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Baixar Este Arquivo ETHNOSCIENTIA ETHNOSCIENTIA V. 1(1), October, 2016 www.ethnsocientia.com ISSN: 2448-1998 D.O.I.: http://dx.doi.org/10.22276/ethnoscientia.v1i1.22 RESEARCH ARTICLE. PORTUGUESE. CLASSIFICAÇÃO ETNOBIOLÓGICA DE CRUSTÁCEOS (DECAPODA: BRACHYURA) POR PESCADORES ARTESANAIS DO MUNICÍPIO DE CONDE, LITORAL NORTE DO ESTADO DA BAHIA, BRASIL ETHNOBIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRABS (DECAPODA: BRACHYURA) ACCORDING TO ARTISANAL FISHERMEN FROM THE MUNICIPALITY OF CONDE, NORTH COAST OF BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL Henrique Fernandes MAGALHÃES1, Eraldo Medeiros COSTA NETO1*, Alexandre SCHIAVETTI2¹1 Submetido 20/04/2016; Aceito 07/10/2016; Publicado01/11/2016 RESUMO Os sistemas de classificação etnobiológicos frequentemente difundem-se pela oralidade. Sua interpretação leva a compreender como as sociedades humanas nomeiam e ordenam os elementos de seu ambiente. O presente estudo teve por objetivo registrar a classificação etnobiológica de crustáceos braquiúros de importância econômica no município de Conde, Litoral Norte da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. O trabalho de campo foi realizado no período de setembro de 2007 a dezembro de 2009, mediante o uso de técnicas etnográficas usuais, como entrevistas abertas e semiestruturadas, bem como observações comportamentais. Foram entrevistados, individual ou coletivamente em variados contextos, pescadores artesanais (n = 57), de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre 10 e 78 anos, acerca dos nomes populares e dos principais critérios adotados na identificação etnotaxonômica dos braquiúros de importância econômica na região. Foram visitadas sete comunidades pesqueiras: Siribinha, Sítio do Conde, Poças, Ilha das Ostras, Cobó, Buri e Sempre Viva. Os dados referentes à etnotaxonomia dos crustáceos foram analisados segundo os Princípios de Classificação Etnobiológica de Brent Berlin. Os resultados mostram que braquiúros de importância econômica são classificados na Forma de Vida Marisco. Seis táxons específicos de siris (Portunidae) foram registrados e nomeados com base em critérios ecológicos e morfológicos. Alguns dos nomes comuns referentes à Ucides cordatus e Cardisoma guanhumi obedecem a esses mesmos critérios. Com base nos resultados, percebe-se que o sistema de classificação etnobiológico adotado em Conde reflete os saberes relacionados a aspectos biológicos e ecológicos dos braquiúros. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: caranguejos, etnotaxonomia, pesca artesanal 1¹ Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil CEP: 440.36900 2Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil, CEP: 456.62900 *[email protected] 2 ETHNOBIOLOGICALCLASSIFICATION OF CRABS (DECAPODA: BRACHYURA) ACCORDING TO ARTISANAL FISHERMEN FROM THE MUNICIPALITY OF CONDE, NORTH COAST OF BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL ABSTRACT Ethnobiological classification systems often spread through oral traditions. Their interpretation leads to understanding how human societies nominate and categorize the elements in their environments. The present Henrique possui graduação em Ciências study aimed to record the ethnobiological classification of those Biológicas pela Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS); brachyuran crustaceans of economic importance in the municipality of especialização em Gestão Ambiental e Conde, located at the North region of Bahia State, northeast Brazil. MBA em Perícia, Auditoria e Análise Ambiental (em andamento), ambos pela Fieldwork was done from September 2007 to December 2009, and the Universidade Cândido Mendes; e mestrado em Zoologia, pela data were recorded by means of usual ethnographic techniques such as Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC). open and semi-structured interviews and behavioral observations. A sample of 57 artisanal fishermen of both genders, aged 10 to 78 years, were interviewed, individually or collectively in varying contexts, aboutthe popular names and criteria adopted for nominating brachyurans of economic importance in the region. Seven fishing communities were visited: Siribinha, Sítio do Conde, Poças, Ilha das Ostras, Cobó, Buri and Sempre Viva. The data regarding crabs’ ethnotaxonomy were analyzed according to Brent Berlin’s Principles of Ethnobiological Classification. The results show that these brachyurans are ranked in the Life Form Eraldo Neto possui graduação em “Marisco”. Six taxa of crabs (Portunidae) were recorded based on Licenciatura em Biologia pela Universidade Federal de Alagoas ecological and morphological criteria. Some of the common names used to (1994), mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente pela Universidade refer to Ucides cordatus and Cardisoma guanhumi obey to these same Federal de Alagoas (1998) e doutorado em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais pela criteria. Based on the results, it can be seen that the ethnobiological Universidade Federal de São Carlos classification system which is adopted in Conde reflects local knowledge (2003). Pós-doutorado na Universidade Nacional Autônoma do related to biological and ecological aspects of brachyurans. México, Instituto de Biologia (2005). Professor Pleno da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana KEYWORDS: artisanal fishing, crabs, ethnotaxonomy INTRODUÇÃO Os sistemas de classificação etnobiológicos estão intrinsecamente Alexandre possui graduação em relacionados ao modo como as sociedades humanas percebem e Ecologia pela Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (1991), interagem com o mundo natural e, por conseguinte, com a fauna e flora mestrado em Ciências da Engenharia Ambiental pela Universidade de São presentes no ambiente onde vivem. Segundo Mourão e Nordi (2002), a Paulo (1997), doutorado em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais pela Universidade taxonomia da natureza, elaborada por tais comunidades, frequentemente Federal de São Carlos (2002) e pós- doutorado no Centro Nacional difunde-se oralmente e sua interpretação, por meio de pesquisas Patagônico (CENPAT - Puerto Madryn). Professor Pleno da etnobiológicas, pode conduzir à lógica dos pensamentos e atitudes dos Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz e pesquisador associado aos Projetos povos. Em suma, esta ciência investiga como o mundo é percebido, Coral Vivo e Golfinho Rotador. identificado e compreendido pelas diversas culturas humanas, o que pode Magalhães et al. Classificação etnobiológica de crustáceos (Decapoda: Brachyura) por pescadores artesanais do município de conde, litoral norte do estado da Bahia, Brasil. Ethnoscientia V 1 (1), 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22276/ethnoscientia.v1i1.22 3 ser entendido como um reflexo de como as sociedades nomeiam e ordenam os elementos de seu ambiente em sistemas de classificação (TURBAY, 2002). Uma vez que cada língua determina o próprio recorte de uma sociedade, a compreensão das categorias semânticas permite o acesso não somente ao conhecimento de uma sociedade sobre o meio natural no qual ela vive, mas igualmente à sua visão de mundo (ROUÉ, 1997). De acordo com Harris (1976), cada sociedade confere um significado ao seu mundo natural e à diversidade de organismos (reais e/ou mitológicos) presentes nos ecossistemas, baseado em aspectos cognitivos e linguísticos. Os padrões de expressão linguística de uma dada cultura indicam qualquer regularidade classificatória, em que categorias são consideradas construções linguísticas que capacitam uma cultura a dar ordem a seu universo, organizando suas percepções coletivas e as relações dos seres com os fenômenos (GREENE, 1995). Sendo assim, todos os grupos humanos organizam seu mundo perceptual e respondem a ele em sistemas de categorizações compartilhados (HYNOBRAN, 1984). Os crustáceos são animais bem característicos de regiões de manguezais e desempenham um papel na dinâmica do ecossistema, não só pela função na cadeia alimentar, como também porque alguns deles, os braquiúros, atuam no processamento da serapilheira, no fluxo energético, na bioturbação do sedimento e na ciclagem do carbono e da matéria orgânica (GUEST et al., 2006; SILVA, 2014). Constituem um grupo diverso e fazem parte de uma das maiores biomassas no ecossistema marinho (RUPPERT et al., 2005). Dentre as interações que a espécie humana mantém com os crustáceos braquiúros, pode- se visualizar seu uso para fins diversos: como artesanato (ALVES et al., 2006; SILVA et al., 2007), fonte de renda e na alimentação (REITERMAJER, 1996; NOMURA, 2001; SOUTO, 2004), na medicina popular (LAGESFILHO, 1934; MAGALHÃES, 1966; COSTA-NETO e GORDIANO-LIMA, 2000) e em atividades lúdicas (CASCUDO, 1972). As interações que se estabelecem entre os seres humanos e os crustáceos constituem o campo de estudo da etnocarcinologia a qual pode ser definida, parafraseando-se Posey (1986), como a parte da etnozoologia que investiga o conhecimento, a classificação e os modos de utilização dos crustáceos pelas sociedades humanas. Crustáceos braquiúros são recursos pesqueiros com elevado valor socioeconômico para as comunidades que habitam zonas estuarinas, sendo que muitas dessas populações sobrevivem exclusivamente da exploração desses recursos (SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI, 1995; JANKOWSKY et al., 2006; NASCIMENTO et al., 2008; MAGALHÃES et al., 2012). Partindo-se do princípio de que comunidades humanas nomeiam e classificam os organismos vivos que integram seu mundo natural de acordo com suas observações e aprendizados, resultado de seu modus vivendi, este artigo apresenta a classificação etnobiológica dos crustáceos braquiúros de importância econômica na região de Conde, Litoral Norte do Estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil, utilizada por pescadores
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