DOCSLIB.ORG

Diversity of Volatile Patterns in Sixteen Fragaria Vesca L. Accessions in Comparison to Cultivars of Fragaria ×Ananassa D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diversity of Volatile Patterns in Sixteen Fragaria Vesca L. Accessions in Comparison to Cultivars of Fragaria ×Ananassa D Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 86, 37 - 46 (2013), DOI:10.5073/JABFQ.2013.086.006 1Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Quedlinburg, Germany 2Hansabred GmbH & Co. KG, Dresden, Germany Diversity of volatile patterns in sixteen Fragaria vesca L. accessions in comparison to cultivars of Fragaria ×ananassa D. Ulrich1*, K. Olbricht 2 (Received April 4, 2013) Summary of the latter was described as much more sweetish-aromatic than those of the F. ×ananassa cultivars but with some astringent and Fragaria vesca is the most distributed wild species in the genus bitter impressions (ULRICH et al., 2007). F. vesca is characterized by Fragaria. Due to this biogeography, a high diversity is to expect. outstanding flowery notes like violet and acacia. But especially in During two harvest seasons, sixteen accessions from different lo- the white mutant F. vesca f. alba (Ehrh.) Staudt, these impressions cations from the most eastern habitat at Lake Baikal in Siberia, from sometimes were described by the testers with negative statements Middle and Southern Europe and Northern Europe with Scandinavia like over-aromatic and perfume-like. By gas chromatography- and Iceland were investigated as well as two of the three described olfactometry (GCO) experiments, the flowery impressions were North American subspecies and three F. vesca cultivars. Five very assigned to the content of the aromatic ester methyl anthranilate distinct European F. ×ananassa cultivars were chosen to serve as a whereas the herbaceous impressions are caused by a high content comparison. Beside brix value and acid contents, the aroma patterns of terpenoids. including 67 volatile compounds were quantified by stir bar sorptive Fragaria vesca always was involved in breeding experiments. extraction followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric Since the typical high aromatic flavor was missed in the F. detection. The diversity of important volatiles of Fragaria vesca and ×ananassa cultivars, cross-breeding started already in 1918 by F. ×ananassa is discussed regarding biogeography, domestication, Elisabeth Schiemann (KUCKUCK , 1980). Successful ways of species breeding and the so-called funnel effect. introgression with the cultivated strawberry using cross-breeding and chromosome doubling were first described by SCOTT (1951). Introduction Hereby, decaploid fertile clones could be obtained. The first deca- ploid cultivars were introduced under the denomination Fragaria The wild strawberry Fragaria vesca L. (wood strawberry) is an old × vescana by BAUER and BAUER (1979), combining characteristics food, ornamental, and medicinal plant. Already the Roman poet Ovid of F. vesca and F. ×ananassa. Synthetic octoploids were obtained mentioned Fragaria twice and very likely meant Fragaria vesca from the inclusion of Fragaria vesca in the breeding pedigree by (DARROW , 1966). In the Middle Ages, the wood strawberry became EvAN S (1977) and BOR S and SULLIVAN (2005). Nowadays, breeding a Christian symbol and is to find in many paintings from that time. programmes with F. vesca focus on the inheritance of methyl Fragaria vesca is the most widely distributed species of the genus anthranilate and several resistances (PINKER et al., 2012). Fragaria and appears circumpolar throughout Europe, Northern The aroma of the wood strawberry was investigated in detail for the America, and Northern Asia. Since the Middle Ages, the so-called first time by DRAWERT et al. (1973). The content of 40 identified ‘semperflorens’ or ‘alpine’ forms of F. vesca ssp. vesca have been main peaks in F. vesca exceeds those of the F. ×ananassa cultivar cultivated in European gardens (SHULAEV , 2010) together with cv. 'Revata' by the factor of 4.7, which is in agreement with later F. moschata L. and F. viridis Duch., two other wild species occur- findings of ULRICH et al. (1997) (factor 3.2 in comparison to ring in European forests. After the 1750’s the cultivated wild-types cv. 'Elsanta'). Additionally, AHARONI et al. (2004) discussed the were replaced by the garden strawberry (F. ×ananassa Duch.) with differences in the patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) its bigger fruits and a unique pleasant flavor. between F. vesca and F. ×ananassa. In this paper the differences F. vesca (2n = 2x = 14) has a very small genome of 240 Mb. As are interpreted as a gain and loss of metabolic diversity caused by a diploid herbaceous plant with remontant behavior in case of the domestication and breeding. In plant breeding this process also is forma semperflorens, it became the model plant for molecular studies known as funnel effect (ULRICH et al., 1997; ULRICH and OL B RICHT , in the Rose family (Rosaceae) (HOLLEN D ER et al., 2012). In 2010, 2011) or bottlenecking (DOE B LEY et al., 2006). A general shortcome genome sequencing was completed for a Hawaiian accession of the of several published investigations of VOC profiles is the neglect wood strawberry (SHULAEV et al., 2010). of the environmentally caused dynamic of the volatile patterns. It The octoploid F. ×ananassa Duch. (2n = 8x = 56), which derives is unquestioned that beside genetic prerequisites outer factors like from a spontaneous hybridization of the two octoploids F. chiloensis maturity at harvest, location, climate, irrigation, harvest time as well (L.) Miller and F. virginiana Miller, is not a direct descendant of as the attack by pathogens have an eminent influence on biosynthetic F. vesca. However, genome research revealed that the two parental network and hence on the development of the whole volatile patterns species of the garden strawberry derived from different diploid (quantitative and qualitative!) (FORNEY et al., 2000; AZO D ANLOU ancestors including F. vesca. (ROU ss EAU -GUEUTIN et al., 2009; et al., 2004; OL B RICHT et al., 2011). To quote an example, JOUQUAN D SHULAEV et al., 2010). et al. (2008) observed changes in ester contents of fruit from Since the Middle Ages, wild-type strawberries were praised for their cultivated strawberries between two harvest dates of the same season intense flavor (DARROW , 2005). The aroma of wild strawberry is up to 350 %. This volatile dynamic was in the same order like those perceived as very aromatic and more herbaceous than those of F. caused by the cultivars. Consequently, the use of samples from only ×ananassa cultivars (HIRVI and HONKANEN , 1982). Therefore, few or even one harvest date gives results which represent only a F. vesca serves as a comparison with regard to flavor. In direct ‘snapshot’ of the possible dynamic of metabolite patterns. comparison of cultivars and wild-types, the sensory impression Therefore, the topic of this investigation is to study the diversity of volatile patterns in a collection of 16 F. vesca accessions in * Corresponding author comparison to selected F. ×ananassa cultivars in two harvest years 38 D. Ulrich, K. Olbricht by using a sampling strategy which prevents the influence of maturity each F. ×ananassa cultivar were harvested (Fig. 2). The weight per and harvest date during one season. F. vesca accession varied depending on the fruit size (for example between 115 g with 198 fruits for 'Multiplex' and 1054 g with 902 fruits for 'Red Wonder' in 2012). All fruits were immediately Materials and methods frozen at minus 20 °C after the sepals were removed. Plant material and cultivation Fragaria vesca is the most distributed wild species of the genus and exists with four subspecies, six formae and several cultivars Extraction of fruit volatiles by immersion stir bar sorptive (STAU D T , 1962; STAU D T , 1989). Due to this biogeography, a high extraction (imm-SBSE) diversity is to expect. Therefore, 16 accessions from different To prepare an enzyme inhibited strawberry juice, all frozen fruits of locations from the most eastern habitat at Lake Baikal in Siberia, one accession or cultivar of the whole season were pooled. One mass from Middle and Southern Europe and Northern Europe with part of fruits without sepals were homogenized in one volume part Scandinavia and Iceland were investigated as well as two of the three of a solution of 18.6 % (m/v) NaCl by a household mixer for 2 min. described North American subspecies and three cultivars (Fig. 1). The homogenate was centrifuged 4000 rpm for 30 min. One hundred The used accessions are listed in Tab. 1. Five very distinct European milliliter of the supernatant were mixed with 10 μl internal standard F. ×ananassa cultivars were chosen to serve as a comparison. They (0.1 % (v/v) 2,6-dimethyl-5-hepten-2-ol dissolved in ethanol). For were selected with regard to their breeding history and demonstrate each sample, three head-space vials containing 3 g NaCl each for with different aroma patterns the process of domestication over a saturation were filled with 10 ml of the supernatant, sealed with period of nearly 80 years. magnetic crimp caps including septum, and stored at 4 °C for up to All Fragaria vesca accessions were cultivated in the field at three weeks. Dresden-Weixdorf, Germany, longitude 13.8°, latitude 51.145°, An aliquot of 8 ml of the saturated homogenate but without the solid 200 m above sea level, on sandy loam on gravel ground (German NaCl deposit was transferred in an empty glass vial for volatile classification: 'Ackerzahl' 37). Each accession was growing in a isolation by SBSE. A stir bar with 0.5 mm film thickness and 10 mm quadrate of 1 sqm containing plants of different ages according to length coated with polydimethysiloxan (PDMS) was placed in the their natural habitats. Neither chemical treatment nor extra fertilizer liquid (Gerstel, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany). The stir bar was were applied, except for two applications of insecticide during the moved at 350 rpm at room temperature for 45 min. After removal time of flowering in order to prevent damage by the strawberry from the strawberry juice, the stir bar was rinsed with purified water, weevil (Anthonomus signatus Say) in both years.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characteristics of Fragaria Vesca Yield Parameters and Anthocyanin Accumulation Under Water Deficit Stress
    plants Article Characteristics of Fragaria vesca Yield Parameters and Anthocyanin Accumulation under Water Deficit Stress Rytis Rugienius 1,* , Vidmantas Bendokas 1 , Tadeusas Siksnianas 1, Vidmantas Stanys 1, Audrius Sasnauskas 1 and Vaiva Kazanaviciute 2 1 Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Orchard Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Horticulture, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania; [email protected] (V.B.); [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (V.S.); [email protected] (A.S.) 2 Department of Eukaryote Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +370-37-555253 Abstract: Plants exposed to drought stress conditions often increase the synthesis of anthocyanins—natural plant pigments and antioxidants. However, water deficit (WD) often causes significant yield loss. The aim of our study was to evaluate the productivity as well as the anthocyanin content and composition of berries from cultivated Fragaria vesca “Rojan” and hybrid No. 17 plants (seedlings) grown under WD. The plants were grown in an unheated greenhouse and fully irrigated (control) or irrigated at 50% and 25%. The number of berries per plant and the berry weight were evaluated every 4 days. The anthocyanin content and composition of berries were evaluated with the same periodicity using HPLC. The effect of WD on the yield parameters of two evaluated F. vesca genotypes differed depending on the harvest time. The cumulative yield of plants under WD was not less Citation: Rugienius, R.; Bendokas, V.; Siksnianas, T.; Stanys, V.; Sasnauskas, than that of the control plants for 20–24 days after the start of the experiment.
    [Show full text]
  • Kim E. Hummer USDA ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository 33447 Peoria Road Corvallis, Oregon 97333-2521 U.S.A
    A new species of Fragaria (Rosaceae) from Oregon Kim E. Hummer USDA ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository 33447 Peoria Road Corvallis, Oregon 97333-2521 U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT Fragaria cascadensis K.E. Hummer, sp. nov. is endemic to the western high Cascade Mountain Range in Oregon, United States. This deca- ploid species can be distinguished by adaxial leaf hairs, distal tooth of the terminal leaflet always smaller than adjacent teeth, and comma- shaped achenes. Its known range is in the western Cascade Mountains from the Columbia River in the north, to the vicinity of Crater Lake in the south, at elevations of 1,000 to 3,800 m, in sandy-clay loams of volcanic origin, in forest clearings and open meadows. RESUMEN Fragaria cascadensis K.E. Hummer, sp. nov. es endémica de la Cordillera de las Cascadas en Oregón, Estados Unidos. Esta especie deca- ploide puede diferenciarse por los pelos del envés de las hojas, diente distal del foliolo terminal siempre más pequeño que los dientes adya- centes, y los aquenios en forma de coma. Su rango conocido va del oeste de la Cordillera de las Cascadas desde el río Columbia en el norte, a las proximidades del Crater Lake en el sur, a elevaciones de 1,000 a 3,800 m, en margas arenoso-calcáreas de origen volcánico, en claros de bosque y en parados abiertos. DESCRIPTION Fragaria cascadensis Hummer, sp. nov. (Figs. 1–3). TYPE: U.S.A. OREGON. Lane Co.: US NFDR 5897, southern exposure, dis- turbed area at forest edge, along roadside ditch, altitude 1433 m, with Pseudotsuga menziesii, 8 Aug 2011, K.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Needham Hawii 0085O 10368.Pdf
    BREADFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS ALTILIS): THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT ON NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HAWAIʻI COMMUNITIES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN TROPICAL PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCES JULY 2019 By Amber Mei Lan Waiokeola Needham Thesis Committee: Noa Lincoln, Chairperson Rajesh Jha Theodore Radovich Alyssa Cho Keywords: Artocarpus altilis; Breadfruit; consumer survey; environmental variables; human nutrition 1 Acknowledgements He wahi leo mahalo kēia i kuʻu ʻohana, ke akua, nā ʻaumākua a me kuʻu kūpuna ʻāina e mālama mau mai ka wā hūpēkole ʻānō. Eia nō au, he pūkoʻa kani ʻāina, he māmakakaua o kēia paio hoʻoluluhi nei o ka hele kulanui. He kauoha mana loa kēia e hōʻike ai i ka ʻike, ka ikaika, ke akamai, ka maopopo pono, ka ʻike pāpālua, a me ka mana o ka Hawaiʻi; pēlā nō ā i ke aloha ʻāina hope loa. Paʻi ka lima! Paʻi ka lima! Paʻi ka lima! Eō! Many thanks to my committee members for their patience and willingness to guide me through this research. A special thank-you is due to Dr. Jha for his nurturing nature and allowing me use of his laboratory for my analyses. Each farmer and his/her family, who have participated openly in this study and in other breadfruit studies that have directly supported this research, are greatly appreciated as ultimately this compilation of time and energy has been for and with them. An incredible amount of support was given to me and this research by members of the Indigenous Cropping Systems Lab, the Jha Lab, Native Hawaiian Student Services, Maui Nui Botanical Gardens, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Potentilla Spp.)-The Five Finger Weeds 1
    r Intriguing World of Weeds iiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.)-The Five Finger Weeds 1 LARRY W. MITICH2 INTRODUCTION In 1753 Linneaus named the genus Potentilla in his Species Plantarum (4). The common name five finger is m cd frequently for this group of plants ( 18, 29). The genus, in the rose family (Rosaceae), is composed of about 500 north temperate species (50 in North America, 75 Euro­ pean species) of mostly boreal herbs and shrubs. Indeed, Potentilla extends far into arctic regions (22, 29). How­ ever, a few species are south temperate. And although less common, some species are also found in alpine and high 11,ountain regions of the tropics and South America; P. anserinoides Lehm. is a New Zealand native (27). Cinquefoil, which means five leaves, is an old herb, full of mystery and magic, which matches the charm Rough cinquefoil, Potentilla norvegica L. of its name. The plant protects its frag­ ile blooms in bad weather by contract­ ing the leaves so that they curve over the liver in humans (29). It was prescribed as a tea or in and shelter the flower (11). Cinquefoil wine for diarrhea, leukorrhea, kidney stones, arthritis, was credited with supernatural powers, cramps, and reducing fever (22). However, in recent times and was an essential ingredient in love divination. Accord­ the roots are being used for a gargle and mouthwash (11). ing to Alice Elizabeth Bacon, frogs liked to sit on this In America the outer root bark of creeping cinquefoil (P. plant-"the toad will be much under Sage, frogs will be in reptans L.) is used to stop nosebleeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Strawberries
    STRAWBERRIES JUNE-BEARING ( MAIN CROP ) Cultivar Comments Benicia Fruit have excellent flavor compared to other available June-bearing strawberries, particularly during early spring. The berries maintain their size well over the course of the season instead of diminishing in size toward the end. The plants demonstrate moderate to high plant vigor efficiency. Chandler Large, firm fruit with very good flavor. Good for fresh market and for freezing. Plant produces numerous runners. Douglas Large to very large, firm fruit of excellent flavor and very high sugar content. A heavy producer, 'Douglas' produces a much heavier yield of high quality berries than other early varieties. Well suited to coastal and Southern California. Lassen Medium to large berry of good quality. Crops produced in spring and fall. A good variety for Southern California. Plant is somewhat tolerant of saline soils. Mojave Plants have moderate to high plant vigor, especially in the early parts of the season. Berries are delicious and moderately firm. Sequoia Exceptionally large, soft berry of outstanding quality has won many taste tests. Fruit begins to ripen in January and continues for many months. Preforms like an everbearer in mild climates. Vigorous plants produce many runners and are somewhat tolerant of alkaline soils. Tioga Medium to large, firm berry with very good flavor. Yield, size, and quality of fruit is better than that of 'Lassen'. Heavy producer. Fruit is an excellent shipper and good for fresh eating or for preserves, pies, or freezing. EVERBEARING Cultivar Comments Brighton Showy flowers and big, beautiful berries make this a good variety for hanging baskets.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables
    Chapter 1 Definitions and classifications for fruit and vegetables In the broadest sense, the botani- Botanical and culinary cal term vegetable refers to any plant, definitions edible or not, including trees, bushes, vines and vascular plants, and Botanical definitions distinguishes plant material from ani- Broadly, the botanical term fruit refers mal material and from inorganic to the mature ovary of a plant, matter. There are two slightly different including its seeds, covering and botanical definitions for the term any closely connected tissue, without vegetable as it relates to food. any consideration of whether these According to one, a vegetable is a are edible. As related to food, the plant cultivated for its edible part(s); IT botanical term fruit refers to the edible M according to the other, a vegetable is part of a plant that consists of the the edible part(s) of a plant, such as seeds and surrounding tissues. This the stems and stalk (celery), root includes fleshy fruits (such as blue- (carrot), tuber (potato), bulb (onion), berries, cantaloupe, poach, pumpkin, leaves (spinach, lettuce), flower (globe tomato) and dry fruits, where the artichoke), fruit (apple, cucumber, ripened ovary wall becomes papery, pumpkin, strawberries, tomato) or leathery, or woody as with cereal seeds (beans, peas). The latter grains, pulses (mature beans and definition includes fruits as a subset of peas) and nuts. vegetables. Definition of fruit and vegetables applicable in epidemiological studies, Fruit and vegetables Edible plant foods excluding
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of the Strawberry Genotype, Cultivation and Processing on the Fra a 1 Allergen Content
    nutrients Article Effect of the Strawberry Genotype, Cultivation and Processing on the Fra a 1 Allergen Content Elisabeth Kurze 1, Vanessa Kock 1, Roberto Lo Scalzo 2, Klaus Olbricht 3,4 and Wilfried Schwab 1,* ID 1 Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str.1, 85354 Freising, Germany; [email protected] (E.K.); [email protected] (V.K.) 2 Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria, Unità di ricerca per i processi dell’industria agroalimentare (CREA-IAA), via Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; [email protected] 3 Hansabred GmbH & Co. KG, Radeburger Landstr. 12, 01108 Dresden, Germany; [email protected] 4 Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, 10099 Berlin, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-8161-712912 Received: 16 May 2018; Accepted: 28 June 2018; Published: 2 July 2018 Abstract: Birch pollen allergic patients show cross-reactivity to vegetables and fruits, including strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa). The objective of this study was to quantify the level of the Fra a 1 protein, a Bet v 1-homologous protein in strawberry fruits by a newly developed ELISA, and determine the effect of genotype, cultivation and food processing on the allergen amount. An indirect competitive ELISA using a specific polyclonal anti-Fra a 1.02 antibody was established and revealed high variability in Fra a 1 levels within 20 different genotypes ranging from 0.67 to 3.97 µg/g fresh weight. Mature fruits of red-, white- and yellow-fruited strawberry cultivars showed similar Fra a 1 concentrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Fragaria Virginiana – Wild Strawberry
    Friends of the Arboretum Native Plant Sale Fragaria virginiana – Wild Strawberry COMMON NAME: Wild Strawberry SCIENTIFIC NAME: Fragaria virginiana - the name comes from Latin fraga referring to the fragrance of the fruit. FLOWER: white, 5-parted, clusters of blossoms on a stem BLOOMING PERIOD: April to June SIZE: low plant, 8 – 10 inches tall BEHAVIOR: Spreads by above ground runners (stolons). The leaves are compound with three sharply toothed leaflets. SITE REQUIREMENTS: Tolerant of a wide variety of soil moisture conditions, moist to dry. It grows in full sun or light shade. Look for wild strawberries on woodland edges, savannas, old fields, wet or dry prairies, rocky openings, roadsides, or along railroads. NATURAL RANGE: From eastern Canada west to Albert, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Oklahoma. It is found throughout Wisconsin. SPECIAL FEATURES: This plant provides a good ground cover for problem areas. The delicious, edible fruit is quickly taken by chipmunks and birds. Indigenous peoples used the fruits for food and medicine for various stomach complaints. Leaves were also dried for use in tea to alleviate a variety of ailments. Of special note is that the cultivated strawberry was developed in France from a cross between this plant and a similar wild strawberry from Chile. SUGGESTED CARE: Water well to establish and then little care is needed. COMPANION PLANTS: There are many companion plants because of the wide variety of habitats where wild strawberry occurs. In disturbed woods: arrow leaved aster, Pennsylvania sedge, common cinquefoil, black and choke cherry, black and white oak, blackberry. In richer woodlands: white ash, basswood, red oak, elm, wild geranium, Virginia creeper, starry Solomon’s plume.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex-Allocation Plasticity in Hermaphrodites of Sexually Dimorphic Fragaria Virginiana (Rosaceae)
    231 Sex-allocation plasticity in hermaphrodites of sexually dimorphic Fragaria virginiana (Rosaceae) Eric J. Bishop, Rachel B. Spigler, and Tia-Lynn Ashman Abstract: Sex-allocation plasticity is thought to play an important role in the evolution of separate sexes in plants. Ac- cordingly, much attention has been paid to environmentally induced variation in fruit and seed production in sexually di- morphic species, but we know little about whether this variation arises as a direct response to environmental variation or is instead an indirect consequence of changes in plant size. In this study, we characterize sex-allocation plasticity across a resource gradient for several reproductive traits in hermaphrodites of gyno(sub)dioecious Fragaria virginiana Duch. We find significant plasticity, on average, for flower number, proportion fruit set, ovule number, proportion seed set, and run- ner number in response to resource variation. Plasticity of most traits examined tended to be at least partially independent of variation in plant size, suggesting that it is not simply an indirect consequence of plant allometry. Moreover, we find genetic variation for plasticity of key reproductive traits. Comparisons of relative plasticities among traits reveal that F. virginiana hermaphrodites are more likely to adjust female investment via changes in fruit and seed set than ovule num- ber, and most likely to adjust male investment via flower number rather than anther number or pollen per anther, although there is genotypic variation for plasticity in pollen per anther. Evidence of within-population variation can logically be ex- tended to suggest that variation in hermaphrodite sex-expression seen among natural populations of F.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of a Mobile Steam Applicator for Soil Disinfestation In
    HORTSCIENCE 49(12):1542–1549. 2014. treatment have been explored (Horowitz and Taylorson, 1983). Using prior knowledge on steam, a tractor-drawn steam boiler was Evaluation of a Mobile Steam engineered to inject steam 35 cm into raised strawberry beds for a threshold minimum Applicator for Soil Disinfestation temperature of 70 °C for 30 min, a level of heating sufficient to control pathogens and in California Strawberry most weed seeds (Baker, 1957). Part of the novelty of this technological advance was the Steven A. Fennimore1 physical mixing of steam with soil supported Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1636 East by a separate study showing that soil agita- Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 tion during steaming can improve efficiency (Miller et al., 2014). Frank N. Martin Adoption of steam disinfestation of field USDA–ARS, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 soils has been hindered by fuel consumption, labor, and application time required (Samtani Thomas C. Miller et al., 2012). Despite steam providing weed Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1636 East control, pathogen suppression, and yields similar to fumigated strawberries, Samtani Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 et al. (2011, 2012) found that the higher Janet C. Broome equipment and fuel costs reduced net returns Driscoll Strawberry Associates, 151 Silliman Way, Watsonville, CA 95076 to the grower choosing steam over fumiga- tion. Also, with treatment taking 49 h·ha–1 Nathan Dorn with current technologies, the treatment was too slow to be considered a practical alterna- Reiter Affiliated Companies, 11 Quail Run Ct, Salinas, CA 93907 tive to fumigation.
    [Show full text]
  • 7.98 25 Simply Juice Every Day! Points Selected Varieties Per Lb
    breakfast savings Hansen’s Apple Juice 64 oz. $ Cherimoya 2 for 4 This tropical fruit has the flavors of bananas, pineapple and strawberries in one delicious package! Sara Lee Grown in Mexico. Deluxe Bagels 15 or Oroweat points per lb. lb. English 5.99 20 Muffins save 1.00 lb. Selected varieties points 6 count Green, Red or Cineraria 10 Black Seedless In 6 Inch $ Wrapped Pot for points Grapes 7.99 2 5 Grown in Chile. 2.49 lb. save 50¢ lb. 5 Lb. Bag organic Organic Carrots Sweet Pineapple Grown in the U.S. Kellogg’s Kids’ Cereal, Enjoy a sweet taste Quaker Life or Cap ’n Crunch of the tropics with 10 5-Stem Royal Lilies Selected varieties this luscious golden $ Beautiful bunches 10.5 oz. to 20 oz. pineapple. Grown for points 2.49 ea. of color. in Costa Rica. 2 5 $ save 2.98 on 2 save 1.00 ea. 6.99 4 for 10 Nature Valley or Quaker Chewy Granola Bars Selected varieties 6 oz. to 8.9 oz. $ Exclusively at our stores! 4 for 10 Fresh Pacific Northwest Fresh Wild Caught Texas Steelhead Trout Gulf Shrimp FOLD 10 Fillets Raw • Jumbo Size lb. 16 to 25 count lb. Farm-raised 7.99 11.99 points FOLD Fresh seafood availability subject to weather and fishing conditions. While supplies last. Aunt Jemima Syrup or Mix Selected varieties 24 oz. to 32 oz. $ Save up to $3.01 lb. 4 for 10 2 steaks or more lb. 7.98 25 Simply Juice every day! points Selected varieties per lb.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Genome Mapping in Fragaria Spp
    Journal of Horticultural Research 2014, vol. 22(2): 93-103 DOI: 10.2478/johr-2014-0026 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ THE HISTORY OF GENOME MAPPING IN FRAGARIA SPP. Abdel-Rahman Moustafa Abdel-Wahab MOHAMED1, Tomasz JĘCZ2, Małgorzata KORBIN2* 1Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Minia, Egypt 2Department of Horticultural Plant Breeding, Laboratory of Unconventional Breeding Methods Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland Received: November 25, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014 ABSTRACT This overview summarizes the research programs devoted to mapping the genomes within Fragaria genus. A few genetic linkage maps of diploid and octoploid Fragaria species as well as impressive physical map of F. vesca were developed in the last decade and resulted in the collection of data useful for further fundamental and applied studies. The information concerning the rules for proper preparation of mapping population, the choice of markers useful for generating linkage map, the saturation of existing maps with new markers linked to economically important traits, as well as problems faced during mapping process are presented in this paper. Key words: woodland strawberry, cultivated strawberry, linkage, physical map INTRODUCTION artificial chromosome (YAC) cloning vectors. In comparison to a genetic map, providing insights Genome maps, displaying the position of into the relative position of loci on chromosomes, genes along chromosomes within the genome of an the physical map is more “accurate” representation organism, are classified as genetic and physical maps of the genome (Brown 2002). (Brown 2002). In theory, both maps should provide Regardless of the strategy used, the essence of the same information concerning chromosomal as- all mapping approaches is to localise a collection of signment, and the order of loci.
    [Show full text]