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(HVSR) Method of Makassar, South Sulawesi

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(HVSR) Method of Makassar, South Sulawesi International Journal of Engineering and Science Applications ISSN: 2406-9833 IJEScA Analysis of Microtremor Data Using Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) Method of Makassar, South Sulawesi 1*R. Jamroni, 2A.M. Imran, , 2B. Azikin 1Master Student of Geology Department, Hasanuddin University *Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency, Makassar ([email protected]) 2Geology Department, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Makassar has experienced earthquakes indicating that the city is an area vulnerable to earthquake hazards. The regional tectonic setting supports the hazard in which several major faults develop surrounding the area. Earthquake events in the Makassar Strait of 4.5 SR in December 2015 is one of the hazard in this area. However not all the area was shaking at the same magnitude. The assumption is the different rock formation composing Makassar. Data taken from microtremor measurement supported by coring suggest a dominant frequency distribution has a significant relationship with the rock formation. Low dominant frequency arose at the area with thin sediment deposit (dominantly Camba Volcanic rock) and a high dominant frequency value came up at the area with thick sediment deposits (alluvial). High seismic susceptibility index is found in thick sediment deposit. The area consists of interlayering between sand and clay and has shallow ground water table. On the other hand low vulnerability index is found in thin sediment deposit. It consists dominantly of tuff of Camba Volcanic Rock and has deep groundwater table. Keywords: HVSR, Seismic Vulnerability Index, Sediment thickness 1. INTRODUCTION The degree of damage caused by Makassar city is one of the cities in earthquakes in a place is influenced by South Sulawesi which is prone to earthquake several factors such as earthquake due to its location surrounded by several mechanism, magnitude, depth, epicenter major fault such as West and East Walanae distance and local geological conditions [6]. Faults, Transform Fault (Fig. 1). Furthermore The local site effect phenomenon appears in Makassar City its self lies above the some of the world's destructive earthquakes Quaternary sediments that can lead to occurring as a result of the contrast of amplification and multi-reflection seismic impedance. The presence of thick layers of waves. It encourages the authors to conduct sedimentary over the bedrock triggers multi- research on the effect of the distribution of reflection of seismic waves between the sediment thickness by using microtremor bedrock and the surface sediment layer. The data on the seismic vulnerability index value study of the effect of sediment thickness on for the area of Makassar City. the seismic vulnerability index is one of the IJEScA vol. 4, 1, May 2017 63 International Journal of Engineering and Science Applications ISSN: 2406-9833 IJEScA topics of interesting field research on SESAME European Research Project [7]. mitigation of earthquakes. The microtremor data samples are the primary data to obtain frequency and amplification values that would be used to determine the sediment thickness in order to interpret a seismic susceptibility index. Fig. 2 Study area in which two rivers bordering Makassar, Tallo river in Fig. 1 Tektonic Setting of Sulawesi showing the north and Jeneberang river in the West and East Walanae Fault and south Patenoster Fault in Makassar Strait [1, 2, 3, 4 and 5]. The data collected from the field area was analyzed at Meteorological, Rapid population growth of Makassar Climatological and Geophysical Agency triggers rapid growth of human settlement (BMKG), Makassar, South Sulawesi using: and infrastructures. Therefore infrastructure A set of short period seismograph / should be mitigated in order to reduce risk of portable velocity of type TDL-303S (3 damage and fatality. To assess earthquake Components), consists of seismometer sensor, seismicity an indispensable earthquake digitizer, GPS antenna, connector, power mapping Seismic Vulnerability Index for (solar cell / accu), and a set of laptops for Makassar City should be done. data processing. Some software / software support such 2. RESEARCH METHODS as data-pro (convert raw data Geopsy, excel, Study area locates in Makassar with surfer and arc-GIS to be used to process and coordinates 5.06 ° S - 5.25 ° S and 119.38 ° E analyze microtremor data and drill data (Fig. - 119.54 ° E (Fig. 2a). The sample of study of 4). microtremor measurement is 100 locations. Microtremor data processing using The number of sampling is with considering Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) with some of the requirements set by the method. The data of the field measurement is IJEScA vol. 4, 1, May 2017 64 International Journal of Engineering and Science Applications ISSN: 2406-9833 IJEScA the ground vibration data in the time function GEOPSY software output results in a flat recorded in 3 components, namely vertical spectrum microtremor. From this component, north-south component, and spectrum we can know the value of west-east component, In general the spectrum resonance frequency (fo) and microtremor analysis process in Geopsy is as follows: spectrum peak (A) at the measurement 1. The microtremor recording data (3 location. components) in the mini-seed format will 3. Calculate the depth of sediment by be filtered using an anti-triggering dividing the shear wave velocity value at algorithm to avoid part of the transient a depth of 30 meters (Vs30) with four noise recording. After the transient noise times the resonance frequency (f0) at the is detected, then the recording portion study site. which is ambient noise is divided into several windows, the length of each 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION window is 20 seconds. According to the Makassar City is bordered by two SESAME European Research Project rivers Tallo River in the north of the city and (2004), it is recommended that the Jeneberang River in the south (Fig. 2). Tallo window length determination be at least River has a length of 66 km and its river flow lw = 10 / fo, in this case fo is the area of 417 km2 and is a river whose estuary resonance frequency and lw is the window is strongly influenced by sea tides. length. Jeneberang River flow area has an area of 2. Processing Fourier transforms to signals 727 km2 with a river length of 75 km2. Both within the time zone of the windowing rivers play an important role in sediment process which aims to convert the signal formation in Makassar [8]. from the time zone to the frequency The dominant frequency value (f0) of region so that the fourier spectrum is Makassar is obtained from the top of the obtained. Averaging fourier spectrum of spectrum using the HVSR method of three horizontal component (east-west and components microtremor data processing. north-south) in the research area with The dominant frequency value (f0) ranges fourier spectrum of horizontal component from 1.1 Hz to 9,1 Hz. The dominant at reference region (SSR Method), then frequency of HVSR average in research area averaging fourier spectrum of horizontal is 3.0 Hz and the lowest value is 1.1 Hz, component (east-west and north south) which locates in Tanjung Merdeka 1 with spectrum Fourier vertical (MT019), Tamalate. In contrast, the highest components in the study area to obtain the dominant frequency (f0) HVSR value is 9.1 H / V spectrum (HVSR method). IJEScA vol. 4, 1, May 2017 65 International Journal of Engineering and Science Applications ISSN: 2406-9833 IJEScA Hz arising in Karampuang (MT054), at Tamalanrea Jaya 1 with a seismic Panakkukang. susceptibility index value of 0.1. The value is The sediment thickness ranges from obtained by calculating the dominant 6.5 meters at Karampuang to 46.9 meters at frequency value (f0) of 5.1 Hz and an Ujung Tanah (Fig. 3). The Karampuang area amplification factor (A0) of 0.9. The area is covered by Volcanic Camba as a basement consist dominantly of Camba Volcanics. of the sediment material, on the other hand The highest seismic vulnerability index Ujung Tanah area is dominated by alluvial (Kg) with seismic vulnerability index value deposits. This case indicates the strong greater than 60 is located at the Wajo Baru, relationship between HVSR resonance Layang and Pampang. The dominant frequency and sediment thickness with frequency value (f0) is between 1.4 and 1.6 correlating value equal to - 0,992 (Fig. 3). Hz with an amplification factor (A0) of 9 to The relation between low frequencies and 10. thick sediment layer (vice versa) has been The value of low seismic vulnerability studied by Daryono [9]. (Kg) index (0.1 to 5) locates in the north and east part of Makassar (Panakukang, Manggala, Tamalanrea and Biringkanaya). Those areas consist predominantly of Camba Formation which is massive rock. On the other hand the high seismic vulnerability index (more than 5) covers western and Fig. 3 Graph showing relation between southern parts of Makassar. The area sediment thickness and dominant dominantly composes of alluvial deposits. frequency of HVSR resonance. Considering the lithology with relation to the The microtremor data can also use to seismic vulnerability index, it can be explain analyze Seismic vulnerability index (Kg) by that the massive rock provides low seismic calculating the designation of the HVSR vulnerability index and vice versa. spectrum. The calculation result of seismic The results of microtremor vulnerability index (Kg) in Makassar ranges measurements showed that seismic from 0.1 to 62.2 (Fig. 3). The high variation vulnerability index values in the study area in seismic susceptibility index value (Kg) is ranged from 0.1 to 62.6 (Figure 2b). Based strongly influenced by the dominant on the relationship between the seismic frequency value (f0) and the peak of the vulnerability index, the type and thickness of spectrum / amplification factor (A0). The the sediment, water table, the research area lowest seismic susceptibility index is found can be seismically grouped into two classes IJEScA vol.
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