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Thinking Sex with the Great Whore (Rev 17–18): Deviant Sexualities in the Context of Empire By Luis Menéndez-Antuña Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Religion August, 2016 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Fernando F. Segovia, Ph.D Daniel M. Patte, Ph.D Ellen T. Armour, Ph.D Kathy L. Gaça, Ph.D ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As the saying goes, “it takes a village to raise a child.” My village is composed of family, too many friends and colleagues to name, but all of them have been essential in the completion of this project. I came to the United States to get immersed in theoretical and contextual approaches to biblical interpretation. I am honored and privileged to have had the supervision of Professor Fernando F. Segovia throughout this journey. Always respectful to my interests, not only you have helped me to navigate the complex field of Ideological Criticism and Postcolonial Studies, your careful reading and insightful feedback has made for an substantial improvement in my project both in terms of structure and content. You have also made possible a wide variety of experience that has enriched my educational experience at deep levels: for your support and invitation to travel to Israel, and many national and international conferences where some of the chapters have been presented I will always be grateful. I thank Professor Ellen T. Armour for helping me navigate the muddled waters of Queer Theory and for supporting my research. From the start, your respectful feedback and insightful questions pushed me “to push the envelope.” I am deeply grateful to Professor Daniel M. Patte: I could not have approached the texts in such contextual fashion without your courses and the insights gained from them. You truly have expanded ii my horizons in biblical interpretation. Professor Kathy L. Gaça has always provided very careful and comprehensive feedback to my projects. Thank you so much for availability. This research has also supported at different stages by Fulbright Commission, Hispanic Theological Initiative, and Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities. Behind those institutions stand people whose personal support has been crucial: without them I would have not made it. Uli Guthrie and Joanne Rodríguez, I will always be grateful for your patience, encouragement, and support. I am so humbled that you accepted me as part of HTI family. Hispanic Theological Initiative made me feel at home away from home. Other friends have sit with me at this home at different stages helping me navigate the identity conundrums of being and feeling like an alien: David Marburger, Elena Olazagasti, Natalia Pelaz, Todd Caruthers are just a few, among many others, who continue to be a source of inspiration. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………………………………ii Chapter 1. Thinking Resistance in the Age of Empire: Ethical Evaluations of the Apocalypse of John ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Overview: Ethical Assessments of Revelation in Terms of Empire .......................... 2 1.2. Revelation and Empire. ............................................................................................. 5 1.2.1. Revelation as “ultimately” complicit with Empire: Adela Yarbro-Collins. .......... 7 1.2.2. Revelation as “definitely” resistant to Empire: Elisabeth Schüssler-Fiorenza .... 16 1.2.3. Recapitulating: Framing the debate on contemporary politics of resistance ..... 20 1.3. Revelation versus Empire ........................................................................................ 22 1.4. Revelation complicit with Empire .......................................................................... 33 1.5. Recapitulating: The Great Whore as Imperial Metaphor ...................................... 45 2. Thinking Resistance in the Age of Empire ....................................................................... 48 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 48 2.1. Definition of Empire ............................................................................................... 49 2.2. Empire and the Body: bodily resistance .................................................................. 54 2.3. Foucault, Knowledge, Power, and the Subject ....................................................... 58 2.3.1. Classical Subjectivity ........................................................................................... 64 2.3.2. Greek Ethics of the Self ...................................................................................... 65 2.3.3. The culture of the Self ........................................................................................ 69 2.4. Foucault and Early Christianity .............................................................................. 75 2.5. Revelation: A Foucaldian Approach ....................................................................... 80 2.5.1. The formation of the Self in the Book of Revelation ........................................ 80 2.5.2. The colonized self in Revelation ......................................................................... 81 2.5.3. The self and the whore ........................................................................................ 86 iv 2.6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 94 3. Thinking Sex with the Whore of Revelation .................................................................... 96 3.1. Capitalism and Sexual Identity .................................................................................. 97 3.2. Sex and Empire in the Bible .................................................................................... 101 3.2.1. The Sexual Lives of Gomer ............................................................................... 106 3.2.1.1. Different Meanings and their Ideological Implicaltions……………………..107 3.2.1.2. Critical Evaluation………………………………………………………………………….114 3.2.2. The Sexual Lives of Jezebel ............................................................................... 115 3.2.2.1. Critical Evaluation…………………………………….………………………….………..118 3.2.3. The Sexual Lives of Rahab ................................................................................ 119 3.2.3.1. Critical Evaluation………………………………………………………………………….123 3.3. Preliminary Conclusion: Whoring and the Land ................................................... 123 3.3.1. Desire in Rahab, Jezebel, and Gomer ............................................................... 124 3.4. The Whore of Babylon as a Replication of the Whores in the Hebrew Bible ....... 128 4. Thinking Sex with the Whore in the Present ................................................................ 142 4.1. Foregrounding a Theory of Queer Desires. Desire outside “Sexual Orientation” . 144 4.2. Revelation and Desire: approaches within Biblical Studies .................................... 164 4.2.1. Feminist Approaches: Revelation versus Women’s Desires (Tina Pippin) ........ 165 4.2.1.1. Critical Evaluation………………………………………………………………………….168 4.2.2. Queer/Postcolonial Approaches: Revelation Mocking (Imperial) Sexual Desires (Stephen Moore) .......................................................................................................... 169 4.2.2.1. Critical Evaluation………………………………………………………………………….171 4.2.3. Rhetorical-emancipatory Approach: Revelation Skips Sexual Desire (Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza) ...................................................................................................... 171 4.2.3.1. Critical Evaluation………………………………………………………………………….173 4.3. A Queer Contextual Approach to Revelation 17-18 ............................................... 176 4.3.1. Revelation and Desire: an approach from Philosophy and Theopolitcs ............ 176 4.4. A contextual approach to Revelation from the perspectives of Queer Desires ...... 183 4.4.1. Situating a theory of desire within the discipline of Biblical Studies .............. 183 4.4.2. The Great Whore from a Queer Contextual Perspective: Disrupting Unidirectional Desire in Revelation 17-18 ................................................................ 186 5. Conclusion: Manifesting Revelation among the Manifestos ......................................... 194 v 5.1. Manifesting time: introducing contemporary manifestos on Biblical Studies ....... 194 5.2. Biblical Studies: The Question of the Present ........................................................ 196 5.2.1. Dale Martin: Biblical Studies within a Theological Scope ............................... 198 5.2.2. Roland Boer: Biblical Studies within a Political Scope .................................... 200 5.2.3. Stephen Moore and Yvonne Sherwood: Biblical Studies within a Theoretical Scope ............................................................................................................................ 203 5.2.4. Fernando Segovia: Biblical Studies within a Global Scope .............................. 205 5.3. Revelation: The Question of the Present ...............................................................