DOCSLIB.ORG

TASK 1 Recording and Assessment of the Existing Situation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TASK 1 Recording and Assessment of the Existing Situation “Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a Decision Support Tool (DST) for the ecoproduction of olive oil” Deliverable 2: TASK 1 Recording and assessment of the existing situation TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CRETE DEPARTMENT OF PRODUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Chania, Crete 2005 Prepared by Technical University of Crete University of Cyprus LEIA Foundation Financial support from the EC financial instrument for the environment LIFE-Environment DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS Recording and assessment of the existing situation 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 6 2. International and European legislation ........................................................................ 7 2.1. Legislation at international level..................................................................................................7 2.1.1. General Information............................................................................................................7 2.2.2 Case Study: US legislation...................................................................................................7 2.2. Legislation in European Level .................................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Eco-efficient Agricultural Practices...................................................................................... 12 2.2.2. Nitrate water pollution and agriculture ................................................................................ 15 2.2.3. Sludge used in agriculture................................................................................................. 15 2.2.4 Organic Farming............................................................................................................... 16 2.2.5. Council Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC Directive).................................................................................................................................. 17 3. Legislative Framework in Greece................................................................................ 19 3.1. General Information ................................................................................................................ 19 3.2 Law 3010 / 2002 on the implementation of the IPPC and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directives (96/61/EC and 97/11/EC respectively) ............................................................................. 19 3.3 Joint Ministerial Decision (JMD) 15393/2332/2002 on the categorization of activities according to their potential environmental impacts...................................................................................................... 20 3.4 JMD 11014/703/Φ104/2003 on the environmental permitting procedures................................... 21 3.5 JMD 69269/5387/90 on the content of the environmental impact assessment studies.................. 21 3.6 Law 1180/1981 on the operation of industrial installations in relation to the protection of the environment.................................................................................................................................. 21 3.7 JMD 50910 / 2727 / 2003 on solid waste management and JMD 114218 / 97 on the technical specifications for the solid waste management................................................................................. 22 3.8 Ministerial Decision 19396/1546/1997 on hazardous waste management................................... 22 3.9 JMD 16190/1335/97 on the protection of water from the nitrogen pollution due to agricultural activities ....................................................................................................................................... 23 3.9.1 Codes of Good Agriculture Practice.................................................................................... 23 3.9.2. Input management ........................................................................................................... 23 3.9.3 Soil treatment ................................................................................................................... 24 3.9.4. Crop rotation.................................................................................................................... 24 3.9.5. Fertilization...................................................................................................................... 25 3.9.6. Water resources protection ............................................................................................... 26 3.9.7. Irrigation practices............................................................................................................ 26 3.10 JMD 3325/2005 on the establishment and operation of industrial installations in the framework of sustainable development................................................................................................................ 27 3.11 Prefectural decisions on wastewater disposal in water recipients............................................... 28 Recording and assessment of the existing situation 3 4. Legislative framework in Cyprus..................................................................................... 28 4.1. Cyprus Government Law No. 106(I)/2002 for the Pollution Control of Waters and Soil................... 28 4.1.1. Code for Good Agricultural Practice (No. R.A.A. 407/2002) - Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Environment Service ...................................................................... 30 4.1.2. Use of sludge in agriculture – Regulations (R.A.A. 517/2002)............................................... 34 4.1.3. Nitrate Pollution of Agricultural Origin - Regulations (R.A.A. 534/2002).................................. 35 4.1.4. Waste Disposal Permit for Olive Mills................................................................................. 36 4.1.5. Action Program for the Nitrogen Sensitive Regions of Cyprus (Ordinance 41/2004) & Nitrogen Sensitivity Zones and water categories that are subject or are possible to be subjected to nitrogen pollution (Ordinance 42/2004)..................................................................................................... 39 4.2. Quality Control Inspection for Agricultural Products Laws of 2002-2004: application of Directives 1019/2002/EU and 2081/92/EU ...................................................................................................... 41 4.3. 1996 To 2004 Laws (Control and Sales) Associated With Food: Application of Directive 2000/13/EU by Ministry Of Health ..................................................................................................................... 41 4.4. “E Elia” Guidelines Prepared For Olive Tree Growers................................................................. 42 4.5. 122 (I)/2004 – Application of Regulation (EC) No 761/2001 associated with EMAS...................... 48 5. Legislative Framework in Spain ...................................................................................... 49 5.1 General Information ................................................................................................................. 49 5.2. Agri-environmental Scheme..................................................................................................... 50 5.2.1 Actual Agri-environmental Measures................................................................................... 50 5.2.2. Beneficiaries, Commitments and Payment of the Agri-environmental measures..................... 52 5.2.3. Good Agrarian Practices in Navarra................................................................................... 52 5.3. Nitrate water pollution and agriculture....................................................................................... 53 5.4. Sludge used in agriculture........................................................................................................ 54 5.5. Organic Farming..................................................................................................................... 55 5.6. Operation in olive oil mills ........................................................................................................ 55 5.6.1. Atmospheric emissions..................................................................................................... 55 5.6.2. Waters ............................................................................................................................ 57 5.6.3. Waste ............................................................................................................................. 59 5.6.4. Noise .............................................................................................................................. 62 5.6.5. Soils................................................................................................................................ 63 5.6.6. Environmental Security..................................................................................................... 63 5.6.7. Environmental Management.............................................................................................. 64 6. Olive oil production in Voukolies, Chania..................................................................... 67 6.1 Description of the case study area............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Terraolivo Regulation Organization
    TERRAOLIVO REGULATION ORGANIZATION As part of putting together Olive oil, Nutrition and Health there will be a competition held in Israel, during the month of July known as Mediterranean International Olive Oil Competition - TerraOlivo PURPOSE Mediterranean International Olive Oil Competition is an International Competition of Extra Virgin Olive Oils Terraolivo, organized to reach the following objectives: ● Award the best Olive Oils Extra Virgin from all over the world. ● Promote all the nutritional benefits of Olive Oils EV directly to its consumers. ● Encourage the International market to notice the exceptional qualities of Olive Oils EV produced by different countries. ● Promote and make perceptible Olive Oil markets in the Mediterranean and the rest of the world. ● Spread all the advantages of having a Mediterranean diet. ● Introduce all winners to potential importers, in international markets, and to the media. ● Increase the international consumption of Olive Oils. STAGES The competition will have the following stages: ● Mediterranean International Olive Oil Competition: All Olive Oils will be tasted by a panel of professionals who will assess and classify them according to the COI. ● Guided Sampling: There will be a guided sampling of Olive Oils commented by the main specialists of the jury. ● First opening for winners to the press: All award winners will be presented to the International media and will be introduced to importers and distributors from worldwide markets. WHO CAN PARTICIPATE- ADMITTED PRODUCTS VERY IMPORTANT: The oils submitted should have a chemical analysis for free fatty acids ​ completed no more than 120 days prior to submission. To be considered extra virgin olive oils, the free fatty acid level must not be more than 0.8% with a peroxide index of less than 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Maternal Effects and Genetic Variability in Resistance to Verticillium Dahliae in Olive Progenies
    plants Article Assessment of Maternal Effects and Genetic Variability in Resistance to Verticillium dahliae in Olive Progenies Pedro Valverde Caballero , Carlos Trapero Ramírez , Diego Barranco Navero, Francisco J. López-Escudero, Ana Gordon Bermúdez-Coronel and Concepción Muñoz Díez * Excellence Unit ‘María de Maeztu’ 2020-23, Department of Agronomy, ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; [email protected] (P.V.C.); [email protected] (C.T.R.); [email protected] (D.B.N.); [email protected] (F.J.L.-E.); [email protected] (A.G.B.-C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The use of genetic resistance is likely the most efficient, economically convenient and environmentally friendly control method for plant diseases, as well as a fundamental piece in an integrated management strategy. This is particularly important for woody crops affected by diseases in which mainly horizontal resistance mechanisms are operative, such as Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae. In this study, we analyzed the variability in resistance to Verticillium wilt of olive trees in progenies from five crosses: ‘Picual’ × ‘Frantoio’, ‘Arbosana’ × ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Sikitita’ × Citation: Valverde Caballero, P.; ‘Arbosana’, ‘Arbosana’ × ‘Frantoio’ and ‘Arbosana’ × ‘Arbequina’ and their respective reciprocal Trapero Ramírez, C.; Barranco crosses. Additionally, seedlings of ‘Picual’ and ‘Frantoio’ in open pollination were used as controls. Navero, D.; López-Escudero, F.J.; In October 2016 and 2018, the fruits were harvested, and seeds germinated. Six-week-old seedlings Gordon Bermúdez-Coronel, A.; Díez, were inoculated by dipping their bare roots in a conidial suspension of V. dahliae, and disease progress C.M. Assessment of Maternal Effects in terms of symptom severity and mortality was evaluated weekly.
    [Show full text]
  • Extra Virgin Olive Oil from Bajo Aragon
    Extra Virgin Olive Oil from Bajo Aragon 1 - some of which are more than 500 years old - boast a unique ecosystem that provides huge benefits for local biodiversity, as well as world-renowned olive oil. Since 1879, our olive oil mill has been transforming this legendary raw produce, resulting in the manufacture of extremely high-quality and expressive olive oil, and we are constantly seeking recognition for all Among the many lands included in the the effort and dedication shown by past and Designation of Origin for Bajo (Lower) Aragon future generations. o During the Early Roman Empire, a large number of Oil, the Campo de Belchite Region stands olive tree plantations were dotted along the Mediterranean out as a traditional olive cultivation area, As such, history, tradition and cutting-edge coastline. Production and distribution reached such heights that Rufus Festus Avienus (4th century), as a Hispania expert, dating back to Ancient Roman times. These techniques came together to create compared the Ebro River to “Oleum Flumen” (a river of oil) in wide expanses of centenary olive trees BelOleum - our land’s liquid gold. ❚ his book Ora Maritima (“Sea Coasts”). 2 Our Oils 3 “The ultimate table oil” BelOleum Empeltre is elaborated using the olive tree fruit. As the season progresses, traditional Empeltre olives, originating from and given the olives’ gradual ripening, the next the Campo de Belchite area. This is an batch of fruit collected boasts a slightly indigenous variety from Bajo Aragon sweeter taste, with practically no bitterness (though it is grown throughout the entire Ebro or spiciness.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in the Olive (Olea Europaea L.)
    Theor Appl Genet (2000) 100:1018–1024 © Springer-Verlag 2000 ORIGINAL ARTICLE G. Besnard · B. Khadari · P. Villemur · A. Bervillé Cytoplasmic male sterility in the olive (Olea europaea L.) Received: 26 July 1999 / Accepted: 27 August 1999 Abstract The olive tree is usually hermaphrodite but Introduction self-incompatible. In the Western Mediterranean some cultivars are totally male-sterile. Three different male- In flowering plants two types of male sterility are distin- sterile phenotypes have been recognised. To infer the ge- guished according to their mode of inheritance: nuclear netic basis of male sterility we studied its inheritance and or genic male sterility (gMS) and cytoplasmic male ste- cytoplasmic diversity in wild (oleaster) and cultivated rility (CMS) (reviewed by Kaul 1988). In most cases, Mediterranean olive. In the cross Olivière×Arbequina, gMS is determined by a single locus and due to a reces- the male-sterile trait was maternally inherited and affect- sive allele. The mode of inheritance of male sterility can ed all progenies. We also checked that both chloroplast be established through crosses and back-crosses. In the and mitochondrial DNAs are maternally inherited. RFLP case of CMS, the male sterility is inherited through the studies on chloroplast and mitochondrial DNAs revealed female parent. This form of male sterility is usually ob- several cytotypes: two chlorotypes and four mitotypes in served among back-crosses and has been shown to be as- cultivars and oleaster (wild or feral Mediterranean ol- sociated with mitochondrial DNA rearrangements (Vedel ive). Furthermore, a total linkage desequilibrium be- et al. 1994). For CMS, fertility is usually regained by a tween the CCK chlorotype and the MCK mitotype in dominant nuclear restorer allele able to override the ef- cultivars and oleaster from different regions supports the fects of the cytoplasm.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Traits of Olive Varieties and Their Relationship with the Tolerance Level Towards Verticillium Wilt
    plants Article Functional Traits of Olive Varieties and Their Relationship with the Tolerance Level towards Verticillium Wilt Martina Cardoni 1 , Jesús Mercado-Blanco 1,* and Rafael Villar 2 1 Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC, Campus ‘Alameda del Obispo’ s/n, Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; [email protected] 2 Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by the soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, is considered one of the most important diseases affecting this tree crop. One of the best VWO management measures is the use of tolerant cultivars. Remarkably, no information is available about olive functional traits and their potential relationship with tolerance to V. dahliae. Twenty-five selected functional traits (for leaf, stem, root and whole plant) were evaluated in six olive varieties differing in their VWO tolerance level to identify possible links between this phenotype and functional traits’ variation. High intervarietal diversity was found among cultivars and several functional traits were related with VWO tolerance. Tolerant varieties showed higher leaf area, dry matter content (leaf, stem and plant) and mass fraction for stems, but lower for leaves. Significant differences were also detected for root functional traits, tolerant cultivars displaying larger fine root diameter and lignin content but Citation: Cardoni, M.; smaller specific length and area of thick and fine roots. Correlations were found among functional Mercado-Blanco, J.; Villar, R. Functional Traits of Olive Varieties traits both within varieties and between levels of tolerance/susceptibility to VWO.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Evaluation of Olive (Olea Europaea L.) Cultivars Under Hot and Arid Environment of Mexico
    Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research 3(2): 1-7, 2019; Article no.AJAHR.47709 ISSN: 2581-4478 Preliminary Evaluation of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars under Hot and Arid Environment of Mexico Raúl Leonel Grijalva-Contreras1*, Rubén Macías-Duarte1, Arturo López-Carvajal1, Fabián Robles-Contreras1, 1 2 Manuel de Jesús Valenzuela-Ruiz and Fidel Núñez-Ramirez 1National Research Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock (INIFAP) Experimental Station of the Coast of Hermosillo, Pascual Encinas Félix No. 21, Colonia la Manga, Postal Code 83220, Hermosillo, Sonora, México. 2Science Agriculture Institute, Autonomous of Baja California University (ICA-UABC), Carretera Delta s/n Ejido Nuevo León, Postal Code 21705. Baja California, México. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Authors RLGC, RMD and ALC designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors RLGC, MJVR and FNR managed the analyses of the study and the literature searches. Authors FRC and RLGC wrote and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJAHR/2019/v3i229997 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Anita Biesiada, Professor, Department of Horticulture, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland. Reviewers: (1) M. Uma Maheswari, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. (2) Elsayed Abdalla Mohamed Ali Khattab, Egypt. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/47709 Received 23 December 2018 Accepted 26 February 2019 Original Research Article Published 13 March 2019 ABSTRACT Currently in Mexico there are few studies on agronomic management in olive production.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Olive Oil Production
    SPANISH OLIVE OIL PRODUCTION Spain, occupying 85% of the Iberian Peninsula, is one of the largest countries in Europe with 194,885 square miles of territory; one third is agricultural. The Mediterranean Sea is on the south, the Atlantic Ocean on the north and west and the Pyrenees Mountains to the east. Between many of the mountain peaks, narrow valleys exist, but one of the most important topographical features is the great central plateau with an average elevation of 2,000 ft. above sea level. The climate is marked by extremes in temperature and low rainfall. Most of Spain receives less than 24 inches of rainfall on the average. At Madrid in the center of the country, winter cold is sufficient to freeze surrounding streams, while summer temperatures in Seville can rise as high as 120oF in the summer. The Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts however, offer great moderation in temperatures, which is important for production of olives, citrus, and various tree fruits and nuts. The country is divided into 50 provinces within 17 autonomous regions. The 40 million Spanish people are essentially a mixture of the indigenous peoples of the Iberian Peninsula with successive peoples who conquered and occupied the peninsula for extended periods. Most of the people speak Castillian Spanish. In addition, Catalan is spoken in the northeast, Galician in the northwest, and Basque in the north. Spain has traditionally been agricultural, but since the mid 1950's industrial growth has been rapid. In 1986, Spain became a full member of the European Community (now the EU), which has elevated the economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatty Acid Profiles of Varietal Virgin Olive Oils (Olea Europaea L.) from Mature Orchards in Warm Arid Valleys of Northwestern Argentina (La Rioja)
    grasas y aceites, 62 (4), octubre-diciembre, 399-409, 2011, issn: 0017-3495 doi: 10.3989/gya.125110 Fatty acid profiles of varietal virgin olive oils (Olea europaea L.) from mature orchards in warm arid valleys of Northwestern Argentina (La Rioja) By D.P. Rondanini*, D.N. Castro, P.S. Searles, and M.C. Rousseaux CRILAR-CONICET, Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n (5301) Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina. Tel: +54 3827 494251, Fax: +54 3827 454231 (*corresponding author: [email protected]) RESUMEN grownn i NW Argentina versus the Mediterranean. For Arbequina, the oleic content decreased with increasing Perfiles de ácidos grasos de aceites de oliva virgen temperature during oil accumulation (22% per °C). The (Olea europaea L.) de huertos en plena producción en classification of varieties should be useful in the selection of los valles cálidos áridos del noroeste de Argentina (La virgin olive oils for corrective blending and for choosing varieties Rioja). for new orchards in order to meet IOOC requirements. The differences in fatty acid composition between NW Argentina La industria oleícola del noroeste de Argentina creció and the Mediterranean Basin are most likely to be related to a sustancialmente durante las últimas dos décadas para pro- genotype x environment interaction, and the negative effect of ducir aceite de oliva virgen exportable. Para evaluar el perfil the high seasonal mean temperature during oil accumulation de ácidos grasos de los principales aceites varietales, se will need further research. analizaron 563 muestras de aceite de 17 variedades en la provincia de La Rioja durante 2005-2008. Las variedades se clasificaron de acuerdo a su contenido de ácido oleico en ba- KEY-WORDS: Oil quality – Oleic acid – Temperature – jo (55%; Arbequina, Arauco), medio (55-65%; Barnea, Virgin olive oil – Warm arid environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall 2015 Florida Olive Council Report
    FLORIDAOLIVECOUNCIL.ORG Fall 2015 Florida Olive Council Report 2014 2015 2016 August Fruit Set in Ona, FL Olives Thrive At Mosaic The Florida Olive Council conducts Three years ago Mosaic Corporation partnered with the surveys to research olive production in Florida Olive Council to install an olive test grove on re- Florida. In August 2015, FOC claimed phosphate mine land near Bartow, FL. The researchers visited Elliott Robert's purpose was to research an alternative crop for the citrus grove near Ona, FL and struggling citrus industry and support local farmers. discovered a fruiting olive tree. In 2014, Mosaic installed 40 trees (10 varieties, 4 trees Roberts planted an Arbequina olive each) to determine which varieties would grow best in tree in 2011 as an experiment and has the area and which would lend best to small farm been fertilizing and watering the olive cultivation for table olives and oil. The varieties tree the same way as his citrus. In included: Aglandau, Ascolana, Coratina, Empeltre, four years, the tree has grown to 20' Frantoio, Grignan, Kalamata, Manzanillo de Sevilla, and has a substantial caliper. Pendolino and Taggiasca. Roberts reports Later in 2015, 400 trees were planted in a high-density very little configuration (6' x'12') to simulate a large commercial problem with olive oil production operation. In this plot, Arbequina, disease; although Koroneiki and Arbosona were planted similar to he cautioned commercial plantings in California, Spain and Australia. against planting olive trees near Most varietals have done well with the exception of the areas treated Aglandau. The Taggiasca, and in particular, the with pre-emergent weed-control Empeltre have demonstrated significant growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Oléiculture, Systèmes Oléicoles Et Territoires Méditerranéens : De La Filière Au Paysage
    Oléiculture, systèmes oléicoles et territoires méditerranéens : de la filière au paysage. Stéphane Angles To cite this version: Stéphane Angles. Oléiculture, systèmes oléicoles et territoires méditerranéens : de la filière au paysage.. Géographie. Universite Paris 13, 2016. tel-01536386 HAL Id: tel-01536386 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01536386 Submitted on 11 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS 13 UFR Lettres, Sciences Humaines et Sociales (LSHS) EA 7338 PLÉIADE MEMOIRE D’HABILITATION A DIRIGER DES RECHERCHES Garant : F. Alexandre Oléiculture, systèmes oléicoles et territoires méditerranéens : de la filière au paysage. Présenté par : Stéphane ANGLES Maître de conférences en géographie, Université Paris Diderot – Paris 7 Soutenu le 30 mai 2015 à Villetaneuse en présence de : Frédéric ALEXANDRE, Professeur des universités, Université Paris 13 Céline BROGGIO, Professeure des universités, Université Paris 13 Lucette LAURENS, Professeure des universités, Université Paul Valéry – Montpellier 3 Monique POULOT,
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency of Olive Cultivars
    horticulturae Article Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency of Olive Cultivars Ricardo Fernández-Escobar *, Felisa Antonaya-Baena and Sergio Almeida-Lavado Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; [email protected] (F.A.-B.); [email protected] (S.A.-L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Maximizing nitrogen uptake efficiency is a sustainable objective to reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizers applied in olive orchards. Many factors affect this parameter, but nothing is known about whether there are differences among cultivars related to nitrogen uptake efficiency in the olive, and if there are interactions with soil type. To clarify these questions, two groups of experiments were conducted. In the first group, four experiments were carried out in which 20 olive cultivars were compared. In the second group, three experiments were carried out to study the interaction with the type of soil. In all experiments, mist-rooted olive cuttings were growing in 1.1 L pots containing a mixture of sand and peat (2:1 by volume). Depending on the experiment, plants were placed in a shadehouse or in growth chambers at 25/15 ◦C (day/night) with a 14 h photoperiod and 70% humidity. Plants received weekly applications of 100 ppm N throughout the irrigation water, alternating with one or two applications of 150 mL of tap water. Some plants of each cultivar did not receive nitrogen and served as a control for NUE calculation. A nutrient solution without nitrogen was applied every four weeks to prevent nutritional deficiencies. Results indicated that there are differences among cultivars in the efficiency of uptake nitrogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Relationship Between Sensory Evaluation Performed by Italian and Spanish Official Panels and Volatile and Phenolic Profiles of Virgin Olive Oils
    Chem. Percept. (2008) 1:258–267 DOI 10.1007/s12078-008-9031-3 Relationship Between Sensory Evaluation Performed by Italian and Spanish Official Panels and Volatile and Phenolic Profiles of Virgin Olive Oils Lorenzo Cerretani & Maria Desamparados Salvador & Alessandra Bendini & Giuseppe Fregapane Received: 20 May 2008 /Accepted: 30 September 2008 /Published online: 24 October 2008 # 2008 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC Abstract Virgin olive oil (VOO) is typified by character- compounds (sum of aldehydes C6) and orthonasal percep- istic, pleasant sensory notes that differentiate it from other tion of olive fruity and retronasal odor of almond. edible oils. Sensory taste, together with nutritional aspects, Additional correlations with bitterness and pungency were is the main reason for the increase in consumption of VOO observed for tyrosol and oleuropein aglycon, respectively. in recent years. Sensory analysis is required by European Official Regulations for olive oil in order to classify the Keywords Virgin Olive Oil . Sensory Analysis . Panel Test . product in commercial categories. In this study, the Volatile Compounds . Phenolic Compounds relationship between sensory and chemical composition has been investigated. In particular, 16 VOO samples (15 Abbreviations from a single variety of olives), produced in Italy and Spain cGC Capillary gas chromatography (eight from each country), were analyzed. Sensory attrib- DAD Diode-array detector utes were valued by four panels (three officially recognized EI Electron ionization both by IOOC and National Ministry: two Italian and two HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography Spanish) employing a total of 59 tasters. Volatile and IOOC International Olive Oil Council phenolic compounds were related to olfactory and gustative LOX Lipoxygenase notes, respectively.
    [Show full text]