riveting committee. Your Chair Aditya Seth, is a fourth year from Mumbai, India, majoring in Marketing and Information Technology at the McIntire School of Commerce. Aditya has previously been Director General and Charge d’ Affaires for our collegiate conference VICS and is currently serving as the President of the International Relations Organization at UVA, the parent organization of VAMUN. Outside the classroom, he is an aviation enthusiast and can also be found exploring fun places to eat in Charlottesville or trekking. Your CD, Mohit, Is currently studying Physics and C.S. Mohit was at VICS, He was Crisis Director, You should be prepared. Outside of MUN he Enjoys lots of the stuff he Wrote on the main page. We hope to see you are researched and ready to go in November! In the meantime, if you have any questions, please feel free to contact us. Aditya Seth Mohit Srivastav [email protected] [email protected] From the Office of धान मंी कायालय the Prime Minister भारत सरकार Government of India दल, भारत New Delhi, India 1987 My fellow Ministers, As you may all know, our neighbours to the south have recently become victims of a severe insurgency within their borders. Many Tamil groups in the northern part of Sri Lanka have been fighting for an independent Tamil state. -
History of United Sri Lanka
History of United Sri Lanka Presented By: Chamara Perera and P.A Lal Introduction to History of United Sri Lanka Prehistory Sri Lanka was known by several names from time to time Lankadipa, Tambapanni, Sihaladipa, Lanka, Ilam, Hsia-Ian-Shan, Palaesimundu, Salica, Sarandib, Seilan, Seng-kia-la, Serendib, Seyllen, Sieladiba, Taprobana, Taprobane are some of them 1 World Map of Ptolemy (85-165 AD) Taprobane Introduction to History of United Sri Lanka Prehistory (contd….) According to Hindu mythology Sri Lanka had a great king called Ravana According to this mythology (Ramayana) he has not only rule united Sri Lanka, he ruled some parts of India too. We just cannot forget about this as there are many folk tales and village names such as Seetha Eliya, Ravana Ella, Wariyapola which seem to have direct connections to the story. At the end of mythology, Ravana was betrayed by his own brother and kindom of Sri Lanka was overrun by the enemies. As a gift Ravana’s brother got the crown of the country. 2 King Ravana Ravana said to have ten heads, probably to demonstrate that he is the Ruler of ten countries. Ramayana itself describe him as a villain, a Gentleman, and, a great king. Ramayana describes Ravana’s Lanka as a paradise on earth. Introduction to History of United Sri Lanka Prehistory (contd….) Even though we cannot find any hard proof to Ravana’s era, archeological experiments clearly show that there were human beings and activities even before 27000 B.C. Excavations at Batadomba Lena, Beli Lena, Balangoda etc. reveals human activities in Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic eras.