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Second Reader:ProfessorMarshaSiefert Supervisor: Professor In partial fulfillment of therequirementsfor thedegreeof Constantin Iordachi Thought inTwentieth Century Europe CaseStudyofAntePaveli Central European University History Department Budapest, Hungary Master ofArts Goran Miljan Submitted to 2009 By

ć

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instructions may notbemade withoutthewrittenpermission oftheAuthor.” must form apartofanysuchcopiesmade. Fu lodged intheCentralEuropean Library.Detailsmay beobtainedfrom librarian.Thispage the full orpart, may bemadeonlyin accordance w “Copyright inthetextofthis thesis restswith

ith the instructions given bytheAuthorand rther copies made in accordance withsuch theAuthor.Copiesbya ny process,eitherin CEU eTD Collection

, andthatPaveli By analyzingprimary sourcesIhaveshownthatfascism pr have elaboratedtheimportance offascism asthe ideological andpolitical the presenceandimportance of Pavelić two models offascism. Furtheron,thepaper demonstrated thatwhenusingandanalyzingprimary sources,Paveli scholars ofmodernfascisttheory.Bymethod of models usedinthispaperarebyRoger Griffin and StanleyG.Payne,thetwomost influential when dealing withAntePaveli research hasnotyetbeendone,andthereforepr place him withinEuropean fascistthoughtin the20 models offascism. Italsoprovidesoneofthefirs Independent StateofCroatia,presents Abstract By employing theabove-mentioned methods The paperanalyzesAntePaveli Paveli The casestudyofAnte ’s ideologicalandpol ć shouldbeconsideredafascistwith itical thought,basedonhiswritings ć fascist ideologyinhi .

the first attempt toplace Paveli ć , (Leader)oftheUstashimovement andthe ć withintwocontemporary models offascism.The

comparison, basedonthesetwomodels,Ihave provides thefirstdiscourseanalysisofAnte esents animportantaspectandnewapproach t analysesofhisideologi s ideologicalthought of comparison anddi th century.Astomy knowledge,such in thebroaderEuropeancontext. esented thecore of Paveli and speeches, and establishes andspeeches,establishes ć ć canbeplacedwithinthe withinthe contemporary and politicallife. basisofAntePaveli cal basis,inorderto scourse analysis,I ć ’s ć . CEU eTD Collection

V. Conclusion...... 74 IV. OneoftheEuropeanfascists? III. Poglavnik[TheLeader]andContemporary FascistTheory II. AntePaveli I. TheoreticalApproaches Introduction Table ofContents Bibliography IV.b. StateBuildingandFascistPerspective IV.a. AntePaveli III.a. The TwoModelsofContemporary Fascist Theory II.b. PresenceinContemporaryLiteratureonFascism II.a. Life, Politics andEmigration ...... 1 ć (1889-1959) ć –ACroatianfascist? ...... 8 ...... 16 ...... 51 ...... 16 ...... 51 ...... 67 ...... i ...... 25 ...... 31 ...... 31 ...... 80

CEU eTD Collection fascist movement or state organization. term the while

2 1 secondary literature,supportingth the Ante Paveli theoretical scholars hasdealtwiththis question investigation onthiss for furtherresearchontheUstashimovement Even though my workisfirstandforemost anin the Ustashimovement andhelaterestablishe within theintellectual that Iplantoaddress,trying the descriptivesense,butonlyuseful.” argued inhisbook“anydefinitionor keygenericterm usedinsocialsciencescannot betruein fascist ideas may ormay notfit withinsuchar defined as‘genuinefascism’, which wouldservecomparativeanddefinitional experts have tried tocome upan‘idealtype’ de when itcomes toitsdefinition and characteristics. Forthe lastthirty yearsseveral prominent . Theterm Ante Paveli inthe twentieth-century Europe isstillan openandinasensecontroversial topic genuine fascism fascist minimum fascist TheNature ofFascism. ć , theUstashimovement andtheIndependent ć wasaCroatianinterwarpoliticianknownasthe thought andpoliticalpracticeofAntePavelić is referred mostly to Italian and variant of fascism as “original” form, fascism as“original” of NaziGermanyvariant and mostly Italian isreferred to ubject isnecessaryduetothefact constitutescertainnotions which couldbe 1

howvariousEuropeanmovements andregimes whichemployed establishtheimportanc (Londonand New York:Routledge, 1996). 26. e conclusionthattheIndependent 2 Introduction Itisexactlythis usefulness d theIndependentStat based onprimary sources.Thustheevaluationof 1 tellectual investigation, it

and theIndependentStat finition of fascism orof the‘fascist minimum’ tificially constructed types. As Roger Griffin purposes, establishingwhatexactlymight be e offascistthoughtas mostly based on on based stateofCroatiaismostly thatnoneofthemodern fascist regarded asnecessarycomponents ofany . of certainmodels offascism StateofCroatia,asStanley Poglavnik [TheLeader]of e ofCroatia(1941-1945). willserveasthebasis e ofCroatia.Further anideologicalbasis CEU eTD Collection

3 Pavelić part ashisideological Furthermore, itremains tobeseenwhetherPaveli decisive roleintheproclamation newstate, ofthe strongly influencedbyit. writings. Iarguethatfascism presentedthecore ofPaveli books, speechesandpamphlets, Iintendtoesta analyzed withinthecontemporary modelsoffascis knowledge, suchresearchhasnot striving towards building afascist state. Theimportance of suchresearch ismultiple. Tomy purpose istoestablishwhetherornotAntePaveli asfascist. question ofwhetherornotwemight consider very important aspectofit.Thisbecomes im that theideological aspects of Ante Paveli base my workonthenotionofth economy and social dimensionsoftheIndependent StateofCroatia.AlthoughIintendneitherto this might betrue,suchconclusionsleaveanope G. Paynesays,ismerely a‘puppetstate’. StanleyG.Payne. This researchwillfocusontheideologi ’s intellectualandpoliticallifeinthe1 A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 and politicalmentor.This

e state, norto yet beenconductedandPaveli 3 Thoughjudgedonthebasis ć . (Wisconsin: The University University The . (Wisconsin: as providePaveli Ustashi movement andtheIndependentStateof 2 issuebecomes veryimpor 920s andespeciallyduringthe1930swhenhe Poglavnik of theUstashi movement, presents a portant especially when tryingto answerthe

cal andpoliticalth ordidheexpectforMussolinitoplayacrucial ć n field forfurther investigations of thestate, blish theimportance offascismwithinhis m. Byanalyzingvarioussources,suchashis might belookeduponasafascistideologist ć ’s ideologicalthought,andthathewas ć wantedtheGermans toplaya ć ’s extensivebiography,Ibelieve ć of Wisconsin Press, 1995). ought ofAntePaveli wasneverconfrontedand of itslegalproclamation tant whenweexamine ć . My . My CEU eTD Collection

Strahote Zabluda organizational document ofthenewlyestab Principles of theUstashi Movement] his most organizati important the abolishment oftheKingdom ofYugoslavi organization Ustashi,andstarte allies. Hereceivedasubstantial amountofm Fascist , Paveli period inthedevelopment ofPavelić ander inMarseille1934. assassination ofKingAlex MacedonianRevo VMRO [Internal Italy, heassociated himselfwithseveralextr This wasthecrucialmoment inhispoliticallif 1929, AntePavelić Kingdom ofSerbs,CroatsandSlovenes,who contact withsome oftheprewar which wasknownforitsstrongnationalpol andSlovenes.Hewasalawy Ante Paveli Fascist Italy. spent most ofhislifeandpoli Ideologically andstructurally,the1930spr [TheHorrorsofIllusions], in ć was charged withconspiracy against ć wasanactivepolitician came underthestronginfluenceand tical activityunderthesponsorship d topromote andactivelysupport onal andideologicalworks:Na Croatianpoliticianswhofoughtag lutionary Organization]with ’s ideologicalthought.Duringth er andanactive member ofthe

(1933) lished Ustashimovement, andalsohis1938book , itical activities.Du a. ItisinthisperiodthatPaveli eme positionedCroatianemigrants andwiththe in theinterwarperiod which waslaterpublishedin1942asthemain 3 oney andtraininggrounds forhisparamilitary e andideologicalthought.Afterheescapedto

emigrated mostly toAustria orHungary.In which hewritesabout and esent themost important andinteresting the stateandwassentencedtodeath. support ofMussoliniandhisclosest andinfluenceofMussolini ring the1920sPaveli č the overthrowofkingand which helaterorganizedthe ainst theestablishment ofthe ela Ustaškogpokreta in theKingdom ofSerbs, at time, whichhespentin Croatian PartyofRights ć producedtwoof ć wasin [The , CEU eTD Collection

4 Radio Zagrebtheestablishment oftheIndependen of theIndependentStateCroatiaregardingitspositionbetweenGe as hisspeeches andnewspaperarticles, thisconstitutes the basisof my investigation of Paveli the worksandpaperspublishedaf system, which isyet to achieve itsfull strength as ‘contaminated’ political systems, andfascism asthe new European andworld ideological andpoliticalthought. with theUstashimovement, whichPayne definedasafascist movement, with AntePaveli Although theIndependentStateofCr to initiate adiscussion on theposition of AntePaveli within thebroadercontextofEuropeanfascism ideological foundation andstructure. and theIndependentStateofCroatia,Paveli justifies theexamination of Paveli great supportamong itsmembers. Itisexactlythisnotionofundisputedleadership,which important, especiallysincePaveli will provide me withkeyinsights presented inhisbookandpamphlets, andtheircomp Payne. Fascism: Comparison and Definition. and Comparison Fascism: On April10 ć My studyofAntePaveli ć 's ideologicalconvictionsandthoughts. th , 1941SlavkoKvaternik,therighthandofAnte Paveli

ter the establishment of theInde The examination ofhisideologi ć ’s ideological andpolitical thought aims atpositioning him ć wasafounderoftheUstash intohisideological convictions and actions.This isvery ’s ideological basis.AsPoglavnik oatia isnotclassifiedasafasciststate,noauthorhasdealt (Wisconsin: the University of Wisconsin Press, 1980). 16-17. 16-17. 1980). Press, Wisconsin of University the (Wisconsin: ć andmeaning ontheworld scale. Combined with 4 istobeconsideredastheestablisher of their and fascistthought.With thisresearch,Iintend

t State of Croatia in wh arative analysiswithinthistime framework, ć withinbroaderEuropean fascistideology. Prominent scholarshavemostlydealt i movement andhadenjoyed pendent StateofCroatia,such cal baseandideas,especially rman andItalianinfluence. of theUstashimovement 4 andtheestablishment ich hestated“today, ć , proclaimed on ć ’s CEU eTD Collection

5 literature onfascism andth what fascismishasevolved.Thechapterwi the SecondWorldWar untilnowadays. Theaimis Second World War. presentma Iwill will beconducted. The purposeis toshowhowscholarshavereflected onfascism after the standpoints. are questionswhichcanbeansweredonlybyexamining Paveli culture, societyandeconomy already presentin thegoalsof Paveli the circumstances ofinternationalwar. Moreover, what waspresentinPaveli the factthatSecondWorldWa once heenteredZagreb. for furtherinstructionsfrom Italy,andhewas several questions.Although the KingdomofYugoslavia.TheabsenceAntePavelić German generalVeesenmyerwhowasinchargeof thesituationafterGerman troopsinvaded Karlovac, some 40kilometres awayfrom Zagr Croatia hasbeendecided.” before thedayofresurrectionourGod’s Zagreba PetarPozar. č My first chapter willbedevotedtothetheo Having inmind thecontextof1941statepr ka stvarnost, 1995). stvarnost, 1995). ka Ustaša: dokumenti oustaškom pokretu ć ’s ideologicalconvictionsandaffiniti 5 eir viewofAntePaveli he wasinCroatia,Paveli Atthetime of the proclamation AntePaveli

r hadalreadystarted,Icome to jor theoreticalmodels offasc probably uncertain of how the people might react probably uncertainofhowthepeoplemight react eb. Theproclamation wasbeingenforcedbythe Son, theresurrectionofourIndependentState 5 ll alsoreflectonthe‘domestic’ ex-Yugoslav [Ustashi: Documents onUstashi Movement]. (:

wastheideaof establishingafascist state, retical framework withinwhich this research to showhowthescholarlyunderstanding of ć ć , Ustashimovement andtheIndependent remained inthecityof Karlovacwaiting oclamation anditsestablishment, mostly atthetime of theproclamation poses es hewasableto thequestionofhowmuch of ć ism, startingfromtheendof ć ’s ideological and in what scope? These andinwhatscope? ć wasinthecityof achievedueto and political CEU eTD Collection

programs orpamphlets, publishedfrom theperi fascism exertedastronginfluenceon him, Iwillfocus onseveral ofhiswritings, such as,books, thought in hiswritingsandspeeches. Since, and definitions. establish whetherornotPaveli defined byGriffinandPayne,were ideological andpoliticalconvicti influential oneswithinmodernscholars.By State ofCroatiausingRogerGri ideological andpoliticalbeliefsduringthe1920s1930sin within theinterwarandIndependentState dealt withthis subject, and whichs within thecontemporary literature onfascism. Thepurposeistoestablish howwesternauthors on theevaluationofAntePavelić and ideologicalbeliefsthroughouttheinterwara activities andinfluences. examined and analyzed. fascist theoretical models, within whichPaveli State ofCroatia.Bydoingthis,Iintendtoshow My fourthchapterwillprovideanin-depthanalysis ofPaveli The thirdchapter willfocusontheideol The second chapterwillprovide a With thisIintendtoacquaintther ć couldbeseenanddescribedas ffin’s andStanleyG.Payne’smodels offascism asthetwomost ons, Iintendtoexamine ifthema ources they used intheir analysis. , Ustashimovement and theIndependentStateofCroatia present withinhisideologica analyzing varioussourcesregardingAntePaveli short descriptionofAntePaveli in my opinion,thiswasaperiodduringwhich 6 the prevalence oftwocu ogical andpoliticalbackgroundofAntePaveli nd post-warperiod.Thechapterwillalsoreflect

od ofthe1930still1945. TheanswerwhichI of Croatiaperiod.Iintendtoinvestigatehis ć ’s ideological and political basis willbe eader withhispoliticalbackground fascistwithin the periodofIndependent in components of fascism, as in componentsoffascism, as l convictions.Theaim isto ć ’s ideological andpolitical rrently most dominating these taxonomies ć , hispolitical ć ’s ć

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fascism. WiththisIintendtoprovideinsight methodological approachwhichIwillapplyin fascism withinPaveli analysis regardingthetwomentioned models of comparative analysisofPaveli product ofCroatianradi to answerthequestionofwhetherAntePaveli before andafterthe1941proclamation oftheIndepe presence ofthisnotionwithintheideologicalandpo most influential scholars in thisfield, RogerGriffin andStanleyG.Payne.Iwillestablish the will provide iscontained withinthe notionof th My workwillrelyontwomethodological aspect ć cal nationalistthought. ’s writings, speechesandvarious ć ’s ideologicalthought.Byusingthecomparativeapproachand s intohisideological thisworkistheanalysisofPaveli ć 7 istobeconsideredasa fascist ideologist, ora

e ‘fascist minimum’ asdefined bytwoof the fascist theory, Iwillexamine thepresence of litical thoughtandactivitiesofAntePaveli ndent State ofCroatia.Thiswillenableme s ofinvestigation. First,Iwillconduct a newspaperarticles.The second beliefs andstandpoints. ć ’s discourseon ć , CEU eTD Collection

6 elaboration oftotalitarianism wasdonein Aarendt inherbook The firstelaborativeperspective on thenotio how itestablished andmanifested itselfamong diffe fascism Theyintendedtoperceive andcommunism. field of investigation and contextualization of thenotion of totalitarian systems, specifically This isthe same terminology whichIw Fascism, whileall other movements orstate formati commonly acceptedthattheterm Fascism, withacapit was coinedin1919Italyandassu establishment ofthenewworldorderwhichwouldreplaceexistingone.Fascism asaterm the aspect of transformation and renewalofna humanity and peace. What characterizesfascist main ingredient, othersremained focusedon While some strived towards thetotal control over have manifested themselves invariousforms and fascism,communism, oranyother–ism, theyhavebeenthemotor ofhistory.They Hannah Aarendt. Ever sincetheSecondWorldWar scholarsof constitute acoreoftwentiethcentu The Origins of . Totalitarianism. of The Origins The OriginsofTotalitarianism

I. Theoretical Approaches ch firstappearedinItalyas ill useinmyresearchandpaper. (San Diego: A Harvest Book, 1968, c1948). c1948). 1968, Book, AHarvest Diego: (San 1956 byFriedrichCarlJoachim andZbigniew 8 n oftotalitarianism waspresentedbyHannah ideology isthestrongpresence and emphasis on

tion andsociety,it aspects ofhuman lives a prosperity ofsocietieswithinthenotion societies andhadanaggr ons areclassified as fascist,withthesmall f. the main characteristics ofsuchsystem and rent societiesindifferenttimes andspaces. ry Europeanhistory,whether wetalkabout different disciplineshaveengagedinthe al F,isusedforthedescription ofItalian , firstpublishedin1948. a statesystem. Thereforeitis ’s striving towardsthe nd societiesingeneral. essive note as their 6 Thesecond CEU eTD Collection of an Interpretationi“

8 7 its ownhistoricalindividuality. phenomenon. Thiscausedtheapproachinwhich the endof1970s,fascism seenandinte was period ofthe1990s.” from 1960still1970s,thesecondoneinperi investigations might bedivided, asGentile sugg being presented.Thevastamount ofscholarlyin fascism isandwhichmovements orstateformati investigation. Eversincethen,differentnotions,suggestions,definitionsandmodels ofwhat or atleastonewhichstrived toward becoming one,soonbecame themain coreofsuch although lateritspreadamong different which makes itmore staticandclosedfortransformation. elaborative studiesof totalitarianism isthatth Aarendt’s analyticalmodel withthefuncti Brzezinski intheirbook Massachussets: Harvard Press, University Harvard 1956). Massachussets: Emilio Gentile. “Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Re Political and “Fascism, Gentile. Emilio Totalitarianism Carl J.Friedrichand Zbigniew K. Brzezinski. During thefirstperiod,whichiscommonlysaid At thebeginningresearchhasmostly been

in Fascism 8

Totalitarian DictatorshipandAutocracy. Totalitarianism and Political Religion. Religion. Political and , Totalitarianism

The mostprominent scholarandre countriesoftheworld.Fascis onal one.Themain betweenthetwo difference e former onepresentsamodelandnottheory, Totalitarian andAutocracy. Dictatorship Totalitarian 9

ests, inthe “three periods of renewal, first one fascism waslookeduponasthesystem without ligion: Definitions and Critical Reflections on Criticism on CriticalReflections and Definitions ligion: ons might beconsideredasfascistones,were od ofthe1980sandthirdonewithin terpretations andperiodsoffascistscholarly rpreted asanti-modern andanti-historical constrained withintheEuropeanborders, tolastfromthemiddle ofthe1960still (London: Routledge, 2005). 36. 36. 2005). Routledge, (London: presentative ofthisfirstperiod 7 TheyconfrontedHannah m, asatotalitariansystem, (Cambridge, CEU eTD Collection fascist andtheIndependentStateofCroatiaas“puppetregime” movements. What becomes interestinginthis case Payne makes adistinctionbetweenwhat,heconsid interwar movements bytheirdifferentcateg Payne providedatypological definition of fascis 14 13 12 11 10 9 state and itssocialoreconomic structureand goals.Thisperiodismarked bytheinvestigationof Nazi Germany increationofth ‘the fascistnegations’followedby‘ideologya typological descriptionoffascism ideology, cultureandrevolutionarycomponents bl perspectives andnotions,butratheras“com forward adefinitionoffascism, whichno in 1980byStanleyG.Payne, History was GeorgeL.Mosse,whotogether

Interpretationi“ Interpretationi“ Ibid. “Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion: Definitions and Critical Reflections Criticismon an CriticalReflections and of Definitions Religion: Political “Fascism,and Ibid. Totalitarianism Payne. Griffin. Payne. Griffin. De Religion: Political and “Fascism,Totalitarianism Ibid. It iswithinthesethree notions, which serv The secondperiodisdistinguished from th in1966. Fascism: Comparison and Defintion and Comparison Fascism: Defintion and Comparison Fascism: The Nature ofFascism. The Nature ofFascism.

in in in in Fascism Fascism 9

, , Totalitarianism and Political Religion. Religion. Political and Totalitarianism Totalitarianism and Political Religion. Religion. Political and Totalitarianism 7. 7.

e IndependentStateofCroatia,withoutanyexamination ofthe Fascism: ComparisonandDefinition consists ofthreeimportantconsists as with Walter with Laqueurfoundedthe . 16-17 and 137-138. 137-138. and . 16-17 . 7. nd goals’andfinally‘sty orization withintheinterwar period. 10 bining newandmodernbining features,withitsown longer sawfascism withinthenegative only e as certain, as Griffin says,“check-list” asGriffin e ascertain, ended withtraditionalandreactionaryones.” e firstonebytheprintingofbookwritten isthatPayne seesthe Ustashimovement as finitions and Critical Reflections on Criticism of an an Criticism of on CriticalReflections and finitions m usingthebroad varieties of ultra-right ers, canbedefinedasfascistornon-fascist 41. 41. 36-40. 36-40. pects whichhecategorizesas 14 . Inhisbook,Payneput le andorganization’. regarding therole of the Journal ofContemporary 11 Payne’s 13 12 , that

10

CEU eTD Collection 19 18 17 16 15 accepted, itonlyimplies, ifscholars agreewith fascism andits main core might seem attractive Roger Griffinandsummarized inoneconcisesentence. Althoughsuch concisedefinition of principles” attempts stretch from ErnstNolte’s “theor offascis could beconsideredascommondefinition different. Duringthelastthirtyyearsscholarshavetriedtocome descriptions andtheoriesIhavenoticeddifferent Asdescribed above,thedebateoverwhatex establish whatmay ormaynotbe populist ultra-.” political ideologywhosemythic co fascism isandwhatmight beconstitutedassuch, an objective entity” Griffin proposeddelineationofanidealtype with thepublicationof RogerGriffin’s bookin1990, theoretical aspectsoffascism, anditsmoderniz framework anddefinition offascism,es individual movements, andgra

Ibid. 7. Ibid. 6. Ibid. 26. Ibid. Griffin. Defintion and Fascism:Comparison Ibid. The lastand most recent researchperiodstarte The Nature ofFascism 18 , toStanley Payne’s “typological definition” 16 andinsteadarguedprovidedaconciseonesentencedefinitionofwhat 17 10. 10.

dually increasingskepticismwhen included within itispresent evennowadays.Within different re initsvariouspermutations . 36-42. . 36-42. pecially inthelate1980s period. y ofgenericfascism basedonphenomenological 11 fascism, claiming thatit“doesnotcorrespondto ing andaestheticvalues notions and aspectswhichareeither similar or Griffin, that unlessthis‘fascistminimum’ is , andinasenseitis in whichhesaysthat actly constitutesgenuinefascism andhowto m, thatis,thecertain ideal type of it.The d withthe1990s andth The NatureofFascism 19 and tomost recentonepresented by up withacertainmodelofwhat is apalingeneticform ofthe itcomes to the theoretical . Theturn wasmarked “Fascism is agenusof andthereforewidely e returntowards the . 15 Inhisbook, CEU eTD Collection the coreofthisresearchis sources whichbothauthorsusewhendealingw ith theIndependentStateofCroatia.Although by investigating andmore deeplyanalyzing not onl European, orbettersayItalian, of them seestheIndependentStateofCroatiaandits organizations whichthey define either asfascist, up withthedefinitionoffasc organizations inEurope.Within theirabovementioned works,bothauthorshavetriedtocome Payne, haveonethingincommon whendeal such simple onesentencedefi define something whichexistedan reexamination hasnot been done. Suchconcisedefinition alsoraises thequestionofhowcanwe or evencomparative study oftheUstashimoveme and regimes within this newcoredefinition of fascism. Unfortunately, when itcomes tothecase aspect whicharises from suchdefinitionisth found withinthecommunistideaofcreatingane 20 extreme right-wing are also frequently palingenetic,” genuine fascism may also befoundwithin,asPayne being fascist.Ontheotherhand,hisnotionofpa present, onecannotincludevarious

Payne. The twomostinfluentialscholarsdealingwi A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 Fascism, of A History nottheIndependentStateof nition of‘fascistminimum’.

fascist thoughtandideo ism andhistoricaloverview of d manifested itselfinvariousdi , andinmany waysdistinctive . 5. at scholarsneedtoreexamine variousmovements 12 proto-fascistorradica lingenetic myth assomething whichconstitutes nt andtheIndependent w societyinnearfuture.Anotherimportant y their definitions, but alsotheliterature and ing with variousfascistmovements and says,“Leftist,moderative, conservativeand th fascism, RogerGriffinandStanleyG. logy. Why isthatso,might beanswered Poglavnik Croatia, buthermain ideologue, variousmovements andstate movements orstatesystems as fferent ways and forms within fferent waysandformswithin Ante Paveli 20 andthismight evenbe l-nationalist one. Neither State ofCroatiasuch ć asproductof CEU eTD Collection Krizman within theEuropeanfascistmovements, they and definitionsoffascism andhowonemay or posed byinternationalscholars.Althoughnoneofth protagonists werefascistornot it wasbuilt.Therefore,theque communist regime whichstronglyemphasizedit impact onitshistoricalinve Pavelić the lastfiftyyears,theirnotionofth prominent ‘domestic’ scholarsinformer andnowadaysCroatia.Unfortunately,for 22 21 embracing authoritarianregime. Inthisperiod,the appeared duringthe1990speriodofHomelandWar this topic. to theirextensivesourceanalysisandresearch, political thought. Poglavnik AntePaveli

Tre 1983 Globus, (Zagreb: Mussolini]. Hitlerand Between Croatia Stateof Independent [The i Mussolinija FikretaJeli Krizman. Bogdan ć i Reich wasinfluencedbydifferentideological In former Yugoslaviathiswashighlyinflue The second ideological influence, evenmore dangerous forscientific scholarship, The notionoftheIndependentStateCroa 21 [The Ustashi and the Third Reich]. (Zagreb: Globus, 1983). 1983). Globus, (Zagreb: Reich]. Third and the Ustashi [The and FikretaJeli ć ć -Buti ć Paveli Ante Ustaše iNDH . Ustaše ć , thenotion ofstateplayed animpor ć stigation andinterpretation. i Ustaše iUstaše -Buti

[Ustashi and The Independent State of Croatia]. (Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1977). , wasneverquestionedassuchw ć , stion ofwhethertheIndepende 22 [Ante Pavelic and Ustashi]. (Zagreb: Globus, 1978). avastamount ofarchivalmate e IndependentStateofCroatiaandits provided, especiallythe 13 these arestilloneofthemostreferredbookson may notmerge theIndependentStateofCroatia s ant-fasciststruggle aspects whichhadatremendous amount of Independent StateofCroatiawaspresentedas nced bytheideologica e authorsdealtwithth tia hasalso beenasubjectofvarious in Croatiaand Franjo Tu tant aspectinhisideologicaland ithin the theoretical frameworks nt StateofCroatiaandits rial andsources.Exactlydue and foundationsonwhich books writtenbyBogdan l foundationsofthe e theoreticalaspects NDH izme Poglavnik đ man’s all all man’s ). Ustaše i Ustaše ). đ u Hitlera Hitlera u Ante CEU eTD Collection Central European University Press, 2004). 72. 72. 2004). Press, University European Central in 24 23 frameworks, butalsowithin themodern andmoretheoretical framework of fascism. Inmy within thescientificandschol theoretical framework ofEuropeanfascism isstillmissing. research which wouldencompass notonlythehistor regarding the interpretations of AntePaveli influences. Eventhoughcertainstepsforwardhave historical researchandinterpre certain archival materials, theIndependent St in Zagreb],published2001. by professorIvoGoldsteinandhisresearchonJewsinbook period. within thepositive notionof statecreationas th investigations, allowedfortheI interpretations, whichwere influenced more historical moment withinCroatian exclusivist ideologyweresimply neglected,se Interpretations, withinwhichal the achievement ofthelonglastingCroat’shistorical battleforthecreati

Ivo Goldstein. Goldstein. Ivo Croatia” Century Twentieth in Memory and Myth State:Nationalism, the Were “We Defending Biondich. Mark . (Budapest Europe Southeastern - New York: Twentieth-Century of case The Identities: National and Ideologies 23 The aspectofresearchwhich This politically motivated ideological influe

Holokaust uZagrebu Holokaust

l theatrocitiesandcrimes agai tations, hopefully,thistime without 24 arly gapofthetwoabovemen [Holocaust in Zagreb]. (Zagreb: Novi Liber, 2001). 2001). Liber, Novi (Zagreb: in Zagreb]. [Holocaust ndependent StateofCroatiaandits With thisbookandGoldstein’sinsistenceontheopeningof historical battle for the creatio will bedoneinthispaper ć andtheIndependent Stateof Croatia,asystematical ate ofCroatiaonceagainbecame subjectof the 14 by politicalthanseriousindependentscholarly rved toemphasizetheimportance ofanother beendonewithinCroatianhistoricalscience nce changedwith the e most importantaspect of that historical y ofitbutalsoplacewithin themodern nst thosewhodidnotsupportsuch Holokaust uZagrebu tioned ideologicallyinfluenced n oftheindependentstate.Such requires tobe placed notonly protagoniststobepresented anyideologicalpremises or new approachbrought on oftheirownstate. [Holocaust CEU eTD Collection (London: Routledge, Decem 25 modern scholartheoriesoffasc one ofthefewinterwarsubjects,whichhavenot the existing controversies, Ustashimovement and remains thesubjectofcontroversy.” years aftertheendofS journal also inmore generalresearch,canbefoundin establish theextenttowhichfascistideology waspresentandhadinfluencedhim. intellectual thought.Byexamining andanalyzi research themain pointwillbeon focus

Sabrina P.Ramet. ”The Sabrina Why suchresearchisimportant,notonlyfrom Totalitarian Movements and PoliticalReligion, NDH – Introduction” – An NDH ber 2006). 399-408. ber 2006). econd WorldWar, theNDH[the

ism andfascistthoughtinEurope. 25 Iagreewiththestatement, but would alsoadd thatbeside the ideological aspects of Ante Paveli , Vol.7, No.4. Religion Political and Movements Totalitarian in 15 the statement givenbySabrinaP.Ramet inthe been classifiedandcompared within thepresent ng thediscourseofhiswritings,Iintendto the Independent Stateof Croatiastillremained thepointofviewmentioned above,but where she saidthat“Eventoday,60 Independent StateofCroatia] ć ’s political and CEU eTD Collection Purdue UniversityPress, 2007). 209. (Zagreb: Naklada Europa, 1942). 4. 27 26 which was,asCrljensays“thesame Jesuit gymnasium. Bosnian cityofJajceafterwhich railroad constructor. His fatherdescendentfrom Lika,oneofthe II.a. Life,PoliticsandEmigration analysis. Croatia, withintheir histories of fascism andto scholars reflectedonPaveli presence withinthecontemporary history offascism. Thepurposeisto exile untilhisdeath.Thesecondpartofthisch also reflectontheperiodafter the provide relevantdataregardingth various politicalinstitutionsas the member ofthe and hisideologicalbasis.Iwill

Ivo Bogdan. Bogdan. Ivo Bernd J.Fischer, ed. of the Ustashi movementPoglavnik oftheUstashi theIndependentState of Croatia.Thedescriptionwill Ante Paveli This chapterwillpresentva Dr. Ante Paveli 27 ć wasbornonJuly14 26 Afterword, heattendedagymnasiumin Afterword, Balkan Strongmen – Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of Southeast Europe Southeast of Rulers Authoritarian and Dictators – Strongmen Balkan AsaboyPaveli ć riješio je Hrvatsko pitanje jeHrvatsko riješio ć II. Ante Paveli II. Ante , aswellontheUstashimovement IndependentStateof andthe

the Second World War whenPaveli describe him withinthe period whenhewaspolitically active in e contextinwhichheactedaspolitician,anemigrant andas he wenttostudyinthecityof rious factorswhichhadatrem ć gymnasium whichwasattendedbyAnteStarč livedshortlyinIstria,fini th 1889inasmall villageofBradinainHerzegovina. poorest Croatianregions,andhadworkedasthe 16 present the existinglack of literature andsource ć [Doctor Ante Paveli Ante [Doctor apter willdealwiththeanalysesofPaveli (1889-1959) Croatian PartyofRights the cityofSenj,onCroatiancoast, endous impact onAntePaveli shed elementary schoolinthe

ć ć Travnik wherehe finisheda has Resolved Croatian Question]. fledthecountryandwasin analyzehowvarious . Thepurposeisto . (Indiana: evi ć and ć ’s ć

CEU eTD Collection za odgoj i promidžbu u postrojni u i promidžbu odgoj za In 1928theyorganizedtheir Organization. member of councilor’s office.Paveli obtained hisLawSchooldoctoral in 1910afterwhichhewasacceptedasthelawstude 33 32 31 30 29 28 will of Croatianpeople. position inwhichCroatiawasin,andthecurrent Party ofRights independence. first speech, Paveli Republican Alliance, representative ofthenewlyformed in politicallifeoftheKingdom.yearPaveli That In1921,asamember of representative for th Eugen Kvaternik.”

fightersCroatian for freedom. Rights Ustaškog Pokreta, 1942). 31. 1942). Pokreta, Ustaškog MijoBzik,ed. Goldstein. Ivo Jeli Krizman. DanijelCrljen, ed. Ante Star ć in the second half of the nineteenth century. For Us -Buti His influencesoonspreadamong themembers ofthe ć č Ante Paveli . evi Croatian PartyofRights Ustaše iNDH Ustaše ć Hrvatska povijest 32 and Eugen Kvaternik were the main protagonist in developing and organizing Under hispatron,the . His activitieswerepointed toward the Soonafterwards,hebecame oneof Putem Hrvatskogdržavnog prava Poglavnik –život, misao, djelo [TheLeader –Life, Thought andDeed]. (Zagreb: Povjereni 28 ć ć e cityofZagreb. called for theunityof Croatianrepresentatives inorder toachieve Croatian i Ustaše Lateron,Paveli Croatian FederalistPeasantParty [Ustashi and The Independnet State of Croatia]. 15. 33

ć started tobe politically activedu č tvu, 1944). 4. 1944). tvu, [Ante Pavelicand Ustashi]. 9. [Croatian Histroy]. (Zagreb: Novi Liber, 2003). 248. 2003). Liber, Novi (Zagreb: Histroy]. [Croatian Second Saborwheretheystated thattheirgoalistheestablishment

degree andwasemployed byAleksa Croatian PartyofRights, youthorganization. Organization wascoordinatedinmore professionalmanner. 30 ć Itwasnotuntil1927thathegainedamore prominent role settledinZagrebwherehe Croatian Blocwhichconsistedof [On the Road of Croatian State Right]. (Zagreb: Tiskara 17 condition which forhimwascreatedagainstthe ć waselectedintheBelgradeParliament asthe tashi they presented the ‘founding fathers’ first and the ‘founding they presented tashi themost activemembers ofthe nt at the University of Zagreb. In 1915 he nt attheUniversityofZagreb.In1915he 29 neglecting of the existing stateandthe and CroatianPartyofRights

ring hisstudies,whenhebecame a Paveli Croatian RadicalPartyYouth finished classicalgymnasium ć waselectedasaCouncil ndar Horvatinhisprivate Croatian Peasant Croatian Party of Croatian . 31

In his č tvo CEU eTD Collection 37 36 35 34 regain theirfreedom again. feeling among Croatsthatthey institutions andvariousoutbuildi Croatian educational system and fear whichitcausedamongthepeasants.Theem Austrians done duringthecurrencychange,whenonenewlyestablisheddinar someone inBelgradewoke upanddecided.” word, andnottobeaservant,overwhom onecanhaveafreeuseof,accordingtothewayhow must fightforCroatianhomeland to historical staterights.Ina against thewillof Croatianpeople, andtherefore of theCroatiannationalistyouth.” students andhighschoolpupils,whichpresented,asJeli [ infiltrate itselfamong University the of theindependency.Theyouthorganizationwas followers priortohisemigration. Membersofthe

Croatian Defender Ibid. 52. 52. Ibid. 19. Ibid. Bzik,ed. Jeli ć -Buti In speechespriortohisemigration, Paveli Putem Hrvatskog državnog prava ć kruna. . Ustaše iNDH Ustaše Further on,hereflectedonthetaxesandtheirunfairness, ] wasestablished,whichpresents [Ustashi and The Independent State of Croatia]. 16. 1927 speech, given duringtheParliame nt campaign,hesaidthat“we 37

have losttheirfreedom in1918 ngs. InregardtothisPaveli 34 plans onclosingorrelocating

befree,toablegovern [On the Road of Croatian State Right]. 26. members. Itisinthisperiodthat 35 18 Healsoemphasized theunfairness which was ć Croatian Defender it must bechangedinfavor of themandtheir ’s stand wasthatcurrent most activeinZagreb,whereitmanaged to phasis wasalsoputonthedeteriorationof the highpointinorganizingPaveli ć -Buti ć saidthatall thishavecausedthe ć says“themost radicalmembers on her own, to have a decisive onherown,tohaveadecisive and thattheironlychoiceisto several important educational weremostly youngpeople, was saidtobeworthfour 36 situation wascreated policebrutalityand Hrvatski domobran ć ’s

CEU eTD Collection Croatia. difference betweenthetwogroupswasintheirconcept ofhowtoachievetheindependency developments in1941.” the ItalianenvoyinBudapest,forwhich Tomashevic 1927, wherePaveli meeting betweenPaveli Frank, sonoftheexprominent member ofthe legitimists, 41 40 39 38 Adecisivemoment inPavelić Parliament shootinginJune1928.Amember ofSerbianRadicalParty The disagree inmany questions,especiallytheone headquarters inGraz,thenViennaandlater established inDecember 1918. active persons who refused toaccept thenewlyform Krizman thatitwasin1927whenPavelić says of Croatianemigrants. the politicalsituationwithin Peasant PartyStjepanRadi fire onCroatiandelegateskillingtwoofthem

. 30-31. . 30-31. Collaboration 17. Press, 2001). University Ibid. 30. For more on memorandum see Tomashevich. Tomashevich. see memorandum on more For 30. Ibid. 17-18. Ibid. Jozo Tomashevich. Krizman. Ante Paveli Committee 40

On hiswaytoParis,Paveli ledbyColonelGeneral soondividedintotwooppositiongroups. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: Occupation and Collaboration ć ć iUstaše submitted thecopyofmemorandum whichIvoFrankalso deliveredto 38 41 ć Croatianpolitical emigration mostly consisted of former politically

andtheItalian Ministry. Them ć [Ante Pavelicand Ustashi]. 9. . The1928BelgradeParliament s theKingdom. Thedemonstrations inZagrebandRadić

39 InMay1919theyformed theCroatian Committee Baron StjepanSarkoti ć ’s ideological and political development came withthe met inViennawith general Sarkoti 19 andlethally injuring theleader of the moved toBudapest.Thegroupsoonstarted Croatian PartyofRights s connected withfurtheractionsand objectives. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: Occupation and ed Kingdom ofSerbs,CroatsandSlovenes, h saysthatithas“in visitedandmade contactswiththegroup ć eeting tookplaceinRome onJune . Thesecondgroupwas ledbyIvo The firstgroupwasthesocalled hooting causedaradicalizationof , JosipFrank.Themain , PunišaRa several wayspresaged ć , whoarrangedthe . (Stanford: Stanford Stanford . (Stanford: č withtheir i ć 's funeral Croatian , opened CEU eTD Collection country, crossingtheAustrian border.“ meaningful andwellprepared.” to reporters inwhichhesaidthat “Thiscrime, committed towards theCroatianrepresentatives is 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 VMRO charged withconspiracyagainstthestatedueto more radicalinhisviewsandactionsafterhe emigrant andPoglavnik says, buttheItalianborderat January 1929. Jeli Kingdom andtoemploy newwaysa there shallbeatremendous shift.” certain Yugoslav identity. Kingdom ofSerbs,CroatsandSlovenesintothe freedom of pressas well as allpolitical partie administrative changesbydividingthecountryin continued onJanuary6th,1929KingAlexande turned into amass political manifestation of

California Press, 1998). 327. 327. Press,1998). California Tomashevich. Paveli Ante Krizman. Jeli 67. Ibid. Bzik,ed. Ivan T.Berend. Goldstein. ć -Buti

[Internal MacedonianRevol Putem Hrvatskog državnog prava ć Ante Paveli ć . Hrvatska povijest ć Ustaše iNDH Ustaše -Buti . Doživljaji War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: Occupation and Collaboration and Occupation in Yugoslavia: Revolution War and 47 Decades of Crisis -Central and Eastern Europe Before World War II ThedateiscorrectbutPaveli ć saysinherbookthatPaveli ć i Ustaše [The Experiences]. (Zagreb: Vratna Gora d.o.o. 1998). 206-211. d.o.o. 206-211. Gora 1998). Vratna (Zagreb: [TheExperiences]. [Ustashi and The Independent State of Croatia]. 18. of theUstashimovement started.Inmy opinionPaveli [Croatian History]. 249-251. 249-251. History]. [Croatian 43 Immediately aftertheParliament shootingPavelić [Ante Pavelic and Ustashi]. 51. [Ante Pavelicand Ustashi].

thecityof Rijeka (Fiume). 44 Inthesame interviewhealso statedthat“Inpoliticalsituation 45 nd means infightagainstit. utionary Organization]. Thisshift is connectedwithPaveli [On the Road of Croatian State Right]. 67. 46 Krizman alsosaysthathe had been sentenced to death in July 1929. He was had beensentencedtodeathinJuly1929.Hewas ć 20 r decidedtoproclaim dictatorship. didnotcrosstheAust s. Thename ofthecountrywaschangedfrom ć the Croatian people. As the demonstrations theCroatianpeople.Asdemonstrations his connectionsandmeetings inSofiawiththe “inthenighton19/20January1929left Kingdom ofYugoslavia,in to ninecounties.Furt 48 49 With thismoment, Paveli Ashewassentencedtodeath,the leftthecountryon19thof . 32. rian border,asJelić ć ’s decision toleavethe her, heabolishedthe . (Berkeley: University of of University . (Berkeley: ordertogeneratea gaveastatement ć 42 became even became even Heenforced ć 's life as -Buti ć

CEU eTD Collection of publicityandpossiblyevensome prestigetotheUstashi.” dictatorship oftheKingAlexande support among theCroats,failed.Th moment, wasacomplete failure.The aim to Alexander in1934. independence. These and organizedoperationswhosepurposewasto placed infrontofthestate inst The Ustashiexecutedvarious terrorist attacksonrailroadinfrastructureorbomb explosions and organizedUstashiasthemovement, givingth 51 50 successfully accomplished butithadseveralrepercussions. Theassassinationofthe Yugoslav independent CroatianstatewiththeItalianassistance.” this organizationwasaviolentfightagainsttheYugoslavst becoming Italiancitizen.AsSlavkoKvaternik an Ustashi inthesmall mountain Forthemost ofhisemigration periodPaveli movement andgainedstrongsupportofFascist independence ofCroatiaachieved. only possibility for his returntoCroatiawa

Slavko Kvaternik].(Zagreb: Tomashevich. NadaKisi The ć Lika Uprising,althoughinlaterUstashipropaganda -Kolanovi War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: Occupation and Collaboration. and Occupation in Yugoslavia: Revolution War and ć . were the so-called Vojskovo Golden marketing, 1997). 86. 86. 1997). marketing, Golden

đ a i politika: sjeć ipolitika: a itutions. Besidesuch ‘small scale’ actions Ustashialsoplanned place of Bovegno, afteracquiri place ofBovegno, r, whichinaway,asTomashevich says“gavethe incident alot e uprisingcausedfurtherpoli Lika Uprising in anja SlavkaKvaternika 21 destabilize theKingdom by s iftheoldstatewastodisappearand destabilize theKingdom says inhismemoires “Thegoalandpurposeof Italy. InItalyheorganizedthefirstgroupof em properform andorganizationalstructure. ć wasinItaly where 50 Duringtheperiodof1930sPaveli 1932 andtheassassinationofKing presentedasabigandsuccessful 51 [Soldier and Politics: Memories of Memoriesof Politics: and [Soldier Thesecondterroristactwas ce repressionandmoreradical ate andthecreationof ng Italianpassportandthus 33. 33. and achieveCroatian he organizedUstashi gaining largescale ć lead CEU eTD Collection and The Independent State of Croatia]. 289-294. andVoki Affairs Foreign of govori 55 54 53 52 Ustashi movement andgovernment. attempt torefutehisleadership and functioningofthestate.Hesuccessfullymana World War Paveli “Two greatmen,revivers,DuceandFührer.” twogreat Pavelić sought toestablishCroatianstatewiththehelpof Independent StateofCroatiaPaveli and influence ofGerman military envoyVeesenmyer. by ColonelSlavkoKvaterni his Ustashiwereregardedastheonlyoption.Th With thebeginning oftheSecondWorldWar, Ustashi’sposition grew stronger.Since Italy favoredPaveli members weredisarmed andde Pavelić from FascistItalyandHungary.Theirtrainingcamps wereclosed had causedhugeinternationalintere extreme Paveli King AlexanderandFrenchForeignminister L

The main protagonists The Paveli Ante 47-61. Ibid. 33-35. Ibid. [The Leader Speaks].(Zagreb: Tiskara matice Hrvatskih Akademi referredtothem inhisspeechgiventotheUsta wasputunderstrongsurveillancewhenhewa ć . “Poglavnikove rije ć andUstashibecame intheirbattlefor independence.Althoughtheassassination ć wasanundisputedLeaderandmain ideo ć were Mladen Lorkovi , andVladkoMač ć General Army. General of the more For subjectseeJeli this on k onradiostationZagrebApr

č i hrvatskim ženama” tained ontheLipariIslands. failed,althoughtheactorswere 55 st, italsocausedtheloss ć wasabletoreturn as aliberator and Hisrelationships withHitler andMussolini varied widely ć ek refused tobecontrolled bythe Germans, Paveli (1909-1945) and Ante Voki Ante and (1909-1945) 22 [The Leaders Words to Croatian Women] in ouis BarthouinMarseill e IndependentStateofCroatiawasproclaimed his alliesFascistItalyandNaziGermany, oras ged toridoffanypoten s releasedfrom prisonwhiletheUstashi 54 shi female grouponAugust25 ThroughouttheperiodofSecond 52 53 il 10th1941,with logist whenitcomes toorganization č

ara, 1942).67.

of supportwhichUstashienjoyed ć With the proclamation of the ć Lorkovi (1909-1945). most prominent figuresofthe in HungaryandItaly.InItaly, ć -Buti e clearlyshowedhow ć . tial threat. Eventhe Ustaše i Ustaše NDH [Ustashi Poglavnik. Paveli the strongsupport was a Minister wasaMinister Poglavnik th , 1941 ć and ć

CEU eTD Collection www.pavelicpapers.com Religions Political and Movements Totalitarian Mario Ja and Mussolini] Hitlerand Between Croatia State of he ishidinginAustrianpalacesorItalianmonasteries. one knewwherehewasand 60 59 58 57 56 discovered document, from August25 which indicates thatPaveli on theJune5 45 to50thousandpeoplewerekille result ofsuchpolicywasthemass killingsconduct British army didnotaccept thesurrender buthad instead hand overthem toTito’s partisans. The people withdrawingwasaround100 surrender tothepartisansbut started inOctober1944,UstashidecidedtoescapeAustria.Thecommand wasnotto Ustashi and theirallies lostthe war.With th perspective. and stillpresentanopen fieldforfurtherinve Siniša Djuri history of the Ustashi movement and the Independent State of Croatia. The website and the project are headed by

documents/pavelic/ap0003.html. (Retrieved on May 19th, May 19th, 2009). (Retrieved on documents/pavelic/ap0003.html. Bleiburg and Jasenovac] Several documents regarding Paveli Vladimir Žerjavi Tomashevich. Krizman. seeBogdan ofrelations subject this more For on Supreme Allied HQ to 6th and 12th Army Groups, Army Groups, and12th 6th to HQ Allied Supreme The whereaboutsonPaveli In May1945Tito’spartisanforceswereapproachingZagrebanditbecame clearthatthe ć and CaliRuchala. 56 th

War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: Occupation and Collaboration. and Occupation in Yugoslavia: Revolution War and , 1945containsinformation givento6 ć . Opsesije i megalomanije oko Bleiburga i Jasenovca iJasenovca Bleiburga oko imegalomanije Opsesije . . The website is organized asthe project which would provide documents related to the (Zagreb: Globus, 1992). ć rathertotheBritishtr

might beintheareaoftheir Headquarters. ć d onBleiburgandforcedmarches. inthisperiodarestillunknow did heescape.Thereweresome indicationsandrumors that ć ’s whereabouts have recently been published on the website thewebsite on published recently been have ’s whereabouts to 150thousand.Duetheagreement withthepartisans, th , Vol.7, No.4., Vol.7, (London: Routledge, December2006). , 1945revealsthearrestofAntePaveli 23 e withdrawalofGerman stigations, especially withinthecomparative reb. “The NDH’s Relations with Italy and Germany” Italyand in with reb. “The NDH’s Relations ed bythepartisans.Itisestimated thataround NDH izme th oops stationedinAustria. and12 59 TheU.S.army military document,dated đ th available at: u Hitlera iMussolinija Hitlera u Army GroupsstationedinAustria [Obsessions and Exaggerations Over the n andpuzzling.Foryears,no 751-753. 58

forces,whichalready http://pavelic-papers.com/ http://pavelic-papers.com/ ć 57 60 byAlliedforces Theamountof [The Independent Onerecently CEU eTD Collection papers.com/documents/pavelic/ap0031.html.(Retrieved on May19th, 2009). enjoys theprivilegeofdiplomatic immunitysi Rome. Thedocument statesthat provides information thatPaveli (Via GiocchinoBelli,No.3),anditalsoindicates that Paveli The reportstatedthatheishidingintheIn document from January8 documents whichcanshedanewlightonPaveli 65 64 63 papers.com/documents/pavelic/ap0013.html 62 61 conviction lasteduntilBlagojeJovovi say,this wounded, afterwhichheescapedtoFranco’sSpain.Astheauthorsofwebsite Jovovi same websiteprovides a from Italy.” Genoa, arrived inBuenos AiresonboardtheItalian former headoftheIndependentStateCroatia to Argentina. TheCIAdocument, datedonDecember 2 performed.” in Austria. (Retrieved on May19th, 2009). on May 19th, 2009). May19th, 2009). on

For long time it was believed that Yugoslav Secret Police was involved in this action. action. in this Yugoslav SecretPolice was involved timethat Forlong it was believed Rome CIC on Pavelic's ArrestRome CIConPavelic's inAustria, Telegram Received byG-2, Arrival of Ante inArgentina, Ante Pavelic of Arrival CIC Memorandum from Agents Caniglia and Zappala, ć The website . 65 Theattempt tokillPavelić 61 63 Anothersecretandrecentlydisc What isknownthatPaveli 64 Itis knownthatattempt wasmade tokillAntePaveli www.pavelicpapers.com available at: available translation ofthebook th

, 1948says“Pavelich “In Rome PAVELIC tookrefugein ć washidinginAustriaandso

. (Retrieved on May 19th, 2009). 2009). 19th, May on (Retrieved . available at:

ć http://pavelic-papers.com/documents/pavelic/ap0029.html “Montenegrinreturnedtohishomeland forthefirsttime wasexecutedin1957,whenPaveli ć stitute "COLLEGIO PIO PONTIFICIO IN PRATI" INPRATI" PIOPONTIFICIO stitute "COLLEGIO ship SS SESTRIERE which docked on 6 November ship SSSESTRIEREwhichdockedon6November , afterprobablyspendingsome timeinEurope,fled nce itisunderthejurisd

24 providesavarietyof

availableat: http://pavelic-papers.com/documents/pavelic/ap0007.html overed document, datedonMarch15 ć and pro-Naziwarcriminal isreportedtohave ’s postwarhidingsandlife.Forexample, the Two BulletsforPavelić reported tohavehadplasticsurgery nd ć , 1948saysthat“AntePAVELIC, ’s family isinRome.

mehow managed toescape available at: available at: available areligiousinstitutionwhich iction oftheHolySee recently discovered discovered recently written by Blagoje writtenbyBlagoje ć inArgentina. The ć wasshotand

http://pavelic- http://pavelic- . (Retrieved th , 1947 . ” 62 .

CEU eTD Collection in English. English. in papers.com/documents/pavelic/ap0046.html 67 66 important authorsarepresented inthisshort analysis.The analysiswillmostly dealwiththe on fascism, sincethatwouldre State ofCroatia.Ofcourse,bythis authors havereferredtoAntePaveli on fascism writtenafter theSecond World Wa onFascism inContemporary Literature II.b. Presence time contextofhismain ideologicaldevelopment. ideology, especiallyinfluencedbyFascistItaly.Inmy opinion,thesetwoperiodspresentthe Within thesecondperiod,Paveli characterized asthestrong ultr being aLeaderoftheIndependentStat his politicalactivitywithintheKingdom, andthesecondduringhisemigration andperiodof thought andcontextvariedwidely Pavelić also providesanobituarypublishedin monastery atOstrog,that in fifty-fiveyearsandmade

http://pavelic-papers.com/features/tbfp.html News: Ante Pavelic Dies in Madrid at at 70, Diesin Madrid News: Pavelic Ante The contemporary literatureonfascism isusedhe As shown,AntePaveli diedinMadrid. 67

he hadfired the twobullets which killedAnte Paveli

ć a startlingconfessiontoArchbishopAmfilohijeatthefamous a-nationalist, fighting for the ex wasanactive politician, states quire asubstantial amount of time. Ibelieve that themost , I donotimply that I have examined all the existing literature and shouldbedividedintotwope ć . (Retrieved on May 19th, 2009). 2009). 19th, May on (Retrieved . combined hisstrong ultra-nationalism withthefascist ć . The website also provides the free download of the book translated translated the book of download the free provides also . The website New York Times, New York andhisUstashimovement, e of Croatia.For thefirstperiodPaveli 25 r. Iintend toexamine howthecontemporary which saysthatonDecember 29 which re as adescriptive toolfor theliterature available at: clusive independenceofCroatia. man andemigrant. His political as welltheIndependent riods. Firstistheperiodof

http://pavelic- ć .” 66 The website ć can be canbe th , 1959 CEU eTD Collection 1999). 1999). European fascistmovements. In European fascism, butit interwar fascistmovements. Thebookpresentsacertainbackboneontheinvestigationof comparative relationhe emphasizes similaritie provides theanalysisofEur this field,GeorgeL.Mosse,inhisbookTheFascistRevolution 72 71 70 69 68 characteristics as being anti,either towards the systems orother nationalities. Theauthor brief manner. Althoughdealtinabriefmanne Ustashi movement hardlyhadanyhistorypriortoApril1941,andthatit Ante Paveli Pavelić most important Yugoslavfascistgroupwasthe CroatianseparatistUstashiunderAnte mentions Paveli Oneofthefirstcomparative analysesonfascism wasdonebyEugenJosephWeber. In his bookVarieties of Fascism –Doctrinesof Croatia. western scholarsonfascism whoinmoreorless

1991, c1976). c1976). 1991, Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1964). 1964). Inc., Company, Nostrand Van Walter Laqueur, ed. ed. Laqueur, Walter George L. Mosse. 260. Ibid. AlanCassels. Eugen Joseph Weber. .” In thebookFascism–ARedaersGuide, 70 Thisistheonlymentioning ofthissubj ć orUstashimovement. Fascism ć andtheUstashimovement, butonlyin The Fascist Revolution – Toward a General Theory Fascism Theory of Toward a General – Revolution Fascist The Fascism –AReaders Guide, Analys . (Arlington Heights: AHM Publishing, 1975). Varieties of Fascism – Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century Twentieth inthe of Revolution Doctrines – Fascism of Varieties does notmention AntePaveli

opean fascism anditsdevelopment. Byplacingthem ina thebookpublishedin1975called 26 concisewaydiscussandelaborateonfascism in 72 Revolution intheTwentieth Century r theauthor,BelaVa is, Interpretation, Bibliografy is, Interpretation, s anddifferenceswithinvariousEuropean

ect inthebook.Another edited byWalter Laquer,itis statedthat the ć norUstashimovement the contextofFascistItaly,as“The 71

also makesnomentioning of . (New York:Howard Fertig, Fascism go, describeditsmain . (Aldershot: ScolarPress, shall bediscussedin prominent scholarin 69 aspartofthe AlanCassels . (New Jersey: d. 68

Weber Weber CEU eTD Collection Croatian fascist were luckier inestablishing thestate then theIronGuard.” author mentions Croatian fascists inone sentence, 75 74 73 Croatia. Inhis‘taxonomic verdict’Griffin in onlyonepassage,withAntePaveli opened adebateonfascism andhowonemight be In1991,RogerGriffinpublishedhis book new definitionandmodel fordescribingfascism. Ustashi movement andtheIndependentStateofCroatia. work donebyBogdanKrizman whopublishedseve movement andtheIndependentStateofCroatia. is validonlyuntil1976whenFikretaJeli mentioned authorsiscertainlydue not beingdealtwith.InWa theoreticians, Walter Laquer and George L.Mosse, International fascism,1920-1945 comprehensive oranalyticalworka What isinteresting isthat she explains the lack from whichshe provides andaccepts theirdescriptiv mentions thebook

Walter Laqueur. Laqueur. Walter Walter Laqueur& George L.Mosse. 247. Ibid. The absenceofCroatianfascism, especially Fascism – Past,Present,Fascism Future Der KroatischeUstashaStaat,writtenbyAndreasHoryandMartinBroszat, lter Laquer’smore recentbook

International fascism, 1920-1945 International , editedbytwoofthattime mostprominent fascist scholars and to the lack of literature onthissubject. to thelackofliterature bout themovement hasyetappeared.” ć , hisUstashimovement andtheIndependentStateof . (New York:Oxford UniversityPress, 1996). ć -Buti placed Ustashi movement underthenon-fascist 27 ofliteratureonthissu ć Thebookreceivedmuchattention,butitalso The nature of Fascism, whenstatingthatinobtainingthepower“The This wasthenfollowed byextensiveresearch wrotefirstextensiveanalysisontheUstashi defined. InhisbookGriffinalsodealt,though 74 of theUstashimoveme Croatianfascism orUstashimovement are e term ofbeing pre-fascistorsemi-fascist. ral booksonvariousto Fascism –Past,Present,Future . (New York: Harper & Row, 1966). bject andsaysthat“No in whichheproposeda 75 But suchan‘apology’

nt, withintheabove pics regarding the pics regardingthe 73 Inthebook , the CEU eTD Collection 77 76 faces ofauthoritarianregimes, heplacedtheUstashimovement underthe term fascist. elaborate on AntePaveli his onlysourcewasthebookDerKroatischeUstaschaStaat,1941-1945 broader subjectofforeignscholar’sinvestigations.Paynedevoted Comparison andDefinition proposing ormaking averdict,asGriffindoes. of languageinwhichtheywerewritten.Neverthele authors havenotbeentranslatedandtherefore analysis oftheUstashimovement book, this does not come asasurprise. Griffin’s‘tax movement. were written, whichareconsideredtobethetr then theverdictmust berefuted,sinceintheyear1933 which Griffinisexplaining,thenhisverdictcorrect.Ifbythishe Croatian revolutionaryOrganization radical right.Griffinisreferringonlyto it issurprisingthatGriffin does both writteninthe1960s.Itisnottosaythat

Payne. Jeli ć -Buti Der KroatischeUstashaStaat As tomy knowledgeitwasnotuntilStanleyG.Paynepublishedhisbook Fascism: Comparison and Definition. and Comparison Fascism: ć . 76 Ustaše iNDH Ustaše Whenlookeduponthesources, [Ustashi and The Independent State of Croatia]. 21. ć andUstashimovement, inTable2,whichhedistinguishes three in1980,thatAntePaveli

not atallreferto . Thereason for thiscertainly lies within thefact that these ] established byAntePaveli and the article article and the 16-17. 16-17. Croatian separatistorganizationorUHRO[ these worksdonotprovidevalidinformation’s, but that is,thetwosourceswh ansformational program fromorganizationintothe the analysisoftheirwo 28 onomical verdict’ isbase ss, oneshouldbeawareof L’etat ‘Oustacha’deCroatie Yugoslav historiansa ć and hisUstashi movement became the Principles of theUstashi Movement threepagesonthisissueand ć . Ifthisistheorganization meant Ustashi movement, rk requirestheknowledge ich Griffinmakesuseof, . ThoughPaynedidnot d intheusageofone nd theirelaborative theliteraturewhen (1941-1945), Fascism – Fascism – Ustashi – 77 Inhis

CEU eTD Collection outside ofhisscoperesearch,orhedisagree Morgan may havenotbeenacquaintedwithCroa years afterPaynedefinedtheUstashimovement State ofCroatia.Why isthatsobecomes ev 81 80 79 78 established in2000, European fascism. which wouldbebasedoncontemporary aspectsa movement. Nevertheless,thisonly Philip Morgan, their variousworks. Yugoslav prominent historianssuchasBogdanKrizman andFikretaJeli different questionsrelatedto State ofCroatia.Payneusesvari is exactlywhatPaynedidinregardtoAntePaveli of genericEuropeanfascism andtoextendth serves, asPaynesaysin hisPreface, as“Aco elaborative andsour later, more comprehensive book

The journal Morgan. Philip Xiii. Ibid. 1914-1945 Fascism, of A History Ibid. In 2006,thejournalTotalitarianMovements Even inmore recentbook, suchas Totalitarianism and Political Religion Religion Political and Totalitarianism , 2003). 1919-1945 Routledge, . (London: 80 thereisnomentioning ofAntePaveli ce supportiveanalysis 81 devoted the entire issue to the Ustashi movement andtheIndependent devotedtheentireissuetoUstashimovement

this subject. He also remain ous sources and alsorefers to . (Wisconsin: The University The University . (Wisconsin: A HistoryofFascism,1914-1945 shows thepresent lack ofcomp ofAntePaveli Fascism inEurope was founded in 2000. e framework ofanalysisandinterpretation.” mpletely newstudydesignedtoprovide anarrative en moreen puzzling,sincethisbookcomes several 29 s withPayne’sdefinition tian fascismandthereforedecidedtoleaveit ć nd theoreticalapproacheswhendealingwith , his Ustashi movement andtheIndependent , hisUstashimovement as beingfascist.Thereasonmight bethat ć andPoliticalReligion, , Ustashimovement ortheIndependent ć of Wisconsin Press, 1995). andhisUstashimovement. Thisbook s theonlyauthorwhomentions , various authorswhichdealtwith 1919-1945 publishedin2003by rehensive studyonthissubject , 78 Payneprovidesamore ofUstashiasfascist ć -Buti ć , enumerating , enumerating which was 79 This CEU eTD Collection and actions. but merely question them inregards topolitical andideological aspects of AntePaveli encompassed withinthem. Idonotintendtorefute either Griffins orPayne’stheoretical model, chapter Iwillusetwomodern comes toAntePaveli part ofthe chapterserves kept inmy mind whenanalyzinghispoliticala extreme emigrant. Theturningpointwascertainly and theIndependentStateofCroatia. or ethnic/racial components present within the theory. Unfortunately,theapproach again, onlyPaynedealtwiththeIndependentState English language,byemphasizingvariousissues andthemes. What Ramet andStanleyG.Payne.Thisissuepresents such asIvoGoldsteinandNadaKisi State ofCroatia.Theassociates and authorsofarticles were some prominent Croatianscholars

In thischapterIhaveshownPaveli ć , Ustashimovement ortheIndepende toshowthelack ofdetailedanal models offascism inordertoshowhowAntePaveli of Croatian historians has mainly beenreduced topolitical ć -Kolanovi ć ’s lifefrom beinganactive 30 nd ideologicalbeliefsandinfluences.Thesecond more complex historyoftheUstashimovement ć the firstattempt ofintroducingthisproblem in , butalsowesternschola of Croatiawithinmodern comparative fascist his1929emigration andth ysis andpublishedsourceswhenit nt StateofCroatia.Inmy next is interesting isthat,once politiciantobecoming an rs such as SabrinaP. is requirestobe ć ć ’s beliefs may be CEU eTD Collection Craotia]. 21. 21. Craotia]. mentioned above the of publishing the with is connected movement which Ustashi the into waschanged name yearthe this published in1932, Revolucionarne Organizacije and aims canbedividedintotwogr 83 82 was notwrittenbyPaveli version, editedbyDanijelCrljen,whichwaspublished Movement] III.a. TheTwoModelsofCo context ofmodernfascisttheoriesaspresen that Pavelić Ustashi movement underthestrongpatronageof Belgrade Parliament shootinginJune1928,soon acted andthe ideasandgoalshest from theKingdom. Suchdistinctionisnecessaryin activity within theKingdom of Serbs,Croatsan Aselaboratedinthepreviouschapter,ideological framework within whichPaveli convictions andactionsarebein

The year 1933 is considered to be the point of Ustashi transformation from the organization into the movement. In In the movement. into organization the from transformation Ustashi of the point be to isconsidered year 1933 The January 7 on signed was and document written thatthe Nevertheless, it isbelieved III. Poglavnik[The The documents usedfortheanalysisofAntePaveli Principles of thePrinciplesMovement. Ustashi of

wroteandpublishedmostof hismaterials whichwillbeanalyzed here withinthe written in1933. 82 followedbyNa ć himself, itismy belief thatsuch 83

ForthepurposeofthisresearchI [Constitution – UstashiCroatian Revolutionary Organization] Leader] andContempo g examined, shouldclearlydist ntemporary FascistTheory rived toachieve.Itispossible drawacleardivision afterthe oups. Thefirstgroupconsistsofthe č See ela UstaškogPokreta

ted byRogerGriffinandStanleyG.Payne. Jelić 31 -Buti d Slovenesandtheactivity after hisemigration Fascist Italy. It was during the 1930s and 1940s Fascist Italy.Itwasduringthe1930sand1940s after whichheemigrate ć viewofdifferentcontextswithinwhichhe Ustaše i NDH i . Ustaše

in 1942.Althoughthe ć ’s thought,ideolo elaborationcouldhavenotbeen [The will alsouse themore elaborated rary Fascist Theory [Ustashiandthe Independent State of inguish betweenhispolitical

th Principles oftheUstashi 1929. See Požar. 47. 1929. See Požar. Ustav-Ustaše, Hrvatske d andestablishedthe later editedversion gical convictions ć ’s

CEU eTD Collection the Croatian Ustashi Liberation Movement]. Liberation Ustashi Croatian the issued under different name: Croatian Revolutionaries]. In the period of the Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945) the newspapers were S. Mrzlodolski. See Jeli newspapers suchas ideological convictions. and goalsoftheUstashimovement, whileth The firsttwodocuments arestrongly connected w 86 85 84 The authorshavemade asignificantcontributio scholarly works oftwocontemporary expertson fascism, RogerGriffinandStanley G. Payne. source foranalyzingcertainaspectsofhi despite thetemporarily establishedparliament Pavelić Croatia andvarious LawDecrees, allsigne editions whichservedaspropagandaandeduca the Independent Stateof Croatia].Iwillalso us Službeni listNezavisneDržaveHrvatske [The CroatianPeople–MessengeroftheustashiMovement] and of Illusions]writtenin1938 inItalianandlate published withouthisauthorization. Thelastsourceishisbook

148. and Tomashevich. On the notion of Paveli During the first years newspapers were called Italy 1938, Sienna, in in wasfirstpublished book This The secondgroupofdocuments containsofPaveli wasanundisputedLeaderoftheUstashim The documentsandPaveli ć War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: Occupation and Collaboration. and Occupation inYugoslavia: War Revolution and -Buti Ustaša ć 's authority seeJeli 's authority Ustaša ć . Ustaše iNDH 85 [Ustashi],

- Vjesnikhrvatskog Ustaškog oslobodila ć ’s speecheswillbeexamined andanalyzedwithin the ć [Ustashi and the Independent State of Croatia]. 25, note 50. -Buti Ustaša-Vjesnik hrvatskih revolucionaraca hrvatskih Ustaša-Vjesnik Hrvatskinarod-GlasiloHrvatskog Ustaškog Pokreta s politicalandideo [The NationalNewspapers– d andsome of them written by Paveli ć . e bookpresentsastronginsightintoPaveli Ustaše i NDH [Ustashi i Ustaše and the Independent State of Croatia]. r translatedinto Croatianandpublishedin1941. 32 e thespeeches collectedandpublished asspecial and ,statelegislationcanserveasa under the title “Errori a orrori”, under the pseudonym: A. A. pseudonym: underthe aorrori”, title“Errori the under n towardsthedevelopment andelaborationsof tional instrument intheIndependentStateof ovement andtheIndependentStateofCroatia ith theestablishment, organization, activities logical convictions. ć ’s speeches,publishe č kog pokreta Strahote Zabluda The OfficialMagazineof [Ustashi [Ustashi-Messenger of 344-345. 344-345. NarodneNovine- 86

ć himself. Since - d eitherinthe Messenger of Messenger of [The Horrors ć ’s own 84

CEU eTD Collection 104. 89 88 87 the independent onallofhernational andhistoricalterritory.” task to,bythearm uprisingliberate Croatiafrom theforeign rulesoshe may becomecompletely Ustashi Movement government. independence andtheabuseneglectingof collection of hisspeechesfrom before1929,Paveli this goalcanalsobeseenbyPaveli state. Forthispurposeheestablishedandorga writings. thought, Iam using theirtoolsinordertoestablishthepresen established states.Sincethescopeand definitions or analytical notions as tools for analysis and comparison of themovements or analyzing Paveli were already explained in thefirst chapterand willbeelaboratedfurther within thescopeof they includewithinthiscateg decades, the notionofgenericfascism andwiderrangeof

Ustaša: dokumenti o ustaškom [Ustashi: pokretu o ustaškom Požar. dokumenti Documents Ustaša: on Ustashi Movement]. 45. Bzik,ed. Aristotle A. Kallis. “The ofFascism: ‘Regime-Model’ A Typology” Principles oftheUstashiMovement: One oftheprime goalsofAntePaveli 87 Putem hrvatskog državnog prava althoughtheydifferintheirdefinitionsof 88 Thedemand forindependenceisalsopresentinthe1932 ć ’s thought.However,its where it is stated that “Ustashi, Cr “Ustashi, that stated is it where

ory. Forthepurposeofthisstudy,abovementioned theories [On the Road of Croatian State Right]. 1942. ć ’s politicalactivityevenpriortohisemigration. Inthe aim ofthisresearch isAntePaveli Article 8statedthat “Croat ć hould bementioned thatbothauthorsusetheir wastheestablishment oftheindependentCroatian nized theUstashi movement. Thesignificance of 33 CroatianstateandrightsbytheBelgrade certain fascist case studieswithinthelast fascism,andwhichmovements orstates oatian Revolutionary ć 89 oftenspeaksabouttheneedfor The same demand isemphasizedin in European History Quarterly ce offascistthoughtinPaveli ian peoplehavetherightto ć andhisideological Organization, has a Organization, hasa Constitution ofthe , 2000. , 2000. 77- ć 's 's CEU eTD Collection Hrvatskih Akademi not standbesideher,isth right expressionofgeneralwill Rights thought. Itwasstronglyinfluencedbyhi Independence, asthehigh politicalgoal, wasthe basisof Ustashiactions andPaveli 92 91 90 continuity createsacertainspecific Pavelić proclaimed andputforwardasth establish theirsovereignty on theentireunbrokennational ideological convictions.Iwillfurtherexamine th that a‘newman’ is ‘turning-point’ inthehistorical process” whic contemporaries arelivingthroughorabouttolive constitute and presentcharacteristics of politica palingenetic myth ofrenewal,rebirth.Gri In of fascism. section of this chapter these ideas willbe studie established andtheprinciplesof

Griffin. Gross. Mirjana ed. Crljen, Danijel and itsfounderAnteStar himself. Since Croatia in theinterwar pe As onecanseefrom theseabstracts, thees The Nature ofFascism. The natureofFascism, Izvorno Pravaštvo č ara, 1942). 46. Na č ela UstaškogPokreta the of Ustashi [The Principles destined toappear.” e traitorofCroatiannation.” 35. 35.

[Authenticall Right]. (Zagreb: Golden Marketing, 2000). 24. č thefuturepolitical,socialand evi Griffinputforwardatheoryof Croatianpeopleandtherefore e main purposeandgoalofPaveli ć whosawthe circumstances which influenced Paveli s membership and ac 92 Anotherimportant aspectconcerningtheusageof h isaccompanied witha“characteristicsub-myth 34 ffin pointsoutseveralim d from theperspectiveof l palingeneticmyth. Thefirst isthebelief “that e territorywithin which Party ofRights tablishment of theindependent Croatia was riod was not an inde an not was riod througha‘sea-change’,‘water-shed’or 91

tivity withinthe fascism asbasedontheideaof every educated Croat, who does every educatedCroat,whodoes economical system. Inthefirst Movement]. (Zagreb: Tiskara Matice , notasaPartybut“theonly and historicalterritory.” ć independence was to be independence wastobe ’s Ustashi,butalsoof RogerGriffin’stheory portant factorswhich pendent country,this Croatian Party of Croatian Partyof ć ’s political and ć ’s political 90

CEU eTD Collection 98 97 96 95 94 93 there werealsonumerous articlesinnewspapers andCroatianstate.” Rights, flower ofournation.” representative inZagreb,Paveli who livedthere, whichfitsGriffin’spalingeneti neglected. However,Paveli territory whichwasoncepartof but alsowiththeterritoryofHerceg-Bosna writings. Thisrebirthisstronglyconnectedwith “inspired elite.” traditionally acceptedforms ofauthority and politic fascism isthat“fascism isanessentially charismatic typeof political force,” thus refuting the peoples andculturesjudgedinferior.” fascism which“usually impliesthe ethnic or cultu backwards butforward.” a senseofrestoration,“thebirththesame”, palingenetic myth inanalysisofideologywhichGri

in in Ibid. 91. 91. Ibid. Ante Paveli Herceg –Bosna was the term used to describe the territory of the nowadays . 42. Ibid. 42. Ibid. 35-36. Ibid. Poglavnik govori Paveli The rebirthofthenation,asseenby ć . [The Leaders Speech to th “Poglavnikov to govor Speech predstavnikuMuslimana” Leaders [The ć statedthat“ourbrothersMuslims today representthebackboneofCroatian 95 [The Leader Speeks].13.

97 Alsoinhisspeechtothe delegation oftheformer 93 98 Griffinalsoemphasizes thenoti Besides Paveli Besides ć

placedthemain emphasis noton ć referredtoBosnian Muslims asthe“bloodofourblood, Croatianmedievalst 94 Anotherimportant notionwithinGriffin’stheoryof 96 ć Griffin, isalsopresent withinPaveli ’s notionoftheBosnian,in and theCroats living there. Byencompassingthis but thatinsteadthe“arrow oftime thuspointsnot 35 c myth model. Inhis1941 speechtotheMuslim theestablishment IndependentCroatia, ofthe , writtenbyothers,which describedthesame ral superiorityofthe ffin emphasizes isthatit al powerwhichrelied onthesupport ofthe ate, historicalnot on of“pervasiveracism” within the territory but on theCroats reborn nationovercertain hisviewCroatpeople, e Muslim Representative] e Muslim Representative] must notbeusedin e ofitcannotbe Croatian Partyof ć ’s thoughtand CEU eTD Collection State Right]. 31. Movement].No. 19. November 9th,1941. Bosnianees” andrepresentsCroatianeesm as population. Therethe“Croatianeesmisbeingsavedinnewfo 102 101 100 99 Croatian historyandcontaminati emphasized thecontamination and degr same level,sincetodaywedonotevenhavewhathadthen.” nation since,asPaveli that theSerbswerenot anorga foreign rule.Thisideacouldbes presented thecoreof‘realCroats’ significant isthestrongbeliefinpurityof which isnotunusualifweknowth territory ofBosniaisnotonly article titled it appealsfor the‘rebirthofsame’.In newspaper situation anddevelopedidea.Thismight seem astheexactoppositeofGr

Road of Croatian State Right]. 10-12. 10-12. State Right]. Croatian of Road

UstašaVjesnik – hrvatskog Ustaškog oslobodila Ibid. “ Ante Paveli Crljen, ed. The secondimportant ideaisthatCroatian Hrvatsko Sveu Hrvatsko Na ć The Blood HasNotFailed . “ č ela Ustaškog Pokreta Velika povijesna borba“ borba“ povijesna Velika č ilište” ć said,“afterthebreakdown ofAustro-H [Croatian University] in in University] [Croatian

important withintheperspective [The Principles of the Ustashi Movement] in Article 4. 30. nized nationandthatth on oflanguage.Heemphasizedthat een inhiswork priortoPaveli at thestateestablishment wastheprime aim, butwhatismore [Great Historical Fight]in who speak“thepurestCroatianlanguage.” adation ofCroatianuniversities, č the emphasiswasputonth kog pokreta implemented in the7thand8thcenturyAD.” the Croatslivingonthisterritory.ForPaveli Putemhrvatskog državnog prava 36 society wasforcenturiescontaminated by [Ustashi is wouldprovetobe Ustaša - Putem Hrvatskog državnog prava. državnog Hrvatskog Putem Messenger of Croatian Ustashi Liberation ungary wehavenotstayedatthe of thehistoricalstateboundaries, ć ’s emigration. Heoftenclaimed from November 9 rm of selfpreserving-the thishadbeentakingplace 101 e purityoftheBosnian In that period he also iffin’s definition, since iffin’s definition,since [On the Road of Croatian 102 theneglectingof fatal for Croatian fatalforCroatian 100

th , 1941inan [On the [On 99 ć they The CEU eTD Collection and theLawDecreeonBanningUsageofCirilicScript suffered somuch concerningtheirlangua when the German orHungarianinfluence,never 107 106 105 104 103 [Parliament] onFebruary28 in ordertodestroyit.Thisisevident inhisspeech given attheclosingsessionof interwar periodandPaveli influence ontheCroatianlanguage.Suchwere history oftheIndependentStateCroatia. outside thescopeofthiswork,t purification wasmore orlessachieved,andwith what wastobecome thenationalpurification,va Croatian nationfrom contaminated social,economic, andculturalelements.Forthe purposeof and Latinscriptwerebeingneglected. from theearliestdaysof elem of Croatia seeIvo Goldstein. [On the Road of Croatian State Right]. 50-53. Liberation Movement]. August 24th, 1941. No. 8.

Ibid. 151. 151. Ibid. [Ustashi: pokretu o ustaškom Požar. dokumenti Documents Ustaša: on Ustashi Movement]. 155. concen atrocities, committed of subject more the For on Ibid. Ustaša “Oslobodiše nas nas svega” “Oslobodiše All threeof thesedecreeshavetobeconsid The legislationadoptedinthe - Vjesnik hrvatskog Ustaškog oslobodila Ustaškog Vjesnik hrvatskog , 105 the Holokaust uZagrebu ć ’s beliefthattheCroatianlanguagehadbeenpurposelycontaminated Law DecreeontheFormationofCroatianState LanguageOffice [They Have Liberated Us From Everything] in th

entary schooltotheadministrati , 1942 when he stated that“no , 1942whenhestated hough, itpresentsaveryimportant Independent StateofCroatiaha 103

[Holocaust in Zagreb]. (Zagreb: Novi Liber, 2001). 2001). Liber, Novi (Zagreb: inZagreb]. [Holocaust 104 Severallawscondemned foreign,mostly Serbian, č throughout thecenturies 37 kog pokreta kog pokreta tration camps, and racial politics in the Independent state Independent the in racialpolitics camps,tration and which atrocities ithasbeen implemented, falls rious law decrees wereissued.The waythis ge asthroughthistwentythreeyears”and ered withinthestrongcorrelationwith Law Decreeabout the Preservationof . [Ustashi 107 matter howmuch wetalkedabout

on in which the Croatian language on inwhichtheCroatianlanguage - aspectwhendealingwiththe Messenger of Croatian Ustashi Putem Hrvatskog državnog prava d itsmain aim topurify the have Croatianpeople Sabor 106

CEU eTD Collection Hrvatskog državnog prava 28th 1942). 39-42. Decree About the Preservation of the Arian Blood and Honor ofCroatianpeople, Decree AboutthePreservationofArianBloodandHonor 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 direct executionofpossiblyasmany as150,000vi national belongings. Decree ontheCitizenship, guard theCroatianbloodpurity.Thesewere the fieldoflanguage.” “capitulation totheBalkanmentality inthemost blamed intellectualsforquicklyacceptingsuch contamination whichhedescribedasthe twenty years” andthat itistheir of newspaperreporters,Paveli were nowwritingin the become so strong thateventhepeoplewho of ‘fakeYugoslavhistory’, on March8 respect totheSerbianlanguageand on theaspectofCroatianlanguageasbeingcont therefore weneedto“establishourlanguage,pure,andthewayitis.” Leader Speaks]. 62.

Ibid. April 19th, 1941. 1941. April 19th, Ibid. 1941. April 30th, Ibid. 1941. April 30th, Ibid. 63. Ibid. Paveli Ante Paveli Ante Narodne Novine Poglavnik Saboru i narodu Also connectedtothenotionofpurification arethelawdecreeswhosepurposewasto th , 1928hestatedthatCroatianeducationalsystemnowservedonlyforthepromotion ć ć . “Poglavnikov govor novinarima” . “Uništenje hrvatske prosvjete““Uništenje hrvatske [The National Newspapers]. April 30th, 1941. April30th, 1941. [The NationalNewspapers]. 115 [On the Road of Croatian State Right]. 50-53. 111 Theimplementation ofthesedecreescaused,asPaynepointsout“The ekaviandialect and Cirilic script.

[The Leader to the Parliament and and Peop Parliament tothe Leader [The 114

aswellthe ć said, that “the Croatian language duty tofightagai n languageandculture.Healsost Cirilic script.Inhisspeechgi [The Destruction of Croatian Educational system]in [The Leaders SpeechtoJournalists] in used towriteinth Law Decreeonthepreservation oftheCroatian 38 Law Decreeon theRacialAffiliation, aminated and systematically underprivilegedin nst this problem. sensitive sphere ofnationallife,capitulatedon ctims inthecountryofnomorethansix 109 Ina1941speech,giventothegroup le]. (Zagreb: Tiskara Merkantil, February February Merkantil, le]. (Zagreb: Tiskara e Latinscriptand hasbeencorruptedforthelast ven attheBelgradeParliament 110 Inthe same speech,Paveli ated thatthis 108 Pavelić Poglavnik govori stokavian dialect 113 oftenreferred influencehad andtheLaw 112 the Putem [The Law ć

CEU eTD Collection the most horribleway.” becoming mostlethalintheinterwarperiodwhen “SerbiawasoppressingtheCroatiannationin and purityofCroatiannation.Forhim,thatwaslo becomes clearthatbyestablishingtheindependentstate,Paveli 120 119 118 117 116 but alsoinvariousnewspapersar was alsothe casewiththeideology present inAntePaveli of theregenerative processbywhichso practice bythefascistrevolutionisseenitsactivists notas anendinitselfbutasthecorollary Pavelić which existedoncebutnowneeds Slavs” that greatness ofCroatiannationandpeople Croatian peopleandplacingthem, onceagain,side regime save thatofHitler.” at leastinproportionedterms exceededanyother million, even if insome casesthemeans were in speaks]. 5. Religion

Griffin. Paveli Ante 39. Article6. Ibid. ed. Crljen, StanleyG.Payne.“The NDH St eedom andstatehoodtothosemassesCroats werethe“carriersofideafreedom subdued 117 , Vol.7, No.4.(London:Ro ’s beliefsandactionsneedto In hisbook,Griffinarguesthat This multiplicity ofthoughts,institutions a andhadlongbeenorganizedcommitt The Nature ofFascism. Na ć . č “Poglavnik hrvatskom narodu” hrvatskom “Poglavnik ela Ustaškog pokreta Ustash of the Principles [The 119 116 Itisexactlywithinthisspecifi 44. 44.

utledge, December2006). 412. Totalitarian Movements and Political Political ate inComparativeand Movements Perspective” in Totalitarian ticles andlawdecrees.Itisalsomy opinionthattheconstant be contextualized andanalyzed. to beestablished after centuries of foreign influence that “The destructionwhichisne ciety istobepurgedofdecadence.” canbefoundinArticle5ofthe [The Leader to Croatian People] in 39 direct, wasanextraordinary mass crime, which st throughoutcenturiesofforeignruleandwas nd lawsaimed atregaining thepurityof by sidewith thegreatnationsofEurope. The Balkan dictatorshipandanyotherEuropean ed tothebenefitsofcommunity. i Movement] in Article 5. 34. Article 34. in 5. i Movement] ć c contextofthenon-existingstate, ’s thoughts, writings andspeeches, ć wantedtoregaintheoldglory cessitated bothintheoryand Poglavnik govori Principles 120 Inmy opinionthis which [The Leader Leader [The 118 Thus

says

CEU eTD Collection goals”, and“styleorganization.” 122 121 definition offascism, becauseitisnot basedonly Independent StateofCroatia. 1945. his booksFascism–ComparisonandDefinition within theStanley G.Payne’stypologicaldefiniti and socialsystem? Inmyfurtherexamination ofAntePaveli and publishedmaterials. Theonlyqu way inwhichheorganizedandledtheUstashimove fascist, andthathe strived towardsestablishing Ante Paveli examination andanalysisofPaveli would itexist? Principles with theestablishment oftheindependentst to resultintherebirthofanewentitysometh with abroadnationalappealandsupportwhileat temporary processwhosetaskca presence ofhistorical examples

Payne. ed. Crljen, The reasonforreferringmostly to Payne’s typologicaldefinitionoffascism has These questionsshallbedealtwithinde Fascism: Comparison and Defintion. Comparison and Fascism: havenamed “cincar-balkaninvention?” ć Na canbeimplemented withinGriffin’smodel, whichallowsmetoassume thathewas č ela Ustaškog pokreta Ustash of the Principles [The

couldbeseenasthe‘rebirth lled for therenewal of lost ć ’s writingsandpublicationsw estion remaining ishowdidPavelić 122 7. ffers widely from Griffins fromGriffins Payne’sbroaderdefinitiondifferswidely thelaterbookisduetoitsmo ing reborn,yetnew?Was thattobeaccomplished 40 ate andthedestructionofoldone,which fascist system.Thiscanbeconcludedfrom the on offascism.Payne’smodelwaselaboratedin and thelaterone thesame time settinga pathforward. Was that 121 onacore principle. Paynesaysthathe is ment. Itcanalsobeseenwithinhisspeeches three arguments, “negations”, “ideology and tail inthenextchapter,whenthorough Ifyes,inwhichsystem andinwhichtime i Movement] in Article 7. 44. Article 44. in 7. i Movement] ć , Iwillexamine thenotionspresent purity andthusprovidedPaveli ofthesame’, butonlyasa ill begiven.Ihaveshownhow A

History ofFascism–1914- re elaboratednotionofthe sawfascismasthestate ć

CEU eTD Collection “idealist, voluntarist creed.” present here ashortsummary 128 127 126 125 124 123 of Pavelić fascist, especiallyinth recognizes Paveli Payne sees theIndependent StateofCroatiaasmerely a“Nazipuppetregime” book leadership andcommand. among theyoungergenerations,andth strengthened withtheemphasis on themascul mass mobilizationandmass militia. Thisisfollowe . Thethirdaspectregarding the “s criteria of“negations” aresummed upinfasc emphasizes thenotionofexpansionorradicalcha economy, whetherwithnationalcorporatist,soci authoritarian statewhoseeconomicbasiswoul presenting an“analyticaldeviceforpurposes

Ibid. 406. 406. Ibid. 15. Ibid. 404. Ibid. AHistory Fascism,of Ibid. 1914-1945. 7. Ibid. AHistory Fascism,of Ibid. 1914-1945. 6. A HistoryofFascism,1914-1945, Fascism: Comparison and Defintion. Defintion. and Fascism:Comparison Under hiscriteriaof“ide When dealingwithAntePaveli astheundisputed Leader andmain ideologue ć ’s Ustashi movement asfascist. e secondperiodofthe1930s, 125

124

of themain components. Thisnotion isfollowed bythe creation of modern nationalist ology andgoals”Payneemphas 17. 17. ć an important aspectrequire e notionofcr within Payne’smodel offascism, aspresentedinhis 41 ist criticism towardsliberalism, communism or ofcomparative analysisanddefinition.” ine principleandmale dominance, especially tyle andorganization” 127 d bestructuredontheintegratednational nge inthestatesforeignpolicy.Hissecond d bytheaestheticstructure of representation 128 SincePayne definesUstashimovement as alist orsyndicalist eating authoritarian,charismatic styleof thisrequires elaboration onthe position ofthemovement. By s specialatte izes the creation of new izes thecreationofnew is characterizedbythe character. Healso this Iwillexamine ntion. Although 126 healso 123 I CEU eTD Collection hrvatskog državnog prava[Onthe Road of Croatian State Right].23. 132 131 130 129 assassination ofthekingAlexanderin1934.Theunsuccessful ready togoinorderachievethis ‘Resurection’ agreement, butonlywiththeResurrection. “The tenyearlongCalvaryofCroatian peop Croatia wasnottobeindependent. within theexistingpoliticalsyst emphasized thatthereshouldbe on thechargesofconspiracyagainst thestate. nationalist politiciananditiscertain thathebecame evenmoreradicalwhensentencedtodeath important aspectinhisconcisedefinition of ultra-nationalism withinPaveli means andtends tonormatize warand/ormilitary virtues.” elitism, mass mobilization, andthe for nationalrebirththatisbasedonaprimar surveyed ashismain political how much ofwhatconstitutes histhoughtand ideologyasfascistwithinthisperiodcanbe of Croatian State Right]. 67. the Treason of Croatia and Disrespect Towards the June Victims] in

Ibid. “ ć Paveli Ante Jeli 14. Ibid. ć -Buti Payne synthesizes the definition of fascism as“aform of revolutionary ultra-nationalism Svako popuštanjezna ć . Ustaše iNDH Ustaše . “Za podpunu samostalnost Hrvatske” samostalnost . “Za podpunu [Ustashi and the Independent State of Croatia]. 19-20. č ilo bi izdaju Ioskvrnu Hrvatske izdaju bi ilo

and ideological convictions. ć em oftheKingdom ofSerbs,Cr ’s thought.Thisnotionisthesame asGriffin’salsoi.e.an no more politicsofagreement andparliamentary discussions 131 Führerprinzip Inthespeech givenonNovember 28 132 fascism. ThereisnodisputethatPaveli 42 Theclearestexamples ofhowfarPaveli ily vitalistphilosophy,isstructuredonextreme 130 [For the Complete Independence of Croatia] in le cannotandmust notbefinishedbysome are theso-called , positively values violence asend aswell Inspeechespriortohisemigration, Paveli ć e lipanjskih žrtava” e lipanjskih Putem hrvatskog državnog prava 129 Firstletme reflect onthe notionof oats andSlovenesforaslong Lika Uprisinghadtheaim of Lika Uprising [Any Giving Up WouldMeant th , 1928hestatedthat in1932andthe [On the Road the [On ć wasa ć Putem Putem was ć

CEU eTD Collection training camp of Janka Puszta. training campofJanka Kingdom ofYugoslaviawhichaccusedHungaryfor Since theLeaguecondemnedthatac ofNation pamphlet dedicatedtoNazi Germany called 138 137 136 135 134 133 this periodthatPaveli the crucial point inPaveli was laterplacedundersurveillanceinSiennaand Florence. France, they werebotharrested and keptinde of them attheLipariIslands.Although Italyrefused toextraditePaveli independence. Italiangovernment disarmed most which wouldcausedestabilizat at thattime towardsreachingth Yugoslavian government neverpubli marginalized bytheirforeignsponsorsandsu interwar extremism. Italsopresents the and infiltrated Ustashimembers. destabilizing theKingdom bycau

Ibid. 32-33. 32-33. Ibid. 35. Ibid. 34. Ibid. Tomashevich. Krizman. Tomashevich. I considerthe1934assassinationofkingAlex With thelostofsupportUstashimovement became unabletoexecuteany furtheractions Ante Paveli War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: Occupation and Collaboration and Occupation in Yugoslavia: Revolution War and Collaboration and Occupation in Yugoslavia: Revolution War and ć i Ustaše ć publishedhisbook ć ’s furtherelaborationofhisgoals 157-159. 157-159.

e agreement withFascistItaly. 135 133 sing theinsurrectionbasedon AlthoughFascistItalywastheUs ion oftheKingdom ofYugoslaviaandbringCroatian

cly accusedit,duetotheFrenchinfluenceandheractivities point fromwhichtheorganizationandPaveli Hrvatsko pitanje Strahote zabluda pporters, especiallyFascistItalyandHungary. 43 tention forthenextyearandahalf,Paveli t, andunderthestrongdiplomatic pressureby of theUstashimembers andinterned majority supporting Ustashi,Hungaryclosed Ustashi ander asthehighpointofUstashi 137 and ideologicalconviction.Itwasin 136 Itismy opinionthatthispresents [The CroatianQuestion]. [TheHorrorsofIllusions]anda mass support ofCroatianpeople

. 35. . 33. tashi's main supporter, the ć andEugenKvaternikto ć 138 became became There 134 ć

CEU eTD Collection 141 140 139 these are the idols that will return the lands to high goalwas tobeaccomplished. Hesaidth the situation inthelastdecade. In the same in whichCroatianfreedom shouldbeachieved,th in large scaleactionsduring thepe the independenceandliberation.This killings andviolence.ForPaveli that is,purificationoftheCroatianpeoplewas within which Paveli international s and thatindependencycouldbeachieved,es under strongsurveillanceandhisUstashimember the battle,sacrificeanddunge present situation assomething which every Us important question, that is,thequestionofCroatianpeople.” Pavelić detained ontheLipariIs are alsoseveraldocuments regardingtheco

Ustaša Ibid. 194. 194. Ibid. 196. Ibid. As quoted in Krizman. The aspectofnationalrebirthwasstronglyconne sawtheassassination ofthekingasanact in February1932,Paveli ituation. ć formed itandlater implemented. As Ante Paveli 141 lands from thisperiod.From variousdecreesandlettersitisclearthat

on therecanbenofreedom.” ć ć riod oftheIndependent iUstaše. 187. violence presented thejustified means whenstrivingtoachieve ć saidthatifanybodyhadanyfurtherdoubtsabouttheways ispresentwithin article heemphasized the rrespondence betweenhim andUstashimembers 44 the peasants, bread to theworkerandfreedom to tashi member needsto accept because“Without at “Knife,gun,bomb anddestructivemachine, conducted withatrocitiesandlargescalemass at man wasunfamiliar withthedevelopment of whichintroducedtheworld“withonebigand s isolated,hebelievedthatfreedomwasnear pecially considering thedevelopment of the Ustashiactsandwaselevatedon State ofCroatia.In cted withthepolitical 140 already mentioned, nationalrebirth, Despitethe fact thatPaveli 139 means throughwhichthis He also referred to the referredto Healso his article,published andsocialcontext ć was CEU eTD Collection 146 145 144 143 142 Ustashi, active Croatianpartie using theelectoralresultsof Croatian people.Althoughsuchdatadoesnotexist,approximate the Kingdom,itisimpossible togetanydata Pavelić used against theenemies fortheachie that “Within thisliesthe rightandmoral jus of thestatehoodinorderforpeoplenottoloseth annihilation, especiallytheSerbs. several concentrationcamps suchasJasenova pointed towards theJews, Serbsand Roma people andhasculminated withtheestablishment of Independent StateofCroatia,andwas b tool inaccomplishing thefreedom. Violencegrew stations andtheassassinationofkingareclearexamples of violence viewedasthenecessary Croatia.” 2006). 2006). Religion Political and Movements Totalitarian in Catastrophe” to movement after 1941 and the ir electoral and political influence, prior to it. to prior influence, andpolitical the ir electoral and after movement 1941 to had also Itwould ofsupport. percentage approximate

Such examination would require various mathematical and statistical operations which might lead to the tothe lead might which operations statistical and various mathematical require would examination Such ed. Crljen, For more information on various aspects of Ustashi violence seeTomashevich. 397-415. Formore onthe process of violence Ustaš a – andUstashimovement. Sincethemovement did Mass appeal ormass mobilization presents an unresolved problem whenitcomes to 142 Krizman givesanaccountofUstashimemb Vjesnik hrvatskihrevolucionaraca Na Terrorist actsofblowing č ela Ustaškog Pokreta s andmembers oftheUstashimovement.

[The Principles Ustash of the [The Principles see Ivo Goldstein. “The Independent State of Croatia in 1941: On the Road Road the On 1941: StateofCroatiain Independent “The Goldstein. see Ivo 144 Croatian PartyofRights,Peasant Article 7 of the vement offreedom andindependence. [Ustashi – Messenger of Croatian Revolutionaries]. February 1932. up railroadsorbomb explosionsinfrontofthepolice ecoming more brutalandethnic-racial. tification ofallmeans Croatianpeoplehave which onhowmuch supportit include aspects of prominent politicians who joined Ustashi joined who politicians ofprominent aspects include 45 c andDanicawhichservedfortheirphysical eir faithandbasicinstinctforlife,proclaimed evenmorewiththe establishment of the Principles , Vol.7, No. 4. (London:Routledge,December ers stationedonLi i Movement] in Article 7. 45. Article 45. in 7. i Movement] not participated inthepolitical life of , whileexplainingtheimportance 146 support couldbeestablishedby Inhisbook actuallyhadamong the 145 pari Islandswhose

Ante Paveli 143 Itwasmostly andother ć and CEU eTD Collection the situationinwhichtheirpopularbasewasnarrowing. growing dependenceontheirallies might havemade a certain appealatthebeginn revolution inYugoslavia,1941-194 attempt inestablishingthepossiblesupport 149 148 147 What wastherealimpact oftheaddressa establishing andkeeping infunction thestate a address certainlyhadaninfluenceonitsmembers. consisted ofseveralwellorganizedgroups Mač remain attheirpostsandtocoopera administration, allcountydeputies,mayors of communesandtheircouncilmembers, etc.,to upon allthefollowersof followers bysaying“IcallupontheentireCroatiannationtoobeynewgovernment andIcall proclamation oftheIndependentStat account istheradioaddressof number was509,most ofwhom were appeal couldbeargued,butevenPaynesaysth Ustashi remains unknown,butshouldnotbene

As quoted in Tomashevich. Tomashevich. Krizman. ek enjoyedastrongmass supportamong thepopulation.His Ante Paveli War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: Occupation and Collaboration and Occupation in Yugoslavia: Revolution War and ć i Ustaše War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: Occupation and Collaboration and Occupation in Yugoslavia: Revolution War and 564-574. 564-574.

Croatian PeasantParty Croatian followedbydeterioratingeconom Croatian PeasantParty 5: OccupationandCollaboration.HearguesthatUstashi te loyallywiththenewgovernment.” youngmen bornbetweenthe1900and1914. e ofCroatia.Inhisproclamation Ma nd whetheritcausedthemass appealforPaveli is alsopresentinTomashevich’s book 46 at “Mostfascistmovements didnotachievetrue hisfollowers.Itismy opinionthatMač glected. Theexistence ing butthatduetotheirextreme violence,and pparatus in thefirst mont It isalso certain thatithelped Paveli 148 whoareinvariouspositions of leader VladkoMač Whatalsoneedstobetakeninto ic situationtheysoonfaced . 351-356. Croatian PeasantParty or nonexistenceofmass hs ofconsolidation. 149 č ek givenafterthe Itisknownthat ek addressedhis . 53. 147 War and Certain ć and and ek’s ć in

CEU eTD Collection certain isthatPaveli 153 152 151 150 myth, wasaccompanied byastrongformal emph people andnation,togetherwiththeattempt to movement andtheestablishedI undisputed Leader.Thelatteroneshowsthatheal clearly show thatPaveli proclamation astheone thanks towhom thismoment became possible. Croatia atwhichmoment Paveli mentioned circumstances. Theotheronewasth between Paveli book Pavelić imprisonment andUstashidetentionafterthe assassination ofthekingAlexander.Although occasions Paveli however onlytwoeventsinwhichPavelić analyzing Paveli relation withthemass support,andthiswillbeel mass mobilization, but itwasnonethelesschar

Payne. 14. Ibid. Payne. Hrvatski Narod Ante Pavelić wasseparatedfrom hisfollowers his position as The notionof Payne’s notionsofpopulism andel A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 Fascism, of A History 1914-1945 Fascism, of A History [The Croatian People]. April 10th, 1941. ć andhismembers, whichshowthestrongpositionofPaveli ć ć couldhaveeasilylosthisleadingpos ’s writing,positionandhowotherswr iUstaše ć strivedtowardsinsuringthemass supportamong theCroatianpeople. Führerprinzip ć hadastrongsupportandtrustam [AntePaveli ndependent StateofCroatia. ć wasstillinItaly.Neverthele . 14. . 12. and theeliterole,asdescribedbyPayne, itism thatis,asheargues ć andUstashi]Krizmancorrespondence provides ’s rolemight havebeenquestioned,i.e.ontwo 47 acteristic thatsuchwastheirgoal.” incorporatethemasses inbothstructureand asis on the role andfunction of the elite.” so representedthemost important factorofthe e proclamation oftheIndependentState aborated indetail aleadernever came intoquestion.Inhis ition. Thefirstisconnectedwithhis ote andperceivedhim. Thereare, ong hisfollowersandwastheir ss, hewasmentioned inthe “The appealtotheentire 152 thenextchapterby These two moments moments two These 151 ć , despitethe isinstrong 150 What is What 153 I CEU eTD Collection 157 156 155 154 of theUstashimovement.” people tobecome harmonized in embraced inthewholeofCroatianpeople,all “It isnecessary fortheUstashithought, theUsta individu Croatian nationandofeach Pavelić their ownindependentstate. emphasized thatthereshouldnolongerbeanydi Sabor of peoplepresentsthecorePaveli homogeneity anduniquenessofCroats,especiallywh period andduringtime oftheirsettlement. courage ofCroatsassoldiersandmembers of medieval king Zvonimir crown. certain old Croatian institutions such as stateandgloriousnati institutions ofonceexistingCroatian people invariousways.Oneofthemostsigni have shownthatPaveli Thought]. (Zagreb: Naklada Glavnog Ustaškog Stana, 1942). 86. 86. 1942). Stana, Ustaškog Glavnog Naklada (Zagreb: Thought]. prava

Ante Paveli Ante ed. Crljen, Poglavnik Saborui narodu Narodne Novine [The One who will not Work for Croatian People, shall not have any Rights] in Rights] any not have shall People, for Croatian willnot Work who One [The onFebruary28th,1942whenhecalledforth ’s view. The Ustashi wereto’s view.TheUstashi become arole The aspectofelitism wasstronglyconnected Na ć . “ č ela Ustaškog Pokreta Tko nebuderadio družtvovno zahrvtaskinarod, taj ne ć [The National Newspapers]. May 15th, 1941. ć andUstashistrived to achieve [The Leader to the Parliamentand People]. 45-47. 156 157

Inhis speechgiventoUniversitymembers oftheUstashi [The Principles Ustash of the [The Principles 154 their workand everydaylife with Emphasiswasalsoputonth al. InhisspeechgivenonMarch29 ć ’s thought.Thiscanclearlybeseeninhisspeechgiven Sabor 155 Suchexamples servedtoshow theonceexisting ficant wasbyemphasizing theoldtraditionsand 48 theconqueringEuropeannationsinmedieval vision betweentheCroatswhoarenowlivingin orLegalDecree onth of hislayers. Itisnecessaryforthewhole -models andexamples ofvirtuethenew shi idea,andtheUstashiPrinciples to be en theylivedintheir ownstate.Theunity e unityoftheentireCroatianpeopleand withtheUstashimembers, atleastin i Movement] in Article 4. 25. Article 25. in 4. i Movement] the mass appeal among theCroatian on. Thiswasdonebyrecalling e mo thePrinciples andlearning’s e ancientorganizationand ć i zasebe svojatati niti nikakvih th , 1942Paveli e establishment ofthe Ustaška misao ć said that [Ustashi [Ustashi CEU eTD Collection Liberation Movement].Liberation 51-52. DecemberNo. 25th, 1942. a Croat.” beamanofduty,work,fight,dignity, needsto Ustasha, “Ustashi thoughtandmovement arecreatin mind andheart.” the seed from whichanewCroatian man willgrow 161 160 159 158 models whichforGriffinandPayneconstitute Pavelić formed states,theiranalysis provides auseful these models infirstplace serveasanalyticalandcomparative toolforvariousmovements and serves toshow thatPaveli strongest followersofthis organized ontheseprinciples,a “The law,uponwhichtheentireyo one.” be, notonlyCroatian,capable,butitneed to thehighschoolcommandersandfunctionaries he implemented intotheeducationalandupbrin movement onApril8

Crljen, ed. ed. Crljen, Ibid. 93. Ibid. Ustaša – Vjesnik hrvatskog Ustaškog oslobodila Ustaškog hrvatskog – Vjesnik Ustaša 160 . Asshown,Paveli The analysisofthefascistmodels presen IntheIntroductionto 159 Na Paveli č ela Ustaškog pokreta [The Principles of the Ustashi Movement]. 3. 158 ć Inthenewspaperarticle, strongly emphasized that the Ustashi idealsandprinciples need tobe th , 1942hestatedthat“NowadayspresentUniversitygenerationpresents Principles ć ć withhis Ustashimovement cancer andhisideologycanbeintegratedwithintheirmodels. Although

nd theywerethe supreme law,thenthe Ustashimembers, asthe Principles ofthe Ustashimovement andtheLeader,weretobecome theeliterole-models. ung stateshallrestandexiston.” č ging sphere.Ihisspeec g a new man. NewCroatianman,g anewman. whichmeans kog pokreta publishedonDecember 25 49 mechanism forestablishingthepositionofAnte ted byRogerGriffinandStanleyG.Payne, fascism. Inthenext chapter Iwill analyze s tobeinfull senseof themeaning Ustashi , newintellectual, whic said “ThenewgenerationofCroatsneedsto bravery ithastobeacomplete man and [Ustashi – tainly beintegrated withinthe Messenger of the Croatian the of Ustashi Messenger h givenonMarch7 itissaidthattheypresent 161 Ifthestatewastobe th , 1942itissaidthat h willbethe man of th , 1942 CEU eTD Collection influenced bythementioned specificc Pavelić

’s writings inordertoshowhowmuch ontext, canbedefinedasfascism. 50 of histhoughtandideo logical convictions, CEU eTD Collection opinion, suchasignificant documentcould not have been elaborated or publishedwithout Paveli myIn in1942. and published Crljen Danijel by edited version the analysis Iwilluse Forthis Movement. the Butić Independent StateofCroatia,hebecame theLeaderandremainedassuch Although hewasnotthefirstchoiceamong th founded themovement, organizeditandprovidedid Croatia. Asalreadypointedout,Paveli FirstIwillreflect picture ofPaveli 162 which, although writtenin1933,willbeanalyzed of thementioned sourceswerewrittenin IV.a. AntePaveli speeches. The purposeistodetermine theba models of fascism. Thischapter willprovide adiscourse analysis of Paveli based onhisownworksandspeeches,aswe organizing theUstashimovement andlaterthe I organizational structureofm

Paveli says“Paveli For Paveli The previouschapterprovidedananalysisofAntePavelić ć wrote wrote The Principles ofthe Ustashi Movement ć ’s positionamong hisUstashimembers andhisroleintheIndependentStateof ć ć ’s analysisIwillusematerials written byhim andhisvarious speeches.Most , astheUstashiLeader,was toestabl ć –ACroatianfascist? IV. One ofthe European fascists? on Payne’s notionsof ovement, state,andsociety.

ć wastheundisputedleaderof the1930s,exceptforspeechesand sis of hisideology andthevision Paveli 51 ll asworkswrittenbyothersonPaveli in 1933 when developing Ustashi from organization into intheiredited versionpublished in1942. ndependent Stateof Croatia.Analyses willbe Führerprinzip eological andorganizationalbasisgoals. e NaziGermans whenestablishingthe ish himself ontheexamples of Hitler , as this willprovide aclearer withinthe twocontemporary theUstashimovement. He untilitsend.AsJeli ć ć 's approval. ’s writingsand ć hadwhen Principles ć orthe 162

ć -

CEU eTD Collection neofašizam 1889.” 167 166 165 164 163 aspects should notbediscarded too easily.The which hassentusourLeader.It life asastudent,politician,andemigrant. The in thepurestform, Croatianpeasantandworker.” determined tobealeaderandid it needs. Itissaidthat“ItwastheProvidence encounteredthepeasantsa childhood andhowhe regarding thelifeandachievements Paveli ofAnte Life, ThoughtsandDeed Inthebook and howthepeoplelookeduponhim. of AntePavelić found withinvariousarticlesandpublishedmateri als regardingthelife,deedsandachievements be Resurrectedaswell. determined thattoday,beforethedayof “God’s Providence and thewillofourallies this andwhether hesucceed, willbe further elaborated. and MussoliniastheLeaderofmovement andthestate.” odgoj i promidžbu u postrojništvu, 1944). 1944). upostrojništvu, ipromidžbu odgoj

Ibid. 16. This ofPaveli This is the date 16. Ibid. 4. Ibid. ed. Crljen, FikretaJeli Hrvatski narod 167 The statement withwhichtheIndependentSt [FascismNeo-Fascism]. and Politi Fakultet (Zagreb: Thebookwasclearlymeant toserveaspropa Poglavnik – život, misao i djela ć ć -Buti [The Croatian People]. April 10th, 1941. . Suchworksprovideapictureof howPaveli ashi in [Ust the Second ratu“ World. “Ustašeudrugom svjetskom War] in 164 s Thetheologicalconnotationspresen ] , edited byDanijelCrljen,

ć 's birth. eologist, therebuilderofCroatia istheProvidencewhichcreatedhistoricaldate,July14 [The Leader – Life, Thoughts and and Thoughts –Life, Leader [The Resurrection ofGod’sSon,ourownCroatianState self which wanted, that the one, for whom it was self whichwanted,thattheone,forwhom itwas book concludesthat“ItwastheProvidenceitself 52 …and thegreatsacrificeofourLeader…Have last sentenceprovidesaclearexampleofhow nd workersandgottoknowtheirproblems and 166 Poglavnik –Život,misao,djela[TheLeader Thebookfurtherdescribesandexplainshis č kih znanosti, 1976). 235. 165 ate ofCroatiawasproclaimed saysthat ć ganda material. However,thetheological . Itstartswiththedescriptionofhis thereareseveraltheological allusions 163 ć wastobepresentedthepeople Inwhichwayswashetoachieve t intheproclamation canalsobe n state,toseeandgetknow, Deed]. (Zagreb: Povjereništvo za Fašizam i th

CEU eTD Collection persona isalsopresentinvarious emphasizes thelevel towhichPaveli This almost propheticdescription oftheL 170 169 168 building andstartedtotalkinfrontofthe city of Karlovac,how“TheLeader,allbyhims thought andsentenceareimbued with.” voice andthatexpressionofimmense kindnessa listener iswon overfromthefirstmoment. Thelisteneriswonbyserious,manly vision,calm rhythm ofthewords,tovoicemodulation, di Leader speakstheneverythingfrom phenome the homeland foroveradecade.Bogdan describes author saysthatPaveli book written byIvoBogdan. Ante Paveli old dream ofCroatianpeople. Pavelić (Zagreb: Naklada Europa, 1942).

Ibid. 36. 36. Ibid. 36. Ibid. Bogdan. Hrvatsko pitanje wastobepresented asthe Another aspectofPaveli Dr.Paveli Ante ć riješiojehrvatskopitanje [Doctor Ante Paveli [TheCroatianQuestion], ć 168 enjoyedtalkingtohispeople,especi ć riješio je Hrvatsko pitanje jeHrvatsko riješio After theshort descript

ć ’s almost ‘hypnotizing’abilitiesispresentedinthebook newspaper articlesinwhichPaveli ‘God-sent’ persona,whowaschos ć wastobeelevated.Such elevation, tothealmost‘divine’ 169 TheauthoralsodescribeswhenPaveli thousands of people whogatheredaroundhim.”thousands ofpeople 53 eader ‘preaching’ tothemasses onlyfurther non tothoughts,whichhedevelops,from the scloses completely built,carvedpersonality.The [Doctor Ante Paveli Ante [Doctor the last chapter is dedicated tohis speeches. The ion ofhislifeanddeeds,translation nd peace,withwhichtheLeaderscharacter, his abilitytospeakinthesewords“When the elf, came infront ofthemilitary academy ć HasSolvedtheCroatianQuestion] ally sincehehadbeenabsentfrom ć hasResolved Croatian Question]. ć en toachieve the centuries isoften referred tointhe ć was inthe Dr. 170

CEU eTD Collection of Muslim AftertheGod’s religion. The document furtherdescribesthatGod’sservice willbegiven forcatholicpupilsand forthose but alsothedignity andrespecttowardshim are mentioned, referringtohiminthethirdcloseclea His name day, inthiswayshowingtheirgratitude.” document states that“Croatianpe celebration oftheLeadersname daywastobe 174 173 172 171 some oftheLeaderspublishedwork.Atenditissaidthat personality shouldtakeplace.Thiswastobefo further saidthatoncethisis youth shouldseeinhimthemost shiningexampl Independent StateofCroatia.” moments ofhisstruggleforliberation the personofLeader as a by theminister ofeducationregardingthe celebrationoftheLeaders name da personal pronoun, withthecapitalletter.Thisis day of Star of Ante day

pokretu Ibid. 263. 263. Ibid. 263. Ibid. of name the andcelebration isin connection celebration ofthis importance The 13th. June wason name day The Proslava Poglavnikovimendana [Ustashi: Documents on Ustashi Movement]. 262. The documentisdatedonMay26 č evi ć , of which Paveli [Celebration of theLeaders Name Day]inPožar.

done, thesingingandrecitingof 173 ć was to be an accesor. Thepresentationwastobedoneinsuchawaythat“Croatian patriot, politicianandstatesma ople, thankful for their freedom totheLeader,shall celebrate service, principleorteachershal th , 1942anditcontainsinstructionsonhowthe 54 Croatian peopleandtheachievement ofthe accentuated byhis mentioning in thethird close. llowed bythereadingsofcertainexcerptsfrom also evident inthedocument written andsigned organized inelementary andhighschools.The e ofloveandsacrificefortheirpeople.” rly showsnotonlyhowhewastobepresented, 172 AlthoughPaveli songs dedicatedtotheLeaders “The ceremony shouldbeheld n, andwillbringoutcertain l, instronglines,“introduce Ustaša: dokumenti o ustaškom ustaškom Ustaša: o dokumenti y. 171 ć ’s name isnot

174 It is It CEU eTD Collection 178 177 176 175 strong personality cultwasestablished in freedom, renewal,tothenewandbetterfuture. separated butagaingather Pavelić Itisclearthat AntePaveli vision, wisdom, andcouragewhoissupportedinhisjustcausebytheProvidenceitself.Ante to him duringallpublicevents. to bedisplayedathisoffice,apartment, when the factthat theLeader seal andSealsofthestates andSelf-governing Offices. of theLeaderisseen in the ‘father’ and Leader.Another factwhich serves pupils hadonlyonepurpose,and excerpts ofhis‘scriptures’ presented notonlybydescriptionofhislife-l present Paveli had broughtaboutthecenturiesl withthedeepreve with dignity,andbeimbued decree was issued 30th of April 1941. 1941. of April 30th issued was decree

Ustaša: dokumenti o ustaškom [Ustashi: pokretu o ustaškom Požar. dokumenti Documents Ustaša: on Ustashi Movement]. 159. case. known such isthe only this to my As knowledge Požar. 263. Ibid. It isclearthatbyproscribi wasrepresentedas‘theOne’ Ustaša: dokumenti o ustaškom pokretu pokretu oustaškom dokumenti Ustaša: ć asthe‘father’,strongfigurewhichma was awardedhisownflag. ed ‘Croatianfamily’, whichhewas . SuchreadingsofPaveli Law DecreeonStateEmblem,Stat

178 ong desiretohisdescendants.”

ć ng theexactwayofth that wastoindoctrinateandde wastobepresentednotas , thesaviourofCroatianna order to furtherstrengthenhisposition. [Ustashi: Documents on Ustashi Movement].157-159. Thelaw 55 to provetheimportance and the‘divine’mission ong struggle,butalsobythereadingfrom rence ofyouthtowardsthenationalgenius,who hewasthere,andwhichtobecarriednext From theabovementioned, itisevidentthata 177 TheDecreestipulates thatLeaders flag was ć ’s political andideological writings tothe 176 e celebration,thepurp de thedream true.Hewastobe de come

The peculiarity of thislawdecreeis going toleadthroughthepathof 175 e Flag,theLeadersState an ordinaryman, butaman of

velop greatrespectfortheir tion, thefatherofoncelong ose ofitwasto CEU eTD Collection 184 183 182 181 180 179 chapter hereflectsontheSerbiangovernment, th people might expectfullunderstandingforth historical rights.” correspondence with“thewillof over theestablishment ofindependentCroatianst people themajority.” since theCroatianpeoplehaveb national territory,claiming notonly“thehistoricalri which was“transferred from emphasizing specialvaluesofCroatianpeople national unitwasCroatian.Hefu to destroyanynationalunit,whichmi misfortunes ofVersaillesAgreement whichmappe German populationandNaziGe strong ideologicalinfluencein notion ofPaveli first publishedinGerman. pitanje

Ibid. 23. 23. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 21. Ibid. 16. Ibid. Paveli Ante Paveli Ante [Doctor Ante Paveli Ante [Doctor Let me nowexamine Paveli In 1936Pavelić ć ć . . “ [The Croatian Question]. (Berlin, 1936). 1936). (Berlin, Question]. Croatian Die Kroatische Frage[The ć Hrvatsko pitanje“ Hrvatsko ’s mission, astheLeader a 183 Attheendofchapterhestates 182 ć wrote thearticle has Solved the Croatian Question]. 13. Further,Paveli 179 Thepurposeofthearticlewas

theprocessofbuilding one generationtoanother.” [The Croatian Question] in Bogdan. rther explainsthedifferencesbe een livingthereinundisruptedc rman government. Init, Paveli theentireCroatianpeople,theirlifeneedsandundisputed ć ’s ideologicalthoughtandconvictions.Inmy opinionthe ght contributetoitsdestruction.” ć elaboratesthepurposeof Hrvatsko pitanje nd the‘saviour’ofCroatian eir heroicfightagainsttheVersailles.” 56 and theircenturies-oldindividualdevelopment d EuropeaftertheFirs e questionofJews,forwhomhesaysthat ght tothese territories, ate, emphasizing thatthis goal isinfull that“FromthenewGermany, Croatian new stateandsociety. [The CroatianQuestion]whichwas 181 to introduceCroa Emphasis wasputonCroatian Dr. AntePaveli tween the Croats and theSerbs ć ontinuity andpresentthetrue describesthemistakes and Croatian freedom movement 180 nation andstatealsohad t World War“inorder butalsocurrentright, Forhim, oneofsuch ć riješio je Hrvatsko Hrvatsko je riješio tian questionto 184 Inhislast CEU eTD Collection chaos theirinstitutions can function best,andtheir real aim ishidden. emphasis onthe notionthattheJews areagainst Foreign Studies). was publishedbyGerman memorandum unknown.Jeli had,remains future important factor intheirforeign poli on thesideofNaziGermany and Croatian questionandprovidethe 189 188 187 186 185 and FascistItaly. positioning onthesideof the‘NewOrder’,which wa the Croatianindependence,hisstronganti-Se fighters fornaturalright,true sympathy ofHitler’s Germany aswellMussolin which Croatianpeopleareconductingagainstthe are completely complementary inthatviewand question ofCommunism heconnectsitwiththeJe “Today inCroatiathewholemonetary syst of Croatia.”

Jeli 32. Ibid. 27. Ibid. 25-26. Ibid. 25. Ibid. ć -Buti As thearticle shows,Paveli ć . 187 Ustaše iNDH Ustaše Intheend Paveli 189 Buttheimportance of thismemorandum liesinPaveli [Ustashi and the Independent State of Croatia]. 24. Institut fürGrenz undAusland-studien culture, andhighercivilization.”

ć Fascist Italy,bytryingtopresent theindependentCroatiaasa concludes that“Inthis figh basis fortheindependency.Paveli ć wantedtosecure theintere ć -Buti em andalltrade isin Jewish hands.” mitism, anti-Serbianism, anti-communism,andhis 57 cies towards the Balkans. What influence the ć are workingtogetherag saysthatitgotsome attentionin1941whenit independent Croatianstate,becauseinnational ws whensayingthat“Communism andJews i’s Italy, seeinginthemthemost powerful intrusive peacesystem, theystriveforthe s tocome withthevictory of NaziGermany 188 t forfreedom andindependence

st ofNaziGermany inthe (Institute for Bordersand ć clearlypositionedhimself 186 Whilereflectingonthe ainst nationalliberation ć ’s clear position on 185 Heputs CEU eTD Collection 195 194 193 192 191 190 Bolsheviks andtheJews.Furthermore,hec the others?” tries totransplant theidea inforeign garden, development inthefollowing words:“Oneeasternpa the ,since inhisview itwasintroduced bythe the easternSemit.” how inthewesterncivilizedcountriessuch a dream, promised countries,rivers point foremergenceofpeculiara a groupofindividuals,theBolsheviks. precisely, Bolshevik acertaindestructiveutopiawhichwas communism, as one incredibleandunrealizable idea?” humankind hascreated,a well intendedgoodswhich to “putitinpractice.” needs tobeelaboratedbut theform about communism Hiscl asasystem ofdestruction. Thenotions of anti-Communism, anti-Semitis Pavelić

Ibid. 19. 19. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 18. Ibid. 9. Ibid. 21. Ibid. Paveli Ante ’s book,StrahoteZabluda In thebook’sfirstfewparagraphsPaveli ć 195 . Strahote zabluda Strahote Itisseen thatPaveli 194 Itis clearthat Paveli 191 Heasks“Isitnotthreatening withthedestructionofallthoserealand [The Horrors of Illusions]. (Zagreb: Tiskara knjižare St. Kugli, 1941). 8. 1941). St. Kugli, knjižare Tiskara (Zagreb: Illusions]. of Horrors [The

nd exoticdoctrines,sightof prophe [TheHorrorsofIllusions], in of itas“establishedbytheBolsheviks” of life,phoenix-birdsandnirvanas?” ć wasstronglyconvincedintherelationbetween the 192 ć Itisclear that Pavelić sawtheideaof communism asstrongly related with as Germany communism wasintroducedby“Marx, carrying withhim thehate 58 onnected the Bolsheviks ideaof international ć asks“HasnottheEastalways beenthekey Jews thatis,‘Marxthe aim isthatitnotcommunism assuchthat rasitic race,sothatone nd allthatjustfortheattempt ofcreating m andthe‘NewOrder’form thecoreof whichhedevelopedtheidea sawcommunism, ormore ts andmessiahs, insearchof ofhisownraceagainst 193 Jew’. Heexplainsthis 190 Furtheron,herefers oftheirdescendants to beestablishedby whowerethefirst CEU eTD Collection 201 200 199 198 197 196 religion andreligiousfee implementing unmoral learningsandthedestructi economic strengthbyorganizingvariousstrikes, the westerncountries,which wasdi race.” other, onegenderwiththe microorganisms isinvolvedinthisprocess.He these twonotions were in the core nature of accomplishment,” family traditions,theinstitutionof marriage,andsocietyingeneral. wasthe Bolsheviks communism as theneedto“Eraselethalandallco people needtoabolishtwoservitudes,onedescribe anti-Semitism isalsopresent inthe Article 11of the apostles have gathered, almost allofthem presented themajority within establish their “governan communism withtheidea of Jews

Paveli Article10. 57. Ibid. 56. Article9. Ibid. ed. Crljen, 152-153. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 200 ć Towards theBolsheviksnoti . Strongemphasis wasalsoputonthedestructiveness oftheBolshevikspointedtowards Strahote zabluda Strahote Na č ela Ustaškog pokreta Ustash of the Principles [The 199 Pavelić [The Horrors of Illusions]. 225-229. Illusions]. 225-229. of [TheHorrors ce overthewholehumanity.” lings, andlastbydestroyi confrontedthenotions ofcompe

the Bolsheviks: “AroundthedictatorLenin,educatedpeopleand system whichhadbeendestro onetribe with theother trib asthechosenpeople,which rected infourways.First,thedestructionofeconomy and mprehensive economical influenceofJews.” ons of collectivism, and Jews from Russiaandtherestofworld.” 59 sees thatas“Individualscompeting amongeach second bydestroyingthe thingsand thatever on of the family, third by the destruction ofon ofthefamily, thirdbythedestruction d aspoliticalruleof ng nationalconsciousness. 196 Principles i movement] in Article in 11. 65. i movement] Forhim therewasnodoubtthatJews tition andselection.Hearguedthat e andoneracewiththeother where itissaid that Croatian ying thebasichuman nature, through communism striveto “payment byneedandnot ything from plantsand the Serbsand theother moral ofthepeopleby 201 198 InJuly1941, ForPaveli 197 Strong Strong ć

CEU eTD Collection of westerndemocracies andtheirlib communism, whicharepresentin hiswritingsa Besides Paveli Bolshevism’. two notions,Paveli proletarian revolutionwiththeJe communism, astheeastern exotic idea,and values cherishedbywesternEuropeanciviliza Consequently, Paveli “Jewish-Bolshevik economy preparing was 204 203 202 that people willbeable todecide on theirow newspapers onNovember 23 memories whichdemocr will” andthat theworddemocracy shouldbeerased he clearlystated thatdemocracyisnottheonl savagery.” of theirleadertheFührer they were“d Pavelić 82. Against Bolshevism] in Poglavnik govori

Ibid. “ Paveli Ante Poglavnik Saborui narodu gave aspeechinwhichhesaidthatGermanpeoplewerewar,andbythe decision Povijesni govor Poglavnika” 202 ć Inhisspeech from September 16 . “ Poglavnikov proglas za borbu proti boljševizmu” ć ć managedtointegratehisenemies intoone,whichhetermed‘Judeo- regarded communism as thedevasta regardedcommunism as ć 's strong ultra-nationalism, anti-Semitism, anti-Serbianism andanti- [The Leader to the Parliamentand People]. 10-11. acy hasleftbehind.” rd

, 1941saysthat“Ouri [The Leader’s Historical Speech] in wish notionofthemselves asthe‘chosenpeople’.Within these [The Leader Speaks]. 51. eral systems. Inhis speech to n, withoutthe so-calleddemocracies andpolitical y path“throughwhichpe efending EuropeagainsttheJudeo-Bolshevik 60 th the Jews,andnotionofcommunistworld nd speeches, healsoput forththenegativesides to takecontrolove , 1941giventopromoted soldiers,hesaidthat tion. Heunderlinedtheconnectionsbetween 204 from dictionariesduetothe“shameful their Paveli nner political structure isand shall be such ting systemwhichaimed aterasing [The LeadersProclamation FortheFight ć ’s speech,publishedin Poglavnik govori Sabor r thewholeworld.” ople might expresstheir on February28 [The Leader Speaks]. th Ustaša , 1942 203

CEU eTD Collection aspects ofpublicworkandal the Article17whereitisstated factors’ Paveli because democracy is false.” 210 209 208 207 206 205 made andegoism “Selfishness themain concludes thatthepromotionof determining factors.” the willandpowerofBolsheviksin “Negative anddestructivespirithasalwaysf Principles there must benoroom forArian Jews.” see theirprioritiesinthe nationand state,but prevent, thatontheburdenofworkersandpeas strong economic influence.InhisspeechonMarch29 Semitism withthecapitalist anddemocraticstat trade.” 90. Room forArian Jews] in govori Liberation Movement]. November 23

Ibid. 113. 113. Ibid. Article17. 113. Ibid. ed. Crljen, Paveli Ante ć Paveli Ante Ustaša – Vjesnik hrvatskog Ustaškog oslobodilač [The leader Speaks].66. 205 Criticism ofcommunism andeconomic OnAugust25 whichstates thatcommunism andliberalism havedestroyed families andthat Na ć . “ . č ć “Poglavnikove rije ela Ustaškog pokreta Ustash of the Principles [The U hrvatskoj državi ne smije biti mjesta ni židovstvu neni smije arijskom državi mjesta [Inbiti CroatianU hrvatskoj State there must beno meant theJews.Thecriticism of liberalis 208 Ustaška misao Althoughunclear,itcanbeconcluded th , 1941hestatedthat“Ustashimovement isnotademocratic movement, 206 l fieldsofworkcomplete

č rd i hrvatskim ženama“ i hrvatskim Itis interesting that Paveli , 1941. No. 21. 21. No. 1941. , such individuality,whereoneis that“followersofliberalis [Ustashi Thought]. 207 characteristics ofliberal society.”

ound awaytoconductitsmisdeed, inRussiawith onlytheirownprofit…becauseinCroatianstate 61 kog pokreta kog pokreta ants, mindless capitalists [The Leaders Words to Croatian Women] in liberalstatesunderth es, whereheclaimed thattheJews alsohad (Zagreb: Naklada Glavnog Ustaškog Stana, 1942). 89- freedom oftheindividual.” th i Movement] in Article in 16. 100. i Movement] , 1942hesaidthat“Itisuptous m andliberalstates isalsopresent in is alsopresent in the Article 16 of the ć [Ustashi managedtoconnecthisstronganti- m havestronglysupported,inall that bythenotionof‘determining – concernedonlywithhimself, Messenger of Croatian Ustashi 210 becreatedwhodonot e secretapprovalof

209 The Article Article The Poglavnik CEU eTD Collection Mussolini.” Invariousspeeches Paveli be createdafterthewar“under possible replacement? answered iswhichsystem, andwhich collectivism and at thesame time againstliberal individualism, thequestionwhichremains tobe as producingselfishindi destructive system, whenitcame tovalues, buthe communism anddemocracy, eachfrom thedifferen 213 212 211 people andCroatianstatewouldhavetheirplaceofdignity. placing themselves withintheunity of aNewEu living inthe USAinwhichhesaidthaton especially whenreferring European ,willsoonachieve.” our friendlynationshavestarte State ofCroatiaweplaceourselves intothenew an allies to twogreat friends Fighting Better for and Happier Times]Fighting in Working People are Achieving Thei

Ibid. Poglavnik Ibid. govori Paveli Ante “Hrvatski selja “Hrvatski It isthus clear thatPaveli 211 ć . InaspeechontheoldMarcoSqua [Go With the Thought that You are You that Thought the [Go With vremena” ibolja sretnija seborite za da sviestni, “Podjite č ki iradni narod ostvaruje svoja prava u svojoj vlastitojdržavi” [The Leader Speaks]. 24. viduals asthecoreof to people.OnDecember2

r Rightsin Theirr OwnState] in provided theright“Thatasafr d, createdandwiththehelp the leadership oftwogreatle ć ć Ustaška misao Ustaška oftenreferred tothenotionof ’s associatedhis strong anti 212 form ofsocietyandeconomy didPaveli Thisnotion ispresent within Paveli thesociety.IfPaveli 62 [Ustashi Thought]. 25. 25. Thought]. [Ustashi European Order,whichthetwogreatleadersof day allpeopleoftheEuropeancontinentwere re inZagreb’soldcity,Pavelić also criticized democracy and liberal system rope, inwhich,asitwasgranted,Croatian t perspective. Hecriticizedcommunism asa nd Ustaška misao , 1941hegaveaspeechtotheCroats 213

ee nation and as the Independent ee nationandastheIndependent aders, AdolfHitlerandBenito of God,andtheprosperity -Semitism withthenotions of the ‘New Order’, which was to the ‘NewOrder’,whichwasto ć [UstashiThought]. 23. was against the communist [The Croatian [The and Peasant said thatbeing ć ć ’s speeches, seeasthe CEU eTD Collection Liberation Movement]. October 26th, 1941. No. 17. can be concluded that it is in strong relation the Second with the World itisrelation outcome strong of that in War. Since concluded can fascismbe was Boljševizam i demokracije explanation aboutthesystem whichPaveli Boljševizam mentioned bookStrahotezabluda to become partcanalsobefoundwithinPaveli victory againstthecommunism andwiththemodi and FascistItalyitpropositionedanewstate The notionofthe‘NewOr 14 Another articlepublishedonDecember published onSeptember 27 217 216 215 214 her victoriesontheeast,and being created,theworldofanewman momentum ofnewrevolutionary which hadsynchronized theirpath withtheone from October 26 ‘New Order’,orEurope’we Fašizam i Boljševizam present is which changes, vocabulary Paveli

The book was rewritten by by wasrewritten Paveli book The Ibid. September 27th, 1942. No. 39. DecemberIbid. 14th, 1941. No.24. Ustaša ć and republished in 1974. This edition contains only oneimportant structural difference, beside small The answertothequestion whatexactlywas The aspectoftheUstashimovement andtheIn - Vjesnik hrvatskog Ustaškog oslobodila Ustaškog hrvatskog Vjesnik [Fascism andBolshevism]requiresspec th , 1941saidthat“Croatianpeoplehave [Fascism and Bolshevism] while the 1974 edition ends with the chapter titled titled chapter withthe ends edition the 1974 while Bolshevism] [Fascism and [Western and Bolshevism].The explanation for change is not given, but it der’, accordingtoPaveli th , 1942 it issaidthat“NewEurope iscreatingfatefuldecisionwith , 1942it

ć after the end of the Second World War and edited by his daughter Višnja in the last chapter. The book from 1941 fromfinishes with book 1941 the titled The thechapter lastchapter. in victory oftheNewEuropeis [The Horrors of Illusions], thelastchapter titled Europe, itwas createdatthetime whenthenew worldwas re constantlyappearinginthe nd newfuture,theworldofalife.” th ć , 1941 sought toestablish. č kog pokreta 63 Hitlertookinthecrea fications oftheexistingEuropeansystem.

stated that“UstashiCr nd socialstructure.Itwastobebasedonthe ć ć this ‘NewOrder’ofwhichnewCroatiawas ’s writingsandspeeches. In thealready , wastheorderinitiated byNaziGermany dependent State ofCroatiaaspartthis [Ustashi ial attention, becauseitprovidesan been among firstEuropeannations the – the victoryofanewCroatia.” 217 Messenger of the Croatian the of Ustashi Messenger newspaper articles.Anarticle The title itself suggests that Thetitleitselfsuggeststhat tion of‘NewOrder’.” oatia wascreatedinthe 215 Inanarticle Fašizam i Fašizam i Zapadne Zapadne 214 216

CEU eTD Collection Paveli fascism.” stronger andmore capableforthefightagainstBols elaborates thatin such ‘power’constellati 222 221 220 219 218 Paveli which in against Bolshevism, fight the into engage to responsibility defeated, for Paveli established inbothofthesecount and thegeneralpopulation.” said that“therealfascism,as Pavelić wanted toengageintothewar,whichhe wreckages ofdemocracy, whichwasnot fascism alsoreflectsitse spreading from Italyandwasbeingimple that Paveli national stateformation, andsociety,a introduced inItaly,buttheterm In thefirstsentence Paveli Pavelić

Ibid. 265. 265. Ibid. 264. Ibid. 261-262. Ibid. 261. Ibid. Paveli ć , ed. wasconfrontingthecorruptedanddestructiveBolshevism w hadinmind bothFascistItal What isperhapsmore interestingisthat,whendescribingandta He sawfascism notonlyasastatesystem, ć . 220 Strahote zabluda [The HorrorsIllusions]. of 261. Ante Paveli ć wrotethisin1937,itisclear Paveli ć , the only systems standing against Bolshevism arewestern democracies. It is now their ć ć further criticized Bolshevism for tryingto presentfascism asasystem that - Strahote Zabluda lf uponthesociety.Paveli ć saysthat“Today,fascism isnolongerjustaform ofgovernanceas givenbyItalyandGermany, isth 222 ItcanbeconcludedthatPaveli nowserves as thedescripti ries, withcertainpeculiarities anddifferences y andNaziGermany. Thoughheusedfascism ingeneralhe [AntePaveli nd todayitisofworld’ssignificance.” neglected,andcalledit“onebigoverblow.” that he viewed fascism as the ‘New Order’, which was thatheviewedfascismasthe‘NewOrder’,whichwas mented inNazi Germany aswell. on itwasrequiredfor“something new,something capabletoconfrontBolshevism.” 64 ć - The Horrors of Illusions]. Madrid, 1974. 187-194. 187-194. Madrid, 1974. Illusions]. of Horrors -The hevism andthatnewhasmanifested itselfas but something withabroadermeaning, as ć said that fascism “has grown on the saidthatfascism“hasgrownonthe on oftheuniqueandnewidea ć showscertain doubtsofsucces.Višnja e reflection of the people’s will e reflectionofthepeople’swill ć ith thenewsystem, fascism. saw fascism asasystem lking aboutfascism, , buthestillsawit 218 219 Remembering He further Hefurther 221

CEU eTD Collection LiberationMovement]. March 15th, 1942. No. 11. cannot conquerandtheforceinfr blood, byitsfeelingsandunique will,andther 227 226 225 224 223 given theleader,whoinveryshorttime managed torestore thegreat stre German peopleaswell,sayingthat“TheGerman by time, andwhowithhischaracteristics gaveshape totheFascist movement.” therefore, atthisdecisive moment theygave Mussolini’s Italy whenhesaysthat“Italianpe kept there permanently withthis force, which arises from the masses.” the peopleanditisexactlybecause system fromfascism, butonly acertainsupplemen emerged.” the common principleswithdifferent nationalphysiognomy, Ustashimovement has souls.” regards toprinciples,buttheirphysiognomy is explained that “Fascism andNational- repr differences betweenthe systems. Inane as one.InhislaterspeecheshementionsFa

Ibid. 270. 270. Ibid. 266. Ibid. Paveli Ibid Ustaša . March 15th, 1942. No. 11. 11. No. 1942. 15th, March 223 In hisbookPaveli ć . - Thearticlefurther elaborates that“Inth Strahote zabluda [The HorrorsIllusions]. of 265-266. 224 Vjesnik hrvatskog Ustaškog oslobodila Ustaškog hrvatskog Vjesnik ForPaveli ć suchphysiognomic differencesdid ć arguesthat“Fascism isonlypossibleinonenation,uniquebyits

ont whichithastostepback.” of thisthat“itcomes topower wspapers articlepublishedonMarch15 č from theirmasses theleaderwhichwasdemanded scism andNational-socialism,emphasizing certain kog pokreta 65 ople areusedtogiving e framework ofEuropeanrevolutions,basedon different regardingtheframework ofnational people havefrom from themselves, themasses, t according tonationalneedsandpeculiarities. efore itpresents afortresswhichBolshevism esent the greatest kinshi [Ustashi – not provideanewordifferent 225 Messenger of the Croatian the of Ustashi Messenger with naturalforceand isbeing For him fascism arises from from arises fascism him For 226 birth togreatmen, and ngth andvaluesofhis He further describes describes Hefurther p ineachaspect, 227 He praised the Hepraised th , 1942itis CEU eTD Collection Liberation Movement]. July 26th, 1942. No.30. 231 230 229 228 liberalism selfishandindividualisticsystems, as withtheonlypurpose ofneglectingpeople’s Ante Paveli Pavelić of newgreatmovements, Fascism andNational-socialism.” interest oftheCroatianpeople,beliefs, friends, whenIhavealreadystartedthemove that thenew worldiscoming, thatnewspiritan New Europe.” national peculiaritiesand inaccordance withth territory, to bebuild on the system inharm always been:toestablishtheIndependentSt February 2 Ustashi movement, the newspaperpublished memorandum written by Paveli basis offascistsystem. OnJuly26 perfect systems, butdeveloping Croatian statewouldexist,itdidnotimply copying FascistItalyorNaziGermany asexactand According to also wrong.” Paveli fascism onlyon thesetwo countries arewrong.Those people.”

273. Ibid. 272. Ibid. Poglavnik Saborui narodu Ustaša wasstronglystandingonthe 228 – nd InhisconcludingparagraphPaveli Vjesnik hrvatskog Ustaškog oslobodila Ustaškog hrvatskog Vjesnik ć , 1941)wherehewrotethat“We needtobe 229 couldnothavebeenanythingelsebut 230

Inhisaddress toSabor [The Leader to the Parliament and People]. 48. People]. and Parliament tothe Leader [The ć 's conceptoffascism asthe system which theindependent within

by its ownpeculiarities which th , 1942,underthesectioncalled basis offascistideology.Th onFebruary28 č kog pokreta work, tosynchronizethelife conditionswiththose ony withCroatiannationalneedsand 66 ate ofCroatiaonthew d NewEuropeiscoming. Ihaveapproachedour ment, hadapurposetosynchronizethe which ć e neworderandsocialunderstandingsof claims that“Thosewhowouldlike tolimit who thinkthatfascism exportare isnotfor fascism. Heoftenrefuteddemocracy and th [Ustashi sincere inourpointofview,aswehave , 1942hesaid“IhaveseenandIknew 231 – Therefore,itisclearthatAnte Messenger of the Croatian the of Ustashi Messenger would beincorporatedonthe e ideologicalcomponentof From theHistoryof hole national and state hole nationalandstate ć (itisdatedon CEU eTD Collection 232 organizations. Sincethe ideological influenced peoplesurroundinghim, stateideologists andother commissioners well astheIndependentStateof Croatia.Ther IV.b. StateBuildingandFascistPerspective Second World War, buttheirpresenceallowsme toanalyzeand What needs tobe kept inmind isthatthese will present howmuch of Paveli the IndependentStateof Croatia,thingsbecome with PaynethatUstashi movement wasafascist implement thisonhisUstashimovement andth position as theLeader and the‘One’ certainly pr devoted onlyonepassagetothedevelopmen ‘Marx theJew’andaimed atdestroyingallvaluable family and needs andrights.Communism wasneveranoptionforPaveli models of totalitarian systems, whichhelpedittobecreated in thefirst place. tendency of emphasizing theUstashi willtobuild ideological convictions,sheconcludedthat“Polit [Fascism and Neo-Fascism]. 235.

Jelić -Buti As shownabove,AntePaveli Fascist ideology,aselaborated, The firsthistorianwhoemphasized ć . “Ustaše u Drugom svjetskom ratu” [The Ustashi in the Second World War] in in World War] Second the in Ustashi [The ratu” Drugomsvjetskom “Ustaše u .

ć ’s ideologicalbasis waspresentinthestate andonsociallevel. basisofthenewlyestablished ć wasanundisputedLeaderof presents thecoreofPaveli this fact wasFikreta Jeli ideas were never fully 67 t ofthesystem,anddidnotexamine Paveli more complicated. InthefollowingparagraphsI ovided him withtheopportunity toelevate and e IndependentStateof movement, butwhenitcomes tothenotionof efore, his ideological ical was first of all showing the ical propagandawasfirstofallshowingthe the Independent State of Croatiaontherole ć , sinceitsideologywascreatedby national possessions. contextualized them. ć ’s ideologicalconvictions.His Croatian statewastobebased theUstashi movement, as accomplished, duetothe ć Croatia. We can agree Croatia. Wecanagree beliefs havecertainly -Buti 232 inhisstateruling Fašizam i neofašizam

ć . Althoughshe ć ’s CEU eTD Collection 236 235 234 233 and withouttheclassdivision (national unity).” the wholenationisbecoming onebig forward, tookapathofnewthoughts,andthre countryside.” the classes emerged ontheirownandthatall individual. Elaboratingfurther, emphasizes theneglectofclass on peasantry beregarded as thepeculiarity of the factthatmajority ofthepopulationlived peasantry wasgivenanimportant roleinCroati of hundredcasesnotCroatianorigin andCroatianblood,butanimmigrant.” national unit,”andthatwhoever“Doesnotdescend of everygoverning that “Peasantryisthefoundationand organized likeineconomic andsoci on fascism, onequestionrequirestobeanswered: Our Case, the Peasant People] in Ustaška in Our Case,the Peasant People] misao

Ante Paveli Ante Article12. 75. Ibid. 68. Ibid. ed. Crljen, On November 18 On November Articles 12and17ofthe Na ć 235 . č “Država je narod, anapose kod nas selja ela Ustaškog pokreta Ustash of the Principles [The

236 Paveli in Croatian State.” th ć , 1941Paveli emphasized thecharacterofna

the divisiononclassesisstronglyrefutedby s. Inhisspeechgiventotherepresentatives of the division andputsnationalgoodas Principles al sphere of its existence? al sphereofitsexistence? source ofevery 233 [Ustashi Thuoght]. 15. ć family, orasGermanswouldsay: said“Today,whenwetheCroatianpeople,stepped TheArticlealsostates th serve asgoodindicators.InArticle12Paveli 68 an society.Thisisnotsurprisinghavinginmind theIndependentStateofCroatia?TheArticle w awaythoughtsofselfishnessanddemocracy, in the countryside. Could this strong emphasis in thecountryside.Couldthisstrongemphasis č the classes “Havetheirrootsdirectlyinthe ki narod” what was thisnewly established statetobe from thepeasantfamily, heisinninetyout life, andtherefor i Movement] in Article in 12. 68. i Movement] [The StatearethePeople, and Especially in tion asunitedin thehighestpurposeofevery at “Allclasses compose one e, assuchis stating thatnoneof Volksgemeinschaft one, asthewhole 234 Itis clear that the realcarrier Croatian ć stated stated

CEU eTD Collection Liberation Movement]. February 8th, 1942. No. 6. existing ones,provideaclearindica Peasantry as thebasis ofso Ustashi workersbypenandUstashi fighters with rifle.” nation, andoneparty,whichis there is,andmust be,onlyoneclassandpoliticalpart 240 239 238 237 Supreme UnionCouncil Association ofCroatianPrivateEntrepreneurs Union wasestablished.Thereportsays title shall beuniqueandobligatoryunionswhichrepresentativesofworkers.” of CroatiannationalUnions.The April 22 established uponwhichfuturesocialsystem wouldbebuilt. beginnings andcannotbeachieved whole, isalsoconstantlypresen society, inwhicheveryindividualwouldworkfo Peasant Party, Leader Speaks]. 71. Former National Deputies of Croatian FormerPeasan ofCroatian NationalDeputies Hrvtaske Selja

Ibid. April 26th. No. 73. 73. No. 26th. April Ibid. Ibid. Hrvatski Narod Ustaša Supreme UnionCouncil Article publishedonFebruary8 “Govor Poglavnika i Poglavnikova izjava povodom pristupanja narodnih zastupnika i prvaka bivše nd – , 1941,reportsonameeting held Vjesnik hrvatskog Ustaškog oslobodila Ustaškog hrvatskog Vjesnik č ke StrankeUstaškompokretu” [The Croatian People]. April 22nd. No. 69. April 22nd. People]. [The Croatian on August10 , whichfromtodayisbecoming th ciety, and thecreation ofthe th is Established,

, 1941Paveli t inthenewspapersarticles. the Ustashi workers, Ustashi workers withplough andhow, unknown authorsaysthatPavelić tor ofwhatwasexplainedinpr in amoment, butnevertheless t Party Members to Ustashi Movement] in in Movement] t PartyMembersUstashi to [The Leaders Speech and Statement the During Accession of the that “There shall still be th , 1942 stated that the class organization is at its , 1942statedthattheclassorganizationisatits ć between theLeaderAntePaveli saidthat“IntheIndepende same newspapersreportedonthemeeting whenthe č kog pokreta 69 , butfrom nowon,theyshallactunitedoverthe r thebenefitofstateanditspeopleasa [Ustashi 237 one Thenotion of building the classless 238 e trueandonlyrepresentative.” Unionwhichwouldintegratedthe – Thenewspaperarticledatedon Messenger of the Croatian the of Ustashi Messenger evious part.Thepeculiarityof certainfoundationshadbeen Croatian WorkersUnion y. One class that isCroatian said “InCroatianstatethere nt State of Croatia today today ofCroatia nt State ć andrepresentatives Poglavnik govori 239 Underthe [The and 240

CEU eTD Collection economic lifeofCroatianstate.” production mucheasier.It weaker individualstostandontheirfeet and aremaking theprocessof cultivation and 243 242 241 Order benefit of ‘collective’ are clearindicators thatthestateandsocietywe and wastoserveforthebenef represented thecoreofCroatianpeople.Itwas exchange ofgoodsandproducts”“needstobe controlled market andmarkettransfers because to berenewed intheinstitution of new economic system wastobeestablished.Th Germany. principles inbuildingthestate Croatian social strata takentogether withthe economy.” dealt with throughout 19th and first half of 20th ce and first 20th half of 19th throughout with dealt on economy,mostly agriculture collective

University of Notre Dame Press,c1976). Mosley. Edward Philip and 1989) fakulteta, Filozofskog ku ć Ibid. 109. 109. Ibid. ed. Crljen. ancientZadruga wasan peasantry organizational structure ne zadruge , publishedonNovember 1 The notion of unity among classes,theircomm The notionofunityamong The socialbasis ofthestatewaspresented by 243 Na [Croatian HouseZadruga].(Zagreb: Sveu Asseen,theeconomy ofthestatewastobeputinfa č ela Ustaškog pokreta Ustash of the Principles [The and individuals.Inane is furthersaidthat its ofcommunity andstate.

organizations arethesame ast st e. Zadruga playedanimportant role 242 , 1942thenewsocialorderwasdescribedascorporativism zadruga Suchpeasantorganization istobeconnectedwiththe ntury. For more on this aspect see Dragutin Pavli . 241 č . (Indiana: . (Indiana: the zadruga Balkans: the familiesin Communal 70 wspapers article titled commerce needed“Tobeonlythedevicefor zadruga isto “haveanimportantroleinfuture ilišna naklada Liber, Zavod za hrvatsku povijest za hrvatsku Liber, Zavod ilišna naklada Article 16of the creation of thestate Unionshowsthatcertain e basisofeconomy, especiallyagriculture,was to beorganizedontheoldCroatianinstitution re tobecome oneandweretoworkforthe within the Balkan societies. The main aspect ofitwas the peasantry, and itisonthis basis that the subordinatedtoth unity production,andtheroleofstate i Movement] in Article in 16. 103. i Movement] hose inFascistItalyandNazi- in Croatian society aswell, andwas Principles vor ofpeasantry,sinceit The BasisofNewSocial e benefitofnational saysthat ithelps č evi ć . Hrvatske CEU eTD Collection Liberation Movement]. November 1st, 1942. No. 45. 45. No. Movement].1942. 1st, November Liberation emphasizes thenegativesideofcompletestatec 249 248 247 246 245 244 needs.” spiritual andreal,becauseittakesonitselfthe totalitarian state,because itintegrates,conne understand it.” states that“Peopleareafraidofthenotion nowadays andfuturegenerations state governance, becausetheyprovidetheguarant perfection allofnationalvirtues and branchesofnationallife isthetaskofallpublicworkand achieve theabovementioned? which imposes andwasarguedforinorderto itselfis:whatkindofastatesystem wasneeded state willhave the survey, andwillbe similar branches ofproductions oremployers is of workersandspecialoutemployers. by organizingseveralgroupsoflargehandicrafts who arenotcontrolledbythestate. which iscompared with communism inor

Ibid. 113. 113. Ibid. 113. Ibid. ed. Crljen, 45. No. Ibid. 45. No. Ibid. Ustaša– In Article17 ofthe 249 Theelaborationgoesevenfurtherbyemphasi Vjesnik hrvatskog Ustaškog oslobodila Ustaškog hrvatskog Vjesnik Na č 248 ela Ustaškog pokreta Ustash of the Principles [The TheArticlefurther statesthat “The Principles

and thewholeCroatianpeople.” Itfurtherelaborateshowthest Paveli able tomonitor andembraceeverything.” 245 der to“Become clear whatitpresents.” Furtherinthearticlesuchdivisionandgroupingof č ć kog pokreta said that “Harmonious cu cts andgovernsallsourcesofnational strength, 71 care foralllevelsofpopul important “because over suchorganizedwork ontrol but alsothenegativ within which“specialgroupswouldconsistout totalitarianism, simply becausetheydonot ee ofcenturylongexistenceandprosperity of [Ustashi zing thatthe state “Strives towards the i Movement] in Article in 17. 112. i Movement] IndependentStateofCroatiaisa – Messenger of the Croatian Ustashi Ustashi Croatian the of Messenger ate control isto 247 Furthermore thearticle ltivation, promotion and ation in all their life ation inalltheirlife e sideof individuals 246 244 Thequestion beachieved Thearticle CEU eTD Collection totalitarian, comprehensive.” general. AstheArticlesays“Thelovetowards notion of‘totalitarianis question thatstate wasseen as theregulator and rout 253 252 251 250 interpreting stateandsocialor completely devotedtowarfareproduction,areelements whichneedtobeconsideredwhen context ofthattime situation.TheSecond Worl requires furtherresearch andan put infunction,andhowmuch itrelatestofascis present ineverydaydiscourseandPaveli establish oneUnionbasedoncl that withouthisstat people andthestateareindivisible, because ever and restrained,butthathisdevelo state orastheArticlesays“A Order’. Thecontrolofeconomy, wor and taskwastopreservetheuniquenessofCroa be concluded from theArticle isthat the state all embracive supervision,strivestolead,

Ibid. 117. 117. Ibid. 116. Ibid. 115. Ibid. 113. Ibid. Although thesewerethefirststepsoforgani e thereisnolife.” m’ wasalso tobedevelopedam 252

ll nationallifeisunder IntheendArticlearticulate ganization. Theaim wastopresen alyses. Anotherimportant aspect pment might bepos ass society withinthetotalitari 253 k, education,upbringingetc.weretobeinthehandsof

governandtoputeverythinginorder.” ć ’s ideologicalconvictions 72 was tohavecontrolover d War, thepartisanre all manifestations ofCroatianelements must be y Croatseesandknows,betterthan everbefore, tian nation andto develop itwithinthe‘New m astheall-comprehensive statesystem, still er oflife, what isalso the statesupervision, zation, itisclearthat itively directed.” ong eachindividual and societyin s that“Todayandinfuture,the whenquestioningthat,isthe t certain aspects of how the t certainaspectsofhowthe an state.Thesenotions were sistance, andtheeconomy . Howmuch ofthiswas everything. Itspurpose 251 important is that the and nottobelimited thepurposewas to While there isno 250 What can What CEU eTD Collection state andeconomic andsocialbuilding,rema Pavelić tobeorganizedasastateandonwhichIndependent StateofCroatiawas socialbasesfrom

’s point of view.Whether this iscomparable withother fascist states andtheir idea on ins outsidethescopeofthisresearch. 73 CEU eTD Collection writings. The analysiswasbased onseveralof provided thebasisforsecondaspectofthis ultra-nationalism aswell the nation,strongemphasis onanti-communismand within theirmodels.Ihaveprove especially inGriffin’sresearch;an two models. Thisexercisehadtwo aims: toe sources, AntePaveli not torefute theirtheories, but influential modelsoffascism advancedbyRoger Within thescopeof the present employing twoapproaches.Thefirstapproachwasthecomparativeanalysisbased onthetwo Ustashi movement andtheIndependentStateofCroatia. provide oneofthefirstintr intellectual, politician,emigrant andLeader.My aim have argueandprovedthatAntePaveli newspaper articles,andonmateri within thecontemporary theoryof

The analysisofhisthoughtsandideologica The purposeofthisresearchistoprovi ć canbedefinedasafascistideologue other taxonomic featuresar oductions intotheexistingpr toshowhow,when als writtenonhim byhiscontempor n thatthenotionofstate,soci fascism, basedontheexamination ofhiswritings,speeches, d toquestionwhetherornotPaveli V. Conclusion Conclusion V. research Ihave analyzed Paveli ć providesaninterestingcasestudyasafascist 74 research: anin-depthanalysisofAntePaveli de the first analysis of AntePaveli Griffin andStanleyG.Payne.Myintentionwas xpose thelackofreliableprimary sources, his most important writings,speeches and dealing withtheresearchbasedonprimary l convictionswithin is tofill theexisting gap inthis field, andto e allpresent within Paveli anti-liberalism, aswe within thetaxonomy providedbythe imary sourcesonAntePaveli al transformation, therebirthof aries. Within theanalysisI ć these twoapproaches might beemployed ć ’s ideologicalbasis ll asanexclusive ć ’s ideology. ć 's thought ć , his , his ć ’s CEU eTD Collection on thesocietyitself,atleast inPaveli social adjustments. Thescaleoftheadjustment system Exporting,orinhiscase, for‘export’. ideologists sawfascism.ForPaveli even more interesting and enigmatic whentrying based ontheirownpeculiaritiesandneeds.Inmy opinion,Paveli economic, socialandpoliticalsystem, whichcoul Pavelić saw himself asbeingfascist. fascist. Thepresenceoffascistideology withinhi Therefore, itisclearthat Paveli conclude that,inPaveli criticism ofcommunism andliberalism discards not onlyasanideology,but opportunity forsocialandst orliberalism,buthealsosawit communism was fascism.Notonlydidhemention fascis extracting his presented ideas.Asdemonstrated inthe last chapter, Paveli taxonomy ofGriffinandPayne.Thisbecomes even basis ofhisideologicalview.Th research. Instead, Ihave identifiedand analyzed fascist leaders orideologists, asthiswoul newspaper articles.Ididnotcompare Paveli

’s awarenessoffascismasanworldsy ć ’s view,fascism wasanalternativ ate organizationofthemanki theworldsystem whichwasto ć mostlikelyconsideredhismovement, aswellstate, e researchshowed thatPaveli ć ć , fascism wasasystemwhichcouldbeimported, i.e.a ’s case.Forhim, thisvariation would bebasedonCroatian d requireawholenewperspectiveandbroader ć ’s ideawiththefascistideologyofotherprominent 75 s wouldvarywidelyan importing fascism, requiredcertaineconomic or asthesystem whichcouldprovidethenew m asthe new system whichshouldreplace toestablish howthecontemporary leadersand key fascistthemes andideaswhichwereatthe s writings allowsme concludethathealso to them aspossiblefuturesystems. Itherefore d beimplemented withindifferentsocieties more evidentwhenanalyzinghisworksand stem isstriking.Hesawfascismasan nd. ItisclearthatPaveli e to both communism and liberalism. e tobothcommunism and ć ’s notion of fascism becomes ’s notionoffascismbecomes ć beestablished.Hisstrong can be placed withinthe d wouldprobablydepend ć ’s ideological basis ć sawfascism CEU eTD Collection Payne’s cleardistinc and socialorganization.Theexample ofthisisseen research has everbeenengagedwith theideological extreme ultra-nationalism andethnic/racialextrem has oftenbeenregardedasnotfascist.The In the lack of comprehensive research, Ustashi notion ofUstashimovement andtheIndependent Within theconceptof fascism andwhatcons or stateshavebeendescribedasproto-fascist the developingandadjustablestat ideological basis.Anotherimportant questionis Germany, inordertoadvance do wecomparethismodelwiththegenuinefa defined asfascist.Furtheron,ifPaveli in ordertoimplement fascism, itshouldbefurthe certain modification wouldhavetobemade. Invi peasantry’s agriculturaleconomy. peasant communitycalled peculiar form of it?If it’sjust a form of fascism, adjusted topeculiarcirc model of fascism astheone withcertain common

tion ofthem fascistmovement. asthe umstances. Wouldthatmean thatwest zadruga our evaluationofit. e, social andeconomic system? Consequently, whileimporting andthefactthatsociala ć wasawareofcertainmodifications, thequestionremains description andemphasis hasmostly beenputon 76 semi-fascist. While this istrue insome cases,the movement andtheIndepe whatstillneedstobede whether ornotfascism couldbelookeduponas r exploredwhetherornotthissystem couldbe State ofCroatiastill ew oftheadjustments thatneededtobemade basis asthe‘genuine’ones,butintegratedand scism asexisting inFascistItaly andNazi ism. These twonotions ism. These inGriffin’sneglectof titutes it,variousmove Iwondershould basisorstructurallevelofthefuturestate nd economic basisispresentedby ill talkaboutfascismoracertain fascism intoCroatiansociety, remain under-researched. we lookuponPaveli fine areitsfeaturesand ndent StateofCroatia Ustashiasfascistand are important, butno ments, organizations, ć ’s CEU eTD Collection accomplishment havebeentakenthough.Asmentioned, thereis thepresenceof theideaof implemented andaccomplishedintheIndependent Germany andFascistItaly,itis the fascist ‘New Order’,wastobeestablishedaf severe communistresistance w was influencedbytwomostprominent actors,N state’s existence.TheIndependentState ofCroa and importance ofthesefactors. Croatia anditsideological, economic andsocial factors. Anyfurtherresearch,whichwouldexam the dependencyonGerman economyandtheideaof presence ofcorporatism asthesystem which German economy. Questionofeconomic system al of thefactthatKingdom of economic dependence requiresfurtherandmore ela not betheonly criteriatomeasure thenatureof did nothavethefullcontrolover and thattheIndependentStateof based onthe factsthatNaziGermany wasinstru as amere ‘’,underthestrongcontrol Thecomplexity ofUstashimovement andth more visible when examining theposition of the stateitself. Many modern scholars see this state

The controloverstateterritoryneedstobeex ithin itsterritory. When wecombinethiswithPaveli Yugoslaviainthelate1930swa itsterritories.Whilethesepointsarecertainlytrue,theyshould Croatiawaseconomically depende reasonable toassume thatfascist system wasyettobe fully should havebeenintroduc 77 tia wasformedduringtheSecondWorldWar. It ter the defeatofcommun theIndependent StateofCroatia.Theaspect foundations, willhave toexamine thepresence azi Germany andFascistItaly,itsoonfaced mental inits proclamation andestablishment, of NaziGermany. Such conclusionismostly e IndependentState ofCroatiabecomes even ine thenatureofIndependentState borative investigation,especiallyintheview state ofCroatia.Several steps towardssuch amined andviewedwithinthecontextof the so requires further an , presentimportant structural s alsocompletely nt onGermany, andthatit ed. Inmy opinionboth, ism ofNazi andvictory alysis regarding the alysis regardingthe dependenton ć ’s beliefthat CEU eTD Collection would certainlyprovide modern sc on AntePavelić European context,hasnotyetbeendone.Ibeliev research basedonprimarysources,whichwould c fascist, thethirdone should notsimply bedisregarded as not fascist. Up tothis day athorough mere logic,itcan beconcluded, that if twoou Pavelić aside. Furthermore, byacceptingPayne’sdefiniti AlthoughneithertheUstashimovement north the focusofthisresearch, whenanalyzing Pavelić on. with the Ustashimovement or th opinion, itisexactlywithinthisframework thata plausible that hesawtheIndependent Stateof Croatiaasbuiltonsimilar principles.Inmy fascist principlesbutadjustedtotheircertai fascist stateorganizations.IfPaveli reconstruction andstateorganizationneedtobe on whichthisstatewas tobebuilt on.Various topic shouldbebasednotonlyon insight intothenatureofIndependentState supervision. Thoughthesearejustafewcomponents formation ofone corporatist system asthebasisofstateseconom

's convictions were fascist, whatwasthe na asthe Supreme UnionCouncil Poglavnik oftheUstashimovement andth e IndependentStateofCroatia, the relationwithtwo,butal holars of fascism withanin-depth analysis andsource review ć sawFascistItalyandNaziGermany asbuilton thesame foralltheworkers,wh 78 n economic andsocialpeculiarities,itisvery of Croatia.Consequently,furtherresearchonthis ic organizationanddevelopment, aswellthe t of three constituting elements aredefined as examined, studied and compared with various ny furtherresearch,whichintendstodealeither ’s ideologicalbasistheseaspectscannotbeleft e thatsuchresearch,especiallytheonebased on ofUstashimovement asfascistandthat ture oftheIndependen over atleastoneofth of stateorganization,theyprovideahelpful lawdecrees,ideologicalbasis,social e IndependentStateof needs tobepositionedandbased so ontheideaandfoundations e IndependentStateofCroatia ich wouldbeunderstate ese aspectsinbroader t State of Croatia? By Croatiahavebeen CEU eTD Collection explained anddefinedinordertopresent within the Ustashimovement andtheIndepende Nazi Germany werefascist systems, despiteth how itmanifested itselfindifferentcircumstance been dealtwith,andthereforemight provideafr insights intofascism asasystem Itismy convictionthatfurtherresearchof posed questions.What isperhapsevenmore impor supplemented fascism, totheirstates according system. Suchresearchshouldalsoemphasize the contemporary leadersandideologistsofthat regarding thissubject.Theresearchwould

for export.Accordingtomyknowledgetheseaspectshavenot for a valid‘taxonomic verdict’offascism. peculiarities,orev 79 time looked uponfascism asastateandsocial s. ItiscommonlyacceptedthatFascistItalyand also provideaclearerinsightonhowthe eir differences.Suchdifferences,alsopresent esh insight intowhat exactlyfascism wasand thistopicmight answersome oftheabove tant isthatsuchresearchmight providenew nt StateofCroatia, needtobe examined, ways inwhichtheymi en theirownideas. ght have copied or ght havecopiedor CEU eTD Collection Putem Hrvatskogdržavnogprava– Poglavnik Saboruinarodu Ustaška misao[UstashiThought].Zagreb:NakladaGlavnogUstaškog Stana,1942. Poglavnik govori Pavelić ______. Doživljaji ______. Hrvatskopitanje ______. DieKroatischeFrage Pavelić ______. ArrivalofAntePavelicinArgentina. ______. Telegram ReceivedbyG-2 ______. CICMemorandumfromAgentsCanigliaandZappala. ______. RomeCIConPavelic'sArrestinAustria ______. SupremeAlliedHQto6thand12thArmyGroups. Djuri Crljen, Danijel (ed.). Primary Sources

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