DOCSLIB.ORG

JAMESTOWN CHURCH at Historic Jamestown, Virginia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
JAMESTOWN CHURCH at Historic Jamestown, Virginia JAMESTOWN CHURCH At Historic Jamestown, Virginia ASSOCIATION FOR THE PRESERVATION OF VIRGINIA ANTIQUITIES rom the time and faith of an ancient church. plans were con- The first place of worship at James- ceived for the town was a simple shrine in the forest establishment of an English colony covered with a tattered sailcloth. in Virginia, it was intended that the Captain John Smith described tho settlement would be a full-fledged temporary structure: Holy Communion Service at lamestown, lune 2l' 1607. Parish of the Church of England, an "When I weat first to Virginia" I wcll rc- y6 hang (which overseas extension of the ancient Di- membcr did an awning to ocese of London. All vicars and is an old saile) to ttrree or four trees shadow us from thc Suane; our walles priests sent to Jamestown were of the were rales of wood, otrr seats unhewcd and tho Church of Anglican faith, trees till lve cut plankcs; our pulpit a England was the official church of bar of wood nailed to two neighbouring the colony for over a centurY and a trees. [n foule weather we shiftcd into half, from 1607 until the outbreak an old rotten tent; for we had fcw bct' of the American Revolution. ter, aod this came by way of adventure In their strong oak chests the set- for new. This wa.s our church." tlers brought to the Virginia wilder' This crude shelter was the frst An- ness the incomparable liturgy of the glican church in Virginia- Services Book of Common Prayer and the were conducted by the Rev. RoM Bible in the English language. At Hunt, who had been sent to Virginia Jamestown the indomitable settlers with the first settlers by the Bishop built a new natioo with the strength of l,ondon. ,}N ilhNN ,NN' The first lrame church at lamestown, 1607-1608. The timber church which the col- like a Canoa, with the two Bells at the onists started building shortly after West end." they arrived was located inside the palisaded fort. It appears to have In this primitive frame church, been completed by late summer or April, 1614, Pocahontas, daughter of early autumn. John Smith described Chief Powhatan, married John Rolfe. it as "a homely thing Iike a barne, In 1617, ten years after the plant- set upon cratchets, covered with rafts, ing of the colony, a frame church was sedge, and earthe; so was also the built outside the confnes of James walls." Fort. Erected during the administra- This rustic wood building served as tion of Deputy Governor Samuel Ar- a place of worship for only a few gall, it was a timber-framed structure weeks, as it accidently burned to the built on brick and cobblestone foun- ground in January, 1608. dations. These ancient foundations, After the January fre the colon- three and a half centuries old, may i.sts, with grim determinatioqr rebuilt be seen today inside the brick Me- James Fort during the early told and morial Church. Captain Argall wrote bitter months of 1608, including new that the new frame church was "5O houses and a new frame church. One foote in lengh by twenty foote in colonist described it as: breadth." The frame church built in 1617 is ".., a pretty Chappell ...It is in of great historical importance. With- length three-ecore foote, in breadth in its walls, in 1619, met the first rep- twenty foure, and shall have a Chancell resentative legislative assembly in in it of Cedar, and a Communion Table of the Blacke Walnut, and all the Pewes the New World. This meeting of of Cedar, with faire Broad windowes, to elected planters, held July 30 through sliut and open as the weather shall oc- August 4, set a pattern of self-gov- casion; of the same wood, a Pulpet of erDment for all the American col- &e same, with a Font hcwen hollow onies. The frame church erected at usually constructed the tower after Jamestown in 1617, where the Me- the church building itself had been morial Church stands today, served completed. The partially-ruined brick as a place of worship for the colon- tower is of great historical impor- ists until about 1639. At this time it tance: it is the only l7th-century appears to have been razed to make structure standing above ground at way for a new brick church. In Jan' Jamestown today; also it is one of the uary, 1639, Governor Sir John Har- oldest English-brtilt edifces standing vey wrote that he, members of his in the United States. The tower is ap- Council, certain ships' captains, and proximately 18 feet square, with walls a few planters "had largely contrib- 3 feet thick at the base. Originally uted to the building of a brick the tower was about 46 feet high, and church." in the 17fr century it had two upper While services probably were held floors. The floor levels are indicated in the new brick church as early as by the large beam niches observable 1639, the entire building was not in the inner walls. Six small ports completed by 1647, as a record dated or windows look out from the top that year mentions that settlers liv- story. These openings permitted some ing south of the James River (in light to enter the upper room and Southwark Parish) were being as- also let t}te sound of the bell (or sessed taxes "for and toward finishing bells) resound across the town site. and repairing the church at James The brick church served as a place Citty." of worship less than four decades, The brick church tower which for in 1676, during Bacon's Rebel- stands today belonged to the 1639 lion, it was set to the torch by Na- church, although it undoubtedly was thaniel Bacon and his rebel fsUowers. erected after 1647. In the lTth cen- PJter the collapse of Bacon's Re- tury builders of English churches bellion in October, 1676, the gutted A new lrame church is built, early 1608. .t\\r r\lf ,r ,, ,,,,. ,, .'\ r\\r ,\\\\ $\'-\,i1r1 iN ri,,..i, ,,,,f brick church was repaired and re- ing this span of time, when Williams- stored. The restoration work appears burg grew and prospered, the popu- to have been completed by late 1676 lation of "James Citty" dwindled and or during the early months of. 1677. the town activities almost came to The restored church was certainly a halt. being used as a place of worship by About 1758 services in the brick 1678. church were discontinued. The an- In October, 1698, a disastrous fire cient structure fell rapidly into ruins, destroyed the statehouse and many the roof and brick walls gradually private dwellings at Jamestown. On disappeared and vandals removed May 18, 1699, the House of Bur- dvery vestige from the sacred site, gesses initiated action that led to the including ornamental brasses from a removal of the seat of government knight's tomb inside the abandoned from Jamestown to Williamsburg. church. Before the 18th century The first church built outside the confines of James Fort: A lrame structure built in 1617. Thus the small but historic town bowed out, only the brick tower re- on the banks of the James, which had mained standing above ground, sil- played such an important part in the houetted against the blue skY as a religious, political, and social life of lone sentinel-defying time, vandals, the Virginia colony for almost a cen- and the elements. tury, was replaced as the capital of Saving the historic church tower England's first successful overseas and churchyard was the work of colony. many individuals and organizations. After the seat of government was Special mention should be made of moved to Williamsburg, the brick Mr. and Mrs. Edward E. BarneY church at Jamestown continued to be who, in 1893, donated the brick used as a house of worship for an- church tower and graveyard and other half-century or more. Dur- 22Yz aqes of land surrounding the The first brick church built at lamestown, 1639. early church sites to The Association At 8.45 feet from this was discovered for the Preservation of Virginia An- the east side of a tile pavement in front tiquities. of the minister's door, which entered At the invitation of the Jamestown through the south wall, into an aisle Committee, Association for the Pres- crossing the church in front of the chan- ervation of Virginia Antiquities, Mr. cel." John Tyler, Jr. excavated portions of The brick Memorial Church which the church foundations (which laY stands today east of the l7th-century east of the church tower) in MaY, brick church tower was erected in 1901. He reported: l9O7 by the National Society, Co- "I have found that there remains of the lonial Dames of America. Inside the original church all four walls, to a Memorial Church one may see (cov- height of from 6 inches to 3 feet above their foundations. Starting with exca- ered with plate glass) the brick and vations at the southeast corner, I car- cobblestone foundations of the 1617 ried the work along the south wall, frame church and the brick founda- keeping down to the top of the founda- tions of the 1639 brick church. tions, or beginning of the neat work. At Here where the Memorial Church feet 4 inches west of the southeast 3 stands most cherished corner, I struck the east side of a but- many of our tress, extending 3 feet I inch north aad traditions of freedom were planted south, by 2 feet 8 inches east and west.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The History of the Jamestown Colony: Seventeenth-Century and Modern Interpretations
    The History of the Jamestown Colony: Seventeenth-Century and Modern Interpretations A Senior Honors Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for graduation with research distinction in History in the undergraduate colleges of the Ohio State University By Sarah McBee The Ohio State University at Mansfield June 2009 Project Advisor: Professor Heather Tanner, Department of History Introduction Reevaluating Jamestown On an unexceptional day in December about four hundred years ago, three small ships embarked from an English dock and began the long and treacherous voyage across the Atlantic. The passengers on board envisioned their goals – wealth and discovery, glory and destiny. The promise of a new life hung tantalizingly ahead of them. When they arrived in their new world in May of the next year, they did not know that they were to begin the journey of a nation that would eventually become the United States of America. This summary sounds almost ridiculously idealistic – dream-driven achievers setting out to start over and build for themselves a better world. To the average American citizen, this story appears to be the classic description of the Pilgrims coming to the new world in 1620 seeking religious freedom. But what would the same average American citizen say to the fact that this deceptively idealistic story actually took place almost fourteen years earlier at Jamestown, Virginia? The unfortunate truth is that most people do not know the story of the Jamestown colony, established in 1607.1 Even when people have heard of Jamestown, often it is with a negative connotation. Common knowledge marginally recognizes Jamestown as the colony that predates the Separatists in New England by more than a dozen years, and as the first permanent English settlement in America.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamestown Colony Unit
    The Jamestown Colony A Teaching Unit for Kindergarten Students Prepared by: Amanda Blair Url: http://arblai.wmwikis.net Submitted as Partial Requirement for ED 405 Elementary and Middle Social Studies Curriculum and Instruction Professor Gail McEachron The College of William and Mary Spring 2009 Contents: - Historical Narrative: The Jamestown Settlement - Map/Globe Skills Lesson: A Voyage to the New World - Critical Thinking and the Arts: Portraits of Pocahontas - Civic Engagement: Pocahontas: Friend of the Settlers - Global Inquiry: Exposing the Truth in Disneyʼs Pocahontas - Assessments - Bibliography - Appendix A: National and State Standards Historical Narrative: The Jamestown Settlement Introduction The study of the Jamestown settlement is a necessity for any kindergarten through sixth grade student in the United States. This settlement was the first English stronghold in North America and planted the seeds for what would become the United States of America, a country whose culture, government, and religion stem from an English settlement and way of life. The interactions of these first settlers with the native people also set a standard for how these groups of people would be treated later on. In addition, the study of Jamestown can be implemented into just about every level of social studies. For example, Kindergarten students can study the importance of Pocahontas to the early settlers, the terms near and far as related to the start and finish of the voyage to Jamestown, and the use of inquiry to find out the truth in Disneyʼs movie on this topic. (See Appendix A) Key Ideas and Events The story of Jamestown begins with the granting of a charter by King James I to the Virginia Company of London in order to establish a settlement in North America.
    [Show full text]
  • National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory 1999
    National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory 1999 Revised 2008 Jamestown Island Area Colonial National Historical Park Table of Contents Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Concurrence Status Geographic Information and Location Map Management Information National Register Information Chronology & Physical History Analysis & Evaluation of Integrity Condition Treatment Bibliography & Supplemental Information Jamestown Island Area Colonial National Historical Park Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Inventory Summary The Cultural Landscapes Inventory Overview: CLI General Information: Cultural Landscapes Inventory – General Information The Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI) is a database containing information on the historically significant landscapes within the National Park System. This evaluated inventory identifies and documents each landscape’s location, size, physical development, condition, landscape characteristics, character-defining features, as well as other valuable information useful to park management. Cultural landscapes become approved inventory records when all required data fields are entered, the park superintendent concurs with the information, and the landscape is determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places through a consultation process or is otherwise managed as a cultural resource through a public planning process. The CLI, like the List of Classified Structures (LCS), assists the National Park Service (NPS) in its efforts to fulfill the identification and management requirements associated
    [Show full text]
  • Love at Different Cultures Potrayed in Pocahontas and the Diving Woman in Oiso Bay: a Comparative Literature Analysis
    LOVE AT DIFFERENT CULTURES POTRAYED IN POCAHONTAS AND THE DIVING WOMAN IN OISO BAY: A COMPARATIVE LITERATURE ANALYSIS A THESIS BY NURHAJIJAH SIMATUPANG REG. NO. 120705100 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 Universitas Sumatera Utara LOVE AT DIFFERENT CULTURES POTRAYED IN POCAHONTAS AND THE DIVING WOMAN IN OISO BAY: A COMPARATIVE LITERATURE ANALYSIS A THESIS BY NURHAJIJAH SIMATUPANG REG. NO. 120705100 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 Universitas Sumatera Utara LOVE AT DIFFERENT CULTURES POTRAYED IN POCAHONTAS AND THE DIVING WOMAN IN OISO BAY: A COMPARATIVE LITERATURE ANALYSIS A THESIS BY NURHAJIJAH SIMATUPANG REG. NO.120705100 SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S. Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum. NIP. 195212291979032001 NIP. 195710021986012003 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 Universitas Sumatera Utara Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination. Head, Secretary, Dr.Deliana, M.Hum. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002 Universitas Sumatera Utara Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on January26th, 2018 Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 1999 1998 Interim Report on the APVA
    1998 Interim Report on the APVA Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia Nicholas Luccketti Beverly Straube October 1999 THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE PRESERVATION OF VIRGINIA ANTIQUITIES 204 W Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23220 Graphics and maps by Jamie E. May Design and production by Elliott Jordan © 1999 by The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this report or portions thereof in any form. Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................5 INTRODUCTION...................................................................1 1998 EXCAVATIONS .............................................................3 James Fort ................................................................................................................3 Structure 165 (JR158) & Possible Outwork Features ....................................3 Structure 163 (JR100)......................................................................................... 10 Human Burials ...................................................................................................... 12 Ditch 6: Probable Property Line (JR136,137) .............................................. 13 SELECTED ARTIFACTS........................................................17 Ear Picker .............................................................................................................. 17 Cloth Seals ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Pocahontas and John Smith As a Symbolic American
    UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCA SUMMARY “The Story of Pocahontas and John Smith as a Symbolic American Folktale,” is a work that shows how Pocahontas became, through the years, an emblematic part of The United States culture. She has been known for years as a simple myth thanks to Hollywood, but we have tried to make her stand out as the key in the birth of a new and powerful nation: The United States of America. This work was not only focused on Pocahontas, but also on the early attempts to found colonies in The New World by the British. During the sixteenth century, the British made attempts to settle Virginia, which was finally unsuccessful. Another topic developed was about Jamestown, its beginning, its location, its difficulties, and its progress due to tobacco cultivation and commercialization. However, during the first years, the colony went through many crises and would not have survived if it would not have been for the assistance of Pocahontas, her people, and her friend Captain John Smith. We dedicated a chapter to John Smith, his life, his works, and his adventures in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. He was one of the first American heroes and the first British writer in The New World. Moreover, he was not only an excellent explorer and soldier, but he was also a writer and a cartographer. Finally, Pocahontas had to be considered and remembered for establishing peaceful relations between two new cultures. Additionally, she had been represented as a romantic figure in American history. KEYWORDS: Pocahontas, John Smith, Powhatan, American Indian, United States of America, England.
    [Show full text]
  • 2008 2000-2006 Interim Report on the APVA Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia. the Association For
    2000-2006 Interim Report on the APVA Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia Contributing Authors: Eric Deetz, David Givens, Carter C. Hudgins, Seth Mallios, Jamie May, Luke Pecoraro, Tonia Rock, Danny Schmidt, & Beverly Straube William M. Kelso Beverly Straube editors May 2008 2000-2006 Interim Report on the APVA Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia Contributing Authors: Eric Deetz, David Givens, Carter C. Hudgins, Seth Mallios, Jamie May, Luke Pecoraro, Tonia Rock, Danny Schmidt, & Beverly Straube William M. Kelso Beverly Straube editors May 2008 Graphics by David M. Givens and Daniel W. Schmidt Design and production by David M. Givens Photography by Michael D. Lavin ©2008 by The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this report or portions thereof in any form. Contents Acknowledgements i Introduction i i i Prehistoric Period Prehistoric Features within the Confederate Earthwork (Luke Pecoraro & David Givens)................ 1 James Fort Period West Bulwark (David Givens & Beverly Straube)................................................................................. 3 Saw Pit (David Givens)............................................................................................................................ 8 West Palisade near Western Bulwark (Luke Pecoraro)........................................................................ 9 West Palisade Test Section (JR1962) at 1861 Civil War Gun Platform Ramp (Daniel Schmidt).......10 West Palisade Test Section (JR1961)
    [Show full text]
  • The Reverend Richard Buck Site
    Archaeological Excavations at 44JC568, The Reverend Richard Buck Site with contributions by Seth Mallios Garrett Fesler Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities 1999 1 Graphics and maps by Jamie E. May and Elliott Jordan Design and production by Elliott Jordan © 1999 by The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this report or portions thereof in any form. 2 Abstract Archaeologists from the Association for the Pres- land patent. Buck’s eldest son Gercian attained his ervation of Virginia Antiquities (APVA), excavated majority in the early 1630s, and in 1636 purchased archaeological site 44JC568 during the summers of the 500 acres from his brother-in-law, Thomas. 1996 and 1997. The work in 1996 was conducted Through this acquisition and the inheritance of his from June 17th to July 26 th by 13 field school stu- father’s Neck-of-Land property, Gercian amassed a dents earning credits from the University of Vir- contiguous 1,250-acre tract of land. Two years later, ginia. In 1997, 18 field school students, again earn- the youngest Buck sibling, Peleg, inherited the en- ing credits from the University of Virginia, worked tire property upon Gercian’s death. Peleg held the at the site from June 30 th to July 25 th. Archaeolo- land until his own demise in 1642, whereupon Eliza- gists named the site after the area’s first documented beth Crump assumed ownership until 1654. Due land owner, the Reverend Richard Buck, who served to the changing ownership of the property between as the minister at Jamestown from 1610 to 1624.
    [Show full text]
  • 1995 Interim Report Beverly Straube Nicholas Luccketti
    1995 Interim Report Beverly Straube Nicholas Luccketti APVA Jamestown Rediscovery November 1996 Graphics and maps by Jamie E. May Design and production by Elliott Jordan © 1996 by The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this report or portions thereof in any form. Contents INTRODUCTION ................................. 5 1995 Excavations ............................... 6 Research Design ............................................................... 6 Results.............................................................................. 8 Pit I (JR1-4) ....................................................................... 8 Palisade Slot Trench (JR60-65) and Buttress Postholes (JR66) ................................................ 10 Pit II (JR4,10,11,12) ......................................................... 12 Structure I (JR50)............................................................. 13 Post-Fort Ditches............................................................. 15 Native American Presence .............................................. 16 ARTIFACTS ....................................... 18 Beads ............................................................................. 18 European Ceramics ......................................................... 20 Pipes .............................................................................. 26 Coins .............................................................................. 28 Jettons ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox University Microfilms
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a . definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • By Georgia Fraser
    BY GEORGIA FRASER CROW-STEP THE STONE HOUSE AT GOWANUS WISHES COME TRUE PRINCESS ROYAL Georgia Fraser NEW YORK . HAROLD VINAL 1926 COPYRIGHT, I926, BY GEORGIA FRASER ARKELL MANU-fACTuarro IN THE UNITED STATES or AUEKICA • Y VAIL-BALLOU *XES5, BINGHAMTON, NEW YOBK. PRINCESS ROYAL PRINCESS ROYAL I Misfortunes which had pierced the neighboring tribes Had not descended on the Potomac's banks. The white men who had visited had gone Away, and left but wonder in their stead— For much fine furs, had given marvellously Of needles, cloth, of pewter spoons, of bits Of iron, and that strange gaud, a looking glass. So, thus the visits of white men for trade Were more exciting than mere calls from distant Indian tribes. Wherefore, one afternoon Of festal week, a shout of joy went up When, from a hill, was viewed a winged canoe Approaching. All crowded to the sandy shore. On board his ship of full an hundred tons, One Captain Argall viewed such crowds of braves With some concern. What was this gathering? Meant peace or war? But soon he saw the joy Upon the faces; as well, the fine adornment, All speaking of a merry, festive time. 3 PRINCESS ROYAL He ordered anchor dropped, the boats unloosed, But, ere their manning, canoes came darting from The shore. Then Argall scanned the nearest brave. "Ah, ha!" he cried, "my old friend, Japizaws." " 'Tis Captain Argall. Once before he came. Hail, Captain Argall!" "Hail, friend Japizaws!" "The week of games is just about an end. My braves would have departed ere the sun Rose on the morrow.
    [Show full text]
  • 2000 1999 Interim Report on the APVA Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia. the Association for the Preservation
    1999 Interim Report on the APVA Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia October 2000 Seth Mallios Beverly Straube 1999 Interim Report on the APVA Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia Seth Mallios Beverly Straube THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE PRESERVATION OF VIRGINIA ANTIQUITIES 204 W Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23220 October 2000 Graphics and maps by Jamie E. May Design and production by Elliott Jordan ©2000 by The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this report or portions thereof in any form. Contents Acknowledgments .........................................................ii Introduction .................................................................1 1999 EXCAVATIONS .......................................................3 Summary of Results ..................................................................................................... 3 Structures .................................................................................................................... 3 Palisades.......................................................................................................................6 Ditches ........................................................................................................................ 7 Human Burials ............................................................................................................ 9 Churchyard Fence Posts ........................................................................................... 15
    [Show full text]