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Breeding Strawberries (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch) for Adaptability To Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1981 Breeding strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) for adaptability to machine harvest and cytogenetical studies of parent and progeny Atef Mohamed Ibrahim Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Genetics Commons Recommended Citation Ibrahim, Atef Mohamed, "Breeding strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) for adaptability to machine harvest and cytogenetical studies of parent and progeny " (1981). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7430. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7430 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted you will find a target note listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again -beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. Universi^ MicnSllms International 8209130 Ibrahim, Atef Mohamed BREEDING STRAWBERRIES (FRAGARIA X ANANASSA DUCH.) FOR ADAPTABILITY TO MACHINE HARVEST AND CYTOGENETICAL STUDIES OF PARENT AND PROGENY Iowa Stale University PH.D. 1981 University Microfilms I ntsrnâtionâi 300 N Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(8) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curiing and wrinkled pages 15. Other University Microfilms International Breeding strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) for adaptability to machine harvest and cytogenetical studies of parent and progeny Atef Mohamed Ibrahim A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Horticulture Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Màjor WoA Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1981 i i TABLE OF CONTENTS page INTRODUCTION 1 PART I. BREEDING STRAWBERRIES {Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) 3 FOR ADAPTABILITY TO MACHINE HARVEST INTRODUCTION 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 MATERIALS AND METHODS 21 Materials 21 Methods 21 Crossing procedures 21 Evaluation of the progenies and their parental clones 24 Statistical analysis 26 RESULTS 31 Evaluation of the Progenies and Their Parental Clones with 31 Regard to Yield (Number of Berries per Plant), Firmness (gms.), and Capping Force (gms.) Yield (number of berries per plant) 31 Berry firmness (gms) 36 Capping force (the force required for berry detachment 40 in gms) Changes of the Characters during the Four Harvesting Periods 43 Percent of ripe berries per harvest (concentrated ripening) 43 Berry firmness (gms) 51 Capping force (force required for berry detachment (gms)) 59 Relationships of the Characters during the Four Harvesting 66 Periods Yield and concentrated ripening traits 66 Firmness and easy cap traits 76 DISCUSSION 80 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 89 ii i BIBLIOGRAPHY 92 PART II. CYTOGENETICAL STUDIES OF PARENT AND PROGENY 99 INTRODUCTION 100 LITERATURE REVIEW 102 MATERIALS AND METHODS 111 Materials 111 Methods 111 Meiosis 111 Mitosis 112 RESULTS 115 DISCUSSION 129 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 134 BIBLIOGRAPHY 136 CONCLUSIONS 140 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 143 APPENDIX 144 1 INTRODUCTION Strawberry breeding has received the consideration of horticulturists for the last century to meet the needs of consumers. Each year, many new cultivars appear on the market, but from these only a small number persist, and the majority are discarded. Changes in labor supply and other economic factors indicated that me­ chanical harvesting of strawberries is needed to maintain or increase yield without excessive increase in production costs. Hence, for rationaliza­ tion of strawberry harvest, the construction of picking machines has been initiated. To utilize mechanical adaptation, however, it is necessary to have adapted strawberry cultivars. Cultivars should display high total usable yields, concentration of fruit maturity, firm berries, and good cap­ ping quality, which are important clonal traits related to mechanical har­ vesting adaptability. The purposes of this study were to evaluate critically the chosen parental clones and their progenies with regard to yielding ability, con­ centration of fruit maturity, firmness of the fruit and easy cap traits, and, also, to determine the effects of parental matings on these characters as related to mechanical harvesting. Moreover, the inheritance of these traits attracted the attention of many workers since the early 1900s. Cytological studies, as well, captured the interest of other groups of investigators. Many attempts have oeen made to investigate the cytological behavior of the chromosomes and the type of chromosome pairing during meiosis. However, a few attempts were made to study the nature of mitosis of octoploid cultivated strawberries. 2 Other objectives of the present study were to compare the variation in the chromosomal association during meiosis between the progenies and their parental clones, and to investigate the nature of any association be­ tween the bivalents during diakinesis and metaphase I. Also, mitosis was investigated in root tip cells of all genotypes studied to determine whether specific chromosomes could be identified. 3 PART I. BREEDING STRAWBERRIES {Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) FOR ADAPTABILITY TO MACHINE HARVEST 4 INTRODUCTION The octoploid cultivated strawberry (rragaria X ananassa Duch.) is considered a hybrid derived from crosses between F. virginiana Ducn. x F. chiioensis (L.) Duch. (74, 82, 83, 93, 97). Because of their delicate flavor, dessert quality, and nutritional value, strawberries are grown throughout the world and considered one of the very important small fruits crops. It should be available to consumers at low cost. Unfortunately, inflation in recent years, as well as the increasing cost of manual labor for picking strawberries, caused a rapid rise in production costs. The risk for the future is that strawberries could be considered a luxury crop and out of reach of the majority of consumers, unless some modifications in production can receive immediate attention. One of the most important problems in strawberry programs is how to eliminate increasing production costs year after year. Mechanical harvest­ ing is a possible solution for stabilizing the strawberry industry. In re­ cent years, invention and construction of picking machines in many differ­ ent locations in the world have been activated. Berries can be stripped from plants by several devices including the use of scoops, tines, air blast or vacuum force, and subsequent use of conveyors (1, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, 79, 91). Therefore, it is clear now that me­ chanical harvesting of strawberries is both possible and feasible. In
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