5 AUGUST 1946
I ND EX Of WITNESSES
Prosecution's .1itnesses NAKAI, Kimbei (resumed) 3155 Redirect (Mov i e Film) 3155 Recross by Mr . Sugawara 3191 " " Captain Kleiman 3200
P01f/ELL , John B. 3209 Direct by Mr. McKenzie 3209
I ND EX Of EXHIBITS (no exhibits)
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------Monday , 5 August, 1946
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3 4 I NTERNATI ONAL MI LITARY TR I BUNAL FOR THE FAR EAST 5 Court House of the Tribunal ,.,ar Ministry Building 6 Tokyo, Japan
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...... 8 The Tribunal met, pursuant to adjournment , •• 9 a t 0930. 10
11 12 Appearances: 13 For the Tribunal, same as before. 14 For the Prosecution Section , same as befor e. 15 For the Def ense Section , same a s before . 16
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19 (English to Japanesa and Japanese 20 t o English inter pretation was made by the 21 Language Section, n.:TFE.) 22
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G l MARSHAL OF THL COURT : The Internati onal r c 2 Military Tribunal for the Far East is nou in session c n 3 and is r eady to hear any ma tter brought before ito b 0 4 THE PRESIDENT : Doc s counsel desire to r g s mention any matter? & 6 Mr . Logan.
jj 7 MR . LOGAN : If the Tribunal pl ease, for a r 8 the purpose of the r ecord, I for mally move tho Tri t • 9 0 bunal at this time , on behalf of all the accused, n 10 that the proceedings her et of ore had in Chambers and 11 all the proceedings to be held in Chambers her eaft er 12 be CTade part of the r ecord of this case, that a 13 separate volume be kept of such proceedings entitled 14 "Proceedings in Chambers," and that an or der be 15 enter ed to that effect. 16 In the absence of any opposition by the 17 prosecu.tion I ask to defer any argument on this 18 question. l9 THE PRESIDENT: Docs the pr osecution desire 20 to be heard? 21 MR. DONIHI: No objections. to the motion, 22 i f it please the Trihunal. 23 THE PRESIDENT: The Court will consider the 24 matter . 25 Mr . Don1h1. I 3,155 NAKAI RLDIRECT
1 MR . DONIHI: I am 1nforr.ied by the Iic:i. rshal
2 I of tho Court that tho courtr oo~ r.iay be blackened
3 out i mncdiately without di fficulty if tho Tr ibunal 4 is desir ous of s eeing tho pictur e "The Cr iti cal
5 Period of J apan" at t his tir.ie . 6 THE PRESIDENT : We caCTc her e expecting to 7 sec t he picture at 9:30.
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9 K I M B E I N A KA I , r ecalled as a r1itness on I () behal f of the pr osecution , r csuncd the stand I l and t esti fi€d as f ollows : 12 REDIRECT EXMHNJ~T ION I ," (\./hereupon , the filr.i "Tho Cr itical l If Per iod of Japan" was shovm with the Lang I '\ uage Section Chief r eadi ng in English the 16 title s and sound track, as follows : ) ... 17 "Let us calr.ily obser ve the situation in 18 Asiao Has peace r eigned in Asia during the l ast 19 f i fty year s? 20 "Have we lived in the peaceful condi t i on 21 which i s our ideal? 22 "Have our As i atic brother s been livi ng i n 23 peaceful satisfaction fulfilling their own r.iissi ons 24 i n accordnnce with the i deal of As i a? 25 '' ·1ha t i s the situation in the North, in
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in Siberia, Mongol ia , Tibet and Sinkiang? And what 1 is the situation in Chine. , which ourht to be our 2 most intimat e friend? 3 "Next, let us l ook eDstward upon the P?cific 4 Ocean. Are the waves of the Pacific reelly calm? 5 6 Can we ~ :,qJect the waves of the Pacific of t omorrow
7 to be as calm PS they ~re today?
8 "After conr.i dering all this , on whose shoul 9 ders may we suppose thet ~. 11 of the responsibtlity
10 of establishing peace i n the Or i ent lies? Wr itten
tl on screen: ' Divine Country, J apen , The Y am~ to
12 Race . 1 13 "I fir cly believe that we cnn never expect
L4 t o see pe~ce r estored in the q~i ent if we rely uron 15 others.
16 "Our country of J apen , was est~b lish e d by 17 God' s will. It is a divine country, the country 18 of Gods . l9 "It is t he mission of our r ace e.nd of <1ur 20 nation t o realize the idePls shown t o us by our 2 1 gods . If we , t he Yama t o r ace , should refuse to 22 carry out this hcly mission of estebl ishing peace 23 in the Orient with our ideels and power , ho'V' could 24 we, the Asiet ics, ever expect to live in peace which 25 we i dee.lize? . ,,
I 3 ,157 u
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"Therefor E:: , the cr eat e.s t T" issi 0n f or us 1 of the Japanese Race end 0f t h& Japenes c Nation 2 is thc>.t cf rising ·rii t~1out dep6nding upon others 3 and of shouldering our own r cspcns i bilit i es 9 "The f act thet r;e hrve such e, great 5 r e sponsibility obliges us J apcnE: se t o T) r e ss f 0r werd 6
7 in this criticel period . s "This, I believe , is the nost i nportant 9 thinp Wiich our countrynen nust bear i n ni nd in
lO this e rn ery e ~cy period .
l1 "Thus, a gr ave r.nd i nportcnt r esponsi.bility
12 i s on our shoulcers. Vlhen vie t hink about its
13 me aning we cannot help being d~o~ l y c onc~ rne d . 14 "For inst::..nce, the at t itude C' f t he League
15 of N~ ti ons wh ich i s nuch discuss6d t ccay, r.?kes
l6 us doub€ thet they r espect our Mi ssi0n or th~ t
17 they fUlly understand Asi~ Pnd Jepen . Does our
fri end Chin~ r ealize the de sir ~bility of under
19 ste.ndlng 2.nd c o op e r ~t ing with Jcipe.n in fulf illine w this greet responsibility of the Ori£nt?
21 "Jepen has been r egarded with contempt. 22 She has been rejected. 23 "Fbrtunat ely, we hrve r ecently seen a 24 netion-v1id.e r evival of the J o p ~ ne s e spiri t in 25 our country,
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------·---- "But it is the present conoiticn of our l country such es to enable us to rise whil e bearing 2 the full weight of our r esu on~ibiliti es ? "However , we rnust not cone. t o the r [!sh
conclusion th~t e.11 this i s brought about by others'
6 evil intentions e.nd contempt. Befcre V/€ r each such
7 e conclusi on., before we blaMe others, we do some s serious self- examinetion. 9 "For this reason, r.1Y dee.r country- men, for
10 a few minutes let us consider tho historical s t ages
l 1 through which our country has gone past in the l ast
1 l 2 f ew deca0es . "Vie , the J c>pe.ncsc pe:ople surpcss all other L4 peoples of the world in our f orvent l ove f or peace
15 and in our r e spect f or justice end h onor~ I(, "Truly, this is th€ rreat spirit of the 17 founding of our Enpire and is the fundaMental .. l ~., consciousness of our whole race . l ') "The gates of our country rier c opened 20 i n the gr eat r<:.forJ!ll'tion E1.t thE. tine of the Meiji 2 I r estor ation, \'.Jhen the true cspcct of J ap?. n vms re 22 veP l ed t o the \7hol e VJ("lrld. 23 "Ever since then Jnpr.n he s been edvrncing 2·1 vii th rapi d strides, taking her stand f or r i ghteous 25 ness and with the firm resolution t o spare nothi ng
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f or the sake of peace , And the result is, thrt in
2 the short period of f orty years she h~s ~ade a sur 3 prisint; e.dvence which hP s emPz E) d the r1hcle world. 4 "However , af ter r. short ·.vh ile the glory
5 of the nation began t o decline gr e.dually. 1."lhat 6 br ought this sad but undeniable situation? There
7 may be several rc&sons , but the mos t i nmEdi ete
8 cause i s our self- conceit, nc~ligence and f orget 9 fulness of our pest history, 10 "The sudden rise of J e.pe.n ' s intern2 t i onal 11 :position and the er owth C'f n"'ti cnel power have made
12 the J ape.nose people essm:1c v. n ~ ir of vulgar pros 13 perity beth spiritually rnd in c nater inl sense, 14 conpl et ely f or getting t heir previous exerti ons end 15 the originel ground upon wh ich the Er.p i re stands: 16 "This resulted in an uncriticizing in·· 17 f etueti on y•i th all things European, c-nd the western 18 culture both good e.nd be.d we.s t'.C ceptGd ur1ccndi tion 19 ally. Thus, the independent i dEel , cherrcteristic 20 of the J apanese r e. co WtJs sYTopt ewey in l ess the.n 21 no time . I t is quite natur~ l that thi s nvt i on~ l 22 stt:'.gne.tion r eflected 1 t self in al l her f orei gn 23 policies . 21f (A scene of a pair of man end wonen , 25 dancing in a r oom,) - - 3,160
------·- - ·------·---- "Womr.n: 1Vle have been dancing for quite
a l ong while . I ' m ~11 tired out . Let ' s have ten 2 •••• • Novi shall we go f or 'Vn lk? 3 a 1 4 "Man: \'!hat i s it - - what ~ re you l ooking
5 a t? You ' re eye ing C' ge i sh~ , aren' t you? ' 1 6 "ThE. Other Mc- n: 1 No , I wasn t . I just 7 thought she l ooked pretty. The geishas e>re only
8 the r ema ins of the ol d Me iji ere - I don' t care 9 f or them.
10 "Man: (in J apl'! nes e dress): ' Well ,
11 we ll, we have P. c ouple of he. iry Europeans with
12 us, I seei; ' 13 "Woman: ' Ouchl Ycutre hur ting ne ..
14 Cen 1 t you sec thc t, you stupid? A ~olcgize! 1 15 "Man: ( of t he Rir ht Wing): 1 I 1 n 16 sorry. I beg your pcrdon. 1 (Curt f orn of 17 J aprnese) . 13 '"il om~n : ,,.,he. t e Pey t o e. sk ti. l ady's L9 perdon! Repent tha t! ' 20 "Man: (Of the Rir ht Wing): ' I ' n sorry. 21 I 1 rn renlly very s orry.' 22 ''Women: 1 In the first plece this is no 23 place f or y ou t o wr lk! 1 24 "Ane.chr onist: 1 Apclogize more politely.' 25 "Me.n: 1 I e.m r sking your pa.rd on quite ::---\.. 3'161 -
------suff:l.ci c:: ntly. 1
111ilornPn : 'Why 0cesn ' t one of you se.y ~orne - 2 t hi ng? Don ' t you see thet a l ady i s being in ~u lt ed ? ' 3 "Ma n : (Mode rn l coking): ' Heyl Me iji Era! 4 s You should apologi ze t o e. 12dy like this.' 11 6 r.1e n (of t he Richt \"Jing ): ' Fool! 7 Listen well t o what I say . This i s Japen . Fven
8 - though t hi s is Ginze , it is e part of t he J ep~nese
E m~ i re . Unde rstand? '
10 "Ry s tn.nc1.er (in t he J e.pe.nese Clress ):
11 ' Well done , good! Good!'
12 "MPn : ( of th€ Right Wing): ' Hol d your
13 tongue , you sl ur.grrd . Such profligetes as you
14 poison the nati on . I s this the t i me to f ool l S er ound i n the gey ouart &rs? Fool! ' 16 "It i s needl ess t o sey that t he rne j crity
17 of the J a p~nese h~ve not l ost the tradition£1
18 c onsc i~·sne ss of true J ap~ne s e , but the r uinous 19 and corru::> ti ve condi t10n on the surface •1er e more
20 c o ns~icu ous , rnisloe ding foroiener s to l ook down 21 upon J apan as a count r y which could be ee sily 22 diST)OSed c f . 23 "Thi s i s the ree.l cDuse of t he Menchurien 24 Inci0ent, end this is also the fector r esponsi bl e 25 for J eprn ' s solitary position in the world , the 3,162
seed of which I do not he: s i t r.te to sey , we s s own
2 by c.ur own hands:
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24 25 ------·------"'. "Then, f ortunPt ely, we hed a r evel fl t i on f r om 0 1 2 Heaven wh ich came t o us in the f or m of the r:anchurian f 3 Incident. The true char acter of Japan was vividly & 4 s r eveP. l ed in the splendid nctions of the IM~e ria l troops p 5 fighting in extreme col d , or in scorched fiel ds under r a 6 a burning sun. t t 7 11 /.nd the sir ht of our f ellow countrymen in 8 Manchuria working earnestly end devotedly ut the 9 front, with the 0verlasting sr irit of the song which 10 SAYS 'when we go over the soos , cor pses down in the 11 deep wat er; when we p.o over t he nnuntains , cor pses 12 among the thick-gr ow inr. r r e.ss ; THE GR&~TES T HONOR IS 13 TO DIE FOR THE EUP EROR, ' t his sonr nakes us f eel that 14 they are the per sonific&tion of t he puv. rdian fads of 15
16 "Inside J?.pan, also , the r eal spirit nani 17 f ost ed itself in nation- wide zeal f or the encournfe 18 ment of the sol di ors, a story t hat cannot be t ol d 19 without t ears. The rt> triotic zeal was nfpClr ent in 20 the enthusia stic cheers which nade soldi ers ro gl adly 21 t o the front, l euvinr t heir dcnr ones behind. 22 23 "Youn f!' boys e.nd firls s ent l et t ers wr itten 24 in t heir own blood , all the peopl e , both rich and
25 poor, sent innumer able coMforts and l ar ge anounts of money t o the sol diers. - --.J 3,164
"Relief funds we r e sent f r ')r.l the r c11o t ost
1 2 ' corners of J [>pn n e.nc, fron di s t ant pl et ccs in J.r.te rica
3 Pnd Eur ope ~ This exr r ession of s incerity end patriotisn
4 moved us ~ lM0s t t o t ears. 5 "'''hen the pr esent incident broke out our 6 peopl e awakened t o a r enlization 'J f the r acial spirit. 7 The Japanes e peopl e , after a l ong interval, r esumed 8 their consciousness of be ing J ppanese . 9 "When we r ef l ect upon it n0 w, we cannot help 10 t hinkinf that it wns really the will of Heaven, a 11 speciel grace of God. 12 "Girl No . 1 : ' Evcninf paper s : Eveninr 13 Pepers : Buy an eveninp r~pc r? ' 14 "Girl No . 2 : ' Isn ' t it t erribly col d? ' I 5 "Girl No . 1: ' But think ".> f the sol di ers in 16 Manchuria . It' s col der over ther e !' • 17 "''.·oman: 1 11.'c ' ve been dencinf a l ong time - IS it ' s l ate . Let ' s go hoMc now.' 19 "Han : ' Yes , l et ' s po .' 20 "Girl No . 2 : 1 It' s very l r t c , 2nd as ther e 1 s 2 1 no one t o buy our pnpers , cone on !' 22 23 "Girl No . 1 : ' Yes , l et's fo.' " ( f. N0 . 24 re.ssinf Jll')t0r car knocks d0·.vn Girl 1.) 25 "Girl N0 . 1: ' Oh !' 11 111ornan : ' Oh , Yoko che.n !' ' - -
------··---- "Doctor : ' No th inf. t o vrnry ;- brmt. She is
2 no t hurt. She hD s hnd a shock.' 3 "Yok0 : ' Teacher sai1 "e Must W')rk hnr d and
4 r emember the s0l di er s in ~1a nc hur ia. ' ~i th t he p0cket
5 money you veve ne , I h0d bnur ht ev oni n~ pa~ers . I 6 w~ s s cllinp t hen so that I c0uld earn r-oncy t o s end
7 t o our s ol di ers.' 8 "Mo ther : ' Then -- y0u wer e selling news - 9 papers ! 1
10 "Child : 1 J.nd , rr0 thcr , -- the t eacher s a i d I l tha t thos e r r own ur peopl e who have the nerve t o dance 12 in days like thes e ar c f o0l s --.' 13 "Ho ther : 'F0r r i ve ne , Yok () - chen t For r- ive 14 ne t Daddy ~nd I will n0ver, nevor d~n c c arain. For - 15 r ive ne !' 16 "However, does this nl" tirm- wi c.o zeal hav e 17 • f nundntions stronr en0ur h t 0 surr0rt it cons istently? 13 D0 we n0t snptch ~ t t e!1p0r ar y ease when we obte. in a 19 brief r est'? Do i:1e not f ive i n eus ily when vie ar e 20 threat ened by others? Docs erch of us live ur t o his 21 own firn beliefs , f ounc1ed up0n his own th0uf hts? 22 11 ''.'hen I c0nsider these n~ tt e r s car efully , 23 I cannot hel r be inf a l ittle worried about the pr e- 24 s ent situa tion . 25 "Does each one of our peopl e , our countr y- ,. - 3 ,166
- ·------a- r.ien hr ve en0ugh cournrc and strength within hiosGlf
2 t o eaer ge successfully fror.i t his difficult situe tion?
3 '"hen I think 0f these thinrs , !iY henrt sinks within
4 r.le C1 nd I an overcone b~r worry concerninr t he futur e
5 of the El'lpire and the destiny of Japan.
6 "Then , what sh?uld we ~o f r on no11 on? How 7 can we survive the critical situRtion? Let ne say 8 a f ew wor ds on i t. 9 "As I sai d bef or e , the who l e world is watch 10 ing Japan. They want t o under stend tho r e~ l Japan. 11 Ther efor e , what no r.mst df) t odny is t o l ook upon 12 thewhol·e of J.sia Pnd t o rmkc t he true na t ur e of 13 ., J c>p an arpar ent in al l of j .. sie.. '''e oust t r y t o mnin- 14 t ain that true n?. ture e.nd t o mnke t hem under stand 15 it. 16 "In 0ther wor ds , the nnly way f or Jc-pan to 17 • fight her way through this critical situation is f or lS us th0r oughly t o r evive the self-consciousness of 19 our being Jar,anese , thus r ere.i ninr t he firm belief 20 innat e in tho J .:-prmes e. N0w t hen, wh E'.t docs it mean 21 t o have the consci ousness of beint; Jqmnese? '~/hat is 22 23 the true n2ture of Japnni It is ver y clear -- it
24 means t hat we mu st f:O bnck t o the i deels on nhich 25 our Empire WF:' S f ounded. ""!hen Japan was f irst cr eA t ea, what di d the 3,167
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1.ncestr al G od~ ess say t o the God and Gnddess, Izcnapi 1
2 ~nd Izauami? She t ol d them t o ' transfor m the s em i 3 liqui d el ements into a firm and solid nation ' ~nd 4 so, the Utopi a of J P.p P.n wa s forned nfter many stren
5 uous endef:.v0rs.
6 "The p~ th f or us t o tread is clearly shovm 7 in tho spirit r epr esent ed by the three l r ticles 0f 8 Imperial Refalia given t o the Imperial gr ands on on 9 his descent fr0m Heaven by t he J.n cestral Goddess. 10 Therefor e , our duty i s t n establish J P.pBn as an i deal 11 c0untr y of gods in accor dnnce with this gr eat i deal . 12 (1•.tri tten 0n screen : ' The I se Shrine ' and ' The Kashi 13 war a Shrine .' ) 14 "Of the three ,~rtic le s 0 f I11rerial Re!!alia , 15 the mirr or symbolizes justice and honor , the stone 16 beads , benevol ence , and the sword, courage and deci 17 • sion . 18 "The justice , the hnnor, the benevol ence, 19 the courage end the decisi on r epr esented by the three 20 ~rtic l o s of Imrer ial Rorelia ar e the gr eet i deals of 21 nur EMp ire . These ar e our ne. ti0nnl virtues v1h ich the 22 :Emper or himself h~ s set up r s his i deals. 23 "Since the Lge of God s , the way of the Em 24 per or has been truly f l 0ri0us on . ------ upon the gl orious hist0ry of J~~a n, we find th ~ t t his 2 Inrcrial ,.. fl.Y shinGs t hr ourh it Cl)nsistently o To pr o 3 t ect this way , t 0 M~ke i t m0 r e ~ l o ri ous e.nd t o advance 4 in this nann0r should be the only i deal e.nd dut y of 5 J~1 anesc subjects. (''fri tten nn screen : 1 The ,·.tsuta 6 Shrine ' nnd ' The I!ciji Shrine '.) 7 "Tho essence of our nati1 mal str uctur e ltes 8 in the f act thet we march 0 nw~ r d , hol 0ing this i deal 9 P.l nft with the conc0r d bet ween th0 sover e i gn, and the 10 subjects, and \'Ii th the cooi:cr ati'Jn () f ee.ch ~nd all 11 J . ~pa n e se eo 12 "Now the missi0n of the J ppmeso is quit e 13 cleer; t her e is nothing t n d,ubt in i t. ~ssistin g 14 the Imr erial rule and cnhancinr the pl ory of t he 15 Imperial r r esti?e in the world neans r enlization 0f 16 this Mission of ours . 17 .... • "However, vm havo observed r ecently that 13 t her e is a Er 0winf t endency amnng s ome Jaranes e t o l9 blindly CMf hasize f r i vol •1 us imptilsive:ness and cri- 20 curecm isr.i, c'Jrr1r l et ely negl ectinf! the r l 0ries of our 21 i r.ic onrar able n~t i 'Jnal str ucture end the essence of 22 our r ncial spirit wh ich shrmld be o bscrvcd by t he 23 24 whol e nati()n . 25 "Ls a natur al r esul t , the br ave and Plagni- ficicnt spirit 0f the mill0nin 0f l)Ur hist 0ry is 3,169 dininishing de..y by dP. y . ('"'ritten on screen : Russi a , 2 China , Philipp ines , J~pan , Mnnchuria , Scene : Bl ack 3 clouds risinr , c> ncl cnvol 0pinp J~:"a n , from Russia 4 anrl the Philirpincs. ) Furt her nor e , it is t o be gr eat 5 l y depl or ed that ther e ar e son c. -- h0wever f ew t hey 6 rnny be -- who , h?.ving wr o n ~ c ~ nc cp ti on s , neke such 7 outrereous renarks es t o curse the inc0Mpar able 8 f l ory of our n~ t ion~ l structure . 9 "".'her e is our f a t herland? 1·.'her e is our 10 f atherland J~ra n'? ( t.rpenr s on scr een : Newspe.pers 11 with erticl es obout Cornnunists.) Oh , my compa t riot s , 12 it i s an unpar donPble treason f or country-men of 13 ours t 0 s ~y that t here i s a f at herl and bes ides Japan ! 14 Do we deserve t o be called J riranese if t:1e t hr oVI away 15 our pride of being J ppancse, and f or get about the 16 spirit of the f ounding n f the Emrire which ains a t 17 t he r ealiza tion of peace in the Orient, Pnd in the 13 world? 19 "Lll of the evil srrinrs frrn~ this. 20 "Let Me r Gpeat thet it wv. s, nfter ~ 11, our 21 0wn f c.ul t th ~ t t he vmr l rl , incluc1ing even China, has 22 cone t 0 1 ~0k down up0n us with contenpt . 23 ""!hat J pran has done i n the rast, what our 24 25 countr YJ11e n have done in the past, i s the ceuse of the contemr t with which J apP n i s now r e?ar ded. The out- . --- --~-- - 3,170 I I break of the ~~e nchuri an Incident in the ne::mti;:ic vm s l indeed ?. warninp- bcll reel ed fr"'lr.t the Hee.vens.. 1''e 2 oust deeply consider the f eet t hnt the siefe of J nran 3 '• cnnc!ucted by the whol e world un~ cr the l erdershir of 4 the Loapue of Ne tions wns discl0scd t o us in this wny. 5 6 If the J prunese nntinn has r r nsred this truth clearly, ,, the way throufh the r r osont situati0n will 0!1en 0f 7 fl 8 itself. The outbreak of the !1c.nchurian Incident was 9 r eally an plnrn-bell t ellinr us t o wr.kc ur end t o 10 exanine 0urselves. 11 "I PM not at Pll ressi Mistic about t he pr e 12 sent difficult situation, howc rcr . I firnly believe 13 that the rresent intcrnati0nal circurstnnc~s nn~ the 14 vPrieties of di f ficulties that lie bet ween the na tions 15 will be i rtr:ted i at ely dissolved ~s soon a s the f r eot 16 spirit of the fnundinr of the Er1r ire r evives in the 17 • heart of every Jnranesc, and when the Jn~Rn e se, r eal i 18 zing this clearly, display the pr es tire of our countr y. 19 "The day will cone, sormcr or l at er , when 20 wfJ cr.n make the wh ol e world l ol')k ur t 0 l')Ur nPti.,nal 21 virtues, I an sure . (nn the screen: In the center '1f 22 the screen Jp1an l'.nd Ilanchuria arrear , then Chinn, 23 India, Sib e ri~ Pnd tho S0uth Seas.) 24 "In c0Mr liance 'llith the i doal 0f the f 0und i 25 inr of the Enrire wh ich I hove exr l a ined, we nust • I ·" _, ---- . . 3,171 ~ 11 I ' ' i I I I first 0 f all establish pe r ~anc nt pence in the Orient, 1 r r 0pafvtinf our gl nrious Imrcrial woy ther e . 2 11".'hen we r ef l ect uprm the situation i n ,·.s i a 3 durinp these f i fty 0r sixty ycnrs , we fine. that it 4 I was ~e p l or a bl e bey~nc wor ds . 5 "Just close your eyes e.nd qui etly c0nter.1- 6 plate the pRst, then wil l numer ous visions flash I 7 • 8 thr ough y~ur mind , visi0ns ~s in n r evolvinf l enter n . 9 "'"hen we think of the chans in the Orient, 10 we cannot hel p bo li evin ~ that it is t he duty 0f the 11 J epanese nat i on , no, the nissi 0n of divine Japan , to I 12 es t abl ish a r enccful Utop i a in the ~ r ient making i t 13 trul y Or i ental by supr r essinp nll disor ders. 14 "'''hen we r ecall the sever al occasions when 15 we sent our troors t o the continent we c ~n Plways J6 find in the In;erie.l Rescrir t on the Declar ation of 17 ,~a r t he ex~r e ssi 0 n of n sincer e 0esire t o est eblish 18 pernanent peace in nSiP. . L9 "In the Inrer i al Rescrir t s r r rinul fet ed on the 20 r est or ation nf per> ce , the Enrcr 0r al ways r eninds us 21 of nur duty t o 11a intnin rer nanent re~ c e in the Orient. 22 "In these sever nl canrei fns f0r 1cace , the 23 sacr ifice !!l<>de by 0ur f pther s anti cont(mr or aries , ond 24 I the endeavors !!lcde by th0se wh0 e.ctue. lly def ended the 25 I countr y were in:l ecd very r r eat. ""hen we think of 1 t , ·-- . we r eelize that our r esp0nsibility 0n the continent, 1 I.'ie nchuku0 , no, in the . wh0lc of r.s i a is not a new 2 one, but that it started n l onf ti:ie afo r evealing 3 4 our power end i deals steadily ns tine ~ r or r ess c s . 5 (On the screen: On the n~r of East ~sia bl 0od spl ashes apree.r \'Ii th the f oll")\'/i nr vnr c1 s surer impos ed 6 I 7 1 The sacrifice we made in the S in~ -Je.r~ne sc '7ar.' 8 ' The srcrifice we mede in the Boxer Uprisinf.' ' The 9 sacrifice Y1e M?.de in the Rus so- J c>.rcnese "'Qr.' ' The 10 srcrifice we nAde in the Gerrnan- J nrancse ·~r .' ' The 11 s c.crifice we nactc in our expedition to Sib e ri~ .' 12 ' The srcrifice we made in the Tsin~ n Incident. ' 13 "Durinp. this l onr reriod , we have encounter- ,., I I e I 1 - 3,173 Me.nchurian Incident broke out by n r ev e l~ tio n 0f l Heaven. (On the screen: Various l".nti- Jr:.renese pos 2 t ers end pl acar ds in China .) 3 "Thus the !!anc.l-) urinn Emp ire was f oun0.ed , a s 4 s you all know, and the blessed l and of benuty Pnc 6 lif ht is t 0 be r eali zed in As i e . 7 ttJ c>pen ~nd !:nnchuku 1 will '.mrk t orether, 8 end with the coorcr e tion nf Kor ea , will first of all 9 est ablish rence in the Orient. The first s t er t own r d 10 pr 0pagating the Im~ e r ia l we>.y Pnd t 0v1c> r d <.".rd inp- lustre 11 t 0 the n2ti0nal virtue he s r lrcady been mP.de . Ja}an 12 and 1-1C" nchukUQ's firm f a ith in the e st ~ blishment of 13 Me nchukuo will r e.move all di fficult situat icms e.nd 14 will s ecure the rermnnent peace ih .. ~s ia . F0r · the 15 Japanese, it will be the best we.y t o enhance t re 16 Imperial way , Pnd f or the rtanchurians , it will be the 17 best way t o establish a pnr adise in f·fa nchukuo , the 18 l and of f elicity, in ncc0r dance with t he spirit of 19 the way of sover ei r n, which is t heir i deal. (On the 20 screen: t .. r.iap of J apnn end ~~t. nchuku0 .) 21 "Therefor e , I de~ ir e that all r P. ces will 22 cooperate wit h eF ch other in r e~l i zin g t heir i deal s 23 Pnd fulfillinf t heir r.iissions. 24 25 "I have r el at ed so f P. r , the neanin{? of J P.pan in the erner rency and of the sel f - consciousness of the .... 3,174 J ap:mese in nakinr. our wo.y throuph this peri0d , 1 thereby cmrhasizin[.' the nccesstty of strenu'">US ef 2 f orts t '1w? rc-:; the fulfillment of our missi on . 3 11Furtherm0r e , the mi.,. s ion of the Imrier ial 4 PrMy is not of ~ n e2sy nnture , since it lies in ~ r 0 - 5 t e cting the Imrerial way v1h ich unifies ~nd he'.rr.!onizes 6 the true spirit 0f the f oundin? 0f the Enpire ~ nd 7 the r r eat ideal of the J V.f E'ncsc nRtirm . ''"e r.1ust ex- 8 9 pect t o find neny obst ocles in <' Ur way . 10 "However , in or der t ri r0nrwc ?.11 these ob- 11 stacles, thct is, t n fulfill 0Ur mission c o~r l cte ly, 12 we riust possess u rirhteous VJill ?nd ro•ner, In or der 13 t o fulfill the true r:iee.ninf 0f the establishment of 14 the t1rny e.nd the rniss ir>n of 0ur C'Junt ry, 11e need 15 na tional defense, end f or n ~ tionPl defense , the exis- 16 tenco' of the Inpcria l er my i s i nrer ntivc . 17 "There.fore , I vmuld like to s?y e f ew words lS concerning the nPtional defense end the IHrcria l e r~y . 19 To ex~ l a in national ccfens e in a f ew words , I s ay 20 that i t is t he defensive Pbilities of ~ country , that 21 i s , the defense of the woy of the n?tion. (On the 22 screen: ··'hnt is Nc.tional Defense? 1 . Defense of 23 Country, 2 . Defense of the '7Ay f)f the C0untry, 3. 24 Defense of the · ~ay 0f J pran, 4. Defense of the Imper - 25 i nl '''ay.) 3,175' 11 / countr y or nrtion has its ovm way . Th e l way nf our country i s the w?y of JerPn , the way of 2 the Ernr er l") r, t he IBrerial way . 3 "Consequently, ns this is the nati on <>nC. 4 way which has ev erl as tin~ life, it i s in its nature 5 t o continue permenently end et ernally in tL~c rnd t o 6 pr ogr ess end devel 0p endl essly in sp?.cc . I woul (~ not 7 8 adopt such r n?rrow viewrnint t hat inter r r cts the 9 defense 0f the n~ ti n n thnt is, the defense of the way 10 of the countr y in t er ns of veorr r.r hic :-- osition and 11 envir onment. (On the screen : ' The I;i_ erinl ·'.~r.y . 12 To def end this is the miss i on 0f the Inrericl Arny 13 1. In srace . 2. In time . 3. En l a:-fnG nt end deve 14 l opMcnt. 4. Eternity r nd continuity.') 15 "J<'ranese n?tional anthcn bcinr pl ayed. 16 11 Thoref0re, when we say that the existence 17 of the hr my is a rnor al existence, ne neAn it in the 18 above Mentioned sense - 19 ""s l")ur c0untry is rlcstincd t f) devel or. in 20 spece, that is, ns it has tho spirit of c0ntinual 21 r r osr.erity, .withthc et ernity of a netion v1hich is 22 bounded onl y by Heoven and eArth, our ncti0nal def ense 23 cannot be consider ed 0nly in t er IJs of gc~r raphy or in 24 a narrow sense 0f nrros i tion t o 0ther c0untries . 25 11 1''e cannot think separ at ely 0f the Imr-erial ™ 3,176 ·------· ------h0usehold, nation or of the subjects , bec~use Jaran l is the cnuntr y whose n?tional structure consists in 2 the combination of r ll three. 3 "In our country, those wh0 st anrl as the 4 shield of our r r acions Er.trer or, observinf t he sri r it 5 of n~ tiona l structure , P. nd with0ut any C)ncer n ?bout 6 7 their own inter ests ar e nl' turally th0se who deeply 8 r espect and defend the r ace untl t he c0untry. 9 "In short, the nrny ,.,f our C''untry is the 10 Emper or's arny which is at t he snne ti~e the national 11 r r r.iy . 12 "Ther ef or e , I c ~nsider t he Pr My as the es 13 sence of the national virtues. 14 "To treed 0n the fl3 th 0f the Emper or which 15 is r.iade arrar ent by the t hr ee J.rti cles of the Inperial 16 Re ralia is the sr irit with which nur ar my is or fanized. 17 That is, the spirit 0f the J ppPnes e f orces is r ealized 18 when they enhance the na tionel virtues , t he i deals of 19 the Emp er or in conpliC".nce •:lith the sr irit of the 20 sacred Emper or wh0 cmmenct s t hen. 21 "This is the r eason why the Je.rnnes e army 22 never starts ?n pct on unless bcinp comnanded by the 23 Enper or. 24 "'1e r.ius t first cleP rly bear in 0ur mind that 25 t o t ake actions obeyinf t he Emper or ' s c 0rr11I1a nd is the 3,177 ------true spirit of tho Japanese nrmy . l "It is, of course , exrected of the arny t o 2 fic:ht ar:- inst th0se wh0 orrns e us in spr ead inf.: t he 3 I mperinl way . But , the purp0se 0f fi?htinr is s ol e- 4 ly t o observe virtue a nd t o cnrry it out. N~tur a lly , 5 it is ne cess ar ~r t o r1 in, but i f the victor y shoul d be 6 7 accomranied by the r cs ent ncnt of the re~rle c0nq ucr - 8 ed , it is quite aaver se t o t he sr irit of t he I mperial 9 ar my. 10 11 If 0ur troors arc s t:'tirmod in c cert P.in 11 place, they Must try t o be adored by the nrtives of 12 the pl ace . That is the true spirit of the Imper i al 13 ~r my , throurh which the gl ory of our nntion will be 14 enhanced. 15 "Even c'lur inp- riOneuvers, if t he crops ar e 16 dama r ed by the actions of the orny, it is an inportant 17 thing for the ar my t 0 t ake cer e t o m~ke as much ~mend s 18 as possible durinp r ecess or on other occasions , f or 19 the crors are tho tre ~s ur e of the Emper or ~nd the 20 peasant's - our coMpa triot' s - works of art. 21 22 23 24 25 3,178 ------G "Now, I should like t o say a few words 0 l 1 a bout t he orig in and t he hi stor y of the Imperial d 2 b army . e 3 r "When oPr c 11 the result t ha t a feudal age was ushered in. 12 "Fortunately, howeve r, wi t h the ac1'ieve 13 ment of t he gr eat undertakings of t he MEIJI 14 Re storation , the Irrperial Reacript on Military 15 conscription Vias issued in Novembe r 1872, (the 16 5th y ea r of MEIJI) whe r eby the basic principle 17 of universal mi l i ta rtJ conscr5.ption was revi sed 18 as of yore . 19 "This wa s indeed the greatest reform of 20 the past t housand years . 21 " In short, we r etur ned t o t he n orma l 22 path of the time of our country's est abl i shment . 23 T;,e privileged and prof essi ona l troops wer e a bol 24 i s ~1ed , the f our social classes made equa l, sol cUer s 25 and f arme rs combined , and at the same t ime the . -- • 3,179 I ' - ---· -----·------Ii r esponsibil ity for '(;ho national defense was put 2 upon the whole of the peopl e , and the troops were 3 placed under the persona 1 command of the Eriperor 4 as was the case in and.ent times. 5 11 Thus our Army and 1'ia vy , r eflectil1G 6 upon t he basis of the f ounda tion of our conn·:;ry 7 and s t r iving at the same time to train t he ir .. 8 soldier s pirit by upi.10l cling the v1i ll of Eeaven , 9 !1a ve remembered the glorious rdlitor y ·1erits an.d 10 distinguished. services of t ~1c p~1st 60 J€ars, and 11 have endeavored to fulfill their i.1ea vy respon- 1, 12 s1bility as a mora l existence in order to achieve 13 the mission of t he Im:10ria l forces . 14 "Reflectine ul)on the past and also c on- 15 I s i dering t he present eenera l state of national I 16 defense , I wish to dYIA 11 r.ere a little upon tbe 17 ' subject of national goneral mobilization. 18 11 In both the Sino- Japanese Viar and the 19 Russo- Japanese Wa r , Japan, it is needless to say, I I 20 fought by staking t he country ' s existence , but 21 the principa 1 body which d1spla yed t he strength 22 of national dofenso m\o the military forces . 23 ' 'l'he people as a nhol <' vcre nclther organized nor 24 displ ayed , in t ~e d~rect ">rosccution of the holy 25 wo r, such activities as they do today under national • - - ,_ - -· .- - . _,-- - t ~,180 IL ------·------ ,I genoral mobilization. 11 Judg5_ng from recont circumstances, pre- 2 parati ons for nation\'lide gener a l mol.Jiltzat:ton a re 3 necessar y for concentrQtinf' t ho ut mo3t national 4 s defense poY1e r of tho country. 6 ilit would rcq_ui r o rr:.any hours to d <; scri':ie 7 in detail this nationY1idc [;On.o ral mobilization, 8 but, i n short , i t is '1~:10 mobilization of all the 9 p or!er s of a natl on, botr tangible end i npanRible . 10 il •r11ere is no change in tho fact t ha'i:; tie 11 ba ttlc in the ma in :i. s f 0"1:g11t by troops , but vie 12 can easily i magine t~1 a ·~ tho stron(5th or v1eakness 13 of t he spiritual pO\:-cr of t110 people ultirr.ateJ.y 14 determines the issue of r10r, o s may be seen from IS the internal condi ~ion s of Garmany, Ru.ssia , and 16 othe r countries at the time of the European ""in r . 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 I .. ~-- / 3,181 - --·------·------!. ]U.RSHhL OF THE COURT : The International b r Militar y Tribunal f or t he Far t c. st is now r esumed. a 2 m THE PRESIDENT : Continue with the r icture. 3 & "i•ddressing the Japanese after the Russo- 4 M s J apanese "lar, the Lrmdon Times sai d : 0 r ' The victory you won in tho r ecent Russo s 6 e 7 J <:!.panese '":'ar , i s indeed due t o the sp j_r itual uni on 8 of the Japcnese. 9 1 0 J upnn ! I cannot but hore t h~ t you woul d 10 pr eserve this nobl e sr i rit and in"lo rt ~l iz c this 11 str e n~th and this i cteel by all ~ e~ns , even if you 12 sho ul~ l ose all of your nRteri?l t hinr s . 13 ' If the whol e of the J C'rnnese peor l e shoul d 14 make the ~ns t 0f this sr iritual el enent end becone 15 united on this basis, not onl y Rus s i e but the wt:ol e 16 world would not be abl e t o conquer Jq;['m . ' 11 17 That is the end of the quot?tion f r on the 18 London Ti.mes . 19 11 1J1 C. now, in cl.iscussinp- here nr-tional de 20 f ense , in thinkin? of the IMrerial forces , r:nd in 21 consider inf£ ar maMent, I keenly f ool hm1 essential 22 this rw.npower is c>nd above all how essential the 23 s p iritu ~ l el ement i s . 24 "No t only from our ovm viewroint as J~pc>.n- 25 ese l ookinp et it in a f nv or ~ bl a lifht , but clso ' \ - 3,182 from the stRndpoint of for eipn countries, J pren hes l b or stroDg p0ints, e s ~irit of her own Pnd n r oad of 2 life t o pr oceed on. 3 0 4 Lastly, I want t o state briefly r e r~ r d in g 5 arnaments. It eo0s without s ~ yin b thfl t e rM ~nont is 6 n ecoss~ ry, but it r ests r rirwrily on MP nr0wer , end r.mn 7 power r ests first of all on its sr iritual e l oAent. 8 However, judfinf! frm'!l the r ctm~ l scene rm the front, 9 it cnnnot be thou~ht thnt vict0ry can be a chieved by 10 mnnrower nnd by the spiritual el ericmt al one . 11 "In or der t o neke the b e~ t 0f nanr'0wer l".nd 12 s 1 iritual el enent so ns t o :-1 ininize the disa sters and 13 t o r estor e ponce quickly, no t arial equipMent is neces 14 sary. 15 "It is ~ rlna r ily f or this ru r ~0 se of naking 16 tho nost of the n0hle Jarancse Spirit Dntl the who l e 17 .. i deal of the Imrerial f orces thct we ar e tc-.king such 18 p.rent pains in r erar d t o equipMcnt. 19 "I horc, y0u will under stnnd th~ t nP. tional 20 defense is the neons of i'r ot ecting Jrron ' s way , thnt 21 the Inperi?.l forces ar e her e t '1 ex~ lt the virtues of 22 the Enper or by obeyinp. His Ml'. j csty' s connands as they 23 are r iven, Pnd that a rnA~ents c0nstitute nn es ~entia l 24 el eMcnt in /fostcrinp/ in the n0st direct nanncr the ir 25 mor al nctivities with the l east anount of d is n st ~ r. . 3,183 I " (On the sere en: fl chart shovrin ~ t he nun- ber of a irplanes rossesEed by powers: Engl"nd 1500 : I Russia 2200 Jnrnn 600 4 i.me ric~ 1800 5 I Fr ~nce 3000 6 Itrly 1500 ) 7 " (On the screen is written: 1 1''ith eternr-.1 8 • 9 p e~ ce in t he Orient ns tho pocl the J.r r.ty of right- 10 eousness cdv~nces . Thnt is the r enson why the Im- 11 perial J.r rny is str 0 n ~ . ) 11 12 Continuinr with the srccch: 13 "Such beinr t :-te c:\se, it i s a f r e"t crr')r 'to 14 l ook upon our neti0nal def ense, the Inper icl hroy 15 which nssUMe s this duty, ~ nd the sufficient arnaments 16 and spirit which nr e necessary t o enabl e the Inrerinl 17 J.rny to d isplr-.y their :> Ctivi ties , in the se.me light 18 as those of other countries . 19 "I wish t o "dd here thrt it is mos t essential 20 in displ r-y i ntz the sririt of univcr snl Military con 21 scription of the Ynr.ic-.t o r ace thnt we fully understand 22 the f act that national defense, Ir1pcrial l.rmy and ar na- ! I 23 ments r enain t o t he l ast P.S n')r al entities end as Means Ii 24 of naintaininr our Mnr ality. 25 "The next r eel contt'. ins photogr t>.ph s 0f the i. ' . ·~ . -- ~ 3,184 II " ij I actual scense of drills executed by the students of l the Infnntry School s nnd tl·e Ct-.valry Sch0ol on the 2 Narashino pl a in, Chiba Prefecture ." 3 There ar e nn sreeches in this r~ rt by '7ar 4 Minister /.R;J 7 whon I l ove and r espect, t o urre t ren t o nake ur 8 their Minr1 s . Jin e.ncient SE' r e t c:.u!." ht us , ' "'hen Heaven 9 is r oinf' t 0 entrust a per son with an inportant duty, 10 He ~ lways inflicts pnin and ho.r clship upnn hir.i , in 11 or der t n dot ernine whethor he is cerable of carrying 12 out his r.i i ssion .' 13 '' ~lso, es y ~ u know, ther e is enother r r o- 14 verb: 'J.dver sity Makes A nc.n Yl ise. 1 That is t o say, 15 nnn cannot achieve a f r eat thine •Ji t hout grappling 16 with difficulties. The mor e the difficulties ther e 17 ar e , the gr en t or ar e the pl easures one cen enjoy after JS the success. 19 11 !.s I snid bef or e , t he true sr irit of the 20 Jcranese r nce lies in finr1 inf order aM i d chaos and in 21 r cnlizing an ideal world. In other wor a s, our racial 22 sr irit f r on ancient tiP1os i s t ~ nnke , with strenuous 23 off0rts, Pn ideal v1 orld , P. rcaceful l and throufh hard- 24 I ships and difficulties. Ther ef nr o, the Jap~ nese can- 25 nnt live in J"e.ren with f eeble f eelinr s. To fif ht to I I l ~ l . I - 3,185 ------the l ast is the wey of a true Je ~anes c . S0, althnugh 0ur norals are t o r r actice the nay of justice and 2 benevol ence , it is necessary f0r us ti") have cnurafe, 3 as str l") n? as a swor d , t o pr actice it, t o carry it 4 out r esolutely at ~1 1 costs. It is n e c e ss ~ ry f 0r us 5 6 t o have the spirit, enthusinsn and endur P. r.c 0 t o stand 7 up defiantl y ~ nd fifht t o the l ?. st, if ther e is any- I 8 rm e who interfer es with us. 9 " C oMr~ a tri o ts l Let us l nri k ct the situati on 10 in t.s i a . Is it t 0 be l eft unari o nc~ cc1 f or evrr? In 11 o r ~ er t o r e?lize the i deel nf our Lsia tic r ~ c e s and 12 t n c'1ntributc t o ·.v('l rld per. cc , v:e nust first estab- 13 lish Manchukuo . ..:e nust cooper at e in the establish- 14 ment of that country Pnd nust exert our selves in as- 15 s istinr a sound c1eve1·opr12! nt of the: cuntry, so as t o 16 r ealize a r eal M of reacc and :-'r l") sper l ty in P? nchuria. ' 17 Tr)(lay , Manchurie is called t he life- l ine of riur coun l S try, but it is not a life- line t o s P. tisfy n0r e appe L9 tites f or f o0c1 . Our supr e11e nissi l")n is, I believe , 20 t o Qake a par Rd ise ther e , by r oclizinr the nobl e sririt 21 of the Japanese r ace, and of the Jaranese nation as 22 well as the spiritual culture of ~ sia o 23 "So, we nust 10ok , we ou('ht t o 100k Uf')TI 24 Manchuria a s a moral l ife - lin e ~ In short, in view 25 of the pr esent world situati0n , I believe there is a Ii 11 J I . .....- I 3,186 ~ I ------necessity t ~ nake the Orient al spirit, Or iental cul ture, Orientel nor als known t o t he worl ct at ~ny cost, 2 and ther eby t o ~ake the world r ecognize clearly that 3 the East exists. For t r.is ~ur r~se , Ja~an f0r her 4 self nust r ealize a stat e , at the heod of ~ th e r s , es 5 t abl i sh e~ by the J?pnnese spi rit, J rranese Mor als , 6 7 Jaranese culture wh ich r err esent the whol e Orient. 8 In 0ther wor ds , I believe JLran rms t do her utmost 9 t o nanifest her true char octcr, t o devel op ~ £ r pnwer 10 t o t ake the l eed, t o cultivate her nor al charecter , 11 in the ncnifest otinn '1f the nor al r rincipl es . In 12 sh'1rt, ?lthourh the worlf! situation is p.r ?ve , we do 13 not f eel d isc nura~ed . Today 's r~ in i s to~o rr ow ' s 14 success. It is t he rain of nountain-clinbin? . It J 5 is the ~ P.in of an ovmer of a little sh0r in a back 16 str eet struggling t o r.iake his way to t ho r?a in str eet. l7 Indeed , I b e l~ve it i s the ~ r ee t challenr e gr anted 18 our nation t o t eke o bold l car, a trial on 0ur way 19 t 0 the glorious future . There i s vr eat pl easure a f t er 20 r r cat pain . I think that it is odver so f ortune which 21 rn~kes a country ~ r oa t . 22 "Now , J n ran , like i1t . Fuji t owering abrupt 23 ly in the sky ~bo v e the nornin:! mi s t, i s P1F kinf a 24 displ ay of her ~apnifi c Pn t beinf befor e t he who le 25 I wor l d. It is y- r eciscly t he true f irure of the J ppan- ~ .I 3~18 7 ese Empire. I feel that fresh pride, eMo tion, l couras;e and rleasure rise up within r.ie when , inspired 2 by that figure, the singular r acie.l spirit is r e 3 vived in m~rs e lf and I Make up "lY nind t o exalt the 4 virtue of the divine country. 5 11 6 '1e ar e now standinf at e. criticPl junc- 7 ture. This crisis is a trial sent by Heaven. The 8 Emperor Meiji's ode stnt es, 'The courape of .the Yru!lato 9 spirit will reveal itself in cases of eJ:11er rency.'" 10 Thnt is nlso written on the screen. 11 11 How renssurin{' w0 f eel when we encounter 12 the nurnberous instances of our peoi:.l e enhancing their 13 true sr irit s ince the outbrenk of the Hanchurian In 14 cident. 15 "My conpatriot s wh or.:i I l ove and honor, I 16 beseech you t o r evive in your h ~arts t he cournf eous , 17 beautiful, and clear sririt which has been hended 18 dovm t o us from t he ti.Mo of the e st~blishnent of our 19 country, end embr acing this sririt, l et us show to 20 the world the spi rit '"> f str iving onward which is the 21 characteristics of the Japanese r ~ ce. In or der to 22 r ealize a lPnd 0f reace v. nd a ut'>pi a , we Must have 23 sincerity, ardour and per sever ance as well ns rro 24 f ound self-realization. 25 11 ·1e Mil1 t ary nen r1ust Pl ways bec-r in nind . ,;----- 3,188 1' I the spirit of the Inporial poem of t he Emper or Me iji 1 which roes e.s f ollows : ' Ther e is one who r i erced an 2 i r on t er rct , ther e is nothi nr which cannot be r ene 3 4 tret ed by the s;- irit of YaMr. t o '. ,·.nd with t his sr i rit 5 hel d s ecred in our hearts , ue nr e det cr nincd t o serve 6 the .Ertirer or with P.n iron will throur h this cr isis. " 7 On the scr een is r ereet cd t he poe~ just 8 mentioned. - 9 11 Fir ends ! The Enpcr or He i j i c> lso says in 10 his Irnrerial orle , ' If wo concentrate all the efforts 11 of the thousands Pnd ~ ill io ns of our subjects, I an 12 sure ther e is nothinr which Ct'nnot be c~one ' "• 13 ~".nd that i s cl so \Jritt en on the scr een , 14 eventually. 15 "It is needl ess t o scy , that without wa iting 16 f or the London Tines ' advice , we nus t s t rive onwards I I 17 w,i th decisive steps , the whole nation united with 18 this one sr irit . Then the ePst ern sky uill be flood 19 ed with cel estial lir ht, end the future destiny of 20 Jaran , nay of the whol e Asia, will be gl oriously deve 21 l oped befor e us, and I fir mly believe t hat with Eur ope 22 r nd the Un ited States , we cnn brinf P b ~ut the ever 23 l asting peace in the wh ~ l e world. 24 "I will end ny speech f erv(;ntl y beseeching 25 all of you t o strive onw~ r rl s united , end with perse l r-- 3,189 verence , enthusiesm end sinc ~ rit y . (On the screen : l ' Litht comes f r 0n the East. ' 2 ' Light comes fr om the Bas t .'" 3 Repeat ed sever al times. 4 THE END. 5 THE PRESIDENT: Hr. Mcf!anus ., 6 MR . UcM.~1'!US : I s houl~ like t o call t o the 7 Court' s a ttention that the picture started ct r eel 8 9 t wo . Reel one WR S not shown . S01"c ?-\)Mbers of the 10 Tr ibunal saw r eel one . I don ' t know whether ynu nll 11 s een 1 t or not , but I vm ult~ just like tha t not ed 12 end called to your Honor ' s ett ention. l3 THE PRESIDENT; i:ttenpt was rl<-"K~c t o show us 14 r eel one , but it f e iled. I ~o n ' t think Pny of us 15 obser ved anything excert sonc shadows 0n the screen . 16 Perhaps you ar e sufrestinf thet All r~nbc rs of the • 17 Tribunal have not seen or hear ct all of the evidence • 18 I do n ~ t shar e that view. Lt this stape ther e is 19 no nesi r e t o s ee r eel one. 20 Mr . Donihi. 21 MR. DONIHI : The def ense nay t ake the 22 witness. 23 1ffi . SUGi.'1/JU, : I PTJ SUG,;'-?iJ1i,, Yut ek~, counsel 24 f or the rlefendP.nt IRiJ< I . Befor e r r ocee .inr. t o my 25 cross- examination, I should like to brinf t o the ~- .. ~ --- - 3,190 ·------Court's attention what it wnulct neAn t 0 0nit r eel l one of this pr esent r ictur e . I wou l ~ like to s~y 2 that r eel one pr esent s the intr oduct0ry r er:mrks 3 4 of the r r onucer of t he r icture , vnd because of the f a ct t hat these intr oduct ory r e!1P rks have been 6 or.1i tted it i s not known wh'1 nede 0r wh'"> r r oc'!uced 7 this picture . I feel tt~ t this nnission is quite 8 unfortunate, but that is not her e nor t her e now , 9 and ther ef0r e I shall r r oceed with ny cross - exaninn- 10 t ion. 11 12 13 14 15 l6 • 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 :-:--_, ;_.ia~------3,191 NAKAI RECROSS ------w RECROSS-EXAMINATION h l BY hlRQ. SUGA.I/ARA: a 2 1 Now , Mr . '.Vitness, was this picture made by e 3 n I 4 t he ~ainichi Shimbun? & 5 A Yes . D Q Is it a picture made by t he ~ainic hi Shimbun u 6 d a 7 as a means of propaganda based upon the speech -- one 8 of the speeches of Gener al ARAK I? 9 A This picture was produced in t he year 1933 . 10 Not having been a sro ciated with t he production, I am 11 not acquainted with the detnils. However, as I under 12 stand, a recording was f irst mace of War Minister 13 ARAKI 1 s speech and the picture was pr oduced l ater as 14 a picturization of his speech. 15 Q In consequence, the ltlninichi Shimbun i s solely 16 r esponsibl e for the production and the story of the • L7 picture, and ARAKI only offered his speech; isn't that 18 the case? 19 A Yes . But as the int er pretation of tha pic 20 ture was given by War Minister ARAKI and since the 21 picture wos previewed before him as well as by the 22 leaders of the V! ar Mi ni stry before it was mad e public, 23 I am sur e that '!ar Minister ARAKI and other 'Nar i:inistry 24 leaders approved of and aff irmed t his picture. 25 Q I am not asking you, Mr. •:11 t ness, your opinion. ----. 3 ,192 NAKAI RECROSS I just wanted to kno\'/ the background of the production l of this pictur e . It seems to us outsiders that General 2 3 ARAKI -- it seems as though General ARAKI is responsibl e 4 for the production of the picture because he is 5 constantly shovm in the picture while he is making a 6 speech. 7 THE PRESIDENT: That i s a st atement . 8 I.ffi. SUGAWARA & But I should imagine that the 9 Tribunal knows that ARAKI is not responsible for the 10 pr oduction of the picture. 11 A In the title of the first r eel of this pictur e 12 it is shown that the pr ess section of the VJar Ministry 13 super vised the p~oauction of the picture and , there 14 fore , naturall y this production is the responsibility 15 of the War Off ice, 16 Q Although it was not shoVJn during the repre- • L7 sentation, Mr . KIDO, Genr yo , the Chairman of the Bra rd 18 of Director s of the Mainichi Shimbun, gave a speech at 19 the very outset of the picture. 20 THE MONITOR: Recommending this picture to 21 the public. 22 Q (Continuing) And the '.Ja r Ministry also gave 23 a letter of recommendation to that picture. Now , Mr . 24 ~itness , don ' t try to define the question of respon 25 sibility yourself , but only try to answer to my -- - -,.~------=----"------~------3,193 NAKAI RECROSS questions. Are you aware of the f act that t his picture 1 was produced immedintely after Japan's cessation from 2 3 the League of Nations? 4 A Yes . 5 Q I n those days Asia was in complete chaos. The 6 Manchurian Incident developed into a r eal war. The 7 League of Nations did not r ecognize this f actor and ~ 8 sent in a report to that effect. 15 THE PRESIDE~IT: You are not entitled to 16 address the Court under the guise of a question. It 17 is not for you to t ell the witness what the f acts are 18 or may be, but mer ely to ask him questions and to 19 assume nothing about the f ncts except so f nr as they 20 are already indicat ed . 21 To prevent that kind of thing for all time, I 22 will direct the witness not to answer that questionv 23 But you will be at liberty to put other questions. 24 Q The War Minister ARAKI ur ged the nation to 25 r etrospect concerning that state of affairs. ~hat do ----..--..------~---- 3,194 NAKAI RECROSS you think of that? l THE MONITOR: Correction: I believe that War 2 llinister ARAKI made a statement urging the people to 3 r eflect upon themselves. ·;/hat co you think of that? 4 Yes . But at the s3me time , Genera l ARAKI at 5 A 6 that time wanted to l ift the sagging spirit of the 7 nation. However, at the same time he r egarded the }fa n- 8 ohurian Incident as a God-given opportunity, and in 9 that manner gave this incident n sort of mys t ic inter- 10 pretntion. He further s::lid thnt it vms up to Japan to 11 secur e peace in the Orient, and thnt for this purpose 12 Japan must r einforce its national defense and i ncr ease 13 its nilitary preparations. 14 Q Wait a minute , Mr . ~ itness, I ~ ill ask you 15 other questions. 16 I can s ee from that picture that hRAK I sought 17 the bnsis f or r etrospection of the people in the 18 history. )9 THE PRESIDENT : You arc not at liberty to 20 tell the witness how you vicv1 the pictur e . You may 21 suggest to him that ho views it ln n. certain way or 22 you may ask him whether he does so. But do not tell him 23 what your knowledge or your beliefs are , or whnt vie\'1 24 you take about anything . Jus t nsccr t nin f rom him what 25 are his. - -;- ~------3,195 NAKA I RECROSS Q Could I have your ans~e r to my last question? l A Yes . I think it i s ns· you have stated . 2 Q The history of J apan is based on justice, nnd 3 t his is nlso cl early shown in thi s pictur e , is it not? 4 THE PRESIDENT: ' "/ell now , I cannot allow you 5 to put questions that way. I mnke eve r ~r allovmnce for 6 7 Japanese counsel. I nm most anxious to assist t hem . 8 But they must observe t he or dinary rul es . No wa iver 9 of the rules of evidence wo uld warrant cou~s e l in st at 10 ing what thoy think nr e the f acts. The facts must be 11 given by the wi tness and not stnted by counsel. 12 UR . SUGA"JARA: Your Honor, I am not stnting 13 my opinion. I nm merely trying to get the opinion of 14 the witness ; thnt is, tho mos t important impressions 15 that the wit ness has got from this picture . And I nm 16 only trying t o n.ssi st him in doing so. 17 TdE PRESIDENT: I t hi nk you will succeed if 18 you put your f orm of question at t he b eginning and not 19 at the end. 20 ~ Mr. Witness , you stat ed -- you used the wor ds 21 "aggr essive" nnd " conquest" in speaking about tho 22 picture . To ~h ich scone of the picture do you r ef er 23 to? 24 A In tho ninth r eel of tho picture, General 25 ARAK I in the picture quot es from the Lon6on Times ------~~ ~ . r 3,196 NAKAI RECROSS a. -; 1 torinl nnd states t~~t even if Japan loses all her 1 material possessions , still if she had her spiritual 2 unity Japaq could never be conquered; and further, that 3 I Ii if Japan proceeded with this spiritual unity of the 4 people the Japanese people had nothing to f e~ r . In 5 6 the picture there appears a chert showing t he number 7 of military planes possessed by the wo rld power s . In 8 the column r epresenting Japan ' s a ir powe r, t he figure ~ 9 given is 600 planes. But this picture also shovJS t hnt 10 if the ~ap~nesa spirit is demonstrat ed t o the fullost, 11 it shows the picture whe r e J npnnese pl anes swee p awa y 12 the plane~ belonging t o the other milite.ry powers . 13 1.fo.s it not en ndc.ition made by the scenario writer , 14 and the producer himself i s not r espons ible for it, 15 is he? 16 THE ~ON IT OR : Correction: The speaker himself 17 is not responsible, i s he? • 18 I A ~e s . But the Mi nistry of War nor General 19 I ARAKI hae shown no opposition t o this pictur e . 20 Q ~he stntemant to the effect thnt 600 plnnes 21 of Japan should swee p nw:J.y nll the pl:tnos in the whole 22 world ml·tl used just as nn cxnmple of spiri tuel powe r~ 23 wasn 't it? 24 THE 110NITOR: Correction: The f ~ ct th1t 600 25 plnnes wer e used i n tho net of sweeping nll the pl 'Jnes ' ...... ------:c ·- · ----.,. ------... - -- . - - - ~ 3,197 RECROSS I ------of other powers away, was it not used as a sort of l a llegory or symbol nlthough tho speech by the -"' I I Minister does not ref er to the 600 planes? 3 Q (Continuing) One of the missions of the r. I Japanese Army is to protect t he way of the cour1try or 5 the virtue of t he nation. Didn ' t you get that impr es 6 s ion strongly? 7 A Yes , I did. "'" THE PRESIDENT: Counsel, you ar e asking the 9 to witness f or his opinion, you know , of these things. I 11 do not think he should be nsked to give it. If you 12 objected to his giving his opinion we very likely 13 would uphold your objection. But you ar e o.s king for L4 his opinion and you ar e getting adver se r eplies. • < l .J This is a matter upon wh ich v;e need no ~ xpert l (> assistance. It is for us t o i nter pret th ~ t pictur e , ~ 17 subject, of course , to any specia l f eatures of a . 13 technical character being expl ained by evidence . 19 Q Lastly, Mr. 'Iii tness, wer e you not strongly 20 impr essed by the l a st portion of the speech, in r1hich he says thnt the wo rld peace should be brought about 21 I 22 through a close cooperation vii th the United States and I 23 Europe . I I' 2'1 THE tmN ITOR: Cor r ection; "G enuin~ r10rld I ! 25 peace" instead of just "world peace." I ' ~~~~---~~~~~-' . ,. ------~ 3,197 NAKAI RECROSS of other powers away, was it not used as n sort of 1 .., allegory or symbol nlthough tho speech by the .~ r 2 Minist er does not r efer to the 600 planes? 3 11 Q (Continuing) One of the missions of the f, Ir Jnpanese Army is to protect the way of the country or 5 the virtue of the nation. Didn 't you get thnt impr es 6 s ion strongly? 7 C' A Yes , I did . u THE PRESIDENT: Gounsol, you ar e asking the 9 witness for his opinion, you knov1, of these things. I 10 do not think he should be csked to give it. If you 11 objected to his giving his opinion we very likely 12 13 would uphold your objection. But you are ~ sk ing for l'l his opini on and you are getting adver se r eplies. •l,.I' This is a matter upon which v;e need no c xpert J \) assistance. It is for us to interpret th~t picture, ~ .., -I subject, of course, to any special f eatures of a 13 technical char acter being explained by evidence . 19 Q Lastly, Mr . ~i tne ss , we re you not strongly 20 impr essed by the l ast portion of the speech, in ~ hich 21 ho says that the world peace should be brought about 22 through a close cooperation v1ith the United States and 23 Europe. 2'1 THE HO NITOR : Correction: "Genuin2 world 25 peace" instead of just "world peace . " I rt 1 i 1 . 3,198 NA~ ------THE PRESIDENT: The witness ' opinion upon 1 that is of no VQlue whatever to this T r ibun~ l, which must f orm 1 ts ovm estim:itc from the v1or ds used by I I 3 l Ge ner'll ARAKI . Honever, it is not f or the Tribunal to 4 I t ake objections; but they c3n t e ll you whQt t hey thi nk. I MR . SUGAWARA: I just wanted to ask the wit 6 7 nes;s by what pn.rt of the picture he w.'ls most strongly impressed. 8 1 9 THE PRESIDZIIT : No, we cannot -- r1e ll, there lO is no objection taken to it. Bu t I o.ssure you thnt l l the answer will not help us . I:? Q Hhat do you thinlt is tho mos t imp o rt ~nt l3 point which the speaker in tho picture wanted to l4 expound? THE PRESID~ NT: Ther e , again, the ans\'1er will JG not help. That speech has no technical f eatures . If 17 it has , will you suggest them to the witness? The :. ~ Tribuno.l is qui to c n. pable of putting 1 ts o·;m construc- lY tion on the words attributed in tha t picture to General 2d ARAKI . 21 MR. SUGA1.•JARA : Counse l mer e ly wished to n.sk 22 tho witness rri th r ef er ence to his r ef er ence to the 2:i, London Time s editorinl. But what I wished foremost to 2'1 drnw from tho wi tncss \7l\S v1hot hG thought to be the 25 purpose for the existence of the fupnnese Imperial f: . 3,199 NAKA I RECROSS I I ,---·---· ·--- .. - I Army. As the picture itself explained , the army should ., not gvt the contempt of the peopl e but should be loved 3 by t he peopl e nt l nrge, whether of Jap ~ n or other countries , and such scenes as the soldiers helping the 5 f ~rme r out in his fiel d have been shown. Thnt i s ol l 6 that this counsel wanted to ask of the witness , whnt 7 his impressi ons wer e of these points ~hi c h I f eel to be Ii "u the ma in poi nts which I think Gener ol ARt KI tried to • expound upon. 10 Q lily last que sti on woulu bo this: ·;!hnt is your I 1 impressi on, Mr . '"Ii tness, of whc t I hove just told the 12 President of the Court? ( 13 THE PRESIDE i'~ T : r~ o·;1, thnt question must not 1·1 be ansv1er ed. 'l ;•" This is n convenient break . Vic ::1 111 r ecess t6 nov1 until half past one . ( ~he r e upon , ut 1200, a r ecess was 13 t aken, ) 19 20 21 22 23 . 2'1 I 25 I I • J j - 3 , 200 NAKA I RECROSS I AFTERNOON SESSION l I ..... MARSHAL OF THE COURT: The International G r 3 e Military Tribunal for the Far East is now r esumed . e 4 THE PRESIDENT: I s t her e an ~r further n '\ b e cross- examination? r 6 Captain Kl eiman. g 7 CAPTAIN KLEIMAN : This, may it please the & s Tribunal, is in connection vd th the direct t estimony B 9 a given by this witness some time previously. Just r 10 t 0 II t wo questions . n . .., ,.. K I M B E I N A K A I, r eca ll0d as a witness on • J behalf of the prosecution, r esumed the stand and t estified as follovJS : RECROSS -3XAh. I N/~T ION. '.,• I BY CAPTAIN KLEIMAN: Q Mr . Witness, i sn't it a f oct that after 1938 I until December 8, 1931 there was nn average of thtrty- five hundred American films imported and shown i n 1 "I \ ) 2 1 Japan? A I do not r emember the accurate number. How- 2; ever, approximately, the number was that . 1 24 Q J\nd i sn't it a fact that following the China 25 Incident in 1937, cotion picture per sonnel and equip- 3 , 2C'l NAKA I RECROSS l ment we r e used in taking war pictures for the mili 2 tar y forces? 3 A It is a f act. 4 Q Isn't that one of the main r easons why ther e 5 was a decrease of Japanese non- propaganda films after 6 the year 1938? 7 A I cannot gra sp the meaning of the question. 8 THE PRESIDENT: Just repeat it. 9 Q Following the China Incident in 1937, you 10 advise us that mnny of the picture personnel and I J much of-the equipment wns used in the t aking of war 12 films for the milit nry forces . You nl so advi se us I 3 that ther e hnd been a decrease of J npanose non l I propagnnda pr oduction after the l m-1 that you t csti- 15 f i ed about. VJa sn ' t one of the main r easons for the 16 decrease of non- propaganda Japanese pi ctures the 17 f act that motion pictur e per sonnel and equipment 18 were used in the taking of films for the militnry 19 f orccs? 20 A I cannot say that that was the dircc1' 2 1 r eason. TEE MONITOR: It is not necessar i ly so. 23 CAPTA I N KLEI .iAN : No further cr oss- exami- nntion, mny it please your Honor. 25 THE PRESILENT : Any f urther cr oss- 3 )202 NAKAI RECROSS . l exaoination? 2 tm . LOGAN : Thnt i s all. 3 (¥/her eupon, the r1i tness was 4 excused. ) 5 6 THE PRESIDENT: tlr. Donihi. lI, 7 ~.m . DONIHI: The pr osecution rlill not s exanine the witness further. 9 At this time Mr . Parkinson will pr esent 10 sooe matter s to the Tribunal. 11 MR. PARKINSON: If the Tribunal pl ease, the 12 r equest which I am about to pr esent ! wish t o state 13 to the defense i s slightly differ ent than I had di s 14 cussed ni th thee resulting fror.i a di scussi on with 15 Mr . Keenan in the l ast f ew c1oments. ' 16 It was in t ended that the next witness called 17 by the prosecuti on should t estify i n each of three IS phases as each phase pr esentod i tself. \'!e now a sk 19 if it is agreeable t o this Tribunal that that witness, 20 while on the stand, be enabled to t estify as to each 21 of the three phase s for which he was brought here. 22 THE PRESIDENT : You vmnt to avoi d calling 23 · hir.i three time s? 24 MR . PARKINSON: Yes, sir. It is intended to 25 examine this witness, Mr. Pov1ell , i n r ef erence t o t he '· . - 11 1 3,203 ------ 1 Manchuri an Inci dent, t hus concl uding t hat phase THE 2 PRESIDENT: With cal l i ng hi m once , you 3 want to gi ve hi s evidence i n three compartMen ts? 4 ~m . PARKI NSON : If I understood your s Honor cor r ectly, that would be t r ue . In connection 6 wi th that , we were desirous of havinf Ur . McKenzie 7 conduct a dir ect exami nation ,.,i th r elation t o the 8 Manchurian phase f ollowed by a cross - exanination - 9 THE PRESIDENT~ Then, having conplet ed one 10 phase, he would i t:mcd iately go on with the next? 11 MR . PARKINSON: Yes, sir, under e xaraina ~ 12 tion by 13 THE PRE S IDE~~T : V' hat does the defense say 14 about that? 15 ttr. Logan . 16 1m . LOGAN: If i t pl ease the Tribunal, this 17 has come to us r ather unexpectedly, but it has been 18 our contenti on right al ong , and the pr osecution hns 19 ser iously objected t o it, and t hat i s, when a witness 20 i s put on the s t and, his examination on di rect, his 21 information with r espect t o all t he f acts of the 22 case should be clearly stat0d and exhausted on direct 23 examination. 24 11 THE PJIBSID;, N~: We l l , t o shorten t he mo.tter, 25 I do you object to three direct cx~n i nations , or do . II ~~~=-,,,_--, ----~------~------~,, 3 , 204 you ask for one only? 1 MR . LOGAN : With r espect t o this particular ') I ., witness , your Honor , r1c mus t object; we ' ve only r e ceived one of his affidavits . And with r espect t o 4 the proposition of l aw ·.vhich I have just stated, I I 5 am one hundred percent in f avor of that, but I have 6 t o t ake 1 t up 1:11 th sor.ic of my col leagues to find out 7 how the group as a whol e would feel on that pr opo- 8 .... ' 9 sition . 10 Th8 theory behind it i s this , your Honor : I I That, if this mnn t alws the stand and t estifies to l .! one phase , and they intend t o use him on other l~ phases , it aay very well be that on cross- examina 14 tion the s econd and third phase nay come into the •"L.) cros s- examina tion, and it certainly won ' t be condu 16 cive t o good , ord ~ rly pr ocedure f or the pr osecut i on 17 t o so pr oceed in this case. I~ THE PRES IDENT: I t could not be mor e 19 r.l ixed than it would be if ther e m1s only one direct 20 examination. 21 MR . LOGAN : ''!ell, I don t t know of any 22 courts , your Honor, that would perr.iit a wi t nes s t o 23 be cal led three times and pcr r.iit three direct exanin 24 ations and three cr oss- exar.ii nations without special 25 l eave of tho Court under speci al ci r cunstances . j I J \ - - -_, .. - 1 .. -~ ______...:..______ 1 THE PRESIDENT: I have never lmovm a Court 2 to o.llow it. But, on tho other hand, I have never 3 known a Court to be faced with a situati on like 4 this, nor you. 5 I think we have had enough argunent. I 6 think we can all appreciate the difficulties that 7 any arise fron one course or tho other. The Court, 8 by a oajority, thinks that ther e should be three 9 directs or that you should be allowed to examine hin 10 in three direct exaninati ons in .succession, each I 11 direct exar.1ination t o be f ollormd by cross-exar.iino 12 tion and r eexanina tion. 13 Dr . KIYOSE , what do you wont to speak 14 about? 15 DR. KIYOSE : What do you mean by t he three 16 phases, please? l7 MR . PARKINSON: In this case , i f the Court 18 please , ther e is the Manchurian phase, ther e is that 19 phase dealing with milj.tary aggr essi on in Chin ~ , and 20 that phase dealing with the treatment of civilian 21 internees and prisoners of war. 22 DR . KIYO SE : I undcr st cnd the intention of 23 the prosecution as far as the phase of tho ~nnchur 24 i on Incident i s concerned. However, we haven ' t 25 heard yet the intention of the pr osecution as t o the I \ . - -"-'----- ~ --)Al ~·- 2,206 I ------··--- ·- l phase of the China Incident and that of the trcat 2 oent of civilians in China. It would be much bet ter 3 I for us if they could t ell us beforehand what their 4 intentions are concerning those two phases . 5 THE MONITOR: Correct i on : "Their intenti on" I 6 should be corrected t o "what the witness is going t o 7 t estify. " We do know about what he i s going t o 8 t estify a bout in r egar d t o Manchuria , but we do not 9 know what he i s going t o t estify t o i n r egard t o 10 China aggression and the t r eat ment. Ther ef or e , it 11 would be mor e hel pful if we knew what ho Vlill t e s 12 tify, then f or the Court t o st art t aking evidence. 13 MR . PARKI NSON : If your Honor pl ease, i t was 14 intended at this ooment that Col onel Morrow proceed 15 with his opening r emarks on the China phase i mmed i 1 16 ately f ollowed by the calling of Mr. Powell, the l 17 te witness. 18 THE PRESID!:NT : Ma j or Furness . 19 MR . FURNESS: I f t he Court please , if t her e 20 ar e t o be three separ ate direct examinations and 21 three cross-examinations, the def ense doesn ' t see 22 why those should not cor.1c up while the phase under 23 pr oof t o which they r el at e i s bei ng pr oved. 24 I THE PRES IDENT : The decis i on s t ands. I am 25 I not going t o debat e it with you, Ha j or Furnes s . ' \ l . 3,207 \ ! ------Mn . FURNESS: I di dn't under stand that i t l I was the decision that they nll three go on at once. 2 THE PRESIDENT : Yes, I said so. 3 I Clay be - 4 ,m. FURNESS: think ther e 5 THE PRESIDENT: You cannot debat e it. I 6 won 't allow you t o say anothe: r wor d with r espect to 7 that decision. s Colonel Morrow, 9 COLONEL MORRO\'': I f the Court pl ease , the 10 subject I am concerned with is ''All China Mili t nry 11 Aggr ession. 12 "The subject which .1y associates and I vlill 13 present cover s military aggr essi on i n all China, 14 except Manchuria, consisting in pl anned warlike 15 attack and invasi on f or conquest and plunder by 16 means of modern ar~i e s, naval and air f orces. 17 "The evidence which we shall pr esent wi l l 18 show the following:" 19 THE PRESIDDNT: Just a moment, Colonel 20 Morrow. Aren 't you going to fini sh the Manchnrinn 21 phase first? 22 COLONEL MORnOW: I under stand -- 23 THE PRESIDENT: Pl ease. You wil l mix up I 24 I thG r ecord if you do mor e than it need be. I 25 I rm . McKENZIE: If the Tribunal pl ease, I I i J ~ , 20 8 l desire to call as a witn~ ss John B. Pow0ll. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ~ 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ------.. . 3 , 209 ~l POWELL DIRECT I ------w J 0 H N B. P 0 WE L L , called as a wi tness 0 l I 1 f 2 on behalf of the prosecution, being first duly & 3 sworn, testi~ied as follows: s 4 DIRECT EXAMINATION p BY MR. McKENZ IE: r 5 a t 6 Q ~il l you state your full name, please? t 7 A My name is John B. Powell, P-o-w-e-1-1, 8 Powell. 9 Q V'here do you live? 10 A I am a native of the State of Missouri, but 11 I now live in New York. 12 Q Have you ever lived in China? 13 A I lived in China, in Shanghai, from 1917, 14 almost continuously, until about May, 1942, f ollowing 15 Pearl Harbor. 16 Q What was your business there? 17 ~ A I was engaged throughout the period in news 18 paper editorial work and in correspoP.dence work for 19 American and British newspapers. 20 Q Have you ever been in Manchuria? I 21 I A Yes, in the course of newspaper work, I 22 made several trips to tianchuria. My first trip to 23 Manchuria was with a Congressional Delegation - - I 24 t hink back in 1923. 25 Q Did you visit Manchuria in 1931? I I I ~ - - - 3 ' ?.10 POWELL DIRECT -- --·------·------A Yes, in 1929 and also in '31. l Q What was the occasi on of your visit t here i n 2 3 1931? 4 A I went to Manchuria in 1931 to cover t he so 5 called Manchurian Incident for my own paper, the 6 China ¥'eekly Review in Shanghai,and for t wo other 7 newspapers . Q What were t hese other papers? 8 . 9 A The American papera'was the Chicago Tribune, 10 and the British paper, the Manchester Guardian. 11 Q When did you leave for Manchuria i n 1931? 12 A Why on the fir st boat I could get; I think 13 it was the next day aft er the Incident. 14 Q Did you go alone? 15 A No . There were a number of correspondents 16 on the boat -- British, American, and, as I r emember 17 ~ now, two or three Europe~ correspondents, and several 18 Chinese correspondents quite a group. 19 Q Where did you go first? 20 A Well, our ship landed at Dairen, and I think 2J we took the night train immediately after landing for 22 Mukden, which was the scene of the trouble, of c0urse . 23 Q Do you r acal l when you arrived in r4ukden? 24 A We arrived in Mukden in the morning; I t hink 25 it must have been about t he 23rd. - ~ 3 , 211 POV.'ELL DIRECT ------·------Q Of what month? 2 A Of Sentember, 1931, immediately after the 3 so- called Incident . 4 Q What was the condi tion of Mukden when you 5 arrived there? 6 A Japanese soldiers wer e in complete occu 7 pation of the city. 8 Q Do you know anything about the civil govern- "' 9 ment? 10 A We ll, t he Japanese Army had created a sort 11 of temporary administration there. I understand Mr. 12 DOHIHARA, then Colonel I believe, or Major DOHIHARA, 13 was Acting Mayor of the City. 14 Q What was the first thing you did after 15 arriving in Mukden? 16 A I think most - - I know that I did most 17 correspondents went to t he Yamato Hotel, a Japanese 13 hotel within the Japanese city within the so-called 19 rail way zone, and we obtained rooms t here. I think 20 the next morning I probably~ 1"tnt ~o the American 21 Consulate - - that is the usual procedure , so they 22 will know wher e you are if you get any inquiries 23 from your home of fice or get telegrams. In my 24 case I went to the Amer ican Consulate. 25 Q Did you visit any military headquarters; . -~ I 3 , ?12 POWELL DIRECT I; and if so, whose? l 2 A The Japanese ?·iilitary Headquarters was es 3 I t ablished in the square within the Japanese Con 4 cession, just opposite our hotel. General HON JO was 5 in charge. We called at his office and established 6 connection, particularly with the Japanese spokesman, 7 Ea j or DOHIHARA, whom most of us knew - - had known .. 8 previously • 9 Q Describe , please , your visit to General 10 HONJO's headquarters. 11 A Well, I think upon t he first visit t o the 12 General's headquarters t he mos t noticeable thing was 13 a pile of wr eckage , apparent ly frow a r ailway, in the 14 hall just outside his of f ice . There was a section of 15 r ail that was -- r ather one end of it -- r ather 16 shattered. There was some iron plat es -- fish plat es, 17 I think they call t hem -- wher e the r ails 't'E.d been I 18 joined. There was some bent spikes and sections of 19 some shattered cross-ties, wooden ties. They wer e 20 piled up in the corridor just outside the office . 21 Q Was ther e anything else t hot happened there? 22 A v.r ell, as I r emember ., we wer e told t hat this ' 23 r epr esented the wreckage , an explosi on that had t aken 24 place on t he r ailroad t he night of September 18 . 25 Q ~e r e you given any other i nfor mation or ?,213 POVJELL DIRECT ------·· anything else at that time? A We were shown pictures of this material that 2 had been t aken; also pictures of the section of track 3 wher e this had taken place, out in the country on a 4 5 curve a few mi l es outside Mukden. Q 1!1 6 ere you given any pictures at that tirr.e? 7 A I don't r emember that we were provtded -- 8 I suppose we could have had them for the asking, but 9 the pictures were shown everyone in order t o, I sup 10 pose, fix in our minds the location and the statement ~ 11 as to what ha -~- ---- ___._. ._ .... . - , 3 , 214 POV'ELL DIRECT ------·------··------curve, and I think two new tires hed been put in. 2 That we could s ee quite easily. Q Did you exami ne t he r oadbed? A Yes, we exam.I ined it r nther car efully. We 5 walked up and down the path al ongside the right of 6 way, nnd whatever damage had been creat ed by t he 7 explosion had certainly been r ectified, because thore 8 was no evidence of it. Everything was shipshape. The 9 ballast, if it had been disturbed, had been put back 10 in place. ll Q What else , if anything , did you observe 12 there? 13 A There were bodies of three Chinese soldiers 14 lying in the pathway alongside the track, I should s~y 15 within a distance of fifty to one hundred yards fr om 16 the scene of the expl osion. 17 Q Will you continue your answer if you hadn't 18 completed it, pleas e? 19 A These bodies were lying on the pathway along 20 side the track, and ther e our attention was called t o 21 the f act that their heads were pointing away from the 22 Incident as though they had been running. These II 23 I bodies had been surrounded by little piles of ties and I 24 n heavy piece of corrogat ed iron put on top to preserve 25 them, apparently. They hnd been -- the bodies were ti J I I . ') ')1 h - 3 3 , 215 POWELL DIRECT --·----. ·---·--- lying there. I r emember a group of correspondents 2 who -- one of the correspond e n~s examined one of tm 3 bodies end told us that he didn't s ee any evidence 4 of blood; but these bodies wer e kept ther e f or quite 5 awhile. I made another trip l at er with another 6 correspondent who came up l o. t er. \'le went out ther e ; 7 the bodies wer e still ther e . They wer e kept there for • 8 quite a long period • 9 Q Ar e you acquainted with Ben Dorfman? 10 A Yes. Mr. Dorfman was a research student, & 11 gradu~te studGnt 'of ·the Ur..lvor si t y of California , who 12 had been in annchuria f or s ever al weeks investigating 13 some economic problem upon which he was basing his 14 Ph. D. Degree. Dorfman is now connect ed with the I 15 United States Tariff Comnis s i on in \' T ash in ~ t on, D. c., 16 but he was t aken on by t he Lytton Commission ~nd spent 17 s ever al we eks investi gating this Hanchurian Incident -- 1 I S I that is, the actual explosion on the track. 19 Q Did you make an independent investigotion of 20 your own of the alleged expl osion? 2 1 A Only from the standpoint of wha t I could see 22 at t hat time. I didn 1 t go i ~to it ns thoroughly. 23 I I was in contact with ~:r , Dorfman~ who even went t o the extent of interviewing r ai lVTuy conductors and 25 brakeman who wer e on the trcin that allegedly pas sed ------' I I. I -~- - - - POWELL DIRECT lying there. I r emember a group of correspondents 2 who -- one of t he correspond ents exami ned one of tte 3 bodies end t old us t ha. t he didn't s ee any evidence 4 of blood ; but these bodi es wer e kept ther e for quite 5 awhile. I made another trip later with another 6 correspondent who came up l ~ t er. \'le went out ther e ; 7 the bodies wer e still ther e . They were kept ther e for I I 8 quite a long period . 9 Q Ar e you acquainted with Ben Dorfman? 10 A Yes. Mr. Dorfman was n r esearch student, a 11 gradu~te s t ud6Ilt ·of ·toe U~lvor s it y of California, who l2 had been in annchuria for sever al we eks investigating 13 s ome economic pr oblere upon which he was basing his 14 Ph. D. Degree. Dorfman i s now connect ed wi th the I 5 Unit9d States Tariff Comnis si on in V'a shin ~ t on, D. c. , 16 but he was t aken on by t he Lytton Commission ~nd spent 17 s ever al we eks investigating this Manchurian Incident -- 1 IS that is, the actual explosion on the track. 19 Q Did you make an independent investi gati on of 20 your own of tho alleged explosion? 21 A Only from the standpoint of whut I could see 22 at t hat time . I didn1 t go i:ito it ns thor oughly. 23 I I was in contact with ~1 r, Dorfman~ who even went t o 24 the extent of interviewing r ailway conductors and i brakeman who wer e on the trein that allegedly passed I -~- . I . / 3 ,216 -~ POWELL DIREC T ·------·------over this Incident t we nty minutes after it had oc t 1 curred -- over t his space -- according t o the r ail I way timetable. Q Did you find any pictures of t he r:ukden 4 5 Incident f or sale when you arrived ther e? A Yes, I made a search of phot ogr aph shops 6 7 und -- well, any kind of a shop wher e pictures were s exhibited·-- I found l arge numb ers of pictures of • 9 groups of Japanese men in civilian clothes carrying 10 rifles and wearing arm-bands . I collected qui t e a 11 number of these pictures, which wer e -- they wer e 12 printed in my paper in Shanghai; also printed, as L3 I r emember, in the Chicago Tri bune . 14 Q Did you make any investigati on concerning 15 these pictures? I 16 A Yes, I was -- I t ook these pictures , as I 17 r emember it, t o the /Lmerican Consulat e t o get t te ts I translator there t o translat e t he inscriptions on J9 I the arm-bands, ~ nd t o find nn expl anation of it. I 20 I mi ght say that the consul in charge in Mukden at t hat 21 ~ time was Mr. John Carter Vincent, who is now Chairman 22 I of t he Far Eastern Division in V/ashington, D. c., at 23 the pres ent time . 25 - -~~~-____). ' I - 3,21? POWELL DIRECT ~ \'lh "l t did you find thf' i nscription meant? G 1 0 A These i nscriptions indicated th ~ t these men l 2 d b 3 wer e r 0s €rvists, and people ~ t t he Consul3t e and ~ lso e r 4 f or eigners who r esided -- who were r F> s i di ng i n Mukd en g 5 nt th~t tima t old us that f or sever al days prior to & 6 the so-cnllcd "llukdeh Incident" t her e h:)d been l ~ rr e A b 7 numbers of tourist.s•-mnle t ourists on the streets in r a 8 Mukd en for two or three dnys prior t o the Incident . m • 9 0 Did you send tht s story to your papers bas ed 10 on this informntion? 11 A Yes , and 'l f ew hours ?f t er t he a ppe3r ance of 12 the Sh ~ nghni r. ewsp ~ pers , they dis q p pe~ r c d off the 13 streets of Mukden and out of the ~ ~u Jrde n shops . Ther e 14 w e r ~ no more ob t ~ in "l b l e ther e . 15 Q What wa s it disnppe3r ed , ~ r. Powe ll? 16 A These picture s, I should say. 17 q Now, do vou know Ke nd ~ l l Graham? 18 A Mr . Kendall Gr aham w-is the As sistnnt Mnnager 19 of the St nnd ~ rd Oil Comp~ ny in I ~ kd cn ot t he t i me of 20 the Incident. He hnd been ther e some time pr eviously, 21 h~d been es t ablished in Shnnghai . 22 Q Wha t, if anything, did you do vii th him? 23 A Gr 1ham took me i n his c ~r p"ls t the J qp1n0se 24 U j. lit~ ry Compound in Mukd <:? n , A l ll r ge ar ea , p r o b ~ bly t wo 25 blocks squar e f enced with corrug ~ t e d iron. . 3,?18 PO'"IELL DIRECT Q Well, did you see anything else ? A Why , Grahnm stopped his car ll t n plac8 whe r e 2 3 we could, stcnding on the fender , could loo~ over 4 the f ence . He call ed my att0ntion t o t wo l3rge bu!ld- 5 ings in t he compound . They looked like b ~ r ns enti r ely 6 covered with corru E~ t A d iron. The thing thqt attr1cted 7 our ~tt ention, attrRcted my 1tt0ntion, he s1id th ~ t he 8 h ~ d seen this befor e since he hnd been going by there 9 all the time . But tho ~ nds of these b1rns or buildings 10 had be en opened up, but the g ~ bl e p ~ rt above the door 11 was sh~tt e r e d, long strips of this corrugAtcd iron blown 12 out wrapped out gr ound the top of the building a s though 1 13 a he1vy exploston h ~ d t~Y.en place inside. 14 Graham told me thnt those bu~ldings had housed 15 tha heavy guns or howitzers which the peopl e of 1fu~de n 16 had heard on t he night of the occupntion, but no one 17 h ~ d been able t o see on the streets the next d ~ y . Thvse I 18 buildings h~ d housed hcnvy guns whlch h~d been brought 19 in as mining equipment according to the story he h3d 20 hear d. 21 0 Wer e ther e nny press rules th~t you hnd to 22 observe in Jap1nese t erritory? 23 A We ll, we had to follow the usu1l procedure of depositing our press cards ~ t the t ~ l e gr nph office which 1 25 I is conn e ct~ d with the post office . But, 4t l east at . I PO'-:ELL DIREC T ' ·---· ------·------Q Well, did you see anythi ng el se? A Why, Grahnm stopped his car ot n place wher e 2 3 we could, s t anding on the fender, could loo~ over 4 the f ence. He call ed my ntt0nticn t o two l3rge bui ld 5 ings in t he compound . They l ooked like b ~ rns entirely 6 covered with c orru f~ t Ad iron. The thing thit a tt r ~ ct ed 7 our ~t t e n ti on, a t tr~ ct e d my ~ tt c nti on, he s: id th ~ t he 8 h~ d seen this bofore since he hnd been going by t her e 9 all the time . Bu t tho ~nds of these b1rns or buildings 10 had been opened up, but th ~ g~b l e pn rt above the door :', 11 was shqtter ed, long strips of this corrugAted i r on hlown 12 out wrapped out ar ound t he top of the building ns though 1 I 13 s he:vy exploston h~d t ~ken plnce inside. 14 Graham told me thnt those bu~ ld ings hnd housed J 5 the heavy guns or howitzers which the peopl e of !fu~de n 16 had hear d on t he night of t he oc cup~ tion, but no one 17 ~ h ~ d been able t o see on t he s treets the next dn.y. Thvse 18 buildings had housed hc~ v y guns whtch had been brought I 19 in as mining equipment according to the st ory he h3d 20 heard. 21 0 Wer e ther e nny press rules thr t you hnd to 22 observe in J ap:nese t erritory? 23 A '11ell, ·11e had to follow the usu1l procedur e of :!4 depositing our pr e ss cs rds ~t the t olegr 1ph office which 25 i s connect&d wi t h the pos t office. But, 4t l east at I ~------\ / 3, 219-- P01'TELL DIRECT the beginning , there was very little intcrfer 0nce with 2 the work of the correspondents . L ~ t e r, however, th\ ~ 3 we gere somewhat r estricted ~ nd were followed by gen- 4 d ~ rmerie agents who would follow us in a car, usunlly 5 wh enever we mAde any trips. This becqme r ~ t he r tiresome 6 and on one occasion I once compl3lncd to the J np1nese 7 Consulate nbout it . I think Mr. MORISHIEA who w3s 8 here the other day was Consul Gener al at that time. 9 Mr. MORISHH1A, I r emember, on thnt occ.:i sion assured 10 me thnt I hAd nothing to fenr from this man, thnt 11 r eally he wqs protecting me from sorn~o ne else who 12 might caus0 me great harm he said . 13 Q How long did you let your press cards r c; mP.in 14 at the t el egr aph office? J 5 A Well, the custom is to lc1vc your press card 16 at the t elegraph offi ce until you t1kc a trip to 17 nnothcr place . Then you call and get your c~rd nnd lS t ake it to the new place, then d0posit it. That is 19 your authority to any messages t o your newspaper . 20 Tha t ls a wel l-known custom. 21 Q Did anything unusuql ever occur when you 22 picYcd up your pr ess card at t hn t time? 23 A Yes . On one occrsi on we were making a trip 24 to Harbin in N,.. rth I~a nchuria and I went up wi t h another 25 man to get our pr ess cards and as we we re leaving the ------/ 3 , 220 -- PO'"IELL DIRECT ·- ----·------building , a clerk followed me outside and told me t hat he had handled all of my messages and that he genera lly 2 approved of v1hat I had sent. But, he said, "You rrust 3 be very_car eful. Someone May ki ll you . That was the 4 5 statement he made . 6 Q Did you learn of any drastic or inhurrane tac 7 tics e~ployed by the Japane se to ~ar ds the i nhabitants 8 of Man churia? ~ "" 9 A There were stories i n circulation from Chinese 10 sources of vjllages being wiped out in retaliation 11 f or harboring so- called "guerril l as" or "bandits." 12 Those stories we re constantly in circulation. I person- 13 ally did not see any of that, but I heard of it. 14 Q Did you report any of these st ories or pr int 15 any of them in vour paper , The China Weekly Review? 16 A One such story v1hi ch was \Videly printed and 17 r eported concerned the killing of some three thousand 18 villagers, some village i n Hanchuria which had allegedly 19 harbored guerrillas or native forces, and the story 20 was to the effect that the inhabitants of this village 2 1 had been taken outside to the edge of a gully and 22 machine gunned, and their bodies pushed over into the 23 1 gully. I remember reportinr that story, giving the 24 source which was a Chinese source, of cour se. 25 Q Was that story printed -- . ; II / 3, 221 ------THE PRESIDENT: Nothing but well authenticated 2 accounts v1 i ll be -,.,orthwhile, you know that . 3 We recess now for fifteen minutes . 4 (Whereupon, at 1445, a recess ·.vas t aken 5 until 1500 , after which the proceedings were 6 resumed as foll ows :) 7 8 9 . 10 11 12 II 13 14 15 16 • l7 lS 19 I! 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 . / -··- ' )'"t') 3 , • -C..C.. POV/ELL DIRECT ------·-- I1l MARSHAL OF THE COURT : The International 0 r hlilitary Tribunal f or the Far East is now r esumed . s 2 e MR . McKENZIE : In connect ion with the 3 I e. 4 President's remarks just prior t o r ecess, I believe A 5 the next two or t hree questi ons will clear t hat matter b r 6 up. a m 7 THE PRESIDENT: Apart altogether from the s r eference to atrocities, this witness has given a 9 number of details v1hich might have led· so!llewhere but 10 which amounted to no thing. 11 BY MR . 1icKENZIE (Continued ) : 12 Q What, if any, attempt did you make to in 13 vestigate or verify that st ory? 14 A The pl ace where t his particular incident had 15 occurred was a long distance from f.lukden and in an 16 occupied area where i t wa s impossi ble f or any foreigner 17 to travel at that time, but t his particular s tory, as lS well as others of a similar nature , not only were l9 r eported from Chinese sources but also by mission- 20 aries. 21 \t Vas this story r ela ting to the 3 ,ooo victims 22 published in any of the papers, and if so which one? 23 J.. Yes. This st ory wa s carried by the news 24 services and was widely printed in the United States . 25 There was an i nter esting development in connection J I / -- 3,223 POWELL DIRECT ' . ------. ·------with the story as it a?peared in the Chicago Tribune l ~I 2 because the Japanese Consul General, ·whose off ice wa s 3 in our building, called on t he editor the following 4 day and protested at the publication of this stor y . 5 MR . BROOKS: If the Tribunal please, I want 6 to object at this time. I don ' t believe the publica- 7 tion in the papers would add any more credibility 8 than the man ,.,ho is test ifying as t o nhat he heard. 9 It is getting more remote every minute . 10 THE PRES IDEKT: On the contrary, it was 11 published in the newspapers and gave an opportunity 12 to the Japanese to contradict it. 13 AIR . McKENZ IE: I believe t he completion of 14 the answer will show the probative value of it, if 15 the Tribunal please . 16 THE PRESIDENT: I r epeat, we insist on having 17 authentic accounts. 18 WR . McKENZIE: May the witness be per mitted 19 to compl ete his answer , if the Tribunal please? 20 THE PhESIDENT: We have to trust you to that 2 1 extent. 22 THE · ·1 1 T I!ES~ : : In t his case, the editor asked 23 the Consul General to i'ind out exactly \·1hat did hap 24 pen in t his particular case where i t wa s alleged 25 I '~J: panese soldiers had killed 3, ooo villagers. Some I . ----- '-, 3 , 224 ~ l POWELL DIRECT days later the Chicago Tribune printed an interview l f with the Japanese Consul Gener al on the fr ont pace, I: 2 the heading of which said, "No massacre; only 3,000 3 killed -- only 300 killed. " 4 s THE PRESIDE1~ T: You understand, t he world hear d these allegations . We are here ';o get the 6 7 e71dence that supports the allegati ons and you are 8 giving us the allegations over again. 9 llffi . McKEN~IE: It was my belief t hat the 10 statement of the Japanese Consul explaining it would I 11 make the original statemant of some value, at l east 12 to the extent of 300, if not the 3,000. 13 THE PRES IDE ~T: Have you taken the t rouble 14 to get the newspaper? l S MR . It:cKENZ IE: That is the next question, if 16 t he Court please. 17 Q Did you receive these newspapers, Mr . Powell? 18 We have always kept a compl ete file of all 19 the papers in our files in Shanghai. 20 Q. Did you receive the particul ar papers to 21 which you have just r eferred? 22 A Yes . 23 Q What became of them? 24 A All of our files were l ooted on the morn- 25 ing of Pearl Harbor in Shanghai. ,J . , ,. ------. l 3 , 225 it POWELL DIRECT ----··-- 1- Q And you haven ' t seen your papers or any of I I your files since that time? 2 A I haven ' t seen the inside of my office since 3 I the morning of Pearl Harbo~ about four o'clock on the morning of Pearl Harbor . "5 Q Going back for a moment to t he tourists t hat 6 you described on the streets at .Mukden , do you know 7 8 their nationality? 9 A We ll, the so- called tourists were -- 10 MR. WARHEN : If tha Tribunal please, it is ) 11 clear that he intends to abandon his previous line of 12 ~ue s tioning . We should like to have t he name of the 13 village and the place it occurred and the approximate 14 date of the so- called the all eged stor y in the 15 Chicage Tribune so that the defense may trace its 16 authenticity. 17 THE PRESIDENT : I think you ought to get 18 the newspapers, Judge McKenzie. There must be other L9 copies besides t hose t hat the witness possessed and 20 which were destroyed. 21 J\lH. McKENZIE : I might say, if the Tribunal 22 please, thjs thing came up at a l ate date in the 23 preparation of our case and there wasn 't time to 24 attempt to get t hem from Chicago. I shall be glad 25 I to andeavor to do that. ,__ I --- - - ....:'. . . - - - - 3,226 PO VIE LL DIRECT ;1 THE PRESIDE NT: We want the best evidence , and 1 l we von ' t t ake mere all egations. 2 3 Q Going to the question before, I will ask it 4 agal.n: Referring now to the male tourists on the 5 streets of Mukden, do you know t heir nationality, and , 6 if so, what was it? 7 .&ffi . LOGA N: I object to that , your Ironer . 8 It clearly aµpears from his pr evious t estimony that 9 this witness wa s not in Mukden at the time these 10 tourists wer e t here. 11 THE PRESIDENT: I r egret I v.ra s talking to 'I 12 a Member of the Court ·11hen you put your question. 13 You might r epeat it for my benefit. 14 11R . McKENlIE : The question was : with 15 reference to the male tourists that you testified 16 were seen on the streets of Mukden, can you tell us I 17 their national ity? ' 18 THE PRESIDENT: We ll, he only heard they L9 were there and I suppose he only hear d what their 20 nationality was , but we are to.king hearsay for v1hat 21 it is worth. I 22 MR . McKENZIE : You may ansv1er , pl ease. I 23 A The tourists were Japanese. The evidence 24 I didn' t see them but I must have collected at l east I 25 I a dozen pictures of them and the evidence was I I I \_ - - .~ j . DIRECT 1 obta inable from a large numb er , say ut l east 200, 2 Ame rican and British international r esidents, includ- 3 ing ".!onsuls who v1ere living in Mukden at that time, a 4 gr eat many of Hhom we saw in connection wit h our 5 investigation. 6 Q Are you a cquaint ed with Mr . Yuan Chin- Kai? 7 A Yuan Chi n-Kai wa s a well knovm Chinese resi- ,I S dent of Nukden a t the time and was being pressed to 9 accept a position in the tcmporar r government which lO the Japanese were trying to set up immedio.tely after 11 ll the Mukden Incident. I saw Mr. Yuan Chin-Kai on two 12 or three occasions, on one occasion in the presence of 13 Mr . Farrar, the Spanish Consul General formerly l If stationed i n Yokohama, who was a ssigned by the League 15 of I\ations to make the trip to Hukden to make t he 16 initial investigation of t he Mukden Incident . On 17 another occasion, I saw this Chinese gentl eman in 18 company vii th A·ir . Rowe ll, Chest er Rowe ll of San 19 Francisco, who was the r epresent ative in Mukden of 20 t he American Branch of the Institute of Pacific 21 Rel ations which also sent a man to ~iukden to make e.n 22 investigation. 23 24 25 ' ~ I - - -··------·~ - . ._ w _wwwz ·- r,. 3 ,228 P01."/ELL DIRECT w Q Do you know what position if nny Yuan Chin-Kai h l a held in Mukden at th3t time? 1 ..."l e A I think he was e member of the Feng-Tien n 3 Prov inei ~ l Government. 4 & On both occasions when we interviewed t !1is 5 D man we h~d to go to a secret r endezvous to see him. u 6 d Compl ete report s of our interview ~e r e sent to the a 7 Ii League of Nations through th0 Spani sh Consul Gener al ¢;) 8 ,, 9 at that time. 11, 10 Q Did you discuss nit h him his r el ations with 11 the Japanese? 12 A The inte rv i e~ consisted of ~ description of 13 wh3t had t c:1 ken pl ace in Mukden on the night of the l4 18th of September, a.rn:: the pr es sure r!hich had been i '.5 brou~ht on him to accept a position in th~ t amporary 16 government which the Jap!lncse ··.,ere t r ying to set up in 17 Mukden at that time . !S Q What if anything wo.s said about seeking inde l $> pendence from Chino.? 2U A His object ~n s to emphnsize to us not only 21 ~., ho t hnd happened, but tha.t who.t measures ho had t c:1 ken 22 hnd been in the inter est of the peopl e of !lukd en, the I I 23 Chinese people, r1ho wor e in a sorlous pr edicament o.s n ! 24 r esult of ·1hnt had happened. 25 Q Do you knov1 by whom ha ·:ms succeeded in off ice? I I \ _I I 3 ,229 POWELL DIR.i:CT ·------ A I cun ' t think of tho man ' s name . 'Je at t ended the inauguration of th~ man who t ook tho job r1hich rms ~ offer ed to this gentleman, Mr . Yu.:m . I can ' t think of ' 4 his name offhand. Q Was ther e anything unusual occurred at th~t 6 inauguration, or can you t ell us anything about tho man 7 gho succeeded? 8 A This man had been under d8t ention and ·.vns in 9 a nervous, wer..kened condition ot t his so- called inaugu- 10 ration. I r emember thnt he ~ 'ls l ed i nto the room by a 11 J:tp[-tnes0 in military uniform, and that he stood back ....') of a sofa ;vith his hand on tho back of the sofa, and he !3 seemed to be steadying himself bec'luse he \'Io s very weak. Dur i ng the course of the interview n J apanese photo i.5 grapher took a flashlight picture ~nc this g e ntl em~ n !( nenrly f ainted at the time , he W'\S in such a ~e3kened 17 condition. He had been under det ention for quite a l ong period. I <) Q Did you know Gener al Mn Cho.n- Shnn? 20 A General Ma Chan- Sh3n rr:s t he commander of the 2 1 Chinese troops in North Ecnchuria. The Chinese troops in South ge.nchuria under the dir ect command of young 23 Mar shnl Chang Hs u eh - Li~ng hnd not r esisted. The expl o- •I 24 nation alrmys wns t h~t Chang Hsueh- Li ang and the Chinese l 25 administrators in the ffiukden Gov0 rnment had been . 3,230 PO\"IELL DIRECT advised by both the British and American Governments 1 not to resist, that the Manchurian case would go to .">. ,.. the League ; Chlna would get justice at Geneva • Q Did you interview General Ma Chan-Shan? 4 'j A Yes . Q 6 ·;/here? 7 A On two occasions; once at the northern town , 8 of Tsitsihar which is t he capitol of Hei Lung-Kiang 9 Province, the most northern province of l\lanc huria . lO Q What became of his army, if you know, after '" I 11 his defeat at Nonne River Bridge? 12 A This interview tgok place aft er the battl e of I 13 the Nonne River in which the Chinese t r oops had repulseQ 14 ' the Japanese and had delayed their advance by burning i5 n bridge. While the bridge wns under r epair Ma suc 16 ceeded in getting most of his troops out and across the 17 Chinese Eastern Railway, which was within the Russian 13 Zone in Nor th Manchuria , up to the t own of Tsitsihar 19 which is the metropol is of that norther n area. It was 2u in this place that we interviewed him . 2 1 Q Whe r e did he go from Ts itsihar, if you know? 22 He withdrew his troops to the north into the l A I I 23 f or est of the Hsing-An mountain chain, which is an 24 isolated ar ea untouched by railroads or motor r oads , 25 leading in the direction of the frontier city of Aigan I . 3,231 POl.:ELL DIRECT which is on the Amur River directly opposite the Rus 1 sian town of Blagovestchensk. 2 Q Wha t happened then, if anything? 3 I A It •:m s at ~his point thJt qeneral DOHIHARA , 4 who ha6 been active in Chinese political affair s in 'i Manchuria and elsewhere in Chine for many years, entered 6 the picture of North Ma nchuria, which, as I stat ed be 7 It fore, was within the Russian 1one . II 8 ~ I.ffi . '.'·!ARREN: If the Tribunal please, ·we shoul d 11 9 l ike to object to this line of questioning , or questi on 11 10 11 this wit ness any further, until first it is establ ished 12 whether this man is testifying from rumors he had r e 13 ceived as a newspaper man, or whether it is from hear 14 say th2t he himsel f received from some source that •C lj should have known . In other woras , ·.•1e h 17 THE PR3SIDEi.JT: You ar e entitled to know the 13 name of his informant. Obj ection upheld . 19 Q Wher e did you obtain t his information with 20 ref erence to Gener al DOHIHARA? . 21 A The succeeding developments in connection 22 with General DOHIHARA were widely r eprinted in I should 23 say all of the newspapers in Manchuria. They we r e al so I 2'1 printed in the newspaper s of Japan. They were printed ' I 25 in the nerys,epers of Shangh~ i, and were the subject of 'I \ 3,232 PO'.tELL DIRECT 1 official reports bec ~tUse General Ma , as r. r esnlt of 2 the negoti ations vi th DOHIHARA , accept ed t he yosition ;\ of Hinister of Var in the Chang-Chun Government , the 4 puppet government, which the J npanese had set up at the 5 time of Chang-Chun . 6 Q Had you complet ed your .:inswe r ? 7 ' A The negotiations l eading t o thase devel opments r, s wer e conducted from Gener al DOIIIHARA ' s office which he 9 establ ished in the city of Harbin. IO Q Did you intervt ~ ·. 1 Gener a l DOHIHARA ther e? 11 MR . WA:tlREN: If .vour Honor . ple~se , it is evi L~ dent that the witness is t estif:,rj ng f r om rumor . Vie 13 know of many , many newspaper stories th::lt have been J '1 based upQn rumor and in wh:l.ch t her e i s no t ruth, nnd 15 you have heard t estimony concer ni ng one of them today. I(> MR . McKENZIE: I do not believe my l ast ques- 17 1 tion can be object ed to on gr ounds of ca't , '•} l ng for an ' answer based on rumor~ 19 THE PRESILENT: The objection, of course, goes 20 to weight and not to admissibilit y. '"le must t ake henr 21 say. But we will t ake into account the f act that its 22 source ~~s in news papers. The objection i s overruled. 2:'> MH . McKENZIE: ·;/ill you r ead the l ast qu~sti on , pl ease. (''/her eupon, the questton \'.'as r ead by • 3,233 POWELL DIRECT 1 the official court r eporter.) A I di d not interview Gener al DOHIHARA concerning t r se developments , but I can gi ve you the finnl chapt er 4 in t h.s.t episode which occurred after I ho.d returned to 5 Shanghai. 6 Q Very we ll. 7 A After I had r eturned to Shungho.i, necessitat cd 8 by the outbr eak of ':mr at that city, one night in our •' . 9 off ice I received a long circul ~ r telegram which had 10 been di stributed, hnd been sent, by Gene r ~ l Mn Chan- Shan, 11 Commnnder of the Chinese troops in North Manchurin, to ,: 12 Gencre.lissimo Chi ang Kai-shek·.. 13 Q Whe r e is th~ t t el egram? 14 A This t el egram w~s circul ated to all of the 15 newspaper s in Shanghai, and i t uas circulated from the 16 Russian town of Blagovestchonsk. 17 Q No, my question 18 A How i s that? 19 Q My question was , whor e i s thn. t t el egram you 20 r eceived? 21 A ·.·r. c 11 ' you could find t hat t c l eg r ~m if you 22 coul d find our other paper s which we r e looted from our 23 office on the morning of Pearl Har bor, in Shanghai . 24 Q '1111 you stnte t he contents of that t clogr am, 25 please? I \ - - ~ - --- . 3,231i PO ..'ELL DIRECT ·------·------A This t el egram asserted -- described Ha ' s 1 - activities in accepting, prc::;t1mably accepting, th~ job 2 as Minister of For0i gn Aff ~irs of the puppet government, 3 4 thnt he hnd r eceived n large sum of money, stat ed that 5 as a million dollnr s in gold bar s , but thnt he had t cken 6 advantage of this del ay and these discussions with Gen 7 eral DOHIHARA to move his troops up t o the border town s of Aigan, and had succeeded in getting them 10 sent west and returned to Chincs0 t erritory. 11 Q Did he S:lY .mything nbout whom he had obtained 12 the money from? 13 A The money came from Jap3ncse militar y sources . 14 A Did he use cny name? 15 A I don ' t r emember any par ticular name, except 16 that he had been in neg otiati ons continuously ~ ith Gen 17 eral DOHIHARA Vlho Pi rranged th0 6etuils. 18 Q Via s anything said about his r el 'l tj.ons \'Ii th 19 China? 20 A You mean at this particular time? 21 Q In the t el egr am. 22 A Ma, of course , assorted he was a loyal Chinose 23 citizen. And, as a matter of f act, he is still with 24 the National Gover nment, for a l ong time w~ s stationed 25 at the important city of Pao Tou v1hich is t o the ( ~ _ J I ·~ --- . 3 ,235 PO ~l ELL DIRECT 1 northwest of Peking . He is somewhere in th1t ur ea 2 today. 3 THE PRESIDENT: This is a convenient break. 4 ·ae will recess now until ha lf past nine tomo1~r oVT 5 morning. 6 (Wher eupon, at 1600 , an adjournment 7 was t nken until Tuesday, 6 August, 1946, a t 8 0930.) 9 - - - - 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ------) I