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Improving Production of Soft-Shelled Swimming Crabs

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Improving Production of Soft-Shelled Swimming Crabs Archives of Veterinary Science ISSN 1517-784X v.20, n.2, p.122-131, 2015 www.ser.ufpr.br/veterinary IMPROVING PRODUCTION OF SOFT-SHELLED SWIMMING CRABS: MACROSCOPIC SIGNS OF MOLTING AS A TOOL FOR SELECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF Callinectes danae AND Callinectes exasperatus (PORTUNIDAE, DECAPODA, CRUSTACEA) [Aprimoramento na produção de siris de casca mole: sinais macroscópicos de muda como uma ferramenta para a seleção e gestão de Callinectes danae e Callinectes exasperatus (Portunidae, Decapoda, Crustacea)] Antonio Ostrensky, Robson Ventura, Angélica Maria Araújo Corrêa, Gislaine Vieira Santos, Gisela Geraldine Castilho-Westphal *Correspondência: [email protected] ABSTRACT: In order to improve the efficiency of soft-shell crab production, we investigated whether it is technically viable to increase harvesting rates of soft-shelled crabs of the species Callinectes danae and C. exasperatus by selecting animals based on macroscopic molt signs and maintaining them in specific facilities. The study was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, macroscopic anatomic changes possibly related to the molting cycle identified under laboratory conditions. In the second stage we used the macroscopic clues observed in the first assay to select premolt animals harvested from their natural environments. Yet in this stage of the work, the relationship between the macroscopic changes and the microscopic signs of molting was evaluated. Lastly, an assay verified the technical feasibility of increasing the fraction of soft-shells in the total catch by selecting and maintaining premolt swimming crabs of species C. danae and C. exasperatus in specific facilities until the molt. Our results indicated that we can macroscopically identify, and therefore select, individuals in premolt phases II, III and IV that will soon molt, but further investigations are necessary to identify the requisite conditions for successful molting of individuals in premolt phase I Key Words: fisheries; molt; soft-shell; swimming crabs Recebido em 13/02/2015 Aprovado em 21/08/2015 Improving production of soft-shelled swimming crabs: macroscopic signs of molting as a tool for selection and management INTRODUCTION selection prior to being transferred to specific facilities. Only animals in the Portunidae (Decapoda, Crustacea), premolt stage are selected and commonly known as swimming crab, maintained until the occurrence of the inhabit coastal regions (Melo, 1996) and molting process. After molting, they will are considered important fishery be packed, frozen, and sold on the resources in many countries (FAO 2008). market (Lee and Sanford 1962, Cupka The most exploited swimming crab and Van Engel 1979, Oesterling 1984). In species in the world are the gazami crab, the USA, 2,500 tons of soft-shelled blue Portunus trituberculatus (Miers, 1876), crabs (C. sapidus) were produced using the flower crab, Portunus pelagicus this technique in the year 2000 (Blue (Linnaeus, 1758) (India and Pacific Crab Technical Work Group 2005). The Oceans) and the Atlantic blue crab selection process is based on Callinectes sapidus (M. J. Rathbun, macroscopic monitoring of the molting 1896) (central, west and northwest cycle. Atlantic Ocean). The fishing of these The molting cycle of crustaceans three species generated approximately can be divided into five stages: A (recent 585,000 tons in 2005, and P. postmolt), B (late postmolt), C (intermolt), trituberculatus accounted for 60% of the D (premolt) and E (ecdysis). The stages, total catch alone (FAO 2008). Despite with the exception of ecdysis, can be efforts to develop restocking and further subdivided (Skinner 1962, Drach aquaculture techniques in several parts and Tchernigovtzeff 1967, Warner 1977). of world, exploitation directly from the Skinner (1962) observed that the molting natural environment is still the main cycle for the blackback land crab, method for obtaining these species Gecarcinus lateralis (Gecarcinidae), (Wickins and Lee 2002). varied from four to six months, and the One way of commercializing longer part of the cycle corresponded to swimming crabs is in the form of soft- the intermolt period (C) and the premolt shelled crabs, i.e. crabs in the postmolt period, which ranged from 16% to 25% of period that succeeds the molting the cycle (approximately 30 days). process. Soft-shelled crabs are According to Warner (1977), the premolt appreciated in international cuisines and and intermolt stages represented 67% have a high market value (Perry and and 20% of the molting cycle duration in Malone 1989, Wickins and Lee 2002, brachyuran crustaceans, respectively. Meyer 2003). In countries such as Brazil, Freeman et al. (1987) observed an soft shelled crabs are collected from average time of the molting cycle of 37 nature and there is no manipulation of days for C. sapidus, and the crab was in them to increase the fraction of soft- the intermolt stage 67.5% of the time, shells in the total catch. However, soft- while it was in the premolt stage between shelled crabs represent an insignificant 21% and 35% of the time (8 to 13 days). fraction of the total production of the The duration of the molting cycle varied exploited species (Castro et al. 2005). In according to the species and was directly other regions of the world, such as in the proportional to the size of the animal United States of America and Mexico, (Warner 1977, Freeman et al. 1987). aside from traditional fisheries, there is a According to Drach and specialized technique to increase Tchernigovtzeff (1967), the premolt stage production rates of soft-shelled blue can be divided into five sub-stages that crabs (C. sapidus). In these operations, are characterized by changes of the swimming crabs captured from their exoskeleton, in the epimeral tissue and in natural environments are submitted to the generation of new setae. In the Archives of Veterinary Science, v.20, n.2, p.122-131, 2015 . Ostrensky et al. (2015) earliest sub-stage D0, the epidermis molt signs and their maintenance in detaches from the internal part of the specific facilities until the molt. cuticle due to enzymatic action, which is a process known as apolysis. In sub- MATERIAL AND METHODS stages D1, D2, and D3, the development of pre-exuvial layers (epicuticle and The present study was conducted exocuticle) occurs, and the epidermis in three parts. In the first part, invaginates to form new setae. The sub- macroscopic anatomic changes likely stages can be identified according to the related to the molting cycle were level of setal development, the distance indentified under laboratory conditions. In between the new and old cuticle, and the the second part, we used the degree of reabsorption of minerals and macroscopic clues observed previously nutrients from the old exoskeleton. In to select premolt animals harvested from sub-stage D2, the crustacean stops their natural environments. Still in this eating, and the reabsorption of minerals part of the work, we evaluated the and nutrients occurs in specific locations, relationship between the macroscopic such as in the area surrounding the changes and the microscopic signs of epimeral line. In sub-stage D4, molting. Lastly, an assay verified the reabsorption is completed, the epimeral technical feasibility of increasing the line disrupts in the old exoskeleton, and fraction of soft-shells in the total catch by the absorption of marine water begins selecting and maintaining premolt (Warner 1977). swimming crabs of species C. danae and This cycle can be easily monitored C. exasperatus in specific facilities until using traditional histological analyses. the molt. However, studies developed with C. Animals were collected in the sapidus (Oesterling 1984) and the arched locality of Acupe (12º39’30” S and swimming crab, Callinectes arcuatus 38º44’54” W), west of the Baía de Todos Ordway, 1863 (Portunidae) (Wehrtmann os Santos (BTS) in Bahia, Brazil. and Mena-Castañeda 2003), showed Appropriate standard fishing techniques that the molting cycle can be monitored were used to collect each species. by observing macroscopically specific Immediately after the swimming crabs anatomical alterations in the body of the had been captured, they were transferred animals, and this procedure to transport tanks containing saltwater substantiates the increase of the and provided with aeration. production rates of soft-shelled crabs. Subsequently, they were transported to Fishermen exploiting other swimming- the laboratory where the assays were crabs species such as the dana performed. The taxonomic identification swimming crab, Callinectes danae followed previously published criteria (Portunidae) and the rugose swimming from Melo (1996) and Coelho and crab, Callinectes exasperatus Ramos-Porto (1992). Animals were (Portunidae), - abundant species in the weighed on a table scale (Bel Caribbean and South America - could Engineering, precision of 0.01 grams), improve their profits using this technique. and their carapace width (CW) was However, such methodology has not measured using calipers. The CW was been validated for these species. The determined as the largest distance present study investigated whether it is between the tops of the lateral spines. technically viable to increase production rates of soft-shelled crabs of the species Identification of macroscopic C. danae and C. exasperatus by signs of premolt selecting animals based on macroscopic Archives of Veterinary Science, v.20, n.2, p.122-131, 2015 . Improving production of soft-shelled swimming crabs: macroscopic signs
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