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Oléiculture, Systèmes Oléicoles Et Territoires Méditerranéens : De La Filière Au Paysage

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Oléiculture, Systèmes Oléicoles Et Territoires Méditerranéens : De La Filière Au Paysage Oléiculture, systèmes oléicoles et territoires méditerranéens : de la filière au paysage. Stéphane Angles To cite this version: Stéphane Angles. Oléiculture, systèmes oléicoles et territoires méditerranéens : de la filière au paysage.. Géographie. Universite Paris 13, 2016. tel-01536386 HAL Id: tel-01536386 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01536386 Submitted on 11 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS 13 UFR Lettres, Sciences Humaines et Sociales (LSHS) EA 7338 PLÉIADE MEMOIRE D’HABILITATION A DIRIGER DES RECHERCHES Garant : F. Alexandre Oléiculture, systèmes oléicoles et territoires méditerranéens : de la filière au paysage. Présenté par : Stéphane ANGLES Maître de conférences en géographie, Université Paris Diderot – Paris 7 Soutenu le 30 mai 2015 à Villetaneuse en présence de : Frédéric ALEXANDRE, Professeur des universités, Université Paris 13 Céline BROGGIO, Professeure des universités, Université Paris 13 Lucette LAURENS, Professeure des universités, Université Paul Valéry – Montpellier 3 Monique POULOT, Professeure des universités, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense Ana RIBAS PALOM, Professeure des universités, Université de Girona (Espagne) Laurent RIEUTORT, Professeur des universités, Université Blaise Pascal – Clermont-Ferrand Dominique RIVIÈRE, Professeure des universités, Paris Diderot – Paris 7 2 3 Cette HDR en géographie relève de la section suivante du Conseil National des Universités : Section 23 Géographie physique, humaine, économique et régionale 4 REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie vivement Frédéric Alexandre d’avoir accepté d’être mon garant pour ce travail d’HDR. Il a su me conseiller et m’encourager pour réaliser au mieux ce mémoire. La justesse de ses avis et son soutien attentionné ont constitué une aide très précieuse. Merci aux membres du jury qui ont accepté de lire et évaluer ce travail. Cette HDR n’entend pas être une seconde thèse ; tout en demeurant fidèle à l’étude de la culture de l’olivier, elle souhaite être un prolongement et un dépassement. Pour cela, je remercie mes collègues géographes de l’Université Paris Diderot – Paris 7 et de l’UMR LADYSS : depuis 2000, le travail en commun et les échanges partagés avec eux ont largement contribué à nourrir mes réflexions et à m’ouvrir vers des horizons nouveaux. J’exprime toute ma reconnaissance à Marianne Cohen pour son rôle crucial dans ma dynamique de recherche et dans mon ouverture vers des questions environnementales. Merci aux directeurs écologues du Master Espace et Milieux, Gilles Benest et François Bouteau, qui m’ont toujours apporté leur soutien et des échanges très stimulants dans un domaine, la biologie, qui ne m’était guère familier. Je remercie chaleureusement Philippe Roudié, mon directeur de thèse, qui m’a ouvert la voie vers la recherche avec une attention pleine de bienveillance et de clarté scientifique. Merci Paul pour toutes ces années à parcourir la Provence, ses oliveraies et ses vignobles : ces moments sur le terrain et toutes nos discussions ont été des éléments fondamentaux pour ce travail de recherche. Un grand merci aussi à tous mes acolytes du PATERMED pour ces quatre années passionnantes. Je souhaite exprimer toute ma gratitude aux nombreux oléiculteurs et amoureux de l’olivier que j’ai eu le grand plaisir de rencontrer depuis trente ans et avec lesquels nous avons pu partager notre passion commune pour cet arbre. Et, bien évidemment, un grand merci à ma famille : ma passion pour l’olivier s’enracine dans un héritage niché sur une rive perdue de la Méditerranée. Là où l’olivier renonce, finit la Méditerranée. G. Duhamel. 5 6 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION : .............................................................................................................................................. 9 PARTIE I. OBJETS DE RECHERCHE – PROBLEMATISATION – METHODOLOGIE ................................................. 13 1.1. L’OLEICULTURE : UN REVELATEUR DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DES ESPACES RURAUX DU MONDE MEDITERRANEEN ........... 13 1.1.1. L’olivier : un objet de recherche fondamental ........................................................................... 13 1.1.2. Des systèmes oléicoles spatialisés ancrés dans leurs territoires .............................................. 17 1.1.3. L’olivier face à des enjeux majeurs : paysage, patrimoine, urbanisation. ............................... 19 1.2. PROBLEMATISATIONS DE LA RECHERCHE ....................................................................................................... 21 1.2.1. Les problématiques en lien avec une activité agricole .............................................................. 21 1.2.2. Les problématiques liées à l’espace oléicole et aux territoires ................................................. 23 1.2.3. Les problématiques autour du paysage, vecteur de patrimoine .............................................. 24 1.3. LES METHODOLOGIES DEPLOYEES ................................................................................................................ 25 1.3.1. La démarche qualitative et systémique ..................................................................................... 25 1.3.2. Les entretiens : une méthode de recherche privilégiée ............................................................. 26 1.3.3. La nécessité d’une approche multi-scalaire ............................................................................... 28 1.3.4. La démarche diachronique ......................................................................................................... 28 1.3.5. La démarche comparative.......................................................................................................... 30 1.3.6. Le défi de l’interdisciplinarité ..................................................................................................... 32 PARTIE II. L’OLEICULTURE FACE A LA MODERNITE .......................................................................................... 34 EME 2.1. LES SYSTEMES OLEICOLES FACE AUX DEFIS DU XXI SIECLE ............................................................................. 34 2.1.1. Une activité qui paraissait immuable, inapte aux changements de la modernité .................. 34 2.1.2. La modernisation croissante des systèmes productifs .............................................................. 36 2.1.3. Les effets de la modernisation de l’oléiculture .......................................................................... 43 2.2. LES MUTATIONS DE L’OLEICULTURE : ENTRE GLOBAL ET LOCAL .......................................................................... 52 2.2.1. L’oléiculture : un secteur désormais intégré dans la globalisation contemporaine ................ 52 2.2.2. Un effet contradictoire à la globalisation : une évolution vers des productions plus localisées ? ................................................................................................................................................... 59 2.2.3. Une démarche locale privilégiée : la multiplication des SIQO .................................................. 64 PARTIE III. L’OLIVIER FACE A DE NOUVEAUX ENJEUX CONTEMPORAINS : PATRIMOINE, ENVIRONNEMENT, URBANISATION, POLITIQUES TERRITORIALES................................................................................................. 75 3.1. L’OLEICULTURE ET PATRIMOINE................................................................................................................... 75 3.1.1. Les fondements du patrimoine oléicole et de la mise en patrimoine ....................................... 75 3.1.2. Un patrimoine fondé sur l’ancrage local ................................................................................... 88 3.2. L’OLIVIER FACE A DE NOUVELLES ATTENTES CONTEMPORAINES ....................................................................... 100 3.2.1. La culture de l’olivier et l’environnement ................................................................................ 100 3.2.2. L’olivier face à l’extension urbaine .......................................................................................... 108 3.2.3. La place croissante de l’oléiculture dans les territoires .......................................................... 117 PARTIE IV. LES PERSPECTIVES DE RECHERCHE .............................................................................................. 126 4.1. LE SYSTEME OLEICOLE : D’UNE FILIERE AU CŒUR D’ESPACES AGRICOLES AUX PAYSAGES DE L’OLIVIER AU SEIN DES TERRITOIRES MEDITERRANEENS .............................................................................................................................. 127 4.1.1. Une approche qui s’inscrit dans une évolution épistémologique ........................................... 127 4.1.2. Une recherche orientée vers l’analyse des paysages de l’olivier et de leurs territoires......... 128 4.2. L’OLIVIER FACE AUX DEFIS CONTEMPORAINS : UNE RECHERCHE EN PRISE AVEC LES ACTEURS ET L’ACTION DANS LES TERRITOIRES ......................................................................................................................................................
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