From Abjection to Coalition : Sexual Subjectivities and Identity Politics In
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FROM ABJECTION TO COALITION: SEXUAL SUBJECTIVITIES AND IDENTITY POLITICS IN TWENTIETH -CENTURY LESBIAN AND GAY NOVELS By LESLIE J. HENSON A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1996 Copyright 1996 by Leslie J. Henson I dedicate this dissertation to my mother and father, both of whom have labored to allow me to get the education they never had. My mother's concern with my education, and her willingness to do everything in her power to help me get it, like my father's generosity in providing economic support, have been indispensable. Their lives and values speak in these pages. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Dr. Anne Goodwyn Jones, my chair, for all of her support, encouragement, and understanding; she allowed me to switch in midstream from contemporary American lesbian poets to gay and lesbian novels, and to follow at every step of the way my intuition about what I wanted to focus on in this study. I also want to thank Dr. Kim Emery, who acted as cochair and who went beyond the call of duty in offering encouragement and suggestions, even meeting with me to help me find the unifying threads in the fifty pages of near-gibberish that constituted my first writing on this project; she got to this university right when I needed her. I also want to thank my other committee members: Dr. Brandon Kershner, for all of his intellectual help and support over the years, now and when he let me bum cigarettes and talk with him that first difficult year of graduate school; and Dr. Sue Rosser, who graciously agreed to join the team at the last hour, after Dr. Nina Menendez left for California. I am also grateful to Dr. Ira Clark for sitting in at my defense at the last moment, and to former committee members Dr. Beth Schwartz and Dr. Caryl Flinn, inspiring feminists whose encouragement, respect, and dedication to women and scholarly inquiry modelled for me the kind of teacher I IV wanted to be. Dr. Flinn deserves particular recognition for being the first to suggest identity politics as a topic. I am also extremely grateful to the 0. Ruth McQuown Scholarship fund for the financial help it provided me, and to the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences for awarding me the Dissertation Fellowship that allowed me to write for a semester without having to teach. My professors at St. Vincent College deserve a paragraph all their own. Dr. Tranquilla taught me the indispensable art of close reading, and instilled in me a love and respect for the enormous diversity of American literature, and, just as importantly, showed me how literature is always connected to the material conditions of its production and dissemination. Dr. Meny inspired my first intellectual awakening through his impassioned teaching; from him I learned the importance of books, how they can bring us to knowledge of the larger world in which we live, and how they can change our lives. Dr. William Snyder teased me about my feminism, but always respected and challenged me; I actually had to work to get good grades in his courses. Mr. William Stubbs also helped challenge my developing intellect by introducing me to deconstruction. I will never forget Mr. Stubbs' role in providing me with books on deconstruction, feminism, Marxism, and other topics, nor his generosity in having me and other students over to his home for pizza and "intellectual discussion." v All of these professors enabled my acceptance into graduate school, but it was Dr. Ellen Nore who enabled me to attend the University of Florida, for she bought me a plane ticket to visit the campus when she heard that I might stay in Pittsburgh because I didn't know what Gainesville was like. I think she knew that I needed to leave the nest in order to grow intellectually and spiritually, and for her role in helping me get here I will always be grateful. I also must thank the fellow graduate students who helped me so much in completing this dissertation, particularly Mary Ann Leiby, without whom this study in its current form could not have been written. In addition to tirelessly editing, critiqueing, and suggesting revisions, she has shared life-changing intellectual, political, and spiritual work with me throughout our years of friendship and collaborative teaching and research. And though I have often resisted her knowledge and experience, particularly of class oppression, she has refused to give up on me. The members of the American studies dissertation seminar group led by Dr. Jones also deserve recognition- -Rhonda Morris, Bill Beverly, Gary MacDonald, Dina Smith, Jim Watkins, Peter Concannon, and Betsy Nies; Betsy in particular helped me by swapping stories of graduate school stress and by thoughtfully engaging with my work. I also want to thank all of the secretaries in the English Department, especially Kathy Williams, without whom vi I would not have been able to get a Ph.D.; in addition to her (massive) secretarial duties, Kathy had the courage to ask me about my work and to talk with me about it and about our lives. Robbie Blake from the Center for Women's Studies and Gender Research has also gone above and beyond in supporting my work, ensuring that my paychecks came in on time, and sharing with me her perspectives and experiences. Too, I thank all of the other staff who form the backbone of this institution; for their kindness and compassion in their dealings with me I am very grateful. I see my mother's and other family members' lives and values in theirs- -loved ones who never got the education they, like the staff at this university, deserve. There are so many other people that I need to thank, for without their encouragement and support, I never would have finished this dissertation: Joan, my first sponsor in Alanon, who listened tirelessly- -during one several month period, often up to two or three hours a day- -to all of the pain I had suffered and was unable to express while growing up in a family that had been deeply affected by alcoholism and sexual abuse; all of the other men and women in Alanon who have provided me with a daily source of strength, hope, and love, including Gail, Kathy P., Tony, Maggie, Pat and many others too numerous to name; Bahira Sugarman, who also listened, and helped guide me towards a saner life; Barbara Shelby, who generously cancelled my hundreds of dollars of Vll . debt to her and helped me through the death of my beloved dog B.J.; and Jared, who, together with Barbara Shelby, loved me into a sense of my own worth, and who continues to teach me the spiritual lessons that inform all of my teaching and academic work--including, most importantly, the lesson that we are all connected. My students, too, have been inspirational, particularly the students in my Summer B section of WST 3010. Daily they taught me the meaning of courage and the possibility of revolutionary social change. I am also grateful to all of the other friends who have been there for me throughout my Ph.D program. Bronwyn Beistle's emotional and intellectual support and caustic sense of humor have helped me to survive intact. Cassie Mehlman and Clare Gibert have inspired me to continue working for social change, and have fortified me with their vision of a more just world. Ivor Thomas also deserves particular mention. In addition to fixing my car and helping with yardwork and other daily tasks, Ivor helped me craft the perfect introduction to a paper I gave based on one of my dissertation chapters, and demonstrated a greater understanding of the spiritual ramifications of my work than anyone else ever has; for his willingness to let me into his life and his patience in waiting for me to return from the never-never land of dissertation angst, I am extremely grateful Finally, I want to thank my family most of all: my Vlll sister Laurie Henson, who bragged about me to her friends and thus helped me to see my own achievements as worthy of being bragged about; my Michelle Henson- Ankowski sister , who made me laugh and assured me that I would get through the dissertation; my sister Lisa McClaine, who wrote to me and reminded me of our childhood bond before "the kids" grew up; my sister Carol Kenny, who empathized with my escalating debt and had faith in my ability to get a Ph.D.; my nephew Brian Kenny, who let me be a friend and teacher; my niece Debbie Monnich and her partner Sheba, who provided me with a brief interlude of fun and sanity the weekend they shared their lives and home with me; my father, who has eased my life immeasurably by providing financial help whenever I asked, and sometimes even when I didn' t--including the money to buy my computer and car, as well as thousands of dollars for emergency car repairs and other bills- -and who, when other motivations failed, spurred me to put one foot in front of the other by asking every time we spoke, " When are you going to get done?"; and my mother, whose early lesson not to stand on others trying to make myself taller impacted me more than I ever knew, and whose early life as a working- class woman moves like memory through my blood. IX TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT xi CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 IDENTITY POLITICS IN CONTEXT 31 3 "ARTICULATE SILENCES": FEMME SUBJECTIVITY AND CLASS RELATIONS IN THE WELL OF LONELINESS .