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Ontario Tree Marking Guide Version 1.1 © 2004, Queen’S Printer for Ontario Printed in Ontario, Canada

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Ontario Tree Marking Guide Version 1.1 © 2004, Queen’S Printer for Ontario Printed in Ontario, Canada Certified Ontario Tree Markers1 Objectives The principal objectives of Certified Ontario Tree Markers are: (1) to develop and promote sound stewardship of Ontario’s forest resources where harvesting is carried out using partial-harvest systems; (2) to take an active role in preventing forest degradation resulting from inappropriate harvesting through the use of partial-harvesting systems; (3) to increase awareness and appreciation of the value of tree marking in partial-harvest systems; and (4) to seek the highest standards in all tree marking activities in Ontario’s forests. Code of Ethics Each Certified Tree Marker, in striving to meet silvicultural objectives related to sustainable forest management, pledges to: 1.endeavour to promote public awareness and knowledge of the values of tree marking in its application to partial-harvest systems; 2.mark all forests, regardless of size or ownership, consistent with appropriate silvicultural systems and maintenance of ecological integrity; 3.ensure that employers are aware of the consequences of deviating from a proposed marking scheme should the marker’s professional marking judgement be over-ruled by uncertified authority; 4.undertake only such tree marking work that the marker is deemed competent to perform by virtue of training, experience and certification; 5.subscribe to the highest standards of integrity and conduct, and show pride in their accomplishments; 6.promote competence in tree marking by supporting, and encouraging in others, high standards of education, employment and performance; 7.immediately disclose any conflict of interest, either direct or indirect, which might be construed as prejudicial to their professional judgement in rendering services to their client; and 8.keep all clients’ affairs, practices and processes in the strictest confidence unless released from your obligation by the client. 1. Forest Operations and Silviculture Manual. 1995. Under CFSA. OMNR. Pg. 24-25 Ontario Tree Marking Guide Version 1.1 © 2004, Queen’s Printer for Ontario Printed in Ontario, Canada Single copies of this publication are available for $27.50 from: Natural Resources Information Centre 300 Water Street PO Box 7000 Peterborough, ON K9J 8M5 This document is available in electronic format on the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resource’s website http://ontariosforests.mnr.gov.on.ca. Current publications of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and price lists, are also available from this office. Telephone inquiries about ministry programs and services should be directed to the Natural Resources Information Centre: Peterborough General Inquiry 1-800-667-1940 Renseignements en francais 1-800-667-1840 FAX 705 755-1677 Email [email protected] Other government publications are available from Publications Ontario, Main Floor, 880 Bay St., Toronto. For mail orders write Publications Ontario, 50 Grosvenor St., Toronto, Ontario M7A 1N8. Cheques or money orders should be made payable to the Minister of Finance and payment must accompany order. This publication should be cited as: OMNR. 2004. Ontario Tree Marking Guide, Version 1.1. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Toronto. 252 p. Cette publication hautement spécialisée Guide de marquage des arbres de l’Ontario n’est disponible qu’en anglais en vertu du Règlement 411/97, qui en exempte l’application de la Loi sur les services en français. Pour obtenir de l’aide en français, veuillez communiquer avec le ministère ministère des Richesses naturelles au 1-800-667-1840 ou [email protected]. This publication is dedicated to the memory of our friend Brenda Chambers, former Forest Ecosystem Classification team leader with the Southcentral Science and Information Section of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Brenda was senior author of the Field Guide to Forest Ecosystems of Central Ontario, and Forest Plants of Central Ontario. Brenda’s personal commitment to ecological sustainability was continually demonstrated in her research, her fieldwork, and in her efforts to transfer her understanding of site and vegetation ecology throughout Ontario. It is our hope that her commitment is reflected in the contents of this guide. GUIDE DE MARQUAGE DES ARBRES DE L’ONTARIO Résumé Le guide de marquage des arbres de l’Ontario (The Ontario Tree Marking Guide) s’inscrit dans la série d’information scientifique et technologique du MRN, conjointement aux guides sylvicoles de la région des Grands Lacs et du Saint-Laurent. Le guide vise à appuyer la mise en œuvre du Programme provincial de formation des marteleurs et à orienter les activités des marteleurs qui emploient un régime sylvicole de coupes partielles en Ontario. Selon les textes de loi actuels, toute activité de gestion doit reproduire les effets des perturbations naturelles. Étant donné qu’au cours de son évolution, une essence d’arbre a développé des moyens de réagir à de telles perturbations – qu’il s’agisse d’un cas isolé de déracinement par le vent ou d’un incendie de forêt étendu – il est logique que ces réflexes inspirent nos régimes sylvicoles. Par conséquent, les marteleurs doivent comprendre l’importance des diverses caractéristiques écologiques telles que la tolérance à l’ombre, le cycle des semences, la réaction au dégagement, etc. tout en comprenant comment profiter de ces adaptations dans le cadre d’un programme de marquage. En combinant telle connaissance à une compréhension des rapports sur le terrain, tels que l’effet de la topographie sur le degré d’humidité du sol ou le rapport entre la texture du sol et sa profondeur et la qualité de la production de bois, le marteleur sera en mesure de prévoir plus précisément la réaction de la forêt au traitement prescrit. Un marteleur doit tenir compte des options de traitement sur divers plans. On choisit de conserver ou d’éliminer un arbre selon certains indices tels que vitalité, risques et qualité, tandis que ce seront des facteurs tels que la composition des essences, la fermeture du couvert, la structure du peuplement et sa densité et la densité relative qui influenceront les décisions relatives à l’ensemble du peuplement. Chaque décision prise par un marteleur aura un effet sur la biodiversité à un certain niveau, avec des conséquences sur l’habitat de certaines espèces sauvages. Le marteleur doit donc comprendre les principes généraux de la biodiversité, ainsi que certains aspects clés de l’habitat faunique (p. ex. : couvert hivernal, habitats ripicole et piscicole, petits cours d’eau, écoulement et étangs en forêt-parc, arbres à cavité, arbres à paisson glandée, conifères parsemés dans des peuplements feuillus et arbres qui dépassent le couvert forestier). Les directives de marquage des arbres sont tirées de la prescription d’exploitation forestière, qui elle-même découle d’une analyse du peuplement conçue de façon à être compatible avec le niveau de variabilité dans le peuplement et avec l’usage spécifié de l’information. Toutefois, étant donné qu’un examen même approfondi ne saurait tenir compte de toutes les variations présentes à l’intérieur d’un peuplement, un marteleur doit posséder des connaissances et une expérience suffisantes pour procéder à des ajustements dans le cadre de la prescription. Il doit pour cela avoir une certaine familiarité avec les régimes sylvicoles qui exigent le marquage avant sa mise en œuvre – jardinage par arbre ou par groupe, mode de régénération par coupes progressives uniformes, coupe à blanc avec arbres semenciers, ou éclaircie avec améliorations. Selon le cas, le marteleur doit comprendre les critères qui ont guidé le choix de traitement précis pour le peuplement en question, les décisions prises sur le terrain concernant un arbre particulier ou l’ensemble du peuplement et les conséquences sur la réglementation de la récolte. Le marteleur fondera la plupart de ses considérations sur des principes scientifiques. Toutefois, les activités pratiques relevant d’un programme de marquage des arbres font appel à d’autres connaissances, parmi lesquelles la compréhension des besoins du personnel en matière de formation, l’organisation des équipes de marquage, la supervision, les questions de santé et de sécurité, les styles de marquage, les conventions relatives à la couleur, ainsi que les procédures de suivi et d’évaluation des activités. Executive Summary The Ontario Tree Marking Guide is part of the MNR Science and Technology Series, and is produced as a companion document to the two Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Silvicultural Guides. The intent of the guide is to support delivery of the Provincial Tree Marker Training Program, and to provide operational guidance to tree markers who employ the partial cut silvicultural systems in Ontario. Current legislation specifies that management effort must emulate the effects of natural disturbances. Since tree species have evolved mechanisms to respond to disturbance—whether the isolated incidence of windthrow or a landscape level wildfire—it is logical that those response mechanisms would suggest a silvicultural regime. Tree markers must therefore be aware of significant ecological traits such as shade tolerance, seed periodicity, response to release, etc., and understand how to take advantage of those adaptations during a tree- marking program. Combining this knowledge with an understanding of site relationships, such as the effect of topography on moisture availability, or the relationship between soil texture and depth, and quality wood production, will enable the marker to more accurately project the response of the
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