Bleiburg —The Myth
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Mr. Booth World History 10 Introduction
World War II Mr. Booth World History 10 Introduction: • Most devastating war in human history • 55 million dead • 1 trillion dollars • Began in 1939 as strictly a European Conflict, ended in 1945. • Widened to include most of the world Great Depression Leads Towards Fascism • In 1929, the U.S. Stock Market crashed and sent shockwaves throughout the world. • Many democracies, including the U.S., Britain, and France, remained strong despite the economic crisis caused by the G.D. • Millions lost faith in government • As a result, a few countries turned towards an extreme government called fascism. 1.Germany Adolf Hitler, 2.Spain Francisco Franco 3. Soviet Union Joseph Stalin 4. Italy Benito Mussolini Fascism • Fascism: A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule. • Emphasizes 1) loyalty to the state, and 2) obedience to its leader. • Fascists promised to revive the economy, punish those responsible for hard times, and restore national pride. The Rise of Benito Mussolini • Fascism’s rise in Italy due to: • Disappointment over failure to win land at the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. • Italy wanted a leader who could take action Mussolini Background • Was a newspaper editor and politician • Said he would rebuild the economy, the armed forces, and give Italy a strong leadership. • Mussolini was able to come to power by – publicly criticizing Italy’s government – Followers (black shirts) attacked communists and socialists on the streets. • In October 1922 • 30,000 followers marched to Rome and demanded that King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge Il Duce Fist Pump 3 Decisions he made for complete control • Mussolini was Il Duce, or the leader. -
Framing Croatia's Politics of Memory and Identity
Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER WORKSHOP: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER Author: Taylor A. McConnell, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh Title: “KRVatska”, “Branitelji”, “Žrtve”: (Re-)framing Croatia’s politics of memory and identity Date: 3 April 2018 Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER “KRVatska”, “Branitelji”, “Žrtve”: (Re-)framing Croatia’s politics of memory and identity Taylor McConnell, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh Web: taylormcconnell.com | Twitter: @TMcConnell_SSPS | E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper explores the development of Croatian memory politics and the construction of a new Croatian identity in the aftermath of the 1990s war for independence. Using the public “face” of memory – monuments, museums and commemorations – I contend that Croatia’s narrative of self and self- sacrifice (hence “KRVatska” – a portmanteau of “blood/krv” and “Croatia/Hrvatska”) is divided between praising “defenders”/“branitelji”, selectively remembering its victims/“žrtve”, and silencing the Serb minority. While this divide is partially dependent on geography and the various ways the Croatian War for Independence came to an end in Dalmatia and Slavonia, the “defender” narrative remains preeminent. As well, I discuss the division of Croatian civil society, particularly between veterans’ associations and regional minority bodies, which continues to disrupt amicable relations among the Yugoslav successor states and places Croatia in a generally undesired but unshakable space between “Europe” and the Balkans. 1 Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................... -
Freedom House, Its Academic Advisers, and the Author(S) of This Report
Croatia by Tena Prelec Capital: Zagreb Population: 4.17 million GNI/capita, PPP: $22,880 Source: World Bank World Development Indicators. Nations in Transit Ratings and Averaged Scores NIT Edition 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National Democratic 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.75 Governance Electoral Process 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3 3 3 Civil Society 2.75 2.75 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 Independent Media 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.25 4.25 Local Democratic 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 Governance Judicial Framework 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 and Independence Corruption 4.5 4.5 4.25 4 4 4 4 4.25 4.25 4.25 Democracy Score 3.71 3.71 3,64 3.61 3.61 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.71 3.75 NOTE: The ratings reflect the consensus of Freedom House, its academic advisers, and the author(s) of this report. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author(s). The ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest level of democratic progress and 7 the lowest. The Democracy Score is an average of ratings for the categories tracked in a given year. -
Commemorating Bleiburg
Ljiljana Radonić Cultures of History Forum The 2019 commemoration in Bleiburg Author: AK Pliberg/Bleiburg Commemorating Bleiburg – Croatia’s Struggle with Historical Revisionism Ljiljana Radonić Cultures of History Forum, published: 11.06.2019 DOI: 10.25626/0100 Every year in May thousands of Croats gather in the small Austrian town of Bleiburg to commemorate the so called “Bleiburg tragedy” at the end of the Second World War. Considered by some as the 'biggest neo-Nazi meeting in Europe', this event has triggered considerable controversy, not least due to its political backing from among governing parties. The article provides the historical and memory political backdrop to these controversies sheding light on Croatia's struggle with historical revisionism. Recommended Citation Ljiljana Radonić: Commemorating Bleiburg – Croatia’s Struggle with Historical Revisionism. In: Cultures of History Forum (11.06.2019), DOI: 10.25626/0100 Copyright (c) 2019 by Imre Kertész Kolleg, all rights reserved. This work may be copied and redistributed for non-commercial, educational purposes, if permission is granted by the copyright holders. For permission please contact the editors. Page 1 of 9 Copyright (c) 2019 by Imre Kertész Kolleg, all rights reserved. Ljiljana Radonić Cultures of History Forum Commemorating Bleiburg – Croatia’s Struggle with Historical Revisionism For many Croatians, Bleiburg – a town not even located in Croatia, but in Austria, near the Slovenian (formerly Yugoslav) border – is a central site of memory. Every year in May, several thousand Croats gather there to commemorate the so-called ‘Bleiburg tragedy’ which occurred at the end of the Second World War. The Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance (DÖW) has called these commemorations “the biggest neo-Nazi meeting in Europe”.[1] Yet, only in March this year the Catholic Church in Austria (the bishopric of Gurk-Klagenfurt) withdrew its permission to hold a holy mass, as had been transpired in previous years as part of the commemoration ceremony. -
2Nd Report by the Republic of Austria
Strasbourg, 1 December 2006 ACFC/SR/II(2006)008 [English only] SECOND REPORT SUBMITTED BY AUSTRIA PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25, PARAGRAPH 1 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES Received on 1 December 2006 ACFC/SR/II(2006)008 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I...................................................................................................................................5 I.1. General Remarks..............................................................................................................5 I.2. Comments on the Questions and the Resolution of the Council of Europe ........................7 PART II ...............................................................................................................................17 II.1. The Situation of the National Minorities in Austria .......................................................17 II.1.1. The History of the National Minorities .......................................................................18 The Croat minority in Burgenland ........................................................................................18 The Slovene minority ...........................................................................................................19 The Hungarian minority .......................................................................................................21 The Czech minority..............................................................................................................21 The Slovak minority.............................................................................................................22 -
The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation
Salve Regina University Digital Commons @ Salve Regina Pell Scholars and Senior Theses Salve's Dissertations and Theses Summer 7-14-2011 The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation Kalyna Macko Salve Regina University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Macko, Kalyna, "The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation" (2011). Pell Scholars and Senior Theses. 68. https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses/68 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Salve's Dissertations and Theses at Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pell Scholars and Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Macko 1 The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation By: Kalyna Macko Pell Senior Thesis Primary Advisor: Dr. Jane Bethune Secondary Advisor: Dr. Clark Merrill Macko 2 Macko 3 Thesis Statement: The combined nationalist sentiments and opposition of these particular Basques to the Fascist regime of General Franco explained the violence of the terrorist group ETA both throughout his rule and into the twenty-first century. I. Introduction II. Basque Differences A. Basque Language B. Basque Race C. Conservative Political Philosophy III. The Formation of the PNV A. Sabino Arana y Goiri B. Re-Introduction of the Basque Culture C. The PNV as a Representation of the Basques IV. The Oppression of the Basques A. Targeting the Basques B. Primo de Rivera C. General Francisco Franco D. Bombing of Guernica E. -
The Judeo-Masonic Enemy in Francoist Propaganda (1936-1945)
The Judeo-Masonic Enemy in Francoist Propaganda (1936-1945) Javier Domínguez Arribas* 1. INTRODUCTION Between the beginning of the Spanish Civil War and the end of the Second World War, Francoist propaganda depicted Jews and Freemasons as two closely linked forces that conspired tirelessly against Spain. They were considered responsible for all the evils that afflicted the country, together with the leftists. While the “Reds” were an obvious and significant enemy for the nationalist forces, there were no more than about 5,000 Spanish Freemasons in 1936, and their influence in Spanish public affairs was limited, at least as an organization (although the individual influence of some Freemasons is another issue). However, their fate was the same as that of the “Communists”: relentless repres- sion.1 The case of the Jews is even more surprising. The antisemitic propaganda of the early days of the Franco regime took place in a country where almost no Jews had lived since their expulsion by the Catholic monarchs in 1492. Furthermore, most members of the tiny Jewish community in the Iberian Peninsula in 1936 had arrived just a short time previously, coming mostly from Hitler’s Germany. Their number, although impossible to establish precisely, has been estimated at close to 6,000.2 In spite of the violent rhetoric against Jews, the regime did not systematically implement discriminatory policies against them. Above all, the Franco government did not facilitate Nazi antisemitic persecution during the Second World War, while some Spanish diplomats in fact pro- tected Jews in danger.3 Why, then, were two groups that were so small, so different, and so differently treated by the regime, presented together by official propaganda as the powerful Judeo-Masonic enemy to be fought? This, among other aspects, is the focus of the research presented in this paper.4 * Associate Professor, University of Paris XIII—CRESC. -
Kärnten, Austria, Download Unter Carinthia II M 192./112
©Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein für Kärnten, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Carinthia II M 192./112. Jahrgang J Seiten 487-510 M Klagenfurt 2002 487 Zum Landschaftswandel in Unter- kärnten - Das „Landschaftsfenster Feistritz ob Bleiburg 1830-2020 Von Michael JUNGMEIER & Judith DRAPELA Schlagworte: Key words: Landschaftswandel, Kulturlandschaft, Landnutzung, Regionalentwicklung. Landscape change, cultural landscape, landuse, regional Zusammenfassung: development. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Landschaftsentwicklung des südkärntner Grenzraumes am Beispiel der Gemeinde Feistritz ob Bleiburg (Bezirk Völker- Summary: markt) analysiert. Ausgehend von der Situation vor der Industrialisierung The paper focuses on the changes (1830) wird die Entwicklung der Landschaft bis heute nachvollzogen und die of a cultural landscape in the South weitere Entwicklung bis zum Jahr 2020 prognostiziert. Die Bearbeitung er- of Carinthia by example of the com- folgt mit dem Analysetool „Landschaftsfenster". munity Freistritz ob Bleiburg (district Für den konkreten Landschaftsausschnitt in Feistritz ob Bleiburg ist die cha- of Völkermarkt). Beginning from the rakteristische „Schere" von Intensivierung der Gunstlagen und Extensivie- pre-industrialised situation in the rung bzw. Aufgabe der Ungunstlagen zu konstatieren. Dies bedeutet in den 1830ies the change of the land- randlichen Lagen das Zurückweichen von Acker- und Grünland zugunsten scape until nowadays is being des Waldes. In den Gunstlagen ist eine Intensivierung des Ackerbaus sowie analyzed; the further development eine dramatische Zunahme von versiegelten Flächen festzustellen. Ver- up to 2020 is forecasted. The ana- zeichnenswert ist jedoch, dass die Grundstruktur der Talbodenlandschaft lysis is carried out by the methods seit fast zwei Jahrhunderten nahezu unverändert ist. of „Landscape-windows". Generell muss ein Rückgang an Nutzungsarten und Nutzungsintensitäten For the landscape of Feistritz ob festgestellt werden. -
The Slovene Carinthians and the 1920 Plebiscite
SPRAWY NARODOWOŚCIOWE Seria nowa / naTiOnaliTIES AFFairs New series, 48/2016: 85–105 DOI: 10.11649/sn.2016.006 Maria isabella reinhard “an isOlaTed Case”*: The slOvene CarinThians and The 1920 PlebisCiTe absTraCT The end of WWI saw the dissolution of the multiethnic Cen- tral European Empires and the formation of new states based on Woodrow Wilson’s concept of national self-determination. This article underlines the limitations of Wilsonian national self-determination, focusing on the Slovene Carinthians and the pro-Austrian result of the 1920 plebiscite. The outcome of the plebiscite exemplifies that minorities are motivated by more than solely ethno-linguistic reasons when deciding what state to belong to. Even though other factors existed, the key motivations for Slovene Carinthians to remain with Austria were of economic and political nature. It will be con- tended that the importance of the centuries long accultura- tion of Slovene Carinthians to Austria brought them closer to Austria than to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Additionally the phrasing of the plebiscite made Slovene Car- inthians’ decision a question of state preference rather than ethno-linguistic identity. Moreover, the unpleasant occupation of parts of Carinthia by the troops of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and the higher effectiveness of Austri- an propaganda played a key role in the vote of many Slovene Carinthians. Lastly, the majority of Slovene Carinthians being farmers, reliant on Austrian trade opportunities, swayed them ............................... toward a pro-Austrian vote. Thus, the Carinthian plebiscite of Maria isabella reinhard 1920 builds a strong case against the assumption that ethno- University of St Andrews, St. -
RURITAGE Heritage-Led Regeneration Plans for Replicators
Ref. Ares(2020)507022 - 27/01/2020 RURITAGE Heritage-led regeneration plans for Replicators D1.4 Due date of deliverable: 31-11-2019 Actual submission date: 27-01-2020 Authors: Hanna Elisabet Åberg, Elisa Conticelli, Claudia de Luca, Angela Santangelo, Simona Tondelli (UNIBO) Authors contributed in the deliverable in the same way, so they are listed in alphabetical order. Call: H2020-SC5-2016-2017 Number: 776465 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776465 D3.4 / RURITAGE heritage-led regeneration plans for Replicators Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................................................... 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ....................................................................................................................... 5 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT .................................................................................................................... 9 2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................... 12 3. SUMMARY OF THE -
Portrait of the Regions – Slovenia Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 2000 – VIII, 80 Pp
PORTRAIT OF THE REGIONS 13 17 KS-29-00-779-EN-C PORTRAIT OF THE REGIONS VOLUME 9 SLOVENIA VOLUME 9 SLOVENIA Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 25,00 ISBN 92-828-9403-7 OFFICE FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES EUROPEAN COMMISSION L-2985 Luxembourg ࢞ eurostat Statistical Office of the European Communities PORTRAIT OF THE REGIONS VOLUME 9 SLOVENIA EUROPEAN COMMISSION ࢞ I eurostat Statistical Office of the European Communities A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000 ISBN 92-828-9404-5 © European Communities, 2000 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium II PORTRAIT OF THE REGIONS eurostat Foreword The accession discussions already underway with all ten of the Phare countries of Central and Eastern Europe have further boosted the demand for statistical data concerning them. At the same time, a growing appreciation of regional issues has raised interest in regional differences in each of these countries. This volume of the “Portrait of the Regions” series responds to this need and follows on in a tradition which has seen four volumes devoted to the current Member States, a fifth to Hungary, a sixth volume dedicated to the Czech Republic and Poland, a seventh to the Slovak Republic and the most recent volume covering the Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Examining the 12 statistical regions of Slovenia, this ninth volume in the series has an almost identical structure to Volume 8, itself very similar to earlier publications. -
Bibliography on Croatian Exiles (20Th Century): with Annotations and Comments Robionek, Bernd
www.ssoar.info Bibliography on Croatian Exiles (20th Century): With Annotations and Comments Robionek, Bernd Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Bibliographie / bibliography Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Robionek, B. (2012). Bibliography on Croatian Exiles (20th Century): With Annotations and Comments. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, Osteuropa-Institut. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-65569-3 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.de Bibliography on Croatian Exiles (20th Century) With Annotations and Comments Bernd Robionek a project of Osteuropa-Institut der Freien Universität Berlin © Bernd Robionek 2012 -Bibliography on Croatian Exiles- Content: Introduction 1. Bibliographies 2. Source Editions 3. Reminiscences 4. General Works 5. Internet Resources 6. The First Exile (1927 – 1941) 6.1. Works from within the Political Emigration (1927 – 1941) 6.1.1. Books and Booklets 6.1.2. Periodicals and Articles 6.2. Works concerning the Political Emigration (1927 – 1941) 6.2.1. Books 6.2.2. Articles 7. The Second Exile (1945 – 1991) 7.1. Works from within the Political Emigration (1945 – 1991) 7.1.1. Books, Booklets and Articles (*) A-E F-K L-O P- Š T- Ž 7.1.2. Periodicals (**) A-G H I-N O-Z 7.2. Works concerning the Political Emigration (1945 –1991) 7.2.1.