Estrategia Competitiva Y Plan De Acción Para La Comercialización De

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Estrategia Competitiva Y Plan De Acción Para La Comercialización De POLICIES TO PROMOTE COMPETITIVENESS IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PROJECT Estrategia Competitiva y Plan de Acción para la Comercialización de Productos Agrícolas Perecederos a los Mercados Norteamericanos para el Grupo Cluster de La Vega, República Dominicana Volumen II Submitted to: USAID/Dominican Republic Submitted by: Marsha Krigsvold y José Gómez Chemonics International Inc. Under Contract Number PCE-I-14-99-00003-00, Task Order 14 In Support of Strategic Objective (SO) No. 1, Polices Adopted that Promote Good Governance for Sustainable Economic Growth July 8, 2003 INDICE Siglas Resumen Ejecutivo SECCION I Introducción 1 SECCION II La Cadena Productiva: Descripción, Evaluación y Recomendaciones 3 A. Descripción 3 B. Economías de Escala 3 C. Producción 4 D. Empacadora 4 E. Procesos 5 F. Estándares de Calidad de Productos de Exportación 6 G. Los Insumos 7 H. Transporte 8 I. El Ambiente Comercial 8 J. Fortalecimiento del Grupo “Cluster” La Vega 9 K. Mejoramiento de la Infraestructura 10 SECCION III La Estrategia: Análisis del Ambiente de la Industria de Productos Agrícolas Frescos para el Mercado Etnico 13 A. Amenazas 13 B. Oportunidades 16 C. Debilidades del “Cluster” de la Vega 17 D. Fortalezas del Grupo “Cluster” la Vega 18 E. La Estrategia 19 F. Cumplimiento con los Requisitos Mínimos de Notificación Previa Correcta y Puntual y Trazabilidad, un Programa de Inocuidad 20 G. Fortalecimiento del Grupo “Cluster” Hortofrutícola de La Vega 20 SECCION IV Los Mercados de Productos Agrícolas Frescos de Los Estados Unidos y Canadá 24 A. La Situación Actual del Mercado de Frutas y Verduras Frescas de Los Estados Unidos 24 B. El Canal de Distribución de las Frutas y Verduras Frescas 25 C. Requerimientos del Mercado de los EE.UU. 29 D. Empaque, Etiquetado y El Etiquetado del País de Origen 33 E. La Situación Actual de los Mercados de Frutas y Verduras Frescas de Canadá 35 F. El Canal de Distribución de las Frutas y Verduras Frescas 36 G. Requerimientos del Mercado de Canadá 37 H. Las Agencias Gubernamentales y Regulaciones Controlando Importaciones 37 I. Empaque y Etiquetado 38 J. Los Requerimientos Específicos para Las Importaciones 39 SECCION V Análisis del Mercado Norteamericano para Berenjena Oriental 40 A. Descripción y Análisis del Producto 40 B. El Segmento de Mayor Consumo – El Consumidor Asiático 40 C. La Demanda para las Berenjenas Orientales 42 D. El Abastecimiento de Berenjena Orientales al Mercado Estadounidense 43 E. Producción Nacional de los Vegetales Orientales, Berenjenas y Berenjenas Orientales 43 F. Los Principales Países Competidores para el Mercado de Berenjenas Orientales 44 CHEMONICS INTERNATIONAL INC. G. Canales de Distribución de las Berenjenas Orientales en EE.UU. 47 H. Importadores de Berenjenas Orientales en Estados Unidos y Canadá 47 I. La Ventana de Oportunidad y Historiales de Precios de los Mercados Mayoristas de Los Angeles y Chicago 48 J. Los Requisitos de los Consumidores y la Industria de Comercialización de las Berenjenas Orientales 51 K. El Mercado de Canadá – El Consumidor Asiático 55 L. Los Costos Básicos de Producción 59 M. Costo de Flete 59 N. Conclusiones Sobre la Situación Actual del Mercado para la Berenjena Oriental en los EE.UU. y Canadá 61 SECCION VI El Análisis de los Mercados Estadounidenses y Canadienses para el Ají Picante 63 A. Descripción de los Ajíes Picantes 63 B. El Mercado de los Estados Unidos 64 C. Potencial de Crecimiento 66 D. La Producción Nacional de Ajíes Picantes 67 E. Importaciones 69 F. Historiales de Precios de los Mercados Mayoristas de Nueva York y Miami – Una Mirada al Movimiento de Ajíes Picantes 71 G. El Mercado de Boston, Massachussets 73 H. Habanero 75 I. Scotch Bonnet 75 J. Requerimientos del Mercado 79 K. El Mercado de Canadá 83 L. La Industria de Procesamiento de los Ajíes Picantes 86 M. La Competitividad Relativa y Sostenibilidad de la Producción de Ají Picante para Comercialización a los EE.UU. y Toronto, Canadá 90 SECCION VII Análisis del Mercado de La Papaya Fresca 93 A. Descripción y Análisis del Producto 93 B. El Mercado de los Estados Unidos 93 C. Potencial de Crecimiento 94 D. Factores Críticos para el Éxito 95 E. La Regulación de Importaciones de Papaya a EE.UU. 99 F. Canal de Distribución 99 G. Ventana de Mercado 100 H. Precios 100 I. El Abastecimiento de la Papaya al Mercado Estadounidense 101 J. La Ventana de Oportunidad y Historiales de Precios de los Mercados 106 K. El Mercado de Canadá 107 L. La Industria de Procesamiento para La Papaya 109 M. Posición de Competitividad de la República Dominicana con Respecto a los Otros Países en la Producción y Comercialización de la Papaya 110 SECCION VIII Plan de Acción de Corto Plazo 112 SECCION IX Plan de Acción de Mediano Plazo 117 SECCION X Plan de Acción de Largo Plazo 122 ANEXO A Los Esablones de la Cadena Productiva 126 ANEXO B Plaguicidas Permitidas en Berenjena 129 ANEXO C El Mercado Mayorista de Los Angeles 130 ANEXO D Brokers de Vegetales Orientales y Berenjena Oriental 133 ANEXO E Plaguicidas y Tolerancias Permitidas en Ajíes Picantes 137 ANEXO F Poblaciones de Grupos Etnicos Inmigrantes a las Ciudades Principales de Canadá y Canadá Entero Según los Censos de 1996 y 2001 y el Porcentaje de Cambio de las Poblaciones entre 1996 y 2001 139 ANEXO G Importadores/Mayoristas de Ají Picante 141 ANEXO H Plaguicidas de Uso Permitido en Papayas 142 ANEXO I Importadores y Brokers de Papaya 143 ANEXO J El Formato Propuesto para el Aviso de Importación 145 ANEXO K Lista de los Records Necesarios para cumplir con la Etiqueta de País de Origen 157 SIGLAS AGEXPONT Asociación Gremial de Exportadores de Productos No Tradicionales AGMRC Centro de Recursos de Mercadeo Agrícola AMS Servicio de Mercadeo Agrícola APHIS Servicio de Inspección de Santidad Animal y Vegetal CAP Canadian Agricultural Products Act CARICOM Asociación de Estados del Caribe CBI Caribbean Basin Initiative CEDOPEX Centro Dominicano de Promoción de Exportaciones CENIAF Centro Educativo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarios y Forestales CFIA Agencia Canadiense de Inspección de Alimentos CFR Codigo de Regulaciones Federales CIAD Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC COOL Country of Original Label COS Confirmation of Sale DHS Departamento de Seguridad Domestica de los Estados Unidos EE.UU. Estados Unidos EPA Agencia para la Protección Ambiental EUREGAP Euro-Retailers Produce Working Group FDA Administración de Alimentos y Drogas FHIA Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola FOB Free on Board FODA Fortalezas, Oportunidades, Debilidades, Amenazas HACCP Hazard Analisis Critical Control Points IDIAF Instituto Dominicano de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales JAD Junta Agroempresarial Dominicana Lbs. Libras MIC Manejo Integrado de Cultivo MIP Manejo Integrado de Plagas NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement ONG Organización No-Gubernamental PLU Price Lookup PPM Partes por Millón PRSV Papaya Ringspot Virus SHU Scoville Heat Units TLC Tratado de Libre Comercio ULC Universal Lookup Code USAID Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional USDA Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos USITC Comisión de Comercio Internacional de los Estados Unidos Resumen Ejecutivo El Grupo “Cluster” de La Vega de República Dominicana es un proveedor de frutas y verduras frescas a los mercados para productos étnicos situados en la Costa Este de EE.UU., en Canadá y en Europa. El “Cluster” emplea cerca de 13,000 obreros, los cuales cultivan un área estimada de 2,200 ha y empacan alrededor de 1.3 millones de cajas anuales que generan más de US$40 millones anuales de divisas y contribuye con hasta RD$640 millón anuales al Producto Bruto Agropecuario de la República Dominicana. Este mercado es un mercado especial de demanda limitada pero en crecimiento y está muy fragmentado con importadores grandes y pequeños que compiten para abastecer pequeños volúmenes con una gama de productos. La industria de producción y empaque para exportación de La Vega también está muy fragmentada. Hay más de 3,500 productores pequeños y cerca de 42 empacadores-exportadores de diferentes capacidades y con diferentes estrategias para competir en los mercados de EE.UU., Canadá y Europa. Muchos de los productores y empacadores no tienen el tamaño necesario para ser rentable en un ámbito tan competitivo con bajos precios y altos costos de insumos, financiamiento y transporte. En los 1990s, problemas fitosanitarios con algunos de los productos de La Vega resultaron en la pérdida temporánea de acceso al mercado de EE.UU. en el momento en que La Vega estaba desarrollándose como un proveedor importante en el mercado. Otros competidores se aprovecharon de la oportunidad para establecerse en el mercado y resultó que La Vega perdió una parte del mercado a los competidores. Han surgido amenazas nuevas incluyen los nuevas regulaciones en forma mundial respeto el control de importaciones y la creciente preocupación con la inocuidad de alimentos importados en EE.UU. El Grupo Estratégico del “Cluster” ha analizado la situación y reconoce que no cuenta con las condiciones necesarias para enfrentar estas amenazas. Hay muchas ineficiencias en la producción y empaque de sus productos y falta de aplicación de medidas sanitarias para asegurar la inocuidad de sus productos. La industria hortofrutícola de La Vega y los empacadores-exportadores no se han modernizado lo suficientemente rápido para mantenerse al día con los requerimientos de los mercados. Las inversiones han sido lo mínimo para integrarse a la industria y mantenerse. Muchos de los integrantes productivos al Grupo “Cluster” La Vega no han desarrollado el tamaño adecuado ni la capacidad de controlar los costos. No tienen los recursos para crecer. Ellos están perdiendo la capacidad mantenerse competitivos y su participación en el mercado. La estrategia del Grupo “Cluster” tiene que dirigirse a la modernización de la industria para lograr eficiencia y cumplimiento con las regulaciones de importaciones y los cambios en los mercados.
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