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The Politics and Poetics of Authenticity of and Poetics The Politics ‘This is a refreshing contribution to the growing body of scholarly literature on Sri Lanka’s Sinhalese nationalism, its politics and intellectual strands. Its value is enhanced by the marshalling of sources available in the Sinhalese language that are usually ignored in scholarly work on contemporary Sri Lanka.’ Harshana Rambukwella – Professor Jayadeva Uyangoda, formerly University of Colombo ‘This is an impressive work that guides the reader with compassion through the cultural and political whirlwind of colonial and postcolonial Sri Lanka. Rambukwella breathes fresh air into old debates, probing the ironies of authenticity and inauthenticity through the lives and works of three leading nationalist thinkers. Timely and inspiring.’ – Professor Nira Wickramasinghe, Leiden University What is the role of cultural authenticity in the making of nations? Much scholarly and popular commentary on nationalism dismisses authenticity as a romantic fantasy or, worse, a deliberately constructed mythology used for political manipulation. The Politics and Poetics of Authenticity places authenticity at the heart of Sinhala nationalism in late nineteenth and twentieth-century Sri Lanka. It argues that the passion for the ‘real’ or the ‘authentic’ has played a signifi cant role in shaping nationalist thinking and argues for an empathetic yet critical engagement with the idea of authenticity. The Politics Through a series of fi ne-grained and historically grounded analyses of the writings of individual fi gures central to the making of Sinhala nationalist ideology the book demonstrates authenticity’s rich and varied presence in Sri Lankan public life and its key role in understanding post-colonial nationalism in Sri Lanka and elsewhere in South Asia and and Poetics the world. It also explores how notions of authenticity shape certain strands of postcolonial criticism and offers a way of questioning the taken-for-granted nature of the nation as a unit Harshana Rambukwella Harshana of analysis but at the same time critically explore the deep imprint of nations and nationalisms on people’s lives. of Authenticity Harshana Rambukwella is Director, Postgraduate Institute of English, Open University of Sri Lanka. He received his PhD from the University of Hong Kong, where he is Honorary A Cultural Genealogy Assistant Professor at the School of English. Harshana’s research interests are in literary history, postcolonial theory and sociolinguistics. of Sinhala Nationalism Cover image source: Sathsara Ilangasinghe and Dr. Saumya Liyanage Free open access versions available from Cover design: www.ucl.ac.uk/ucl-press www.ironicitalics.com The Politics and Poetics of Authenticity The Politics and Poetics of Authenticity A Cultural Genealogy of Sinhala Nationalism Harshana Rambukwella First published in 2018 by UCL Press University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Available to download free: www.ucl.ac.uk/ ucl- press Text © Harshana Rambukwella, 2018 Harshana Rambukwella has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as author of this work. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library. This book is published under a Creative Commons 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Rambukwella, H. 2018. The Politics and Poetics of Authenticity: A Cultural Genealogy of Sinhala Nationalism. London, UCL Press. https:// doi.org/ 10.14324/ 111. 9781787351288 Further details about Creative Commons licenses are available at http:// creativecommons.org/ licenses/ ISBN: 978–1–78735–130–1 (Hbk.) ISBN: 978–1–78735–129–5 (Pbk.) ISBN: 978–1–78735–128–8 (PDF) ISBN: 978–1–78735–131–8 (epub) ISBN: 978–1–78735–132–5 (mobi) ISBN: 978–1–78735–133–2 (html) DOI: https:// doi.org/ 10.14324/ 111. 9781787351288 Front cover image: The image depicts a temple mural at the Kathaluwa, Ginivella Viharaya in southern Sri Lanka. Crafted by Dutch artists in 2007, the project faced criticism because of the use of ‘low caste’ models and the contentious claim they violated Buddhist mural conventions. The images were also vandalised. Source: Sathsara Ilangasinghe and Dr. Saumya Liyanage Foreword In this important and lucid book, Harshana Rambukwella offers us what he calls a ‘cultural genealogy of Sinhala nationalism’. The term ‘genealogy’ gestures towards Foucault and, before him, Nietzsche. At its broadest it suggests that attention to the flow of argument over time will destabilise our assumptions about what is given and what is deemed inevitable. Nationalisms struggle to tame the unruliness of history with the story of a stable subject – the nation – and its more or less inevitable emergence and triumph. The story of the nation, any nation, performs a kind of double trick with history: it details the emergence of a collectivity over time, while making that collectivity itself appear timeless, natural and unquestionable. Any critical engagement with nationalism therefore needs to question the apparently unquestionable, to de-naturalise the assumptions that might otherwise appear so self- evident. This process is at once much easier but also much harder than it may first appear. What makes it easy is the discovery that any given nation- alism is a zone of argument and internal contradiction; what makes it hard is that all those who would argue – about who is in and who is out of the nation, about how to protect, save or restore the nation – agree on one thing, that there is a nation that requires protecting, saving and restoring. The self-evidence of the nation as a frame of understanding and analysis is deeply embedded in academic as well as popular inter- pretations of history and politics. A genealogical approach to the his- tory of this phenomenon offers one possible way out of what has come to be called the common-sense ‘methodological nationalism’ that treats nations and nation states as an obvious unit of analysis. To get any crit- ical purchase on a topic like this the analyst has to find a way to break with that common- sense perspective, while nevertheless acknowledging the very powerful, often destructive, real- world effects of the idea of the nation. Understanding how a particular perspective on history is made to seem natural and unquestionable is not the same as arguing that it is somehow trivial or epiphenomenal. v The nation is a prime example of what the philosopher Ian Hacking calls an ‘interactive kind’. Most of our classifications of the world are what Hacking terms ‘indifferent kinds’: identifying a particular tree as a member of a particular genus matters not to the tree itself. The tree carries on in its tree-like way. In contrast, identifying a person as a member of a particular collectivity, whether on grounds of language, physical appearance or occupation, not only matters to the person but may also cause the person to act differently, to argue for or against the relevance of the classification in question, to query who else may be included or excluded. It may also generate attempts to identify some par- ticular group of people, or some particular set of practices, as being more important than others in the identification and reproduction of the clas- sification. Interactive kinds carry their own instabilities within them; one manifestation of this is a tendency to argue about the content and bound- aries of the kind itself. Such arguments are often couched in a language of ‘authenticity’. Authenticity makes some biographies exemplars of the nation, makes some practices – how a particular song is sung in public, for example – especially significant in claims of stability and self- evidence. Rambukwella’s book focuses on authenticity as a way to open up these arguments for the study of Sinhala nationalism in Sri Lanka. He starts from an apparently trivial example: a celebrated singer sang the right song, a song deeply identified with Sinhala nationalist values, in the wrong way at the annual Independence Day celebration in 2016. The singer’s mistake was to sing in the idiom in which she was trained, which is the Western classical tradition, rather than in a properly authentic Sinhala idiom. The result was a brief but fierce public scandal. The irony, from which Rambukwella’s argument takes off, is that both the song itself and the appropriately ‘authentic’ idiom in which it is expected to be sung have quite shallow and easily traceable histories. Authenticity, which is meant to be a sign of the givenness of nationalist practice, can be seen to be constructed under quite recent and quite specific circumstances. From this point of departure Rambukwella takes us through the lives of three complex figures in the history of modern Sinhala nation- alism. Two of them, Anagarika Dharmapala and S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, are familiar from previous analyses of Sinhala nationalism, one the enig- matic Buddhist reformer most often identified with cultural resistance to the British in the era of high colonialism, the other the equally enigmatic elite politician who ushered in a new era of populist nationalism in the decade after independence. The third, Gunadasa Amarasekera, is prob- ably less well known to readers outside Sri Lanka. Although he is a major figure in Sri Lankan cultural life, very few of his books are available in vi FOREWORD English, and the polemics and controversies that Rambukwella traces so illuminatingly were almost entirely conducted in Sinhala and confined within the bounds of what we might call the Sinhala reading public. This brings me to another irony – that the history of Sinhala nationalism has been almost entirely written without reference to material written and published in Sinhala.

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